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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historlques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliooraphiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


D 
D 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommag^e 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^  et/ou  peiliculte 


I     I   Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g^ographlques  en  couleur 

Coloured  inic  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  blacic)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I     I   Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
ReilA  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serrie  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouttes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  iorsque  cela  itait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  AtA  filmtes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplAmentaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilieur  exemplaire 
qu'ii  lui  a  6x6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  methods  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqute  ci*dessous. 


D 
D 

n 

n 
0 
n 

D 
D 

0 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu4  cl-dessous. 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagtes 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurtes  et/ou  pellicultes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d^colortes,  tachettes  ou  piqu6es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tachtes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  inigaie  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppKmentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Mition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  ref limed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  tt6  filmtes  A  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


T^ 
to 


J\ 
pc 
of 
fil 


Of 
be 
th 
sic 
ot 
fir 
sic 
or 


Th 
sh 
TH 
wl 

Mi 
dif 
ea 
bei 
rig 
rec 
me 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

y 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

The  copy  filmed  here  he*  been  reproduced  thenks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Librsry  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Csnsds 

The  imsges  sppesring  here  ere  the  best  quelity 
possible  considering  the  condition  end  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

iVIaps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  'rames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exemplaire  filmA  f ut  reproduit  grice  A  la 
gAnArositA  de: 

La  bibliothAque  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 

Las  images  suivantes  ont  At*  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin.  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet*  de  l'exemplaire  film«,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimAe  sont  filmAs  en  commen^ant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  ie  cas.  Tous  les  eutres  exemplaires 
origineux  sont  filmAs  en  commenpant  par  la 
premlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboies  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
derniAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  -^>  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmte  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  ciichA,  11  est  film*  A  partir 
de  I'angle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1      ^ 

f 

• 

'      A 

5 

6 

(IKNKKAL   IIISTOBY 


M  I     r  II  1. 


NORTH  AMERICAN  INDIANS. 


I 


'<•*■ 


IIISTOIIV 


'I    nil 


r  II  K  I  K 


I'RKSHXT  ('(INDITKIN  AM)  l'KOSI»K(  TS, 


A\  l>    A    SK  111' II    UK     I  II  i;i  II 


ANCIKNT   STATUS. 


I'll  III,  ISII  i:ii   liV  oitliKl!  n\-  cum;  I!  i;ss. 

iMii:ii  iiii:  |p|i(i:(  riiPN-  or  iiii:  iii:i'ai(imi:nt  n\-   im:  i.Nri;i;iiii;     im.ian  r.i  iii:ai 


IIKNKV    KOWK    SCIIOOI.CUAFT.    LL.D.. 

MI.MIIKII  .11-  niK  AMKlllCAN  I'lllUWH'inCAI.,  AMi  TIIK  AMKIllCAN   KIIIMil,i«llc  M.  Sih  MIIKS;  (nil    MKMIIKI!  iif    |ll(:  lIuVAl 

liflCMillAI'IIH  \l.  ."inlKTY  (IK  l.iiMiilN;  (IK  TIIK  llii\  Al.  SUCIKTV  UK  Mill  111  KIIN  A\TI((IAI(IK.i  (IK  Cul'KMI  VdKN  ;    M  KM  1111 1 

(Mill.  UK  I.A  .■(iK'iftrf-.  KTIIN0I,(K1|()|;k  HK  I'AHI.-';    IIhN    MKM    hK  TIIK   IIIST.illICM.  Sii(  IKTV.  AM)  (1(11    MKM    (iK 

TIIK  l.yrKl>l  (IK  NAT.  lilKT.  ((K  NKH    V((HK;    MKM.  (IK  TIIK  AMKIIIi  \\  ANTKirVlllW.    AMI  (iK  TIIK 

AMKHU'AN  (IKllUKllfAI.  S(M]KTIKS;    iiK  TIIK   I'IMI.AIiKI.IMII A    aiAUKMV  kK   NATlllAI. 

."I'lKXCKS;  (IK  TIIK  VATKiNAI,  INSTITI  TK.  ,1...  *(  ,  A. 


IW\\\}  ilhsMms  k}  f  miiinit  Artists. 


IX    ONK    V(U.rMK 


I' A  U  T     V  I.    O  V    T  11  !•: 


H  U  IKS. 


I'liihADKLnii.v: 

J.    H.    hi  P  V  I  N  COTT    &    (M). 

I  ^ .)  7 . 


v/.l- 


If: 


IN  sr  II I  I'll  ON. 


I'd  Til  r, 

CI  I  [•:\  A  LI  MR  C.  ('.  J.  lU'XSKN,  D.C.I.,  kc, 

OF    I'HUSSIA, 

ArTimi!  iiK  Tin:  "I'IIlI,OJ!niMIY  OF  rsIVERSAI,  IlISTnRY;" 

UI'.CI.NI'    MIMSII.I!    IM   I.MI'«  )  I  I.N  1  I.MJV    ol'     I'lll.    KINii   Ol      I'KISSIA    Al' 

.      I  III .  <  oiirr  ol'  i.oNix  IN. 

Sir.    ,?-<■.  Ar. 


\„i..  VI.  -1 


TO 


JAMES    BUCHANAN,    ESQ., 


PRESIDENT   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


f 


M 


Siu: 


TliL'  iirst  [)iut  of  this  work  having  hiXMi  adch't'ssod  to  the  Pivsideiit  of  tho 
United  States,  and  hy  liini  coinniunicateil  to  the  Senate,  it  is  deemed  proper  that 
the  generaUzations  of  tlie  vohunes  should  take  tlie  same  direction. 

TIk  Indian  triljes  constitute  an  anoniidous  leaturc  in  our  history.  Hecou'nised 
as  a  strongly-marked  variety  of  mankind,  tlu'y  appear  to  ho  hranches  of  oriental 
stocks,  who  relapsed  into  the  nomadic  state  at  primeval  periods,  and  of  whom  no 
records,  either  oral  or  written,  can  now  he  found,  to  guide  the  lahors  of  the  historian. 
We  are,  in  truth,  better  acquainted  with  the  history  of  tho  antediluvians  than  with 
that  of  tliese  trihes.  Their  geographical  position,  and  their  prior  occupation  of  the 
continent,  constitute  the  basis  of  an  appeal  to  our  benevolence;  iind  they  have  a  just 
claim  on  our  nationality,  which  it  were  wrong  to  deny,  and  cruel  to  reject. 

In  1847,  Congress  recognising  this  relation,  and  being  desirous  of  giving  certitude 
to  tiie  scanty  information  then  possessed  respecting  them,  directed  the  statistics  of  tho 
tribes  to  be  collected  and  published,  together  with  such  other  facts  as  might  serve  to 
illustrate  tlieir  history,  condition,  character  and  prospects;  thus  presenting  them  to  tho 
public  in  their  true  light  — neither  overrated  by  exaggeration,  nor  underrated  by 
prejudice. 


AVhatevcr  relates  to  their  actual  history,  as  distinguished  from  their  traditions,  oral 
imageries,  and  cosmologies,  must  necessarily  be  of  modern  origin.  The  detailed  narra- 
tive of  aboriginal  modern  history  has  been  traced,  in  chronological  order,  from  the 

(vii) 


viii  T,ETTKJ{    TO    THK    I'HKSIOENT. 

t'iU'lii'st  Jt'liarkiUioiis  of  wliito  iiiiii  in  Floridii.  liOiiisiaiiu.  ami  Now  .Mexico,  to  tlic 
marked  epoch  of  177(i;  tlK'ncc.  tiin)iii!ii  tiio  twelve  years,  comprised  witliiii  the  levolii- 
tioiiarv  epoch  and  coiitederatioii.  to  ITMt;  and  iVom  tlie  adoption  ol' the  invsent  Con- 
stitution, tliroiigli  tile  eoiisecntive  thiiteen  presidential  terms,  of  Washington,  Adams. 
JeH'crson,  Madison,  Monroe.  .1.  Q.  Adams.  Jackson,  and   \'an  Uuieii. 

As  a  slight  introduction  to  tiie  details  of  their  statistics,  a  sketch  of  their  ancient 
status  has  been  attempted.  With  the  Indian  the  past  has  ever  heen  a  coiijectmal  era : 
he  leganls  it  as  a  golden  age;  it  is  the  dream-land  of  his  IcTtilo  imagination;  and  his 
ideas  of  it  are  generally  found,  n|)on  analy/.ation.  to  he  derived  from  oral  traditions, 
reminiscences,  or  fabulous  inventions.  Succe.-s  in  the  pursuit  of  inquiries  in  this 
ancient  historical  field  can  only  i)e  attained  through  the  mediuni  of  the  languages 
and  antiquiti(>s,  and  the  study  of  the  mental  constitution  and  general  ethnological 
jihenomena  of  tin:  race  —  all  deuuuiding  the  most  nnitnre  labor  and  research. 

Trusting  that  the  desiderata  here  oHered  may  have  the  tendency  to  direct  public 
attention  to  the  tribes,  and  merit  and  receive  your  consideration, 

I   am,  with   high   respect. 

Your  obt.  servant. 

lltNKY    K.    .SCIIOOI.CKAFT. 


« 


f^:i 


im:im)ut. 


IS 


SiH  : 


To  Tin:  (JoMMi.ssio.xKn  (>i-   Indian   Ait.viks.   IxTKUiuii   l)i:rAi!TMi;.\T. 

WASIIlNCfTuN,   Ortuh,-,-  ZOth,  \X:u. 


("oiilorriiiibly  to  a  provision  coiitaiiu'd  in  tiic  act  of  Mmcli  ."lil.  l^-Vj.  \  )„,„■ 
report  to  you  tiiiit  tlio  gi'iicnili/iUioiis  riMiuircd  Ijy  tliiit  act  liiivc,  so  liir  as  time  pcr- 
luittcil,  heiMi  coiuplctcd.  Owiiiu'  to  inlicMviit  (lillicullies  tlie  statistical  iiKpiirv  has.  tioni 
its  iiiccplioii.  liccii  one  of  ^n^ll  d  Itilxir.i.  liotli  the  Indian  and  tiit!  local  olliciais 
liavi'  hcLMi  citlirr  aiivcrsc  (o  tin-  olijcct,  iiuprccisc  in  llioir  statements,  or  ,m'nerail\ 
indillerent  to  tiie  invi'sti.iratioii,  hut  yet.  notwitiistanding  every  discoin'anenient.  tlie 
tables  now  sid)niitted,  which  arc  the  result  of  elaborate  researches,  are  believed  to  be 
more  accurate  and  coinpreliensivc  than  any  previously  obtained.  They  are  entirelv 
I'reed  from  tiiose  duplications  of  synonyms,  and  exa.ijfgorations  of  estimates,  which  have 
lieen  inseparably  connected  with  the  topic  during  the  lapse  of  two  centuries,  liv  m\ 
letter  of  the  Kith  of  February  last,  the  ollice  was  apprized  of  the  impossibilitv  of  coni- 
j)ressing  ail  tlu;  necessary  condensations  and  syno])tieal  papers  within  the  present 
limits;  nor  has  it  been  practicable,  notwithstandinir  the  elisions,  abridgemcnls,  and 
segregations  made,  to  present  more  than  a  sketcii  of  their  ethnographv. 

It  was  essential  that  a  sunnnary  narrative  of  the  modern  history  of  the  tribes  should 
be  .submitted,  which  carries  this  sul)ject  down  from  the  earliest  times  to  the  period  of 
the  annexation  of  Te.xas,  when  a  more  completely  nomadic  and  predatory  class  of  tribes 
were  brought  into  intercourse  with  the  government.  The  admission  of  Texas  was  but 
the  prelude  to  the  subsequent  acquisition  of  New  Mexico.  California,  and  the  Paeilic 
coasts,  to  the  Straits  of  Fnca ;  thus  extending  the  national  jurisdiction  over  the  wide 
area  of  the  Indian  territory.  iVcmi  Ch-cgon  cast  to  the  Mis.sonri  river.  Most  of  these 
tribes  furni.sh  but  trifling  information  that  could  be  embraced  under  tlie  liead  of  statis- 
tics. Eoaming  over  vast  areas,  cidtivating  little,  and  'often  failing  by  their  exertions 
to  seciu'e  the  scant  mean.s  of  su!)sistence,  their  very  existence  as  tribal  communi- 
ties presents  a  problem  which  is  somewhat  dillicidtof  solution.  White  men.  who  po.s- 
sessed  industry,  care,  and  tinvsight  in  such  a  limited  degree,  woidd  certaiidv  |)erisli. 
Destitute  of  arts  or  agriculture,  po.s.sessing  no  domestic  animals,  and  nothing  at  all 
that  deserves  the  name  of  a  government,  it  should  excite 


surprise 
pathy  is  frcciuently  appealed  to  on  their  behalf,  to  avert  from  them  tl 


1>| 


lie  syin- 
dii 


ic  impendin 


liorrors  of  pestilence  or  starvation.     Nearly  all  the  tribes  wlu)  shelter  themsel 


ves  III 


(IX) 


X  ItKl'OKT    TCt    COMM  ISr^IUNKR   OF    1NI)I.\N    A  F  K  A  1  US. 

till'  uxiriics.  or  waiiiiiT  nvcr  llio  .-iunuiiits  of  tlie  Uocky  .Mountain  I'liaiii.  an',  to  a  jri't-atcr 
or  K'.-s  fxti'ut.  roMicrs.  tliiovi's.  and  l)aiulil>. 

\Villi  lliis  class  ol'triln's  dUi'  intrivoiirsi'  lias  c\fi'  ]kv\\  iin|H'i'ri('t  anil  tardv  ;  anil  \vc 
art'  niainiv  imlfljlcd  to  tlii-  [lotcnc}'  of  tlu-  niililury  arm.  lor  tiio  pourr  to  rrsi.^t  tiicir 
iK-rco  iiiroiuis.  and  kcrp  tliem  in  actniil  du'ck.  Tliu  dillicnltios  of  a  svstiMn  of  nianaiii'- 
mi'nt.  so  piTpK'xinj;'  at  all  times,  is  incrcasi'd  at  sucli  ri'inotc  points,  on  a  continually 
proiiicssivt'  Ironlior,  liy  the  llnctuations  incident  to  tlic  oriiani/ation  ol'tlic  di'|iartmcnt, 
and  till  cliaiiLU's  in  its  suhordinatc  ollicials.  -Much  of  the  country  is  a  terra  incognita, 
and  some  ol' the  agents  located  at  remote  iioints  have  not  ln'cii  in  a  position  to  ri'|Hirt  at 
all.  Most  of  the  trihcs.  conscious  of  having  hiit  little  lo  exliihil.  have  hei'ii  iinwillini; 
to  report   their  condition. 

If  hut  .scanty  information  re^ardiiii:'  their  resources  and  means  has  liei'ii  ohtained 
from  the  nomades  of  the  prairies  and  inonntMins.  it  may  tend  to  relieve  the  disappoint- 
ment, to  say.  that  hut  little  was  expected  from  these  preihitory  and  furtive  trihes.  From 
the  other  class,  comprising  the  older  trihes  of  the  Union,  whose  appellatives  have  hcen 
the  familiar  hy-words  in  our  frontier  history  durinir  two  centuries,  and  who  iiavo 
tied  from  the  -Vtlaiitie  to  the  Allejihanies.  and  thence  to  the  Mississippi,  as  eivili/iition 
pressed  on  in  llii'ir  rear,  very  dilferent  details  lia\e  hi'cn  Lileaned.  I'articipating  in  the 
henellts  derival)le  from  attention  to  liilK)r  and  the  arts,  from  eipial  laws  and  {general 
instruction,  they  have,  as  the  enlarLting  (lircle  of  civilization  advanced,  emharked  in 
agricultural  life  with  more  or  less  avidity  and  success,  adopted  pastoral  haliits.  ami 
accepted  education,  as  well  as  the  principles  ol'  social  life.  They  now  prominently 
(stand  lortli  as  a  hody  of  lirm  and  soher-minded  men,  ready  to  move  forward  in  the 
path  of  proizress.  and  to  enter  on  the  nohle  career  of  civil  and  social  life.  Such  are  the 
Choctaws  and  Chii.'kasaws,  the  Creeks  and  Cherokees. 

Reference  to  details  will  denote  the  distiniruishinj;-  clas>es  of  the  ahoriginal  trihes. 
All  the  most  a<lvanced  tribes  have  passed  through  the  trying  ordeal  of  our  colonial 
historv,  suhject  to  the  trijile  discouragements  of  indulgence,  and  the  cupidity  and  con- 
tempt of  European  races.  Foremost  in  the  hand  of  reclaimed  aborigines  stands  tli(^ 
Appalachian  group  above  named ;  and  there  is  no  just  reason  to  conclude  that  the 
Shawnees,  Delawures.  W'yandots.  and  other  advanced  members  of  the  three  gretit 
ethnologic  groups,  may  not  attain  eipial  prominence  in  morals  and  industry. 

It  is  desirable  that  the  hiatus  in  the  liistory,  from  ISII  to  the  present  time,  slioidd 

be  sujiplied.    It  would  also  tend  to  fulfil  a  high  object,  interi'stiiig  alike  to  America  and 

,  Kurope,  if  curt  ^ocabularies  and  grammars  of  the  several  languages  were   prepared,  by 

nioiins  of  which  their  ancient  history,  and  Ibrmer  connection  with  other  races  of  the 

globe,  might  be  investigated. 

\'ery  respectfully,  sir. 

Your  obedient  servant, 

Henry  K.  iSciiuoLCRAFT. 
To  .T.  W.  Denver,  Esq. 


--s 


t--« 


r  K  K  FA(   K. 


TiiK  Iiuliiins  have  Iwcn  prejudircil.  tii;sjii(l-,.<l,  uiiil  snhjtM-tcd  to  Imrsh  ,jii(l,<rnioiits  in 
Viiric.iis  wiiAs.  Ke.spocting  the  ori-iii  of  the  trihes.  imd  the  maiiiier  in  wliich^the  coii- 
tiiicnt  iniu'  have  been  peopled,  Cliarlevoix.  in  ITlil,  iifter  iin  chilx.rate  examination  ol" 
all  that  had  been  written  on  the  Niibjei-t.  expresses  tlie  .)piniun  that  "we  seem  to  bo 
just  where  wo  were  before  this  .irreat  and  interesting-  ipiestion  bc-an  to  be  airitated." 
lie  tluis  allirnis  tli<'  iiniversalilv  of  lii.Mr  manners :  ••  To  see  one,  is  to  see  all." 

A  century  later,  vi/.:  in  ISLV,.  an  astute  observer  and  lluent  writer,  who  has  since 
attained  eminence  as  a  statesman,  lays  especial  stress  on  that  general  uniformity  of 
traits  and  character,  and  ri.uid  adherence  to  preconceived  standards  of  manners,  cns- 
tom.s.  and  institutions,  which  so  characteristically  marks  the  race.  At  their  discoverj-, 
he  remarks. 

'•From  Huds(m's  I5ay  to  Mexico,  and  fn.m  the  Atlantic  to  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
the  country  was  posscsjed  by  numerous  petty  tribes,  resemblin--  each  other  in  their 
general  features,  separated  into  independent  coinnumities,  always  in  a  state  of  alarnj 
and  .suspicion,  and  generally  on  terms  of  open  hostility.  These  pouple  were  in  the 
rudest  state  of  society,  wandering  from  place  to  place,  without  scL^nce.  witiiont  arts 
(for  we  cannot  dignifv  with  the  name  of  arts  the  making  of  bows  and  arrows,  and  the 
dressing  of  skins).  They  were  without  metallic  instruments,  without  domestic  animals; 
rai.sing  a  little  corn  by  the  labors  of  their  women,  with  a  clam-shell,  or  the  .scapula  of 
a  bnlfalo;  devouring  it  with  .savage  improvidence,  and  subsisting,  during  the  remainder 
of  the  year,  on  the  precarious  supply  furnished  by  the  cha.se,  or  by  lishinir.  They  were 
thinly  .scattered  over  an  immense  extent  of  country,  lixing  their  sunnuer  residence  upon 
some  little  spot  of  fertile  land,  and  roaming  with  their  families,  or  thdr  mat,  or  .skin 
houses,  through  the  Ibrests,  in  pursuit  of  the  animals  necessary  Ibr  food  an<l  clothin- 

"Of  the  external  habits  off!...  Indb.ns  if  we  may  so  speak,  we  have  the  most  anrple 

prominent  facts 


ir.s,  then-  anui.seinonts,  their  hunting,  and  the  most 


details.     Their  w; 

connected  with   their  occupation  and  condition,  1 
lixity,  and.  doul)tless,  with  nuicli  fidelity,  by  a  host  of 
observation  have  been  as  dilferent  as  the  times  and  pi 
have  written.    Kyes  have  not  been  wantiu"-  t 


lave  been  described  with 


Sil 


eat  pr( 


place.- 


persons,  whose  opportunities  for 
as  in  which  they 


and  tl 


le  er 


the  incidents  which  from  time  to  time  1 


o  .see,  tongues  to  relate,  nor  i)ens  to  record, 


lave  occurred.     The  eat 


gef  dagger.s.  the  escape  from  ,swatli<>d  biid'alo  ,sk 


mg  of  fire,  the  swallow- 


Ins.  and  the  juggling  incantation.- 


\    i 


1 


xii  1' I!  i;  I   A  ('  K. 

ami  corcinoiiii's  hv  wliicli  the  lust  is  roiiiid.  tlic  sick  is  lii'alcd.  iind  tin'  liviii!:;  killoii, 
liavo  hocn  witiu-.-'scil  liy  iiiaiiv,  wlio  iiflicvcd  what  tiicy  saw.  Imt  wImi  were  i^rossly 
ilcci'ivrd  liy  their  i>wii  ricdiility.  or  hy  thi-  skill  of  the  Indian  walicnn.  I?nt.  i<['  tin- 
iiiui'al  chanictcr  and  ll'i'lings  ol' tiic  Indians,  of  their  mental  disei|)line.  ami  their  |)e(Mi- 
liar  o]iini()ns.  iii\  thoioirieal  and  reliiiions,  and  of  all  that  is  most  valnalile  to  man.  in  the 
history  of  man.  we  aiv  al)()nt  as  ignorant  us  when  .laeipies  ('artier  fust  aseended  tli" 
Si.  Lawfeliee." 

Sneh  was  the  stale  iif  society  in  which  the  alioriiiines  wi-re  fonnil.  and  snch  have  tli" 
wild  fori'sters  remained  to  thi'  present  tlay.  'i'o  enlariro  the  record  from  which  tlii' 
trilies  nuist  he  jiidL'ed  ;  to  ascertain  their  names,  mnnhers.  position,  and  statistics;  to 
mitiiiate  error,  and  induce  precision  ;  and  to  hrimr  into  one  comprehensive  \  i<'w  a  hody 
of  fri'sh  and  aiillientii'  facts,  derivi'd  from  iiersonal  oliservation.  wliicii  miirht  ln^  nsefiil 
aliki'  to  the  statist  and  moridist.  appeared,  in  the  yar  iS;!7.  to  he  an  ohject  worthy  the 
attention  of  the  national  lei;islatnre.  Conuress  did  not  mendy  reipiire  a  record  of  ai'itli- 
mctical  liiiiirts.  to  decide  the  relative  numhers  hetween  the  sum  total  and  tlu^  divisor 
of  a  trilie's  annuity  —  hiit  soiiiiht  al-o  lo  control  its  appropriation,  and  to  direct  it 
to  ohjects  suited  at  once  to  nriest  ilieir  e\;inction.  to  promote  their  well-boin.ir,  and 
ad\ance  in   the  scale  of  life. 

No  L'eneral  history  of  the  Irihes  lias  \)fvn  written.  Tiie  nnmcrons  local  histories. 
proli.K  in  themselves,  commonly  heiiin  and  end  witli  a  limited  nco^rraphical  hoiniilar\, 
or  the  limitinjr-jironnds  of  a  trilie.  or  family  of  analogous  hands.  The  Now  Kiiirland 
triiics  liavo  liceii  nmst  frocpientiy  associated  in  this  view.  Tiic  Indian  is  a  man  who 
has  lint  littl(>  respect  for  artilicial  lionndaries.  or  indeed  for  an\'  kind  of  limits  to  liis 
freedom  of  iieo^raphical  action  ;  while  ail  oliservers  hear  testimony  that  ho  oxhil)its.  over 
vast  areas,  the  same  I'eatmes.  maimers,  customs,  and  physical  traits  of  a  national  race. 

Of  the  numorons  local  pnhlicatious  referred  to,  Mr.  Colden's  History  of  the  Five 
Nations  is  hy  far  the  most  comprehensive,  clear,  and  exact.  Tt  is  only  to  he  regretted 
that  the  narrative  terminates  in  Ki'.lS.  with  the  period  of  the  treaty  of  Kyswick.  at 
which  time  Williant  and  .Mary  were  seated  on  the  Mritish  throne.  The  opening  of  the 
I'igliteenth  ccntmy  was,  in  I'act,  the  period  from  wiiich  these  confeilerated  Irihes 
assmned  their  most  formidable  power.  In  171l',  they  wore  joined  hy  the  Tnsoa- 
roras  from  North  <,"arolina,  who  constituted  the  sixth  memhor  of  the  confederacy. 
During  a  period  of  forty  years,  while  tlu;  head-<|narters  of  the  IJritish  snperintendoncy 
of  Indian  affairs  in  North  America  was  located  in  their  territories,  they  were  most 
important  auxiliaries  to  tin;  Hritish  armies  in  their  contests  witii  New  Krance,  and 
served  I'ejjiitahly  in  the  linal  cniwpiest  of  it  in  17G0. 

The  Iroquois  power  had  virtually  predominated  over  all  the  trilx's  I'rom  the  month 
of  the  St.  Lawrence  to  that  of  the  Mississippi,  with  the  e.xception  of  the  Appalachian 


group. 


Tl 


lis 


pow 


cr 


iiad 


apparently  oiiginat(^il   in  extensive    ancicn 


t    Indian  wars. 


4; 


and  in  tli(!  overthrow  ol'  popnioiis  tribes,  considerably  advanced  in  arts  and  industry, 


i'UK  KAc  i;. 


XIII 


I- 
iiii 


who  wero  locatod  in  (lio  Mississippi  vulli'v.     Tin,'  iiitlii(.'iU'L'  iic(piire(l  (luring  tiiiw  cci 
tiiries  prior  to  tiie  landing  ol'  tiii;  Enjilisii  in  Virginia,  had  [liacod  thoin  in  siicii  i 
iiiiprc'gniihie  position,  tiiat  no  single  tribe  could  cope  \vitli  thi.'ni.     Tiicir  power  was 
strengthened  and  their  inlluence  extended  by  the  deliTence  jjaid   to  tiieni  \tv  the  colo- 
nies, wliieh  beeanie  most  obvious  during  the  loiig-protraeted  eoiitest  Inr  supreiiiaev  in 
Anierica,   waged    between    England    and    Franee.     The   brief  period   whieh  elapsed 
between  1700  and  1770.  was  employed  to  invigorate  and  consolidate  their  eonlederacv 
by  a  closer  alliance  with   the  British,  with  whose  eoninianders  and  their  iinces  tlicv 
became  favorites.    Wlien  they  had  reached  the  culminating  point  of  their  liistorv.  thev 
were,  with  the  exception  of  one  tribe,  namely,  the  Oneidas,  impelled,  with  bitter  and 
desolating   force,    against    the    Americans.      Tiio    triumph    of    the    Jlevoliitioii    was, 
however,  tiie  tocsin  of  their  defeat,  and  resulted  in  the  tacit  dismemberment  of  the 
tiiMc-honored    Onondaga,    league.     A    li'W    decades    they   lingered    on    in    a    st;ite    of 
political  inaction,  dwelling  on   i\'niiniseences  of  the  gl(jry  ol'  former  davs.      Tiie  war 
of   181L',   in  which   they  were    urged   to  ])artieipate    by  (ireat    Ihitain.   Ibuiid    them 
indisposed  to  engage  in  a  second  contest.     Tecumseh    had   no  aid    I'rom    the    Inxpiois. 
The  war-paths  of  olden  times  were  o!)!iterated  ;   symbolically  speaUing.  their  ears  were 
sealed;   and.  when   ii';.i  contest  closed,  they  forever  laid   aside   the  warlike  hatchet, 
and   turned   their  a;t>  ntion   to  agricultun'.     The   tomaiiawk   was  exciianged   for  tlu; 
plough,  the  scliool-house.  and  the  Gospel. 

The  other  stocks  of  Indians  who,  iie.\t  in  order  to  the  Irocpiols.  ligured  proininentiv 
on  the  continent,  were  the  Algomjuins  and  Appalachians.  The  Algompiins  were 
ever  the  staunch  friends  and  allies  of  the  French.  They  defeated  IJraddoek  on  the 
.Monongahela.  and  secured  success  for  the  arms  of  Montcalm  on  the  waters  of  Lake 
George.  The  Appalachians,  who  had  successfully  opposed  De  Soto,  nuiintained  tli.'ir 
position  in  the  south.  Clinging  to  the  coast  lines  of  the  Gulf  of  .Mexico  as  their 
inheritance,  they,  by  their  activity  and  bravery,  repelled  the  repeated  Siiauish  invasions. 
There  was  still  another  stock,  residing  on  the  banks  of  the  Gila  and  of  the  Kio  Grande 
del  Norte,  who  nnule  vigorous,  though,  as  events  proved,  unavailing  elVorts  to  oppose 
the  domination  of  tiie  Spaniards.     The  Dakotah  history  is  of  modern  date. 

The  causes  which  brcuight  the  Indians  into  conliict  with  the  colonies  were 
general  in  their  op.M'ation.  and  founded  on  the  same  princii)les.  They  loved  their 
hunting-grounds,  liiglily  prized  their  independence,  exulted  in  their  Ireedom  from  all 
the  restraints  of  labor,  and  spurned  the  maxims  of  civilization.  It  imported  not  what 
were  the  originating  caiL-es  of  hostility,  nor  the  .sources  of  misunderstanding.s;  the 
Indians  were  sure,  in  the  end,  to  llnd  national  maxim.s  to  defend  tlieir  conduct,  if  thev 
did  not  sustain  their  policv. 

The  ruins  of  Checheticali,  of  Peo.s.  of  the  platibnn  mounds  of  Florida,  and  of  the 
Mississii.i.i  valley,  bearing  evidences  of  cultivation  and  arts  beyon-l  that  now  po.s-^e.-.sed, 
sup])ly  arcluvological  inaterials  which  invite  learned    research.      The  tribes  on  this 
Vol,.  VI.  — 12 


P II K  F  A  C  E . 


I 


iimi)lf  fu'lil.  .>^|irca(!iiiLj'  iVom  (lie  (iull'  nf  .Mrxii'ii  to  liiikc  Siiiii'iior,  I'lvaU'  an  iiniiri';'>ii)n 
that  tlicsc  iV'iioiiM  wi'iv  oiii-c  oroiipicd  hv  otiicr.s  po.ssi's.sini;  fiiiiilar  niaiiiii'is.  wlio  I'ai" 
CNi'crilfil  ill  uuiiicricMl  .-tivnixtli,  ivsoiirccs,  ami  oiiiTiry  of  cliarai-tor.  tlio  tiiin's  ai.'liially 
oi'ciipyiii,!,'  till'  ouuntrv  at  the  iHM'ioJ  of  i\u\  discovorv.  Traditions  of  tlio  Kasivaslda  ami 
Tiiscarora  Indians  niaUe  direct  rol'i'ionci!  to  anciL'iit  iinlian  wars  and  I'onti'ntioiis.' 

Tlu'R'  aro  I'siiii'iKM's  also  in  minor  inoniimcntal  ri'li(|nia>,  that  a  I'orci^n  jicoplc  had 
trod  till-  Ann  ricaii  shores  Ijelnri'  the  era  el"  Cidnniljus,  or  the  [ilanllm:  of  \'irL:iiiia. 
Tlie.-e  are  ]inrely   topics  ol'  literary  re>earcli. 

\\\'  arc.  periiaps.  at  tliiilt  in  attaehiii;.''  less  interest  (o  tlie  remote  ori.i;in  of  an 
uiiliiriunate  i'amily  of  the  Iininan  raee,  ami  to  their  ancient  hi>tory.  tlniii  should  he  I'elt. 
JJetter  results  eonld  he  liopi'd  lor.  were  as  much  enthnsiasni  dispiaud  in  regard  to  this 
snlijcct  as  a  naturalist  eviuees  rc-pi'dimr  the  eolor.  L'l'oiiietrieal  siiape.  rays,  macula,  or 
iormalion  ol'a  leal',  the  aiiLilcs  of  a  crystid.  or  the  or'iiuie  striiclure  of  a  li~li.  an  insect. 
.•I  slicjl.  or  a  loli>ter.  Could  this  intense  jiredoiiiiuancy  of  piiy>ieal  o\er  m<iral  invcsii- 
jrations  he  re\ersed.  the  arehieoloiiist  miiilil  not  despair  of  being  able  to  penetrate 
through  the  intensity  of  the  gloom  overshadowing  their  aiieieiit  history. 

Compared  to  the  Indian  tribes  who  occupied  the  southern  parts  of  the  eoiitinenl.  the 
Vesperic  families  of  North  America  wi'ic  eliaraeleri/ed  in  greater  ju'i'sonal  energy, 
manliness,  eloquence,  and  power  of  llioU-ht.  Jf  they  evinced  the  pristine  traits  of 
nomadic  liabits.  in  the  ciiaso  and  war,  and  by  relying  on  the  s[)ontaneoiis  products  of 
the  lijrest.  they  were  also  remaiiiahle  for  greater  vigor  of  eonstitutiou  and  character 
than  the  soutliern  tribes.  Nalionalily  Iiad  nut  exerted,  as  it  did  in  the  tro[)ics.  such 
unpropitious  inlhiences  on  individuality.  They  were  bold  and  free,  i'rivate,  and  not 
ninnieipal.  or  [mblic  worlis,  aljsorbed  their  energies.  No  ini[ierial  eaciijue,  «ir  Inca.  had 
arisen  to  place  on  their  necks  the  dynastic  soke  of  either  ecclesiastical  or  civil  ilespoti>in. 
The  \()luntary  labor  expended  on  the  construclioii  of  an  earth-mound  by  the  jiopulalioii 
of  a  village,  and  the  compulsory  toil  exacted  by  the  erection  of  a  teocalli.  or  pyramid, 
are  the  exanqiles  of  the  two  extrenu's  of  the  Indian  polity. 

The  Indian  of  tlie.sc  latitudes  is  an  instance  of  the  inherent  love  of  liberty;  in  his 
breast  the  passion  for  indeiiendcnco  subduing  every  other.  This,  as  the  tribe  increased 
in  numbers,  and  I'Xtended  its  domain,  was  favori'd  liy  the  magnilicence  and  froli 
exuberance  of  the  immense  liirests  and  fertile  valleys  of  the  teiniierate'  latitudes  — 
Ibrests  which  }ielded  spontaneously  all  the  necessary  means  l()r  tin;  support  of  life. 
The  aborigines  ro\ed  over  domains  wiiich  monarehs  might  in-  pivaid  to  own.  and  saiiaps 
and  rajahs  covet.  They  made  voluntary  ofli'rings  to  gods  of  tlie  elements,  \vhoiii  they 
regaiih'!!  as  sulject  to  the  rule  of  a  eosntic  (ireat  Spirit.  Ilorrilie  idols  there  were  iioii". 
from  the  capes  of  Flm'ida  to  the  St.  Lawnnce  —  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Kocky  .Moun- 
tains.     Neither  a  Hralima.  nor   a  .^i\a,  a  (iunga  or  a  .lugLvrnauf,  recei\('d   the   kiiee- 

'Vnls.  IV   ntul  V 


i 


i 


1 


I' Ki:  I  A  (•!■:.  XV 

voi'sliip  of  iiiillii)ii.«.  No  victim  of  siipcrstitioii  iiIiiiil'imI  liimsi'lf  into  a  sarivi]  stivain  ; 
no  w  iilow  s:\('ri(i('ril  Iicix'il'dii  llic  riiiici't'iil  |i\  re  of  iicr  liiisltand  ;  no  inotiicr  was  tlio 
cnic'l  nnu'd'Ti-^  <il' lirr  own  fcniiilii  inlant.  Tin- (Iivat  Spirit  was  adoicd  as  thi«  giver 
and  till'  taker  ul  lill'. 

Such  wero  our  indi.uis.  They  iicitlier  raised  costly  temples  to  falsi'  irods,  ner  j^aiil 
ta\e<  to  man.  I'ower  was  wielded  npon  the  mod(d  of  the  patriandiid  .'■•\sleM).  'I'lie 
father  of  a  family  was  the  heail  of  his  clan,  and  tlio  rnler  of  his  conntry.  No  IVi.Lditful 
iniM'.'c  of  Tcoyaomiiiiii,  or  of  the  san,!:iiinary  !  Iuit/ilo[)ochtii,  stood  on  the  hanks  of 
the  Oiiio,  the  Susipiehanna,  tlio  Mississippi,  or  llci  Niagara.  No  ruins  like  those  of 
J'apanila,  of  ('liolula,  or  of  the  valley  of  Oa.vaca.  were  fonnd,  to  .serve  as  monuments 
of  past  times,  and  indicate  to  posterity  wiien;  the  domestic  circle  of  the  huiitei-  had 
hei  n  rudely  invaded,  his  hearth-stone  desecrated,  and  the  lihortie.s  of  ii  pccijilo  utterly 
cru>lu'(l. 

I'owhatan  and  Tamanund,  .Ma^^sasoit  and  .\tatarho,  were  hnt  the  presiding  chiefs 
ol' sachemdoms  and  hashaharies,  the  peoi)le  of  which  were  living  in  their  j)iinial  state. 
I'ower  anil  custom  hail  not  then  degenerated  into  lyrannv;  relii^ion  reqnired  no 
hniiian  sacrifices.  'J'he  preseiiptive  laws  of  war  hft  to  each  triho  and  (dan  the  choice 
of  its  own  toteinic  haiiner  of  skin  m-  feathers,  ami,  hy  leavinir  the  hunter  trihes  nntrani- 
nieUcd  in  their  actions,  .secinvd  to  tlieni  tlie  power  of  etlectively  refusing  their  assent 
to  wais  and  compiests  not  approved.  Their  very  mythology  pos.-essed  a  social 
leatnre  in  snidi  imaginative  creations  as  iagoo,  Qnasind,  I'apukwis.  and  I'anunk.  Kven 
tiie:r  (lemi-gods.  Manal)o  and  Hiawatha,  wen;  tlio  impersonations  of  l^indnc^s  and 
liencvolent'e.  and  were  regarded  as  having  come  down  among  the  hninan  race,  with  the 
fei  lings  of  men,  to  teach  them  arts  and  knowledge. 

Such  a  people  had  some  noljle  elements  in  their  chanieter.  Fearless  of  death,  brave 
in  wai',  and  tdoipunt  in  emnicil.  ihey  were  exemplifications  of  the  highest  perfection 
of  the  forester's  state;  and  when,  at  tlie  connnencement  of  the  sixteentli  centnr\-  tliev 
endiavored  to  oppose  the  growth  ami  spread  of  Kuropean  eoloni/ation.  their  idlljrts  were 
hut  attempts  to  cement  more  closely  the  links  which  had  hound  tiiem  toiietlna-  lor  nn- 
nnnihri-i'il  centuries.  The  hunter-state  was  symljolically  tlie  golden  age,  wiiicii  ii  was 
dcemeii  essential  to  guard  witii  jealous  viuilance.  Around  the  frontiers  thev  ilisphi  \  ed 
a  united  front  against  the  introduction  of  civilization,  with  its  attendant  arts.  laws,  in- 
ilii>lry.  letters,  and  religion;  the  details  of  this  opposition  to  the  onward  i)ro"ress 
of  the  Kuropean  race  constitnte  niatcrials  for  a  volnminons  and  elaborate  histurv. 

A  hurried  collation  of  the  incidents  of  their  history  during  the  long  period  ,,['  ihree 
c(  nturics  and  a  half,  has  necessarily  rendered  this  view  brief  and  suunnarv.  Attention 
was  pcr|ietually  called  from  niinutia'  to  results.  The  acts  and  principles  of  the  Indian, 
like  the  symbolii!  characters  of  his  pictography,  must  freqiK'ntly  be  judged  of  li\-  imiiii- 
eatidu.  Armies  enter  the  field,  or  conceal  themselves  in  ambush,  and  chiels  and  saehem.s 
take  a  .scat  at  the  council-fire,  to  defend  principles  which  the  Imlian  iWU  are  necessary 


\V1 


I'KKFA  CK. 


SI         'i 


to  llic  presorvatioii  ol'liis  iiHlcpi'iulciici'.  Imt  liis  cuncliii^iDnM  he  docs  imt  xo  much  arrive 
lit,  In-  till'  |in\v('i'  of  ratiociiiMiioii.  us  tlir  (livams  of  liumtioiil  ilfliiMioiiH.  If  tli('.s<'  miniitiat 
slioiilil  111'  tiiiccil  lip  t.)  I'vcry  liiiliim  Ipattlc-licM,  tlio  iiarrativo  would  lu'coinc  vcrhiwc. 
and  tlic  cvriitH  |ici'lia|i.s  imsscss  Imi  litili-  LH'iicnil  intcn'^t.  Tlic  Indian  I'ai'c  wa-lcs 
awav  witliuiit  roirri't.  and  witlioiit  svMi|ialiiy. 

In  tia'niinu'  an  estimate  of  tlic  man.  in  asecrtaininj?  liis  faults  and  virtncs,  stiidvinj? 
liis  pliysical  and  mental  dovolopnicnt,  and  inqnirinn  into  liis  liistory,  tiie  aiitlior  lias 
spoilt  many  years  of  active  life  on  tlie  American  frontier.  To  tins  olijcet  the 
e\pl(iratiiin  of  its  ui'oirrapliy  and  inineraloL'V  liccamc.  at  icimtli.  subordinate ;  and  if 
assiduity  merited  success,  lie  miirlit  claim  it.  in  presentin;^'  the  results  finis  fir 
r)l)tained.  lie  lias  availed  liiiiiself  of  an  extensive  corri's[iondenco  with  residents  in  tlio 
Indian  country,  reacliini.'.  it  is  lielieved,  to  every  prominent  tribe  between  the  Atliintio 
and  the  I'ai'ilic.  To  thi'se  oiiscrvers  in  the  lii'M,  ai'knowlediiiuents  are  made  /uis.'^i'm. 
Milt  personal  inquiries,  however  elllciently  miule.  are  alone  iniule(piato  to  the  comitilation 
of  Indian  history.  Uooks  are  re((tiired  ;  and  whoever  endeavors  to  trace  the  subject, 
will  lind  many  of  these  to  Ik;  rare,  and  oidy  extant  in  fore"gn  libraries.  The  f^overn- 
ment.  under  whose  liberal  auspices  these  iiKpiiries  havi'  Ijcen  jiursued,  has  not  in  any 
manner  withheld  these  prerequisites;  nor  has  the  author  I'ailed,  in  one  single  instaiu'e, 
to  obtain  ready  access  to  the  leading  libraries  of  the  country.  To  no  source,  however 
is  he  more  indebted  in  this  respect,  than  to  Peter  Force,  Esq.,  of  Washington,  who 
with  his  characteristic  comity,  placed  his  largo  and  distinctive  American  library  at  all 
times  freely  iit  the  disposal  of  the  author. 

To  C'apt.  S.  Eastman,  who  has  illustrated  the  (ir.st  four  volumes  of  the  work,  and  to 
the  other  eminent  artists  employed  on  it,  painters  and  engravers,  the  public  rest  under 
obligations. 


He.VRY    R.   ScilOOLrR.^FT. 


Washingto.v,  ()rtn/,n-  241/1,  1857. 


!       I 


A 
I 


I 


( '  ( )  X  r  I :  \  r  s . 


DIVISION' J'iRST. 

A  CONDKXSKD  VIKW  OF  TMK  PnST-(0|,lMI!I,\.\.  (IR  MODIMtX  INDIAN  JUSTOUV. 


C'llAl' 
('MAP 


ClIAP. 
C'lIAP. 

CitAP. 


ClIAP. 
TllAP. 


('MAP. 
(J  II A  P. 
ClIAP. 

ClFAP. 


SECT!  OX    K[]{ST. 
IXTHODrcnniY  CONSIDKIIATIONS. 

I.     The  Iiiilian  viewcil  JIM  :i  iiiiiii  out  of  Hocicty p,\,;r:     -i" 

-'.     t  M'oiriMplii.'.il  nvvii  (laiii.ica  —  i:tliii..M;rai)liioal  position  of  tlie  prini'iiml  stocks...     :;i 

SECT  [OX   SECOXl). 
FIHST  I-ntol'KAN  ACCiUAIxNTANCE  WITH  TIIK  INDIAN  TRIBES. 

].     Oii^rinal  (■(Hitiiicnta!  jmint  of  olwrvatioii :](j 

•-'.     Tlio  la.Hlin-  of  1-. ,.  ,1,.  J„.„M  i„  Fl„ri,la,  ami  of  l.iicas  \as,,m/.  in  the  am'ii'Mt 

<'iiii'i>r;i 

■•'•  I'Vanco  enters  the  liel.l  of  .liseovcrv.  N'errazani,  an  Italian  in  lier  service,  .lis- 
tovers  the  coast  from  the  lalitn.lo  of  tropical  phmts  to  New  York  and  New 
Kn^rlanil.     He  lands  in  the  -reat  li:i_v  of  .Manhattan 40 

4.  Spain  explores  Fh.ri.la.     Narvae/,  invades  the  Indian  territory,  and  brings  tlie 

Appalachian,  or  Fioridian,  ^.Toiip  of  Trihos  to  our  notice....' .". .|4 

•'.     France  n  sumes  her  discoveries.    The  Alironqnins  are  found  to  inhabit  the  Atlan- 

li'-    «-oast,  north,  np    to    ihe    rivn-    ,<t.  Lmvrenoe.     Thej    are    succeeded    in 

^  poMtioii.  ni  ascendiorr  il,,,t  valloy,  Uy  the  Iroijuoi^ 4v; 

Jj.     Finniier  explorations  in  the  .-<;.  Lawrence  vallev.  hy  the  French .".      :,:> 

7.     Fxpcdilion  of  Do  Soio  to  Florid,.     Appalachian  irroup  of  Tribes ,VS 

5.  De  Soto  crosses  the  Mississippi  river,  and  traverses  the  present  area  of  Missouri 

^  and  Arkansas.      Family  of  Dak.itahs,  or  prairie  Tribes r,r> 

".'.     Coronado's  expedition  into  the  territory  which  has  acquired  the  name  of  New 

Mexico.      The  Zuni.  :\Io,|r,i.  Navajo,  an.l   coi:nate  tribes i);, 

(xvii) 


\ 


I  i 
I  I 


^^\^^  C  tt  N  T  K  N  Tsi. 


SUCTION    Til  I  KP. 

<  ii.M'KNTIoN  (IF  IIIANfi:  ANH  >!'MN    lolt  TIIK  DiClI'ATloN  OF  Fl.olMhA. 

t'llW,    I.      \'>',va;:('.'«  III' llilKiiilt  mill  I.:iil>|niiiiii'i'i- T.' 

<  'ii  \r.  J.  Sri'<iiiii  vinit  III'  Hlliaiili  In  l''iiii'iilii.  Ti'cuclin'Diirt  innHxiiori'  of  liiiii.'«i<irntii|  lii.'«  turn.  7i! 
t'lIM',   ;l.      Till'  ClirMiliiT  (iuiiru'iir-*  iiliiliiili"*  ii|Mm  llic  S[iani>li  -rttlrimiil  ill  I'loriilii ~H 

SKCTI  UN    KOI    IITII  . 

TIIK  FNCI.ISI!   FMI.MKNT  ol'  r| \  Ij.r/.ATK iN   IN   AMF.HlCA. 

( 'll  M',    I.      I  'i-i'HVriy  III'  N'irL'iiiia.  iiiiil  il^<  alii>i'l;:liii''< ^<2 

Cil  w.  J.  'i'lic  I'lmlialaliii'  irilH'.i  nf  \'iri.'iiii!i.  a*  llirv  aic  rr|MiiiiMl  mi  iho  .xi-oiiinl  vova^'o...  ^& 
ClUl'.   '■'<,      I'rrliiilMil  >tatr  111"  till'  Viiyinia    Iiiilialit  iliiriiiLl  llir  vnvni:*'*  i*iili.<i'i|m'lltly  liiailo 

111  iliat  cna^t,  ill  ijic  .siMi'i'iiili  iTiiiiiry ^0 

C'll  M'.    t.      lliislilitics  witli   till'   llis,-aiiiii|irnk.  i^ii'iipaii.  ami  Aiinii-i'iiJiH  tl'llirs.     Siici'i'Ssivo 

iiliainliintiiriit  of  tiic  Ifnaii  'kc  aii'l  llaiicva-i  ciiliiiiiii '.'- 


s  I ; (  Y I  o  x  V 1 1' T I r . 

Tin:  M'i'TdKAi,  'riiinKs  of  tiu:  Xdinii  ati,ani'i<',  \vitiiin  wiitisi-: 

'IFItlHTnlMFS  Till-:  ('((J.dNIKS  W  Kiil';   I'l.ANrFD. 


CllM'.    1.      \'ii-iiiia  is  >iifrr>*>riill_v  (•'■Iniiizi'il.     ilalin -low II  U  I'diiiiiU'iI  in  the  crMilral  |iart  i.f 

llic  I'nwliatanii'  I'linl'rilrr.i.y '.'') 

CilM'.   -.      l»i>ciiviTy  111' till' Jliiilsnii  .  i\i  r,      M  iiilialian-,  M"liii'aiii,  ami  Moliawk-i Idl) 

( 'II  M'.    '■'>.      Siillclm'iit  111'  Ma»aclilisi'tt-.  illi'l  llii'  Niw  Kii;.'l  ami  ciilniii  -i lii:i 

CllAl'.  4,      'I'l.c  iioriliiTii    Iii'lian-i  ari"  nlVi^ii'li"!  at  llio  iiitrmliicli  "ii  nf  (■i\ilizatiiiii  aipl  tjir 

tT'-prl.  Ill  I'M  use  111'  tliril'  Irlnlilicy  til  >l|!)Vl'ft  Iliillaii  -Hcirty III.-) 

f'll.M'.   .-'.     M.iiiiiii's  ai:il  cii.-tiiiMs  111'  tJ!"  .Muliicaiiic  ;,'rim)i  nl'  tin'  Nrw  Fiiirlaii'l  .\I,-Mii(|iiins.  lii;i 


J 


,^i:("TI  ox    SI  \TII. 
SY\nl\<I.-'  oF  Till-;  lll-rolJV  (•!'  ■i'lll':  NF.W   FNdLANl)  TKlHi:.-^. 

(.'llAP.  1.  lll,~tiii-y  fif  till'  I'..|:aiiokrt  Tri'n' ami  Da.-Iia'iary 11.". 

ClLM'.  -.  lli-lnry  I.f  I  111  ■  l'ri|iiii|  Triln'.  anil  of  liic  l'i'i|n.ii  war I  III 

ClIAl'.  o.  l»(  atli  i.r  S  issaiMis,  ami  i\tincli(iii  of  tlic  l'(  i|iiiils l-2\ 

ClIAI'.  4.  The  Narragaiisctis.      War  ln.lwt'iii  I'lica-i  aiul  .^Ii•l:l^lll;nlll \2't 

SKCTI  OX    S  KV  KXTIl. 

1  X  1 1 1  A  X    T  K  I  I!  F  S    ( I  i'    M  A  I!  V  I,  A  X  I ) . 

CliM',   1.      A'l'riL'inil  iii]iii!ali'jn  ii:  ti;o  sli.iri's  nf  t'lc  (.'licsaiiralic 1  .'S 

('hat.   '2.      .-'ii-i|iu-li.'inm<cks,  Xaiilii'ukt'S,  ami  (I'lmnys 

<  'ii  \V.    '■].      ."^i'i|Ucl  111'  tlic  liislui-y  <il'  tin;  .">ll,-iinc'hanniirl;s 


CllAI'.     1. 


t'lIAl'.   .-).      Siimnini'y  of  thf  criicinpurai-y  cviilcni'c-!  (if  tlio  SiiKiiiclianiiock  liistury. 


l:;7 
U-2 


CONTIiNTS. 


OCCl 

ClIAl'.    I. 

CiiAi'.  :.'. 

('llAl'.  M. 
<.'llAl'.  l. 
•  'IIAI'.     .'"). 

CliAiv  7. 
CiMI'.   8, 


sKCTi  o.v  i:  k;  II tit. 

I'.\N<'V  or  M;\v   YuHK  P.Y  THK  KNTJMSII.   AM)  SKf^lKI,  To  Till", 
INDIAN   WAItS  (>r  NKW  KNfJI,  \N l>. 

New  Nt'ili.'i'InriiU  wiiTcniliTni  tn  tli.>  Kii;.'li.sli,  iiml  imiiinl  N.w  Vmk 

'I'lic  wiiv  Willi  I'liillp,  1,1"  l'ii|ii(?iH|,it 

l'liili|.  ilcv.loj,^  Wu  ),:oi.     lli.s  iitt;ifkH  cm  tlio  wciik  IVonticr  lino   ..I'  ih,.  N,.w 

l']ii;;liin'l  ci)|(iiii(  ■< 

riiilii.  ciin'ios  till'  war  into  tli..  i'l_vi.i..iitl,  c.iloiiy.      It  ii^miinc-.  a  \vi,|,.r  an  I  m  -iv 

s.iii;ruiiiary  a>iicct.      Tlic  N.iiTaL.Mri-etl.t  arc  iiivulv.'.l  in  ilu'  cfni.-i.ii-.icv 

T1h>  CMiiiMi-tM   IIIMItIi   tn  lllf  I'cli.f   MJ'   till'  IVl  111  tjr  !•.■«.        TIll'V  Wa^TC   Will"    Mi'lillt    llir 

'>an:iL';iii^i'il.-i,  wIki  arc  ilrr.'.'ii.'.I  in  »  siiMn^rly  lui'iiliiM*!  pD-ii;  m 

Caiiliii-o  and  diruli  nf  ('unonrlut.     ( hMtliTDW  .if  llio  Narrau'atHi'tl-* 

I'liilij,  n  !i,'«s  111,,  war  wilii  mk -•<,  Ihii  U  finally  I'lmM  |,.  tako  -lulli'i-  will,  |,i, 

(•lii(.r.';i|itaiii,  Annawnii.  in  an  .)a.-.i.-i  i.fa  ni.ira-s  in  I'tHM.,.!.  Kinal  ovcftlirmv 
nf  I  lie  Maslialiary  nf  rokaimki't 

Tlio  Mcn'iiiiiif  valley  and  Aliiiiaki  Trilirs 


SECTION'   XINTH. 

LKXNO  LKNAi'l  01'  I'KNNSVI.VANI A.  AND  ClIKOliA  TIMIIKS  OF  Till-: 

<AI!(»l,IN  AS. 


"|c"U.m1  in   till'  ifi-ntory  „(  ih,.   Lmno   Li'iiap: 


CllAP.    I.      TIk"  I'ojciiiy   iif  I'lnn-yivaiiia  i,- 

'I'licir  Ili.stiiry 

riur.   2.     Tlu,  Tiii-al  rtdaiiiMis  nf  tiio  Can.lina  Indians  lo  tlio  U'adiiiji'i.tlnio-m,dii.;'nimilirs 
iif  till.' countiy 


ITi; 


s!' 


J 


SKCTI  ON    TKNTil. 
pnoouKssiVK  iNTi.|{coii{.><i.;  WITH  Till-;  tkii:i:.s  ])inL\(j  tiik  itocii 

FHO.M   ITnii  To   IT.Vt.  '     ' 

<'<>Ai'-    I.      Inip.T...s;,„...  „f  iho  ra.v,  aftn-  tl.o   ia,.e  of  a  cniturv  IV..m  tli..   lirst   land in 

^_  Nirjimia -        1^., 

f'liAi'.  '_'.     Tiic  Aiiiiiniisliiniii,  nr  Ii,„|,|,,|s ",,' 

••inr. :!.  Tii.  Indian  Tni,..,  north  and  ^niiii;;':;:,;;;;:';;;;;;;,'';;';;;;';,;,;';;;;;;;:';;;,;;;;;; 

(■oni'liisi.,,),  tl.at  lli,.y  |.....v,.|i„.  i„mcr  to.-nish  th,.   Cnlnni.s..  ""  [ni 

<  HA,.,  4.  In  tho  oont.>t  lor  ll,.  Indian  power.  I.otwo.n  bVan.r  and  Kn^iand.  ti.,.  possl^'^- m! 
ot  tho  M,.ss»s,ppi  valley  and  of  ,l„.  .-reat  lako  Iia.ins.  l,ecan,o.  in  ,]„.  ..nd'tiu- 
prizo  contended  lor 

l:'() 


(■■  ( >  N  T  K  N  T  S  , 


SMCTIOX    KLKV  KXTll. 

MOMKNTOI  S  I'EKIUD  UF  JNDIAX  I11ST(»1!V,  riU'X-'EUlNU  THE  CONtiLEsT 

OK  CANADA. 

CiMi'.    1.     The   l''ri'iH'li    jiolicy  r('j,';ii'(linj:  tlic    Trilial,  ur  iiitonmtioiuil  moviMiicnts  of  tlio 

IihIuHi, ' i;i!» 

(.'li  U'.   -.     liitir-cpocliul  lIi^tol•y  of  tlio  L:ikc  Trilu's,  and  of  the  expulsion  of  Indians  who 

pi'fccdcd  tlio  Al^oni|iiiMs '202 

CiMi'.  ■'!.     Thi"  Al;roiii|Miiis  ^Ml'  wiih  tlio  Froncli  in  the  ^roat  strngiilu  for  suproiiiary L'OlJ 

CiUl'.    1.      'Clio  lr(u|Uiiis  aiUioi-o  to  tho  KliL-'li.-ili 'JO'J 

f'li  'i'.     1.     'i'lir  ^V^'sl(  rii  Indians  imito  to  sustain  I'^ranco  in  tlio  possession  of  the  Ohio  valley.  "JIJ 

CllM'.   C.     N;itiiiiKilily  (if  the  Indians  in  i?iaddook's  dofoat -Iv") 

Cii.M'.  7.     'I'lio  Iro.piuis  p<dioy  favnrs  the  Enirlisli :21'J 

Cm  \I'.   .^.     Takini:  of  Fort  William  Ilonry.  on  Lake  (leoi-L'o.  and  the  plnndei'  and  murder  of 

]'i-isoinM's  hy  the  I^'reiudi  Indians,  contrary  to  the  tei'ms  of  eapitalation --1 

('ii  \l'.   '.'.      Slate  (d'  Indian  all'airs  in  tlie  interior,  dmiiii.'   Jie  ])erioil  hetween  the  defi'at  of 

IVi'kan.  and  the  capture  of  Fort  dii  (^hiesne '2-'-i 

(.'ll.U'.   ]0.   'J'hc  lr..i|iioi.,  ahandon  their  neutral  posiiioii  in  the  war  helweeu  tlie  Fii;.dish  and 

French 2:28 

(.'ll.M'.   11.   Close  of  the  war  hv  the  coin i nest  of  Canada 1232 

V  I 


SEC  T 1 0  X  T  ^v  1-:  l  f  t  n . 


I 


i 


PEHIOI)  INTKRVEXINC   FI{OM  THE  Coy(t(i:.<T  OF  CANADA  TO  THE 
CO.M.MENCEMENT  OF  TlIF  AMHI!1C.\N   ItEVoM'TlON. 

Cil  \i'.    1.      ChaiiL'es  in  tlie  relations  of  the  Indian  Triiies 

<'li  M'.   -J.      \\':iv  with  the  Chendiees 

Cll  \r.   -1.      Ti.e  cojii'cdcra'e  .\lLr"ni|U!ns  and  lluron>  of  the  iijipcr  L  ikc-.  under  the  direction 

<■['  I'llitiac.  di-putc  tlc>  occupati'ili  o|'  that  rc;^inn  hy  the  FliL'lish 

<  llAl'.   A.      I'oiitiac  Imid^  J)clroil  in  a  stale  id'  sicL'c  durilij:  tile  siimnicr  uf  170:! 

t'liM'.   ."i.     Ti.c  Western   Indians    cuiitinnc    ihcii'    opposition    to    the    EiiL'lish    su])remacy. 
<_''doncl   J!oiii[iiet    marches  to  the  relief  (d'  Fort  i'ilt.      The    IJattle  of  Uriisiiy 

I  tun 

ChaI'.   •!.      ficiicral  Jiaeiticatiiin  hetween  tlu'  Enijli.-h  and  the    Indiiin  Trihi'S,  cast  and  west. 
Tre.-ily  of  |ieace  with  the  Scnecas,  \\'yanilots,  Ottciwas  and  (.'liippewas,  Mi^sis- 

s.ii:lc-.  I 'lit  t  a  watt  a  lilies,  and  Mia'i,ic~ 

;i\".    7.      Ii'i--iicciipaliiiii   of  the   lake   p.i.-ts.      Tlie   Indian    trade    ( xteiidcd   wc.-twanl  and 

111 irth Ward  under  liritish  auspice- 

II  \l'.    >.       I'cace   coiicliidcd    wi;ll   the    Delawares,  Shauiiees.  M;aliiies.  Weas,  I'i.iiikashans, 

and  Min^'iies,  nr  traiis-Ohio  meaihers   uf  lin.'    Six  Nations  in  the  west 

IIAI'.    '.'.      Lnrd    l.'iiniiiiire's    <xpi'i!iliiin    to  the   Scioto  a;:ainst   the   Shawnees,    Delawares, 

Wyandiits,  and  -MiiiL'iics.      Incident  of  Lnu'aii 

ll.M'.    1''.   'file  Indian  Trade  under  ISriti-h  rule 

ilAl'.    II.   Census  of  the  nunihcrs,  names,  and  iiosiiion  of  tiie  Indian  Trihes,  taken  after 
the  C'lniiue^t  of  Canaiia 


2.1.-) 
2;i8 

242 
24o 


2J'.» 


2. "it; 


2(i7 


( '  ( >  N  T  !■;  X  T  S  , 


XXI 


SECTION    Til  IKTKKXTIl. 


HISTORY  OF  TIIK  INDIAN  THIIiHS   DFRIXC  TIIK  AMKRICAN  RK VOLITION. 


('i[\i'.   1.     Tlio  liiiliiiii  f.ii-cc  to  lie  i>ii(ciiuii('i-i'(l o-i 

Chap.   2.      riifVioiidly  .stato  of  fi'i'Iiiig,   and  iTroneoiis  oi>iiiiuMs  of  tho  trilius.  duriii;;  tlic 

Contest "  I-,. 

—  I . ' 

CrtAi'.  :!.     Coiitcsis  ill  which  the   Indian  Ioitc  was  ciig.-i'.'cd.      Invasion  of  St.  Lcj;,.,-,  with 

the  coiiihincd  lroi|ii«is .)y.) 

<'mm>.    J.     .\iiihuscado  and  hattk'  of  Oriskanv Z^- 

CliAi'.   ."i.     Tcniiiiialioii  of  the  siej;e  of  K(,i-t  Stainvix .)i„, 

CilM'.   il.      I'oiiey  of  eiii|iloyin.ir  tlif  Fiidians  ill  war .ii|.> 

('MAI'.   7.      I'ioj:ress  of  the  Revoliilion.  as  atfected  l,_v  llie   ahori-inal   trihe,-.      M.-issacres  of  "'  ' 

AVvoiiiin^r,  Cherrv   valh'V,  and    I'lster .hj- 

('11  \l'.   S.      (',,nj:i-ess  aiithori/es  iiiovenients  to  clieck  tlie  hostility  id'  the  Wc-tcrn  fiidians....  :.'!l|t 

<'MAI'.   II.      \-irviiiia  sends  an  expedition  a-ainst  the  western  Iiid'ian^.  and  conoiiers  soiitiieni  " 


II 


CiiM'.   10.   Siihtilty  of  tile  Indians   invesiiiii:   Fort  l.aiirens •J114 

CllAl'.   11.    liatlh' of  .Minnisinl< .  !,',. 

(  IIAP.    IJ.    r<inna]  ex|ieditioii  apiinst  llie  lri„|iniis  Cantons ;;iis 

<'iiAl\    1:!.   Tlie  Indians  continue  ihclr  inroads  on  ilie  wostcrn  and  nortliern  frontiers ;',|:i 

('IIAC.    II.    Kiite  of  llie  Deiauares  «li,.  ad..|,lcd  tli..  .Moravian  faitii.  and  eliiij.'rated  west :il(l 

CllAI'.    1:,.   The   Creeks   make  a  iiiiiliii-iit   .-itta.dv   on    ihe   American   caiiii,.  near   Savannali. 

under  eommaiid  of  (.leiieral    A'avne .)ii, 

■ » I .  • 


M 


SKCTI  (»N    \'{)  [    in'K  KXTII. 

EVENTS    KH(.M    TIIK    DEFINITIVE    THEATV    OF    I'EACK.   IN    17s.!     To    TIIF    ^l|{ 
RKNDEI!  OF  TIIK  LAKK  INiSTS   IIV  TIIK   I'.RITISII.  IX   171i(i,  AXD  TIIK  CIo^E 
OF  AVASIIIN(iT(»NS  AI)MIXISTI{  ATK  »X. 

ClIAI'.    I.     The  Indian  Policy ..o„ 

CitAl'.   ±      Chanjio  of  position  ,d'  th,.   lro,|,i„is.      Cevsimis  .d'  l.'rrilory  l.y  tlieiii  to  the  state 

of  New  York.     Treaty  id'  Caiiandai^na ,,,,' .;.)•> 

<'11AP.   •!.     Treaties  willi  the  \Vyand,,ts,  Delawares,  Chippewas.  and  Otto;sas...... :V>1 

niAl>.   4.      Ilnstiiitie.s  ill  the  West.      War  witii  the  Miaiiiies  and  tiicir  confederates !'.'.'!  :\^\\ 

<  llAl'.   .,.     The  .Miisco.t;ees.  or  Creeks.  Herniate  a  treaty  (d' peace ;;.j-> 

CllAK   tl.      Kxi)editi,.i,s  „[■  (leneral  Charles  Scott,  of  Kentucky,  and   of  (le'm'ral 'sV.  Ciaii"  "   ' 

ai,'ainst  the  western  Indians ." '  .j.^, 

niAP.  7.  (|ampai-iis  ,d'  (iencral  Wayne  a-ainst  tlie  western  Indians.. '.'.'"..."!!!^'.'^^"^i^^'  ijj-s 
<;ilAP.   X.     The  p,)>t-rcvu!iitioiiaiy   war  with   the    western    Indians    is    terminated    by  the 

victory  id"  .Maimiee .,  ,  , 

Vni.,  VI. --.;i.  ■^^- 


XMI 


(•  ()  \  T  !•;  N  ■!•  S  . 


I 


SECTION    K  I  KTKKNTll. 

l'Kl!TrHI'.i:i>    STATK    oK    TllK    TlMltKS.    AND   TJIlvlK     I'OMTICAI,     liKLATHiNS. 
l>ri{IN(i  TIIK  <il{()\VTII   AM)  KXl'ANSION  OF  TllK   I'NUtN  WKSTWAUD,  KKoM 

isiMt  'I'd  ^^■2:i. 

Cil  \l .    1.     (icivcriiiin'iit  tiiiil  law  <ss(iitial  lo  Iiiiliiui  civiliziitinii '-VU'i 

Cir.M'.   :.'.     (ir(iu;i'a|)liifiil  ('\|iliiriiiiiiiis  (if  tpiicr  liuiii.siuMM.  :imi1  tlu'  country  ilcsiincil  tn  Ix' 

I  lie  Cilture  ri'l'iliTi'  I't'  tlir  Imliiiii  imcc ;!(!• 

Cll.\r.   '5.      Ire  lit'  the  Inilinii  inicstliodd  as  a  ilistiirliinj;  |Hiliiical  clciiii'iit.      Uattic  nf 'ri|i|ic- 

ca  111)0 '■',.)'■> 

('ilM'.  4.     'I'll     Indians  recklessly  I'lijrajri' ill  llio  war  (if  1^1  •_' ■>•")'> 

Cm  \i'.   .").     Events  of  till'  Indian  war  of  1si:'> -iiil 

CllAl'.    li.      ilostilitios   with   the   ("reeks.      Massacre  at     Fort    Minims.      Itattles  of    'I'lllhis- 

hatches.  'I'allade^M.  Ilillahee.  and  .\tlassee -'"li;') 

ClIAl'.   7.      Battles  of  Eiiiiicfaii,  Fnotuchopen,  and  Toliojieka.  or  the  Horse-shoe.    The  Creeks 

suhdiiod :!•!!' 

Cn.\r.  i^.     Foreshadow iiiiTs  of  jicace •)T4 

SECTION    SIXTEEXTll. 

EFFECTS  OF  THE  E.M'ANSION  oF  THE   I'OITLATION  WESTWAliD.  AND  OF  THE 
CliEATloN    OF   NEW  STATES    OlT  OF    THE    E.MIALSTED    INDl.VN   lllNriMi 
CKorXHS  OF  THE  MISSISSIPI'I  A'AELEV. 

CllM'.    1.      A  new  |diasis  in  Iiiijian  history ■'>'i~ 

Cll  M'.    -2.     Condition  of  the  trilies  at  the  eoiiehisioii  of  t lie  war -iT'-' 

ClIAl'.    •!.      Indian  trihes  of  Michiiraii.     Exploration  .if  its  lioiindaries.  reaehiiij:  to  the  sources 

of  the  Mississippi -'t^- 

CllAI'.    I.      War  helwecn  the  (.'hijipcwjis  ami  Sioux.      A  jieeiiliar  mode  of  iiei;otiatioii  lielweeii 

them  liy  means  of  i)ieto;^rap!iy.  or  devices  in-enlied  on  hark -I'^i 

CllAI'.   .").      'i'lie  ('hippewas.  I'otfawattamies.  and  Ottawas  cede  their  territory  in  Illinois  and 

soutiiern  Miehi;;an •)'■'•> 

SECTION    SEV  ENTEENTIl. 

THE   I'OMTICAL  ClEMlNATIoN   UV  THE   INDIAN    IIISTOKV. 

ClIAl".  I .  The  Indians  rcacli  their  lowest  point  of  depri'ssioii  at  the  (dose  of  the  war,  in  l^lli.  •"■'."! 
( 'llAI'.    -.     I  lllieial  intercourse  is  exiendcil,  hy  estahlishiiij:  an  aireiicy  anioiij:  tlie  ( 'liippewas, 

in  the  hasin  of  lake  Su])eriijr •"•'•'i 

ClIAl'.   ;'i.      I'cditieal  and  social  movements  amoiii;  the  Clierokees,  and  other  southern  ti-ihes.  dnj 

ClIAl'.    I.     Orfjanization  of  an  Indian  Jkircati 4ii| 

('ml',   .'i.      I'lan  of  eoloiii/ation  we-t  ol'tlie  Mi>sis-ippi -t'l'i 

CllAl'.    'I.      Ikciiioval   policy.      Creek   ditlieiilties.      Death   of  the  eliief.  (Icncral    Mcintosh. 

Treaty  for  their  liiial  settlement  West. H'i 

CiiAt'.   7.      A-siimption  o|' the  rij:ht  of  sovcrci^'iity  hy  the  Creeks,  in  opposition  t'l  (icii'LTia.  4IS 

ClIAl'.   >^.     (iradiial  traiisl'ercnce  of  the  Indian  population  to  the  west 111-! 

ClIAl'.   '■'.      <  leoL'raphic.'il    pjieiioiiielia.      Soil.  I'limate  and   territorial  advaiitaires  of  the  pfi.i- 

lio..cd  Indian  c'llnnie- l-t) 


i         I 


m 


CON  Ti;  NTS. 


I 


■4 


SECTION    KK;  JITKKXTll. 

TJIK  FlliST  DECADE  OF  THE  COLOXIZATIOX  PLAN.-1«:31  TO  1841. 

Chap.  1.     Con^rress  nutliorizcs  tljc  cdlonizin,!.'  oftliu  Imlians  in  tlio  West 428 

('li.\l'.   -2.     I'dlicy  of  tlic  ri'iiiuval  oC  tlic  trikvs  to  tlic  West 4:y_> 

CllAl'.   ;i.      Efl'cfls  of  the  irrowtli  iiml  e.Npaii.-ioii  of  tliC  Slates,  on  the  Iiicliali  trilius  who  hail 

loii.L'  lisi'd  ill  jiixtiiposiiioii  Hiiii  tiicMi.     TIk'  [loiicy  to  Ire  inii-.siied 4;;7 

CilAl'.  4.     Tlie  Jllaek  Hawk  war ' ^^- 

CllAl'.  ,").      Leailiii;:  eveiils  of  the  caiaiiai^ni  a-aiiist  liiaek  ILiwk  4,-,:; 

ClIA.'.   0.      ,Siih.iivi.-.ioii   of  the  Jniliaii  teiTit.irv   into  tribal  l.roiirielor.ships.      Coii-re.-sioiial 

saiietioii  of  the  jihin i-- 

Cjiai'.  T.     IVoininciit   treaty  stiiiiihitioiis  with  the  euii-raiit  and  inai.L'eiioiis  trihes,  to  [um- 

iiiute  tlic'ir  eonceutratiuii  west  of  tlie  Mi^^.-i.-sippi 4.-^ 

bKCTlOX   .M.XETKK.NTll. 

HOSTILE  ATTITUDE  OF  TllK  SOITIIKUX  TKIIVES,  I'llEVlOLS  TO  TllElil  ELX  \L 

KE.MOVAh. 

Chap.  1.  MoAoments  of  Al.u'oiiiiuiii  trihes  in  the  re::i.ii)  (jf  the  upper  lakes .\,;-2 

CilAI'.  -J.  Indian  hostilities  in  the  South i,." 

ClIM'.  •"..  Oiilhreak  of  the  Florida  war ,,.' ! 

Chap.  4.  Orij.'in  of  the  .Seiniiiok'  hostilities '  ,-., 

Chap.  .i.  Controversy  with  tlie  Cherokees ,- . 

ClMP.  (i.  Or.LMlii/.atioii  and  political  eoiidiiion  of  the  eoloiii/.ed  trihes '.'.'..'  47|( 

SECTION    TWENTIETH. 

(ONSl  .MM.VTIOX  (IF  TllK  liOVElJNMENT  ToLIt  V  OF  liF.MoVAL. 

Chap.   1.      TheChippi.was  of  the  upper  .Mi.si.-sippi  e.de  th,.ir  territory  to  the  niouth  of  the 

Crow  \\  ini:  river ,     , 

■  Is 

Chap.   ±     IVevalenec  of  the  small-pox  anion.L'st  the  western  Indians ,s'; 

CiMP.   ;!.      Fiai^ralioti  „f  the  treaty  ],arty  .,f  the  Cherokees.  the  Cr.vks  of  ( io^-ia^  andiiie 

Chiekasaws 

Chap.  4.      Crisis  of  the  Cherokee  dilliealties.      The  arniv  is  marelu'd  ini7ihai',niarter 4^0 

OlAP.   .-.     I'awnee  ernelty.     The  saeriliee  ,,f  Haxta 4,,- 

CllAP.  (I.     Transaeth)ns  during'  the  year,  with  the  minor  trihes 4,',7 

CUAP.   7.     Diseords  between  the  Eastern  and  Western  Cher.kees.     Ilondiiiot  and'the  "llid^a's 

arc  a.s!>!i».siiiateil 

Chap.  8.     Close  uf  the  lirst  decade  of  the  eolonization  plan '-,,■. 

*  o\/o 


i 


i 


l'(»N  T  K  NTS. 


SKIT  I  OX   TNVKNTV-I-'I  l.'ST. 

I'lM.Nt'il'I.KS  ((iNTI'.NDKK   I'ol!   I'.V  TIIM   INDIANS  DlKINd  TilllMi;  CKNTI  KlliS. 

Cinr.    I.      .\iil:ii.'c>rii.~m  I'f  liiii-linri-iii  ami  civili/.iiliuM ..    "iHT 

('MM'.   '2.      l'liilii.-o|iliical  cxaiiiiiialiiiM  dl' tlic  ai';;iiMii'iit  on  tlii'  iliDcriiii,' iiiaiiiurs  arnl  cii.-tdi],.^ 

Ill'  till'  iiici's  lit'  men Ml) 

( 'n  Ai'.   ;!.     Siilp>iiloiii'i'  111'  till'  liiilian  I'tiiils .MJ 

.><  K  ('  T  1  ()  X   T  W  !•:  X  T  ^■  -  S  K  ('  ( >  X  I ). 

ri!i:sKXT  CONDITION  AND  I'llOSTKCTS  OF  TIIH  TlUIiKS. 

Cil.M'.    I.      (iriirraljy  iiiipriivc'l  sl.ato  uf  snriiMy  aiiij  uiaiiiuM's  aiiinii::  tlii'  ciplniii.ii'il  (rilirs 'A'> 

CllAl'.    -.      (Iiiiiri'a|iliifal  area,  ri'iativc  locatiiiii,  ami  ailvaiilai.'i'.-i  nl' tlii'  trilics  .')!'.' 

ClIAl'.   :'i.      Mni'.il,  ii.iliiiiMJ.  anil  iiiilii>ti-ial   coMilitiuii  nl'  tlio  CiX'i'ks.  Ciiicka^aw^.  ('lidi-iaw.-, 

ami  ( 'lirriikci's .'i-2'2 

Cll'il'.   4.      Stall' nl' llii' mill. ir  traii.^l'i  ri'i'il  i:rim|i  111'  tillns  in  Kan/.i- "i:'.il 

('llAl'.   .'i.      Tin.'  Iliintci-  uilie.-i ,',.',J 


4 


DIVISION  SKCOM). 

'yo.Nd.MV  .AM)  STATISTICS.  CArACITV  OF  IMU'STHIAL  \,M)  SdChl.  DKVKI.ol'MKNT. 
AM)  NATIONAL  I'liSITIdX :  ILMSTKATKI)  HV  .Sii.Mi;  .MlTll'KS  (IT  TIIK  MK.NTAl, 
CIIAKACTKR  OF  Till';  m'NTKR  KACK,  AM)  Tlli:ill  ANCIKNT  STATIS  AM) 
AKClI.l'lUl.OliV. 


SKCTI  OX    T  W  KXT  V-TJI  I  K  I). 

CAlSliS  OF   DKCMNF  OF  TIIF   INDIAN  TIMP.KS. 

ClIAl'.    I.      < 'ninliti.ins  111'  lil'i'  wiiirli  iipiHisi'  till'   inorcaso  of  llic   aluiii^'inai  |ju|inlatiiin lil 

( 'llAi'.   J.      Kll'fi'ts  of  civiiizfil  Iialiits  on  ri'iiriiilncliun  •''i  I 

(,'llAl'.   :!.      Wjio  is  tin'   Iiiilian':'      His  cai'iiritiis    for    iialiunality   In  1m'   dnltu/ril    iVimi   liis 

thaiacti  r ■<*>^ 

(JlIAl'.    1.      S'.imc  trailitiMn.irv ''Icams  ul"  aiiric'Ut  hi^tui'S' m1 


(•  n  N  T  !■;  \  t  S  . 


SKCTION    T\V  KXT  V-I''(M'  K'TH. 

INDICIA   KHOM  TllKIi!   A.NCIKNT  STATlS  AM)  Al!ClLE()i,(M;V. 


■  Hi) 


('ii\['.  I.  Outlines  ol.Mi'.\i<Mii  ant ii[iiiiii>-: 

Cll  \l'.  J.  Niitit'CS  of  the  iilj()ri,Lriii:il  rciii;ilii.-i  nCiirt  iilicl  Iiiljor  in  the  I'liiieil  Stules .'A-J. 

Cll.U'.  ■'•■  Aiilii|iiitios  \ve>l  (if  tlie  AIJeLrli.'inles ;-(i,- 

I'llAi'.  I.  A  j;l;iiieo  ;it  liie  |iietoi;-rii|iliy  nl'  iho  Xcn-tli  Aiiierieaii  Imliaiis iliit 

CuM'.  ■'>.  Intrusive  elements  of  ;irt  IVoin  KMi'dpe  mid  Asi;i (;iis 

Cltv!'.  I).  Antii(uitii'S  on  the  l';ieilie  e(i;i-:ts  of  Oreu'dii (;i-> 


S  KCT  ION    T  \V  K\TY-  K  I  FT  II. 

I  X  I »  1  (I  A   !•■  I!  ( I  .M  .^I  A  X  X  K  l{  S  A  X  J)  C  i:  S  T  ()  M  H . 

Cll  A  I".    1.      A'iiliie  (if  this  s|ieeies  of  testininiiy (;|.|. 

Cil.M'.   •_'.      Khietimtions  of  eiistoms  mnoii^'  the  Mississi|i[)l  valh.y  and  Pacific  cuast  trihes...  (lis 

CjiAf.  •"!.     Indian  theory  of  the  deifieation  of  the  Sun t\->,\ 

Ci\.\V.    I.      l\.\istiiic;  ehiirncteristie  customs (;;;^ 

s  i<:  ( '  T I  ( >  \  T  w  ]<:  X '['  Y  -SIX  1'  n . 

INDICIA    KUOM    MYTIIOLOtJY    AND    UELKUON. 

("llAl".    1.      Tdltee  and  Aztce  mvtholn.'v /■•■,• 

CiiAi',   J.      lu'liL'ioiis  and  nivtliolo^ieal  opinions  of  the  Mississijipi  vallev  trihes i;|7 

CllAC.   :i.      AI,L'iMii|uin  mytholo^'v  and  superstitions ,;-^ 

Cm  A  I'.    1.      Indian  theory  of  the  aotior.  of  the  mind  diirini,'  sleep i;(;j 

CllAl".   .").      Iroi[iiois  eosinnironv .•..,■ 


S  K  ('  T  I  ()  \    T  W  M  X  T  ^'  -  S  K  X  E  X  T 1  [ . 

IX  Die  I  A    KI{(»M    LANCUAr,  K  . 

CiiAf.    I.      I'riiieiples  (if  the  stnietiir<'  (ifih,.  Indian  laii.i:iiaL;es , 


(i"l 


1. 

.) 

;i. 

4. 

■>. 

SECT  I  OX    TW  KXT  V-K  U;  IF  Til. 

S  T  A  T  1  S  T  I(j  S  .  T  K  I  It  A  I,    A  X  I )    (I  E  X  K  II  A  I, . 

Censes  of  the  Indian  trihes  of  the  Tnited  Stales (;gr, 


fiscal  Matisties 

Statistics  of  the  Fur  trade 


:i!t 

7  I'll 


Statistics  of  Kdticatioii  and  Christianity y.-ji 

Historical  Statistics -i.> 


i 


*  if 


ih 


xxvi  CON  T  !•;  N  TS. 

SKCTIOX    TW  KNTV-N  IN  TIL' 

l)i:sil'i:i!ATA  llESl'ECTlNli  Till']  MKNTAL  CIlAKACTHlt  OF  TIIK  IN'DIANS. 

CiiM'.    I.      I,iiiL'iii.-lii'  priiH'i|i!i-<  ini'l  ]ilu'iioniciia. 

Cii.M'.   -.     Oi'mI  l'"iftiuiis  iiml  Iji'L'i'iiils. 

C'U.M'.   o.      OulliiiL'S  ul' a  sy.striu  uf  iiiiii'iiiuliic  jiictiii;riiiili^'. 

SECTIOX   Til  I  II  T  I  KTII.' 

HISTORICAL  NOTES  OX  THE  OIUiHX  OF  THE  A.MEIMCAX  TiniiHS  ;   AND  TllEIll 

KTIlNodliAl'lIY. 

S  E  C  T I  0  \   T  H  I  1{  T  Y  -  F  I  \l  S  T.' 

INDIAN   rOLIOY  AND   THE   INDIAN   ErTl'UE. 


'  J'roikulcJ  \iy  tliu  liiiiitalioii  uf  tlio  wurk. 


.,ii 


i 


1. 1  ST    OF    P  I.  A  IKS. 


J'l.ATi;   1 


I.      I 


1 


',1. 
111. 
1 1. 
I-.", 
l:i. 
H. 
I".. 

ii;. 

17. 
Is. 
I '.I. 
■-'(1. 


.'111. 


I'oirni.vir  

Sc.M.I'-CltV 

Vii  riiitY   pAscn  

ImK    ISSIlill'TliiN    |.\    \k\V    .MkXIKP 

ANlIQrK    (ill, A     I'li'lTKIiV 

I'M  TIKlllAl'll    (i.\    rilK    St'AI'UI.A    (iK    A    lilFFAMt 

Si'l.SNINO    AMI    Wk.VVIMI    l.N    \k\V    AlKXIni 

I'll'K-Scri.l'rUltK    (IK    TlIK    ClIKllAWS 

StiiNI':    llMll.S   1\    VllKil.MA,    IfiOd 

l'lll>T    IniKHN  IKW    AVITII    InIIIANS    (pF    Nf.W     VuHK.. 

I'll  TiMlliAlMllC    IssrlUI'TlilN     IN    .M  ASSAI'll  ISF'l'TS 

StoNI-:    (ilANT.-i.        IllliyrolS    I'llTIKIIi.M'll   

Inuia.n   KdcTiiH  CniiMi  a  Suk  Man 

An'iik.nt  Aim'  in  tiik  Cakcii.i.nas 

.\Tn'l'.\|i||(i,     lli(il,il  Ills    llK.liil 

SlllKMiAli.\llr.\,      111!      KiNi;       llF.NIlltIC,      AT      TIIK) 

ll.VTTI.K    I  IF     l,.\KK    (iKiillliK  ....   ) 

l!l  INS    UK    111. II     |''u|tT    .\Ilrllll,I.M.\(KINAC 

Oil  In    Wm.i.kv    

AnTIi;I  K  'I'.VUI  I, .Ml  lil.iiiK    I'llINT    KIKiM  CINCINNATI 

CkIIKMiiNV    liF    TIIK    'I'lllMiKH     I'.llillS   

I!kIi    .l.VlKKI'.   (Ill    S.\i,(iV  \\V.\TII.\ 

St.  Antikinv's   Fai.ks 

I''kAST    UK    .\|iiN|i\MIN 

Mai^IC    MkIHi-.M,    I'HTliClt.M'llS 

I !  I .  A  r  l\     1 1  .\  \V  K 

SlUlli'KS   (IF    TIIK    AllSSIsSll'I'l  

1  r.\Si'A     l,.\KK   

Si'KAIiINd     1'"|SII     KIliiM    A    CaNiiK 

Mai-  UK  TIIK   Iniii.\n  Ciilunv  Wkst 

<i.\TIIKIllNll    'I"k|'I.\     iicKiT    in    TIIK     I'll.MlllKS 

(i  AIM  Kill  N(i   W'li.ii   Kick 

SkVKIUTV    iiK     h'KM.M.K     I. IKK 

■■'kATIIKI!    UK    llnMiIi    

.\/TKC     Im\K1!AI.    V.VSK     \N|i    (\iVKK 

M  KNic  \N   .\  N  riiii  iTn>     


.   F'roiii  DairiiciTciiiypi' iiv  Kuut :; 

S    Ivisliiinii -2') 

■  S.  Ivisllimn c,."! 

.   S.  lOiistiiiuii.lV.  ski'tcli  l)y  11.  U    Kern.  (I'.i 

.    II.  S.  IIuHhtI  C'.i 

•   S.  Mustiiiaii 711 

■  S.  K'astmiui 7  I 

.   S.  lOa.stiiiaii 7  ; 

.    S.   Kasliiiaii    '.i:j 

•S.  Ivi-liimii liiii 

Klioilc  Island  Hist.  Snciciy II:; 

Haviil  Ciisic.  a  'riiM'aiMra 1  |.i 

S    I'.'astiiuiii  17:; 

(icn.   lluW(.' ..  171.) 

Havid  Ciisic,  a  'I'li^carniM  Iss 

William   Heine  -JJo 

S.  Iv  IV.  .-ki'Irh  liy  II.  U.Scli.M.lciari,  ■J-i:! 

S.  ]■:.  IV.  >kcicli  Iiv  ir.  It.  Srii,i,ilcrari,  :'A-2 

S.   Kasliiiaii,  IVoiii  W'oicni  I'i. nicer,  .'11  li 

I'.  IS.  Mayei- n;,:; 

S.  I^astiiiaii :;77 

S.  Kasliiiaii  

K.  I!.  Mayer :;j.;, 

Sliiiiirwaiilk,  a  C'lii|)|iewa :i',i7 

A.  Xcwsani (.|; 

S.  Kasliiiaii.  I'l lata  liy  ||.   |;.  S.,  |.i| 

S.K.  tV.  sketeliliy  II.  It.  .><eli.„,|,T-iri,  I.",:; 

S.  Kastiiiaii 

S.   l-;a-lmaii 

.1.  M.  Slaiiley    .-,;,•_. 

S.  Ivisliiiaii -,.-,;; 

S    Kastiiian  ;,(; ; 

S.  Ivistiiiaii ;,i;s 

S.  I'la-tiiiaii.lV  -  (irdalaliy  I'..  Mayer.  fiTO 

K   Iv.isiiiiae.lV  -:.  ■.riliiMliv  1!   M^yer.  rcu 
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Siom;-'|"vi'|;   I'liii    [■'iici  iiiNii  Vi:iii;rAi;|,K  ('i.cjrii 
AMicjif:  Slim. I,  .Mkiiai>  ami  Ohnamknis 


S.  Ivi-liiian,  IV,  s  ni'dalaliv  I!,  ,\liiviT, 
S  iMi-iiimii.lr,  >  iii'cJMiii  liy  i;  ,\liniT. 
S.  Kii>tiiiMli,rr,  ,s,  iii'iliililliy  I!,  Miiyi  r. 
S,  Ivi-iiniiii,  IV  ^,  iinliilali)  I!,  Miimt, 
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\mi'.>i  n   I'll  Ti'i.i;.M'ii   riidxi  (liim I'msIoi' m  liiiii'|iciiil(Mci'.  Ohin 

\l'.\i'li:i:   l>l!A\V:Nii-    nS    I'.iprlis    l.N     .\i;U-    MliXH'd 
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('lll.NliliK    1)1  111  M..       OliDliliN 

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i'i"_'.  A/.irr  :irni~,  .^liiil'i.  ami  uar  iiiT~« 

r..'i.  ('(■ll>ll.-i  1)1'  llli'   lllillall  n'illl->  lit    liir    I'liitnl   SlaU',^ 

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DIVISION  FIRST. 


A  ('OXDILNSKD  ^  IKW 

OF 

THE  POST-COLUMBIAN; 


UK, 


MODERN  INDIAN  HISTORY. 


Vol..  \l.— 4 


(25) 


! 


i  I 


I     ^ 


i 


II 


SECTION    rillST. 


INTRODUCTORY    CONSIDERATIONS. 


ClIArTEl?    I, 


THE   INDIAN  VIEWED  AS   A   MAN   OUT  OF   SOCIETY. 


Savage  and  civilized  society  have  boon  regarded  as  presenting  a  necessary  state 
of  conflict.  There  is  a  perpetual  opposition  of  thoughts,  numner,  and  opinion  — a 
perpetual  struggle  of  races.'  It  is  not  just  to  suppo.se  that  the  civilization  of  Europe, 
at  the  settlement  of  this  country,  reipiired  more  of  the  aborigines  than  it  ouuht  to 
have  done.  Theveryrever.se  is  true.  Civilization  required  him  to  quit  hunting  — 
religion  required  him  to  quit  idolatry,  and  virtue  required  him  to  quit  idleness.  The 
Indian  was  ga/.t>d  at  with  wonder,  as  a  man  without  history,  but  he  was  not  hated. 
Civilization  combated  only  his  errors  and  his  inoral  delin(iuenoies.  Letters  labor,  art, 
morals,  Christianity,  demanded  no  more  of  him,  than  they  had  previously  demanded! 
fifteen  centuries  before,  of  the  Britons,  Celts,  Franks,  Danes,  and  Goths,  and  the' 
predatory  Angles  and  Saxon.s,  from  the  banks  of  the  Tser  and  the  Wesei-.  Man  was 
created,  not  a  savage,  a  htmter,  or  warrior,  but  a  horticulturist  and  a  rai.ser  of  grain, 
and  a  keeper  of  cattle  — a  smith,  a  musician  — a  worshipper,  not  of  the  sun,  moon' 
and  stars,  but  of  God.  The  savage  condition  is  a  declension  from  this  high  tyi)e ; 
Greece  and  Rome  were  in  error  on  this  point.  The  civil  and  social  state^'was"  the 
original  type  of  .society  for  man,  and  it  was  just,  therefore,  to  require  a  return  to  it. 
TlR).se  who  pronounce  the  Indian  a  "  noble  race."  only  nK>an  .some  gleams  of  a  noble 
spirit,  shining  through  the  thick  moral  oxydation  (.f  barbarism.  The  exaltation  of 
thought  that  .sometimes  bursts  out  from  him  is  ennobling,  because  it  represents  in  him 


'  Ktlinologiciil  Itcscftrchcs,  rospoctiiiK  the  Ilcd  man  of  .\inorira,  V,.|.  [.,  18,-.l  •  Vol   H    is-.o  .  v„l    TTT 
lS5:i;  Vol,  IV.,  1854;  Vol.  v.,  1855.  '  ''''■'-'   ^  ol.  ni., 

(27) 


I     i 


■  'S 


ij    I 


28 


INTllODrCTOKY    CONSIDERATIONS. 


a  branch  nf  original  liinnanity  —  ol'  man  in  ruins.  A  n()l)lt'  siibjoct  of  pliilowopliical 
and  moral  iniiniry  tlie  Indian  truly  is,  and  this  constitutes  the  animus  oi'  these 
investigations. 

In  any  comprehensive  view  ol'  the  transference  of  eivili/ation  into  the  boundaries 
of  savages,  we  nuist  regard,  it,  in  every  phasis,  as  a  contest  between  two  liitterly 
oj)posing  (dements.  'I'lie  one  iiiming  to  advance  by  the  peaceful  art.s  of  the  loom  and 
plough;  tiie  oilier,  by  the  tomahawk.  It  was  ever  as  much  a  conllict  of  j)rinciplo 
against  i)rincii)le.  as  of  race  against  race.  It  was  not  the  while  man  against  the  red 
mail,  lint  of  ci\ilization  against  savageisin.  It  is  a  war  of  coiulitious  of  society.  AVIieii 
the  Knglish  landed  in  America,  tln'  hunter  and  the  agricultural  state  grapjiled  in 
di'adly  combat.  It  has  been  a  perpt'tual  struggle  between  labor  and  idleness,  education 
and  ignorance,  sobriety  and  indulgence,  truth  and  error.  Safety  was  ever  the  result  of 
caution  and  manual  jxiwer  during  the  early  ages  of  the  colonies ;  and  this  struggle,  often 
fearful  and  of  douiitl'ul  issue,  continued  till  the  population  of  the  new  or  intrusive 
eleiiieiit  reached  its  ei|iiililiriuiii.  The  lower  orders  of  Hindoos  are  hated  as  aciiuli'.  the 
Indian  only  as  the  rt'iireseiitativi>  of  a  coinlitioii  —  and.  as  in  all  conllicts  of  !i  superior 
with  ail  inferior  condition,  the  lattiu-  must  in  the  end  suc('unib.  The  higher  type  must 
wield  the  sceptre.  This  is  true  in  a  moral  as  well  as  a  ]iolitical  sense.  The  prophet 
imiiounces  thai  the  nation  and  kingdom  that  will  not  serve  the  Lord  shall  perish.' 
It  is  a  useless  expemlitiire  of  sentimental  philanthrop\'  to  attriimte  the  decadence  of 
the  Indian  race  to  anything  (dse.  When  the  iiat  had  been  uttered,  "Thou  shalt  live 
by  the  sweat  of  thy  brow."  the  (piotion  was  settled.  We  .sympathize  with  him.  truly, 
but  we  do  so  with  our  eyes  opi'ii. 

The  Indian  tribes  never  apprec^iated  the  lauding  of  European.s  in  America  as  an 
ad\eiit  of  ])ropitious  omen.  Far  from  it.  "  Vou  arc  robbers  and  plunderers,"  said 
\'ittacliiicco.-  Tluy  were,  it  is  true,  glad  of  its  indulgeiici's.  and  the  products  of  arts 
and  commerce.  IJut  they  uiiih'rrated  its  reliiiements  and  jmnniscs.  They  hated  it.s 
schools  and  ivligioii.  At  the  call  of  commerce,  they  sprang  with  new  \igor  to  the 
chase;  but  this  soon  became  di'structive  of  the  very  state  they  contended  lor,  as  it 
destroyefl  the  animals  upon  which  they  subsisted. 

The  Indians  haviii','  prodiu'ctl  no  historian,  have  never  had  the  advantage  of  stating 
their  side  of  the  question.  The  native  born  ])hilosoplier  of  the  woods  averred,  that 
(iod  had  made  him  exactly  as  Ik>  ought,  and  had  iiiven  him  arts  ami  knowledge  suited 
to  his  sphere,  lie  was  prone  to  refer  to  his  past  history  as  !i  golden  age.  The  Great 
Spirit,  ill  his  view,  was  e.\(dusively  a  (iod  of  kindness,  not  of  holiness.  All  the  Ked  niaiTs 
elabiirate  ('ogitations  were  of  the  //<(>/.  His  sages  repre^^i'iited  the  future  as  a  sphere  of 
rewards,  not  of  punisliiiients  ;  deeming  this  lilt'  to  be  a  scene  of  such  vieissituile,  that  the 
future  was  designed  to  be  a  theatre  of  compensations.    It  never  t'litered  into  the  Indian 


'  r<.'ii;iii,  iiiriji  i\-.,  \-: 


•  UMiriil''""  i\f  1.1  Vowri. 


INTRODUCTORY    C  0  N  S  I D  E 11 A  T  I O  N  S . 


29 


lilt 
led 

:it 

IMS 
ll« 

laii 


t 


tlicory  that  justice,'  was  an  attribute  of  tlio  Deity.  J  le  did  uol  fear.  l)ut  nitlicr  loved  death, 
aim  he  faii"  liis  funeral  song  at  tlie  stake,  with  an  assurance  thai  he  was  on  the  eve  of 
dcpartinfi'  to  ii  land  of  bliss.  It  is  necessary  to  coiiiii'-ehend  the  Indian  before  wi'. 
dt'dare  him  to  be  void  of  reason.  The  Cin'istian  piiilosophy  stood  counter  (o  all  this. 
lie  hated  Christianity,  because  he  neithi'r  understood  nor  believed  it.  He  denied  tli.it 
he  had  worshipped  stocks  and  stones,  the  .sun,  moon,  and  stars  hut  aflirmed  that  lie  had 
omploved  them  nurely  to  exhibit  his  oll'erings  to  a  iiigher  jxnver.  He  avowed  his 
belief  in  the  Great  I  AM  —  the  great  lAT.'  Such  were  the  ti'achings  to  Ije  gathered 
from  the  words  of  O^iechanganough,  Tamonend,  Sa.ssacus,  Passaconawa,  I'ont  ac, 
Achiuwa,  and  other  eminent  cliiels. 

Resting  in  the  conviction  that  his  state  was,  in  every  respect,  precisely  that  which 
the  Overruling  Power  had  designi>d.  lie  turned  a  deaf  ear  to  other  theories,  and  modes 
of  lil'e,  and  obligations.  He  did  not  believe;  that  his  liireliithers  were  not  wise,  and  had 
not  worship] led  the  (Ireat  Spirit  aright,  lie  could  not  compreliend  tiiat  he  liimself  was 
a  savage.  There  is  no  woi'd  in  tiie  Indian  language  that  means  savage.  They  had  no 
use  for  such  a  word.  Christian  jiliilosophy  (aught  that  he  lived  in  a  state  of  very  great 
declension  from  his  original  state;  and  that  knowledge  and  ignorance,  instead  of  lieing 
prejudged  or  lilted  conditions  of  men.  as  he  believed,  were  but  the  mere  results  of 
liuman  exertion,  under  the  benign  ;ind  universal  law  ol'  original  mental  freedom  of  act, 
and  thought.  (!all  and  sweetness  could  not  be  more  opposite  than  thc-^e  two  theories. 
A  war  of  conditions  was  the  coiiseepience.  In  this  eontlict  the  ])arties  nevt'r  mmv 
than  half  comprehended  each  other.  Misunderstandings  and  dissatislaclious  continued 
through  centuries.  IJoth  parties  were  suspicious  of  each  other  to  the  last  degree.  The 
Indians  were  often  cruel  and  treacherous.  Arms  were  appealed  to.  when  reason  would 
liave  Iieen  better.  But  the  teacher  and  the  philanthropist,  tlie  hmnanitarian  and  the 
Christian,  jilied  their  cares  with  I'enewed  vigor  wiienexcr  the  pauses  in  the  contest 
rendered  it  practicalile.  Fiu-  centuries  together,  councils  and  treaties,  war  and  peace, 
puccecded  each  other  with  fitful  and  uncertain  periods. 

Hut  whatever  ihiy  thought  of  the  advent  of  the  Kuro]x'aiis,  they  by  no  means 
believetl  that  the  severe  toil  and  high  standard  renuired  in  all  moral,  intellectual,  and 
leual  accountabilit\-  between  man  and  man.  and  (lod  and  man.  wi'i'e  an\-  e(iuivalenls 
llir  the  idleness,  tlu'  spasmodic  pleasures,  and  the  wild  independence  of  the  cha.se. 
Lea<t  of  all.  did  they  think  it  an  impro\-ement  to  give  up  their  .lossakeeds  and  .-^eers 
for  Christian  jiastors.  Tlie\'  adhered  with  tenacity  to  the  power  of  a  (ircat  Manito, 
or  a  Wahconda  —  an  Owayneo.  or  an  Al)a  Inca.  Such  were,  in  an  emphatic  degive, 
the  ideas  and  tlie  AVsperic  families  of  the  United  States  Indian  tribes. 

The  history  is  one.  of  an  unliirtnnate  and  benighted  brani'h  ol'  tlii'  human  race,  in 
wiiich   there  is  more  cause  of  pity  than   lilaine.      In   narrating  it,  there  is  a  jii'r[ietual 


Till'  M'juMijiiiii  vi'i'li  "Til  fli'." 


Ifi 


I  ' 


[■ 


! 

1 


so 


IXTKODrcToKY    CONSIDERATIONS. 


and  im:iv()i(l:il)lo  coiillict  lictwccii  l)iirh;ii'i.-<m  iiiid  civiliziitiou.  Sonihrc  traits  in  the 
narration  will  f^omctinios  ln>  roliovi'd  ]>y  Iiriiiiit  onosi.  Tho  (lend  will  often  clianji'o 
])la<vs  witli  tiu'  lioro  and  tiio  noltlc  niinik'd.  Unt  tlioro  arc  no  rnins  of  arts,  no 
nionnincnts  of  hvjionc  tliuiijihts  and  labors,  to  decorate  the  way.  A  riiil(!  jiieco  of 
l)i('t(i,i:ni|iiiy  on  a  rock,  alike  iK-rpetnates,  in  donhtfnl  eliaracters,  his  tiinin|ths  over 
man  and  oxer  lieasts.  A  scroll  of  hark,  insci'ihcd  with  liiero;.dy])hics,  serves 
hi-*  memory  to  awaken  his  niai:ic,  or  medicine  son.irs.  llis  consecrated  nu'da  sack, 
embraces  those  charmed  articles  which  he  snpiwses  to  be  jiroof  ajiainst  disease;  to 
render  him  in\  idnei'ablc  to  tlu'  daits  of  his  i-nemy ;  to  draw  the  wild  animals  to  his 
path;  and  to  secnre,  in  line,  the  jznat  oiijects  of  prosperity  in  liie.  He  jjnts  a  pine 
stick,  with  marks,  at  the  liead  of  his  loved  and  honored  dead,  not  rojjardinfi-  its  ))erislialile 
nature,  for  lie  too,  soon  expects  to  perish  and  rejoin  the  |)erson  interred,  in  blissful 
scenes,  to  which  he  has  been  privile.iiod  first  to  ;;<). 

But  in  depictinjr  such  a  history  the  sm'vey  can  liorrow  no  charm  from  arts,  letters, 
or  refinements.  Kven  the  .^eml-civili/ation  to  which  some  of  the  tribes  had  rt'achcd  in 
gonthern  latitudes,  he  had  not  attained.  Mut  it  cannot  liiil  to  be  percei\ed,  in  the 
referenci's  wi'  shall  m;d\e  to  these  tribes,  that  if  he  had  not  readied  their  attainments 
in  aj:ricnlture.  and  the  erection  of  buildinjis  and  temples,  he  hail  also  escaped  their 
brutal  idolati'v.  loss  of  all  personal  independence,  and  loose  and  corrupt  manners.  The 
tiidy  merit,  therefore,  to  which  the  narrative  can  aspire,  will  be  to  depict  thiiijis  in 
their  true  UliIiI  and  ti'ue  order,  with  simplicity  and  clearness.  'J'lie  task  itself  has  not 
been  ^■oluntariiy  undertaken,  nor  would  it  hnxc  been  assumed  as  one  of  public  duty, 
liad  it  not  been  Ibr  tlu'  occasion  it  presentiMl  of  thi'owinii  around  the  subject  a  boilv  of 
authentic  materials,  illustratixc  of  their  mental  haliitudcs,  and  tiieir  present  condition 
and  [)rospects;  and  ihus,  [iromi>iiii:'  to  furnish  a  true  basis  for  tlu;  uovernmental  policv 
to  be  ])ursued  with  them  as  tiiiies  and  nations,  and  lijr  the  pursuit  of  the  momiutous 
object  of  their  lecliMnation  and  sahation  as  men. 


s 


nil 


■■a 


I N  T  R  0  I)  U  C  T  0 II Y    C  f » N  S  1 1 )  E  It  A  T  1 0  N  S . 


31 


('II  A  I'TKII     II. 

(iK(H;HAriIICAL   A  HE  A    (>C('|- I'l  KD  —  IITII  XOd  UA  IMITCA  L    I'OSITION 
OF    THE    rUIN(Jll'AI.    STOCKS. 


'31 


2> 


TiiK  fribos,  on  the  plaiitiiiff  of  the  colonies.  i-:itlier  roved  over  than  oeciipied  tlic 
continent.  To  lunit  the  deer  and  ,i;o  to  war  were  their  prime  enii)loynients.  l*o\v- 
Inittan  called  hiniseif  a  king  in  V'irjiinia,  and  .Massa.soit  in  xMas.saelin.sett.s.  Bnt  the 
governing  power  of  their  kingdoms  was  a  rope  of  sand,  and  the  Indian  society  so  mnny 
camps  of  anarchy.  Thirf  was  a  necessary  resnit  of  the  hnnter-state,  which  is  liound 
togetiier  I)y  slight  cords,  and  always  re(piires  large  districts  of  forest  to  lie  in  the 
v.iiderne.ss  condition,  that  wild  animals  may  nndtiply. 

Another  striking  trait  in  the  Indians  was.  that  tiiey  existed  in  an  infinite  variety 
of  tril)es  and  septs.  J]very  groat  valley,  laki'.  or  mountain-range,  had  its  separate 
tribe,  although,  when  closely  examined,  the  languages  ])r()vod  tiiem  to  be  only  speaking 
dialects  of  a  few  })arent  stocks.  In  all  the  range  of  the  North  Atlantic  there  were  not 
over  three  or  fom-  generic  stocks,  and  not  apparently  more  than  seven  in  the  entire 
area  east  of  the  Mississippi  river.  These  were  the  Algonquins,  Iroquois,  and  Floridians 
or  Appalachians,  and  the  Chcrokees,  Utchees,  and  Natchez  or  Chigantualguas. 

The  era  assumed  lor  this  survey  i.s  l-'jl'i.  Do  Leon  had  landed  in  Florida.  Cnbot 
and  Cortercal  hail  seen  the  Indians  of  the  North  Atlantic  shores,  ten  or  fifteen  years 
earlier.  Casting  the  eye  over  the  map  of  Nortii  America,  from  the  influx  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  along  the  indentations  of  the  coast.  succc.s.sivoly  settled  by  the  iJritish 
colonies,  reaching  to  the  latitude  of  Pandico  8ound  in  North  Carolina,  the  country- 
was  occupied  Uy  the  multiplied  and  afhliafed  tribes  of  the  Algonquin  stock.'  Hence, 
appeared  a  family  of  littoral  trii)e.s.  who  extended  along  the  coasts  of  the  Carolinas, 
of  whom  not  a  soul  is  known  to  be  living.     In  the  la.titnile  of  St.  Helena.  IJroad  river, 


'  .\i,(ioxgi'iN".  Fur  an  Kssay  on  tliis  liintruatro,  m'c  Vdl,  II.,  p.  I!;')!  ;  Jlistorv,  Vul.  If.,  p.  l;i."(.  Tluir 
iliiilccts  lire  jjivcn  in  full  vufaluiliirii's,  in  Vul.  I.,  ]i.  '.'S^* ;  Vol.  11..  pp.  4.")S,  -I711.  \,..  'I'lnlr  powor  nf  iinniiTa- 
tiiin  appears  in  Vol.  11,  p.  L'lM.  'f'lnir  piitciL'ra|iliy,  Vol.  if.,  p.  '2'2'^.  Tluir  (r.-iniiplnuicMl  ilivilupincrils, 
Till.  1!  ,  ]i.  ■S.i'i-  Till'  nanios  nf  tlic  si'vi'ral  trilic,''.  tlh'ir  nnnilMTs,  ami  imlnstrial  tm'aiis,  Adl.  I.,  p.  Lit; 
Viil.  11..  II.  .'i;!^,  kr.  Intcllcctnal  capacity  aiitl  cliaraitcr,  Vol.  1,,  p.  old:  \n\.  ||,,  p.  'Jul;  \o|.  m.^ 
p.  :;i(l;  Vnl.  IV.,  p.  -'.".l;  Vnl.  v.,  p.  L'f;!.  Sac  and  Fnx  trilic.-.  Veil.  Iff.,  p.  lilill.  J'..nliac  cnrilcdcracy, 
in  I'tio,  \'iil.  11.,  p.  '^4(1.  Cliijipcwa  laiiL'na;_'c,  Vul.  V  ,  p.  '^',)~.  AlU';_'lians,  Vol.  V.,  p.  l;);!.  Kcnistcnos, 
A'ul.  V  ,  p.    nil.     Miissafliusctta,  Vol.  ].,  p.  liSI.     Ali,'on(|uiii  bio.irrapliy,  \'ol.  V.,  p.  ,jJO;  Xoniciiclaturc, 

Vol.  v.,  p.  5:15. 


Hi 


1  N  'I'  I!  ( »  I )  I    ('  T  ( »  I!  V     (■  ()  N  S  1  I)  !•:  I!  A  T  H  » .\  S . 


Mini  tlic  ('(iiiil)iiliri'.  llii'  S|)aiii.-li  ciilk'd  tliciii  ( 'liiioiraiis.  Iiiil  ||u'\  arc  liiiowii  tti  Kii;j;li.sli 
lii>t()r\  as  N  aiiia.-^srcs.' 

'I'raililidii'^  ;i.-.-<iLins  l\;v  next  jilacc  to  the  I'tt'liccs,  lull  tlicv  liad  iiccii.  at,  the  carlif.st 
(lad's.  siihihu'il  li\  tlic  .Mii.-'i'uurf.s  or  ( "recks,  and  tlic  lumaiiidcr.  wlii)  had  escaped  tlu^ 
lalaiiiilies  ol"  w.ir.  had  been  adi)|ited  into  llie  Creek  cuiileik'nie^ ,  whicli  i.s  ii  [)r()iiiiiieiit 
iiieiiihei' (>r  tlie  A|i|ialai'liiaii  t;riiii|i.' 

(!ei)L;i-a|iliicai  naiiies.  slill  exisiiii;^-,  deiinie  that  the  .Musc()i;ees  I'xteiided.  at  the 
i'(p|i)iii/atiuii,  liDiii  ihe  Cuiisalialuliee,  in  Soiun  Carolina,  throiiuii  (Jeoruia,  to  tlie 
A|ij>ahu'hii'oia.  emhraeiiiu'  holli  its  braneiies.  to  Ihi-  Talhipoosa,  and  tlie  Ahihania. 
Tlieir  most  ancient  sciit  ol'  |io\ver  was  on  the  Altaiiiaiia,  whence,  al)out  the  .settle- 
ment of  Sonth  Carolina,  it  was  it'inoM'd  to  Wetninpka.  The  Seminole  trihe  of 
this  |ico|)le  exti'iidcd  down  to  the  |ieniiisida  of  Florida.  The  Miiscoirees  were 
con([ueidrs  cuniinu  tiom  the  west,  and  they  hail,  past  doiiht.  siihdiied  or  driven  out 
prior  occnpants. 

The  coast  of  the  (!nlf  of  .Mexico.  .Moi)ile  hav,  the  lower  parts  of  the  Alabainii, 
Toinliiulice.  and  the  l'ascai:i)nla.  to  the  .Mississifipi.  were  occnpi<'d  by  the  Choctuw.s.' 
The  .Natchez,  a  pcujile  ol'  apparently  Toltec  t)ri,iiiii.  occnpied  a  jiosition  along  tliu 
banks  of  the  .Mis.-issijipi.  from  a  point  nearly  opposite  the  lied  river  to  tlie  month  of 
the  Ya/oo.  .Vol  ill  of  the  territory  of  the  .Natclie/,  bejian  the  bonndary  of  the  Chicka- 
saws.  rcachinii- I'ast  to  the  head  of  the  Tomi)ijrlK'e.  and  extendim;'  up  the  left  banks  o\' 
the  .Mississippi,  and  into  the  Ohio,  thronuh  tiio  present  .States  of  Tennessee  luul 
Keiituekv.* 

The  Clu'rokces  occii|iied  tlu'  termination  of  the  .\ppahicliian.  neither  r(?achiiiji'  to 
the  Atlantic,  the  (iulf.  or  the  Mississippi.  In  this  seclnded  positit)ii.  abonndiiii:'  in  puro 
streams  of  water  and  fertile  valKys,  they  had  lived  from  ante-historical  times.  Tlio 
Cnmberland  river  anciently  bore  their  name,  ami  appears  to  have  been  their  outlet  to 
the  Ohio  valley. 

At  the  point  where  the  jurixliction  of  th<'  Chickasaws  ceased,  a  professedly  neutral 
war  ground  existed,  which  has  reci'ived  the  iiiiine  of  Kentucky,  and  which  was  in  part 
occupied  at  a  subsrcpient  time  by  the  ."^hawnees,  an  Algonquin  tribe.  From  this  point, 
eustwardl_\'  and  north-westwardly.  the  AlgoiKjuin  group  extended  t)ver  the  Alleghanies 
to  the  I'owhatanic  tribes  of  lower  \'irL;inia,  the  Sus(piehannocks  of  .Maryland,  and  tlie 
Lenni  i.enapees  of  Delaware  and  Pennsylvania,  the  .Mnnse<'s  of  .New  .Jersey,  and  the 
Manhattans  ami  .Mohican-  of  .New  York  and  all  Nexv  fingland. 

The  .Vhoinpnns,  thus  widel\   >pivad  and  divided  into  septs  and  tribi's,  also  extended 


'  Synis'   jli-^tnrv  iif  .'-^.lUlh  (';ir'.!iii;i.  |>.  '.Ml. 


■  Vi'lr  lliiwliiiis'  Sl.iliii  111'  llh'  Cri'i'li^.  iir  Musi'ul'i'i  s. 


'  Al'I'M.Aciii  \N,  Ciirnl  II  -!  ,ry.  Vn\.  \\.  Mii^.m.'.'.s  ninl  \l.iK;ihia>,  \'nl.  I.,  p.  lil'i.")  ;  V(il.  \'.,  pp.  L'.M  , 
filH.  riiirli:i-av-.  \'.  1  I.,  p.  .;".!.  Crci'li  a]ili.piilii'>.  \'nl.  \'..  ]..  liiiii,  ('riini.il  vuliiMic,  \'iil.  II.,  ]>.  ;i:i.">. 
I'iivsiral  typr.   \'.il    II.,  p-  ■■.I'i.      0|■i.^ill  uf  tin;  .M,.      ■'.■,-,  \",,1.   \    .  p.  :J,V.I. 

*Tli.'  .MoljiliiMiis  Ml-  liii  I'laiz.  '  \'i(|.  .Map,  v., I.  v.,  p,  :;■"•_', 


,:# 


I N  T  11 U  I)  U  C  T  0 11 Y    C  ()  N  S  I  J)  K  Jl  A  T  1  0  N  S. 


■ikU'iI 


west  of  till!  Ohio  imdi'i'  tlic  iniiiR'  ol'  Sliawiiccs.   Kaskiiskiiis,  and   Illinois,  aloi^  tin.! 
liiiiiUs  of   till!  Mississiiipi    to  a   [luiiit  iii'ar  llir  I'litraucu    of   Hock   vi\i'r.     Tlii'ii!  tin; 
Cliipiicwas,  Uttowas  uiitl  J'ottawattaiiiiL'S,  iMiaiiiies,  iiiid  kiiidrud   Irihes,  siiruad  east- 
wanlly  and  nortlii'rlv  to  tlic  slioivs  of  I^ako  Mii'liigan,  the  Straits  of  Micliiliiiiaiikinai;. 
tlio  basins  of  Lake  llnron,  St.  Claii',  the  Straits  of  Dutroit,  tliu  Miami,  tlie  iMuskinirnin, 
and  the  Waliasli.     Tliis  uronp  of  tribes  also  e.Nti'iided,  under  tlie  name  of  Cliippewas 
and    Kelisteiios,    tliroujili    tlie    straits    and    river    St.    Alary,    to    and    aromid    tlie 
boidors  of  Lake    Sn|)i'rior,  and   tlienee,  west    and  nortliwest,   to  tbe    souieeH  of  the 
Mississippi.      Under  the  name  of  Crees,  or  Kelisti'iios,  tlie\- extended  their  comiuests 
aloiiji'  the  line  of  the  Kainy  Lake.  Jiake  of  the  Woods,  and  through   the  great  liako 
WiiiMe|)ek,  to  the  waters  of  the  Churchill  or   Missi-neepi  [iiiiieh  water]  river.     They 
jiiished   their  i'oii(|iiests  west  of  the  Sn.scatehewine   to   its   falls,  where,  as  we  perceive 
from  f.oniparisons  of  laiifruage,  they  acipiired   the   name  of  IMood   Lidians,  and  linally 
of  niack  feet,  with  which  name  they  reached  the  banks  of  the   Mi.s.sonri.      Under  the 
name  of  Mnshkeags.  (1(  us  Ji    7! /w,  and  other  nii'knaiiies.  they  extend   to  the  Nelsun. 
and  the  lower  [lart  of  Chiirchill,  river,  of  IJiidsoii's  I5ay.  ami  thence  tiiiough  the  broken 
und  spliaunous  regions  to  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  Iiy  its  northi'in  shores,  ihrongh  the 
Lake  Nepissing,  to  the  great  chain   of  the   upper  lakes.     The  whole  of  New  England 
was  covered  with  trilu-s  of  this  generie  stock.     Such  a  diOiisiun  and  dispersion  of  a 
group  of  tribes,  has  no  i)arallel  in  North  America,  and  it  indicates  an  original  energy  of 
character  which  is  iiotewortli\'.     Tlii're  were  not   less  than   twenty  degrees  of  latitude 
along  the  north  Atlantic,  occupied  In'  the  Algon(|uins  in   their  divisions,  covering  the 
entire  area  between  the  Mississippi  river  and  the  Ocean.    AVitliin  the  inimeii.-;e  area  of 
Algonquin  and  Appahichian  ocoiipjincy,  the  Iroiiuoi.s  had  intruded  themselves  betiire 
the  country  was  discovered.     The  Iroiiuois'  were  the  Goths  of  North  America.    Where 
the  [loint  of  their  original  growth  to  nationality  was,  it  is  diilicult  to  determine,  as  well 
as  to  account  how  the  hidian  mind  developed  that  ])uwer  of  conlederation  and  combi- 
nation, both  civil  and  military,  which  made   them   t!ie  tenor  of  the    Indian   tribes  of 
North  America.     Writers  have  not  been  wanting  to  suggest  the  existence  of  a  Grecian 
element  in  their  languages  and  character.-     Their  own  traditions  (vide  Vol.  V..  p.  li:;] ) 
deduce  their  origin  from  the  waters  of  the  great  Kaiiawaga.  or  St.  Lawrence.     But 
language  diHclo.ses  the  fact  that,  at  the  earliest  dates,  triiies  of  this  stock  occupied  upper 
Virginia  and  Nortii  Carolina,  under  the  names  of  Mohicans  and  Tuscaroras.     This 
subject  will  bu  o.vamined  in  its  juoper  place.     However  they  may  have  wandered,  their 


'  luoQluis.      History  III'  their  uonti'iiiTicy,  Vul.  III.,  p.   Isl;    \'ul.  |\'.,  p,  l>|1.      lnii|ii(iis  ci.siniiL'rMv  I 

iiiytlioliJLry,  Veil.  1.,  p.  iJlti;  Vul.  II.,  p.  L':!o  ;  \i)l.  III.,  p.  ;;i  I.  Iiucjiini^  pictiij;nipliy,  \'i,l.  I.,  p.  l^Jji. 
Ii:iJii:ii!ii.'eR,  Vol.  11.,  p.  482.  Hio-rapliy,  Vol.  I\  .,  p.  (114  ;  Vul.  V.,  p.  r.OH.  The  (Mierukw..*  (Mr.  (iall:itin'.-< 
4t)th  liiiiiriiacrc  aiiJ  Vlth  family")  have  tli.^taiit  affinities  with  tlii.s  irrouji.  Their  veniaeular  name  is  Tsallakoe  • 
tlioy  lire  inaiiit'e.stly  the  Tallaj;eewi  of  Ui'laware  trajitioii. 

^  (.'harlevoiiL. 

Vmi.  VI.  — •) 


H! 


84 


1 N  T  U  ()  D  r  ( "I'  C)  H  Y    CONSIDERATIONS. 


scats  of  power  at  tlio  opciiinj;-  of  tlif  ^iixtcciilli  cciitiiry  wt'ic  in  woHtcrii  New  York. 
Tlu'v  were  not  liltoval.  Imt  intt'rior  tril)cs.  altlioiidi  llioy  liail,  at  anti'-liisloiical  dates, 
canieil  llieir  eoiKiuests  down  the  Jliitlson,  the  Dehiware,  tlie  Siisiiuehaniia.  and  the 
Alle^dianv. 

Tlie  li'oi|iiois.  hy  oeonpyinj,'  tliis  central  ])()sitioii  on  a  hroad  summit  of  I'ertile  table- 
land. I'av()ral)!e  lor  raisinu:  the  zea  niaizu  and  abonndin;;-  in  jranie,  had  a  position  of 
unrivalled  advantau'es.  The  leading;-  rivers  towards  the  north,  the  east,  west,  and  south, 
originatcil  on  this  summit,  which  ^ravo  them  the  power  of  desconding  rapidly  into  the 
enemy's  country,  and.  by  ai)andonin,u'  their  water  craft,  or  luavinii'  it  at  a  lixed  jx)int, 
n'tnrniiiir  scatheless  by  land.  Thus  they  had  con(|uered  the  Mohicans,  the  Delawares, 
!Sus(juehaunocUs,  and  others,  spread in.ii,- < he  fame  and  the  foar  of  their  arms  from  the  St. 
Lawrence  to  the  Mississippi. 

West  of  the  Mississi[)pi  there  were  two  treneric  stocks  of  jrreat  importance.  They 
were  the  Dakotahs  or  Sioux,  and  the  Shoshonees.  The  ucoiiraphical  limits  of  these 
tribes  were  also  innnense;  and  they  were  divided  into  lanL'uaues.  and  dialects,  and 
clanships,  even  more  numerous  than  the  Alu'ominins,  Iroipiois,  and  Ap])alaehians. 

First  in  influence  of  thesi?  two  stocks,  and  in  the  sa\a,L'e  energies,  manners,  and 
customs,  are  the  Dakotahs.  or  Sioux.'  liike  th(>  Al,iion(|uins.  the  Irofpiois  and  the 
Api)alachians,  who  had  crossed  the  'Mississippi  at  diflerent  points,  at  curly  epochs,  they 
appeared  to  have  come  from  the  south  and  south-west.  At  the  en;  denoted  for  these 
researches,  they  spread  from  the  IJed  river,  and  the  Arkansas,  up  the  valley  of  the 
Mississipi)i.  on  its  western  borders,  to  its  sources,  having;-,  at  early  dates,  extended 
themselves  eastward  to  the  head  of  the  jrreat  lake  ciiain.  They  (Mnbraced  the 
Arkansas,  (^uappas,  Cadrons,  AVitchetaws,  Osages,  Kan/.as.  Pawnees,  lowas,  Ottocs, 
Umahaws,  and  Missourians,  Arickarees,  Minataiees,  Tetons,  Yanktons.  and  other  known 
Sioux  tribos.  Tlie  Assinalniins,  a  Sioux  tribe  with  an  AlL^oncpiin  name,  were  the  most 
northerly  tribal  element  of  this  ethnoi;raphic  horde.  One  of  their  trilx-s.  the  Issati, 
were  found  on  the  head  of  Lake  Superior  in  Heiniepin's  day  ;  another,  tin-  Winne- 
bapK's.  also  a  Dakotah  tribe  with  an  Alironcpiin  coL'nomen.  wi're  seated  at  dreen  15ay. 
at  La  ."■'■ille's  first  visit,  and  have  Imt  recently  retraced  their  steps,  under  the  removal 
movement,  to  th(<  west  of  the  Mississippi. 

The  Shoshonees  have,  from  the  remotest  times,  occupied  the  plateaux,  anil  summits, 
and  \ alleys,  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Li-wis  ami  Clark  found  them  to  jiusscss  its 
sunnnits  in  latitude  IS"  in  ISO").  Fremont  found  them  spread  over  the  latitude  of  I'l' 
in  ISIO.  I'nder  tln'  name  of  Mimacl^s.  ;ind  Hoot  Ditiu'ers.  they  have  excited  compassion, 
lieinif  (ilteii  reduct'd  to  ii\('  on  roots  and  larva.  I'mler  the  name  of  Niinias.  or 
('nmanclio.  they  co\er  Tex.as.  The  L'talis  are.  linguistically,  Shoshonees.  Under 
this  name   they  ure   the  scourL'^e  of  New    Mexico,  and  constitute   rla.'  nnrelialde  and 


'  Xawdowissiioos  ft'  ■■:iily  writc'i-.s.      'i'l 


a  iiiure  iik-l;:iiiie  •.<(  lliu  Alirniiijuin,  meauiog  our  enemiet. 


INTRODUCTORY    C  ONS  1 1)  EU  A  TI  ONS.  3,^, 

perfidious  of  tlio  Irilx-.x  of  tlii"  Ti'rritorv  of  Utali.  ("alilbniiii  imd  Oregon  Ji.aM!  iniriioroiis 
baiiils  1111(1  elans  of  the  l)Oiiael\H. 

IJesiiics  liio  li\c  prominent  stoeks  of  Ai^on(|in'ns.  Iroipiois.  Ap])alaeliians,  Dalsotalis 
mid  Slioslionees,  there  existed,  iiiteroalated  as  it  were  it  wiiie  points,  the  small  tiibt's 
of  Natchez,  Utehees,  and  the  aiieient  Corees  and  Cliieoi'as.  of  Georgia  and  the  ("arolinas. 
Tile  Eries  and  AiKhistes,  tlie  Mundwa,  tlie  Attuekapas,  the  Mascotins,  and  Ailegans, 
ocenjiied  minor  jiositions. 

To  the  entire  gnaips  of  tribes,  east,  west,  north,  and  south,  the  name  Vcsporic  may 
be  applied,  as  a  term  geographically  limited  to  the  exact  area  of  the  United  States. 


¥r 


i  m 


I 


-I 


!    i 


i     ti 


?  i^ 


SKCIIOiX    SECOND. 

FIRST  EUKOPEAN  ACQUAINTANCE  WITH  THE 

INDIAN   TRIBES. 


CJIAPTEK   I. 

ORIGINAL    CONTIXENTAh    POINT    OF    OBSERVATION. 

TnK  first  Indiim  trilK'  rcrnu'iiiwil  in  Aiiiorica  wns  the  Caribs.  Tlicv  rovcnlod  tliPiii- 
schos  tc  the  woiult'iiiij;  oye.s  ol"  Kuropciiiis  witli  tliat  jH'ciiliar  set  of  pliysioLMiumical 
iuatiircs  and  traits,  pliysioal  .iiul  iiuMital.  wliich  liave  been  found  to  !)o  iroiicric!  through- 
out the  contini'ut.  The  Carihs  wore  a  mild  and  indolent  pooplc.  who.  livini^  in  a 
doliditi'ul  tiopiual  olitiiatf.  wcmv  ncarlv  in  a  state  of  nudity.  They  .-subsisted  on 
spontaneous  Ihiits.  and  the  productions  of  the  sea  roasts.  They  -were  without  anything 
Avhieli  deserve  the  name  of  inihistry.  arts,  or  frovornment.  Tiie  island  of  llayti,  the 
central  point  of  their  location,  was  but  one  of  th(!  Caribbean  group,  which  stretches,  in 
the  I'orrn  of  a  bow.  from  t'le  capes  of  Florida,  over  seven  degrees  of  latitude,  to  ne.ar  the 
nioutli  of  the  Orinoco;  and  their  residing  in  the  beautiful  district  of  Xaraqua,  the 
elysiiun  of  the  Antilles,  and  the  memory  of  tiieir  thoughtless  live.s  of  pastoral  ease, 
.singing  and  dancing,  and  the  fate  and  Ibrtunes  of  their  beautiful  Queen  Annacoand,' 
■wreathed  in  flowers,  are  the  only  menientoe.s  we  have  that  the  Carib  nation  e.xisted.- 

If  history  has  awarded  the  just  meed  to  Columbus  of  having  Hrst.  in  1492,  displayed 
the  Hag  of  civilization  to  the  Caribbean  group  of  tribes,  it  has  Imk'u  equally  ready  to 
ascribe  to  (Jabot,  in  14!)7.  the  merit  of  unfolding  the  British  type  of  it  to  the  Vesjierie 
groups  of  liunter  tribes  between  the  St.  Jjawrence  and  the  capes  of  Florida.  No 
attempt  at  colonization  was  made  by  the  latter.    Nearly  an  entire  century  passed  away 

'  Vol.  ir.,  p.  20!t. 

-'  Till  Kiii;ii>li  hin_'u:i!:o,  wliicli  ha.s  laid  tlio  wurlJ  under  contributions  fur  its  onricliment,  lin.s  dorivcd  tliriM! 
words  I'roni  tliu  Carib,  namely,  canoe,  an  Indian  boat;  picanuini,  a  hall'-ca-st  child;  and  picayune,  a  small 
piece  of  money. 


FIRST  EUROPEAN   ACQ  I'A  INTANCH   WITH   INDIAN. 


3T 


before  the  English  befinii  to  colonise.  iMi-imtinio  Spain  liatl  early  tliMcovercd  Florida, 
a  name  once  covering  the  whole  continent  from  the  tropics  to  the  Arctic  ;  and  it  is  to 
her  that  history  nnist  ascribe  the  first  discovery  of  a  more  vigorous  and  lbnnidal)le 
class  of  tribes,  who  existed  north  of  the  (iulf  of  Mexico,  namely,  the  Appalachians, 
Chicoreaiis,  and  Cherokees.  Against  these  tribes,  supposing  the  country  to  conceal 
;  those  treasures  of  gold  and  silver  which  Mexico  had  so  abundantly  viclded,  she 
commenced  that  series  of  extraordinary  expeditions,  which  almost  erpial  the  Crusades 
for  the  spirit  and  enthusiasm  which  they  generated.  A  few  details  will  sufhcc  to 
show  this. 


•  r 


:iN 


FIRST    KLUol'liAN    A  (' <.»  I   AI  NT  ANCK 


CM  A  PTKH    II. 


Hi 


II V  !'• 


i 


TIIK    LAXDING    OF   ruNCK    DK    LKoN    IN    FLoltlDA,    AND   OF   J-ICAS 

VAsgri:z  in  the  anciknt  cjiicoua. 

It  liiul  riM|iiiri'il  hiit  twciitv  ^t'lir.x  ti)  spii'iul  tlir  S[iimisli  power  Innn  St. 
lOl'J  [>()iiiiiiL'(i,  tiiruii.L'li  tla>  ('iiiililtcaii  i.>sliui(1s  and  iudiuuI  the  L'liban  i«lunr)*,  ti>  tlic 
htiiiils  ol' Florida.  I'uiu'i!  ilc  Lcoii.  in  I'd 'J.  landi'il  on  tin-  |ii'iiiiifula  ul' FU)rida, 
as  iriit>  was  abniif  to  lealii^i'  tlic  lun,i:-tanglil  I'aidf  of  tin.'  ^'anlcii  of  tliu  lli'spi'ridt'?^.  To 
111.-!  iniaLiinatioii  its  crystal  Hnintains  appcari'd,  as  lliu  iiatisi's  liad  dopicti'd  tlicni,  as  tlio 
liiiMilaiMs  ur\(Mitli.  It  is  kauwii  that  tin-  vast  tiTtiary  di'i)osits  dI'  marines  sands  ol'tlii.s 
])oninsMla  vicid  I'upioiis  spriiiirs  ot'tiii'  most  transparent  watt'r.  That  tlicsc  pini'  spriiiji.s 
sliniild  cxciii'  till'  adniiratinn  and  superstition  nt'  tlic  Indians,  und  lead  them  In  liclicvc 
in  i'\tra\au:aul  notions  ol  tlicir  sanative  ijualitics.  is  not  stranj:i'.  noi-  that  reports  nf  their 
extraordinary  virtues  slioiiid  he  earried  to  the  luMLddioring  coasts  of  (.'uba.  Hut  it  is 
ania/iii'.:  that  siieli  stories  should  gain  belief,  even  in  tliu  low  state  of  medical  know- 
led^re  at  the  op'-ninj:  of  the  sixteenth  century.' 

Witli  sueii  notions,  howeser.  I)e  Leon  landed.  The  balmy  airs  of  a  tropical  spring, 
I'eildlcnt  with  tilt;  aroma  of  flowers,  which  met  and  saluteil  his  senses  on  landinjr,  was 
not  calculated  to  dispel  his  prior  notions  of  an  ehsium.  JJut  from  the  fact  of  the  day 
of  his  di.scoverv  beinir  Easter  Sundav,  and  the  luxuriance  of  the  vewtation,  he  named 
the  country  Fioiida."  Jle  was  inlbrmed  that  some  of  their  limpid  springs  were  of  such 
wonderful  \  iriu  ■.  that  they  would  restore  the  vigor  of  youth  to  the  person  who  bathed 
in  them.  In  si'arch  of  these  lijimtains  of  youth  he  ro\ed  over  the  country.  !}}■  the.st- 
excursion-;  the  suspicions  and  animosity  of  the  Indians  were  excited,  and  he  at  last  paid 
the  forfeit  ol'  his  life  lor  his  cretiidity/  having  liied  in  Cuba  from  wounds  received.' 

CieoL'r.ipliical  Irutii  is  ol'  slow  growth.  From  this  time  Florida  appears  to  have  been 
regarded  as  a  gaiden  of  llesperides.  It  eininced  that  a  .Spanish  nniriner  named 
MIrueia,  visited  the  sea  coasts  of  Georgia  and  Carolina  in  (|uest  of  tralfu;  with  tin; 
natives.  In  this  tralli<'  he  received  some  sniiill  (piantity  of  gold.  The  incident  eicated 
u  sen.sdtion  on  Iiis  retuin  to  .*>t.  Domingo,  wheic  a  connnercial  company  was  Ibrmeil  to 


'  Villi;  Dr.  I'iteluT's  /irti.Io  ••  .Mr.lic'in.,"  Vi.l.  IV.,  p.  TjO^ 
*  Alcoild's  (iiMiL'rapliiial  Dictii.iiary,  Vol.  II.,  p.  103. 
'  llubiu.'soii'.s  IJi^tury  ul"  .\iiivji(.'.i. 


'  Alccdu,  Vol.  II.,  p.  104. 


I 


WITH    TIIK    INDIAN    THIitr.S. 


80 


iitlifd 

U  [liiid 


proHccutc  tilt!  iliscDvt'rs'  tliiii  iiiiulc.  ScvcimI  imii  in  ollirial  positiitiiN  cnL'n'.'cil  in  lliix, 
flic  priiiciiiiil  of  wliiiin,  was  Liiciis  V'iis(|iii'/,  D'Allyon.  Twd  vi'ssrls  ucrr  (li.«|Piitclii'il  to 
till'  cnast,  i)rciiiii"il  llii'  till'  Iniilf.  Tln'w  rciu'lu'il  ihr  iiiuiitli  of  tin-  rivrr  ('(tinlnilni'.  in 
Sdiitli  Ciirolinii.  wlit'ii-  ii  inolilalili'  liaHlc  fhMiril.  'i'ln'  cua.-t  is  callt'tl  Cliii'ina,  iiml  tiic 
IniliiiiiH  CliinHviiiiH.  Wlini  tlic  tiiulf  was  linislird  llii>  nativi's  wcro  iiiviti'il  to  uiiilily 
llii'ir  ciiriDsilv  to  j;ii  lirlnw  ilrcks.  Iiiit  tli('\  wi'It  ihi  simhiit  irnt  hclow  tliuii  tin.' Iiati'lu's 
Wi'ii' fliiM'ii.  iiiid  till'  vcf^si'ls  iiniiii'diati'l,\  liuislcil  .xail  liir  St.  Duniiii'.'o.  Oin'  nf  tliciii 
lonndifi'ii  on  lln'  \\i\\,  and  all  wiif  |u>|.  'I'hc  utlii'i'  rcaidud  St.  Doniiniio,  and  llic 
Jiidiaiis  wiTi!  sold  as  slaves.' 

In  till'  nii'anlitnc  \'as(|Uiv.  D'Allvon  liad  visiti'd  tlic  conrt  oC  S|)aiii.  and  inadi'  siicli 
rt'pri'.-'fiital ions  itf  till'  iruioiis  i/l' Cliicoia  and  its  natives,  tliat  In-  ri'tnnnd  willi  tlio 
i'i)innii>sion  of  Adalantado  of  tlio  iiowly  discoviTod  I'onntry.  with  antliorily  to  liinnd  a 
colony.  On  reaching  St.  I)(iiniii;:o.  asuuadron  ol'  three  -ihiiis,  with  .Mirneliirorchiel'  iiijol.-' 
was  (ittcfl  out  lor  the  purpose,  and  guides  taken  to  conduct  them  to  tliu  sct'iic.  Kntcrinj;' 
hy  the  straits  of  Heleini.  he  iiroceeded  to  tho  Tnoiitli  of  the  Conihahcc,  where  the  largest 
of  the  thn'c  vessels  was  stranded.  Here  lie  resinned  the  trallie  with  the  Indians. 
During;  thJH  tiiiiti  notiiing  was  reveuhMl  on  thi'ir  part,  to  indicali'  that  they  had  any 
rcnieinhrancc  of,  or  rescn.iiKnt  for,  the  carryiin.'  oil' of  their  coinitryiiien.  Ilavinii' 
finished  his  trade,  \'asi|iie/  wcni  to  seek  a  snitahle  site  for  his  colony,  and  pitched 
on  II  spot  on  the  waters  ol'  Port  Ivoyal  suniid.  at.  or  jjcrhcps  a  little  south  of,  tin?  present 
town  of  Heduliirt.  South  Carolina.  A  pari  ol'  his  creus  had  landed,  to  prepare  for  llii' 
new  town,  a  small  nniniier  still  reniainiiiL:'  on  hnard  the  xessids  at  anchor  in  the  road- 
stead. 'I'hey  had  hardly  I'oiiiinenced  their  ialiors,  when  a  deputation  of  the  Coiiiliahet! 
Indians  arrived  to  invite  the  men  to  atti'iid  a  izrcat  least  at  the  vilhiire  at  the  moiitii 
of  the  Coinljaiiee.  Two  hundred  persons  accepted  this  invitation,  anil  were  received 
and  treated  with  the  most  rriendly  liospitalities.  They  were  feasted  for  three  day.*.' 
When  the  feast  was  over  and  the  men  were  sunk  into  a  sound  sleep,  the  Indians  aids(>. 
near  the  lircak  of  day.  and  ma.ssacrcd  the  whole  party.  Not  a  man  was  siiared.  The 
Indians  then  proceeded,  in  Int  haste,  to  the  selected  site  of  the  new  town  of  Va.sipiez. 
where  they  knew  there  was  lax  discipline.  Tiiey  fell  on  the  parties  of  men  in  their 
di.woiyani/eil  state,  and  |iut  many  to  dealli.  A  terrilic  trap-dy  ensued.  Indian  idiihs, 
i<pears.  and  arrows,  were  arrayed  aiiiiinst  swords  and  matchlocks.*  Va.sqtie/.  escaped, 
woimded.  to  his  ve.ssel.s.  and  died.  Thus  failed  the  first  attempt  to  found  a  colony  in  the 
area  of  the  I'liiteil  States.  This  incident  furnishes  a  dark  spot  in  Spanish  colonial 
iiistorv,  that  has  heen  hut  little  dwelt  on  l>v  iiislorians.' 


'    l';tllllllln._'il'!ll    ItlWlllvllOS.    Vlll.    Ml..   !>.   'J7. 

'  \ul'  riatc  1  ,  Vol.  III. 


V(.i.  in..,..  L'.v  » Vni.  iiT. ,. 

lliircrii.s,  Vol.  11..  i>.  liii,  .Niilo. 


m 


'1  : 


1  ■■ 
I 


I; 


I     ■' 


4ll 


FIRST    EUllOrEAN    A  (Mi  l' A  INT  ANCE 


niAl'TEK    III. 

FHANCK  ENTKKS  THE  FIELD  OF  DISCMiVERY.  A'EKRAZANI,  AN 
ITALIAN  IN  HER  SERVICE.  DISCOVERS  THE  COAST  FROM 
THE  LATITIDE  OF  TROPICAL  PLANTS  TO  NEW  YORK  AND 
NEW  EN(iLAND.  HE  LANDS  IN  THE  GREAT  HAY  OF  MAN- 
HATTAN. 

TiiK  nt'xt  n'connoissiiiu'o  of  t\w  Vofsperic  Atlantic  cjoast  tribes  was  niiulo  l)y 
1521  .loliu  IK'  W'rra/.iiiii.  France  wan  not  iniol).«crvant  of  events  ])assing  in  the  West 
Indies  aiui  Florida,  and  determined  to  siiare  North  America  with  Spain.  Florida 
was  then  a  L'eoiirajjliicid  term,  which  comprehended  all  Noj'th  America  north  of  the  Gulf 
of  .Mexico.'  Verra/.ani  was  a  noted  mariner  in  her  service,  an  Italian,  a  native  of 
Florence,  who  had  l)een  em|)lo\ed  hy  Franco  for  some  time,  with  lour  public  vessels,  in 
cruisinjr  airainst  the  Spanish  connnerce.  Separated  from  his  consorts  in  a  tempest,  hi' 
resolved  to  undertake  a  voyauft?  ol"  discovery,  ami  reconnoissance.  of  the  then  unbounded 
refiion  of  Florida,  on  the  North  Atlantic.  He  left  the  outer  isle  of  the  Madeira  j-tou)) 
of  liarren  isles,  called  the  Deserters,  on  the  ITtli  .laiuuiry,  l')'2\.  About  the  middle  of 
March  he  made  the  coast,  in  latitude  '-'A^.  which  is  about  the  present  position  of 
Wilmiuirton.  North  Camliua.-  Thence  he  saileil  south  in  search  of  a  harbor,  to  the 
ap[icaraMce  oi'  "  Palm  tives."'  coiiseipiently  to  the  area  of  South  Carolina  or  fleorgia. 
He  tiien  cliangeil  his  course,  lioldiug  towards  the  north,  and,  running  down  the  coast, 
with  occM>ionai  landings,  till  he  reaehe(l  his  Ibrnier  latitude,  Ibund  himself  passing 
ti  liat  diluvial  coast  of  sand  hills  and  islets,  peo})led  with  Indians,  but  without 
aliariior:  he  aucbored  oil'  the  coast,  and  laniled.  Tiii'  Indians  were  in  the  greatest 
excitement,  running  to  and  fro  in  wonder  and  lear.  Having,  by  signs  of  friendship, 
induced  somi'  of  them  to  a[MiroacIi,  they  were  gradually  (luieted,  and  bri>uglit  him  some 
provisions.  They  were  naked,  save  an  aziaii,or  small  apron  of  furs.  They  ornanientfd 
their  heads  with  bunches  of  leathers. 

They  were  well  shaped,  with  black  eyes,  and  straight  black  hair,  and  were  \erv  swift  of 

'  Tlii-^  tiic't  ii]\i»t  111'  ri'iiM-iiilirn'cl  ii_v  iiMtunili'its  in  iiivi'~tii.';iliiiL'  tlir  liUtnrv  iiii'l  >|iiv;iil  iif  cuimlnipriN,  ;i:i,| 
(itlliT  spi'rii-^.  >l:lUil  tM  ilili:iliit    l-'jiiriib  ill   MOil. 

•'  .N'lW  y.iil;  lli-t"rii';il  ('■illi'itiniis.  \'nl.  I.,  |i.  "2:!.  Forstrr  !•<  ;_'rc;illy  •iiit.  in  .-u|i[ici..in'_'  tlii'^  plauc  tu  litivi; 
Iji'L'ii  ill  "  .V''»'  .I'-r-icv.  "f  Siii'Mi  l-ijjn'l.  mI-  I,  'ii_'  i«hiiiil  "  —  /'"/■-'■/■'.«    lovi;/!,--,  [i.  CM. 


WITH    TIIH    INDIAN    TIlinES. 


41 


fii-oup 
iddle  ol' 
tion  of 

to  the 

loorgin. 

coast, 

)iissiiijr 
without 

ri'iiti'.-^t 

lulsliii), 

11   SlllU- 
lllClltcll 

swift  tit' 

■  ■A<.  ;.;i,| 
tij  liavo 


foot.  It  is  liupossihle,  from  so  gcnoric  a  iK'si:ri|)tioii.  to  ti'il  wliat  group  of  tribes  he  was 
miiouir,  or  what  latituJe  he  was  in.  If  he  .<aw,  at  tliis  himliug,  "cypress,  hairels.  ami  i)aiin 
trees,"  he  had  but  hardly  retraced  his  steps  to  latitude  .'11°,  and,  fix)ni  the  d('scri[)tions, 
was  oil'  the  low  siUidy  coasts  of  North  (,'arolina,  not  remote  from  Cape  Hatteras.  Still 
sailin"  on  and  coining  to  a  part  of  the  coast  trending  east,  and  seeing  many  lins  ashore, 
and  the  natives  friendly,  he  sent  his  boat  ashore,  but  the  surf  was  too  violent  to  permit 
landini.'.  One  of  the  .-aihu's  iiere  olfered  to  swim  ashore  with  .some  pre.-^ents.  but  when 
he  came  near  his  ll'ars  prevailed,  and,  tiirowing  out  his  presents,  he  attempteil  to  return 
to  the  siiip  ;  but  the  waves  cast  him  on  the  strand  half-dead,  and  (piite  .senseless.  The 
Indians  innuediately  ran  to  his  a.«sistance,  carried  him  ashore,  dried  his  clothes  bell.ire 
a  fire,  and  did  everything  to  restore  him.  His  alarm,  however,  was  excessi\c.  AVheu 
thcv  pulled  olf  his  clothes  to  dry  them,  he  thought  tluy  were  going  to  sacrilice  him  to 
the  sun,  which  tiicn  shone  prominent  over  the  hills.  He  tremlded  with  dread.  As 
soon  as  iie  was  restored,  they  gently  led  him  to  the  shoie.  and  then  retired  to  a 
distance,  until  the  shij/s  boat  had  been  sent  lor  him,  and  they  ,siw  him  safely  get 
on  boai'd. 

A'errazani  now  went  on,  and  oI)servi'd  tiic  coast  still  (rending  northward.  Al'ter  a 
run  of  fil'ty  leagues,  he  anchored  olf  a  line  forest  country,  where  twenty  of  his  men 
landed,  and  went  two  leagues  into  the  interior.  The  Indians  fled  into  tlu'  foivst.  The 
sailors  caught  an  old  woman  and  a  young  woman,  hid  in  the  grass.  The  old  woman 
carried  a  child  on  her  Ijack.  and  had.  besidi's.  two  little  boys.  The  young  wontan  luul 
chargi?  of  three  female  children.  IJoth  shrieked  vociferously  as  soon  as  tliev  were 
discovered.  The  elder  gave  them  to  undei-stand  that  the  men  had  tied  to  the  woods. 
She  acceptetl  something  to  eat  at  their  liairds.  but  the  }()ung  woman  refused  it  with 
scorn.  She  was  a  tall  and  well  shaped  person,  and  they  tried  to  take  her  with 
them,  but  she  made  such  cries  and  struggles,  it  was  impo.ssible.  They  took  one 
of  the  boys. 

The.xe  coa.st  Indians  had  nets.  Their  canoes  were  made  from  solid  trees,  liuriied  out 
with  lire.  Their  arrows  were  pointed  with  bone.  They  were  pai'tly  clothed  with  a 
vegi'tabie  tissue.  No  houses  were  seen.  The  trees  dcnoti'd  a  more  iiortherl\-  climate 
but  had  vines  climliing  to  their  very  tops.  Three  days  were  spent  in  the  reconnoissance 
of  these  manifestly  ichtheopagi.  He  was  now,  evidently,- on  tlie  coasts  north  of  the 
caiM's  of  the  ("hesaiK'ake.  or  of  the  Dehiware.  wliiih  were  iidiabited  by  numerous  smalt 
ti'ibes  of  the  Algon([uin  family,  who  were  without  forest  nuMts ;  sul)sistiuii-  eliiell\- on 
the  productions  of  the  sea  coasts;  wlm  navigated  the  inlets  and  shores  with  lou'  canoes, 
and  used  bone,  and  not  Hint,  or  hornstoue.  or  jas[)er,  ius  the  material  of  lishinn.  hunliiiL:, 
and  war.  These  bands  stret«hed,  apparently.  ;dong  tlu-  entire  Maryland  and  New 
.lersey  coasts,  to  the  Navasink  mountain,  and  the  .Metoacs, 

He  continued   his  voyage  along  the.H,'   coasts,   until   he  came   to  the  out-llow  lA'  a 
"large  river."   and.  entering  it.   Iliund   a    i;dod    harlmr  in   inu'tii   latitudi'    IT.     This 

\'oi  Vi    -  •;. 


i  "f 


^  :»M 


12 


FIItST    i:i;i!Ol'EAN    ACQUAINTANCE 


H 


1  J 

!      4 


t 


historians  tlftoniiiiic  to  liavo  liccii  tlio  l)a_v  of  Now  Yuriv.'  It  was  thus  an  Italian  foot- 
Kt('[)  that  was  first  phiiitcil  on  thi'se  slums.-  Tho  stiiToiiniling  country  is  described  ns 
lii'inn'  WW  pk'asiint.  The  Indians,  who  are  pronounced  a  very  hue  race,  showed  him 
where  the  deep  water  was.  A  storm  coming  up,  they  landed  on  a  well-cultivated 
island  (proljably  Staten  Island),  heyond  wiiieh  spread  the  harktr,  where  they  observed 
numerous  canoes.  AVe  are  indebted  to  llaekluyt,  for  preserving  Vcrrazani's  description 
of  this  harbor."' 

"This  land  is  situated  in  the  jiarallel  of  Rome,  in  fiirty-cme  degree.^,  two  tierces,  but 
somewliat  more  cold  by  accidental  caus(>s.  The  mouth  of  the  haven  lieth  open  to  the 
t^outli.  half  a  leaiiiie  broad,  and,  bein.ir  entered  within  it.  between  the  east  and  the  north, 
it  stn'tchctii  twelve  leagues,  wlien  it  weareth  l)roader  and  l)roader,  and  nuiUeth  a  gulf 
about  twenty  leagues  in  compa.ss,  wherein  are  live  small  islands,  very  fruitful  and 
j)Uasant.  full  of  high  and  bmad  trees,  among  the  wiiich  islands  any  great  navy  may 
ride  safe,  without  any  tear  of  tempest  or  other  danger."  ^ 

111  tills  amjile  harbor  he  remained  lifteen  days,  during  which  he  frequently  sent  his 
boat  and  ini'ii.  and  went  ashore  himself,  to  obtain  sujiplies  and  examine  the  country. 
Soiiie  of  the  men  stayed  two  or  three  days  on  one  of  the  islands.  Their  excursions 
extended  live  or  six  leagues  into  the  interior,  which  was  Ibund  to  be  "  pleasant,  and 
well  adapted  to  the  purpo.ses  of  agricidture." 

With  tlu'  natives,  who  were,  as  we  now  know,  of  the  Mohican  family  of  the  Algon- 
quins.  he  liad  freiMieiit  intercourse,  and  he  speaks  of  them  with  kindness.  They  were 
miiformly  friendly.'  and  always  accompanied  his  parties,  in  more  or  less  numbers,  ashore, 
lie  describes  them  as  of  a  russet  color,  with  large  black  eyes,  black  hair,  of  a  good 
stature,  well  favored,  of  a  cheerful  look,  ([uick  witted,  nimble  and  athletic.  IIo 
compared  them  to  Saractiis  and  <"hinese.  The  women  wore  ornaments  of  wrought 
cop|ier;  wood  oidy  was  used  in  tiie  construction  of  their  wigwams,  which  were  covered 
with  coarse  matting,  calicil  by  him  "straw."' 

This  is  tiie  lirst  di.'scription  we  have,  of  the  great  Algonquin  family  of  the  shores  of 
the  north  Atlantic.  Verra/ani  appears  to  have  liad  an  aptitude  for  observing  the 
cliaraitcr  and  t  unditioii  of  the  nati\es,  and  the  geographical  features  of  the  country. 
The  strong  physical  traits  noticed  by  him,  were  conlirmed  by  tiie  ob.servations.  a 
hundred  years  later,  of  the  respective  landings  in  Virginia,  under  Kaleigli,  by  Ilud.scm 
in  New  York,  and  the  English  in  Massachusetts. 


il»  ii 


'  X.'W  Y'irk  lll-liii-ic-:il  Cullcctiijlis, 

^  Fiirstrr  says.  '■  Tin'  tiiivc  i;ri'iit  <'iii|]ir('.s  of  tlioso  tiiiics,  Spain,  Kii'.'lainl,  ainl  France,  iiiajc.  racli  uf  tlniii, 
use  111"  an  Italian  to  oondiirt  tlii'  voya'j-rs  of  iliscovcr)-  srt  on  fool  |i_v  tliiiii.  Spain  cniplovcil  Clii-islopln  r 
('.ilipii.  a  (icn  ii'si';  Kiii;l:iMil.  Si-liasllan  ('allot,  a  \'c'nrtian  ;  ami  ]-'raiii;c,  .lolin  do  A'orrazani,  a  Moi-cnlinf."  — 
llisliir;/  !•/  X^rflirni    Vni/'iiji^  iiinl  Jh'sruii'n'i .*.  p.    tod, 

'  Voya,L'<s,  Vol.  Fir.,  p.  Il.">,  folio  edition,  JtlllO  *  iiacIJiiyt,  \,.  ,'iUU. 

"•  Vcrrazani's  letter  to  I'rarii'is  I. 


"^mt- 


WlTJl    THE   INDIAN    TRIBES. 


43 


Having  rclVoslied  himself,  and  locruitod  lii.s  provisions  at  this  jjoint,  on  the  5tli  of 
May  ho  contiiuiud  iiis  voyage  uortliward  ;  after  a  run  of  one  hunih'ed  and  fifty  leao-iies  ' 
he  discovered  iiigh  hinds  overgrown  with  forests.  The  Indians  were  found  to  l)e  of 
wivage  habits.  They  lived  on  roots  and  other  spontaneous  products.  A  large  party 
of  the  crow,  who  landed  here,  were  received  with  a  volley  of  arrows.  lie  continued 
his  voyage  to  north  latitude  50°,  which,  Forster  observes,  is  almut  the  position  of 
Naiii,  on  the  coa.st  of  Labrador,  and,  having  given  the  name  of  New  France  to  his 
discoveries,  he  returned  to  Dieiipe,  whence  he  writes  his  letter  to  Francis  I.,  beariii" 
date  Stii  July,  1524. 


'  Tliu  loagufs  uf  tlio  early  vopsrora  must  bu  uoiiiputod  iit  twu  iiiilus. 


Ill ' 

1   ; 
'1 

!     I 


I  ! 


44 


F 1  K  S  T    E  r  11 0 1' E  A  N    A  ('  Q  V  A  1  iN  T  A  N  ('  V. 


I H 


J 


i  if 


CIlAl'TKi:     1\. 

Sl'AlN     i:.\lM,(  I  KF.S     FLOHIOA.       NAHVAK/,     INVADKS     TIIH     INDIAN 
TKUIMTdl!  V.  AN  l>    l!l{lX(iS    THE    A  IM' A  1,  A(.' 11  I  A  N  ,  OU    FJ.OUIDIAN, 

cnori'  (IK  TiMiu-:s  T(*  our  notici:;. 

We  MIC  iiiliinncii  tliat  tlii'  nortiuM-ii  ("oiists  of  tlio  Mexican  niilf  Iiiul  Iiccii  oxjilorod  as 
tarlv  MS  l"il(l.  <'()i'(l(i\a  discoviTi'd  YiiciitMii  in  l")17.  Mml.  the  I'oliowinii-vcMr,  (IrizMlha 
coniiin'Mcvii  an  cxiilDrMtinn  ot'  tlii'  Mexican  coasts.  Durin;;'  tiic  year  wliicli  witnessed  the 
tail  ol'  the  Mexican  I'mpire.  (l">Lii),  (!aray  receixcd  a  vinal  patent  to  eoloniw  the 
coasts  ot'  tlie  Mexican  jiulf.  streteliinjr  nortli  of  I'Mniico.' 

l'Mni|iliiiio  de  Nmi-vmc/  liMd  heen  defeateil.  in  1-VJ(I,  liy  Corte/,  at  Zenipoala.  in  an 
atteiM|it  to  MiTi'st  iiiiu  in  liis  iniantliori/ed  eareiT.  After  se\en  years'  attendance  at  tlie 
court  of  "^[lain,  expended  in  vain  elUirts  to  obtain  redicss  foi'  a  uross  civil  and  niilitMry 
Avi'iini;'.  lie  retunieil  to  ('iil)M.  witli  the  appointment  of  Ailalantado  of  I'Morida.  and  the 
jjrant  of  i'ldl  jiowers  to  conipiei-  and  li'overn  the  country.  It  is  allii'nie(l  liy  De  \'aca, 
that  he  left  Spain  in  .Inly,  1 -^liT.  with  six  Innidi'cd  men.  well  ollicered  liy  cavMliers 
and  ,i;vntlemen.  Owiuii  to  incidental  di.'lays.  at  St.  DomiiiLio  and  CmIim.  it  wms  not  nntil 
till'  I'lth  of  April.  l".liS,  that  he  hnided  at  Tanipico  Hay.  in  l-'lorida.  His  force  had 
then  Iteen  redncecl  to  four  himdreil  men,  and  ti»rty-t\vo  horses."  AVith  tliis  small  army 
he  entered  a  connti'y.  the  L'coL'rajihical  features  of  wiiicli  opposed  ureat  olistacles  to 
M  direct  inarch.  It  was  covered  with  alti'rnate  thickets,  iapions.  and  swamps,  and  was 
soon  loiuid  to  he  unahle  to  yield  an  adeipiate  suhsisteiice  llir  t'ither  the  men.  oi'  the 
]ior>t'S.  IJeside  tills,  Nar\aez  had  no  interpreter  thnainh  whom  he  could  eonnnunieate 
with  the  Indians.  This  was  the  more  to  he  I'cuirited.  heeause  he  was  of  a  han;iht\- 
and  im]ierious  tem|ii'r.  and  aimed  to  strike  terror  into  the  nati\'es  liy  acts  of  t\raiui\- 
and  cruelty.  lie  \\as  thus  continually  exposed  lo  he  misuudeistood  and  misajipre- 
hi'iidcd.  To  ferret  the  Indians  out  of  their  im|ienetralile  juuLiles  ami  fastnesses.  In' 
carriecl  liloodhounds  alonu'  with  him.  lie  ilid  not  apjiear  to  know  that  the  Indians, 
inured  to  till'  s<'\('rest  \icissitudes  iVom  infancy,  ami  fortified  li\-  saNane  maxims,  from 
aL'c  to  ml;i'.  are  not  possesscil  of  \('ry  \ivid  seiisiliilities :  and  that  acts  of  harshness, 
cruelty.  :iuil  in jusliec.  only  ser\('d  to  infuriate  and  eiiiliitter  tlK'ir  minds.  Within  a 
ti'W  li'a'jiies  of  his  point  of  dep;irture  from  the  coast,  he  came  to  the  \illa,iie  of  a  chief. 


|; 


Al.Tiln, 


Ktlinnln...;,;!!  I!i'sr;iivli.-,  \„\.   |||..  |M.r,.  lj>'i. 


WITH    THE    INDIAN    TJllJiES. 


45 


V   4 


t 


named  llirriliiij^iia,  wlioiii,  lor  fsoiiu'  uoii-iu'rluriiiaiuv,  it  woiilil  wcin.  of  a  foriiior 
agrc'i'iiuiut,  lie  imitilateil  by  ciittinj;-  oil'  his  iiusc,  and  also  caused  liis  uiotiier  to  be  torn 
in  pieces  by  bloudiiounds.  The  presti^^e  of  this  act,  spreadiiij;  aiuoiiy  the  natives, 
caused  the  name  of  Spaniard  to  be  hated. 

("aba  de  Vaea  represents  the  toil,  and  privations  endured  on  this  mareh,  to  be  be\oiid 
all  precedent  in  civilized  warfiire.  Wlun  tiie  soldier  liail  journeved  thronnh  blind 
paths  all  day,  he  had  nothing  to  relVesh  him  at  ni^ht;  and,  at  every  defile,  he  Mas 
suiiject  to  be  Iiarassed  by  a  concealed  Rie,  who  lied  when  attacked,  and  no  ))odv  ol" 
whom  could  be  encountered  together.  The  imwy  was  Ibrty-seven  days  in  maivhin^'  to 
the  Sawanee  river. 

IJut   tailsome  marches  were   the  least  ol"  the  dilliculties  Narviiez  encountered.     Jt 
does    not   .seem    ])o.ssible    l()r  a  counnander  to  have  evinced   less   knowledge    of   the 
geography  and  resoinves  ol"  the  country.     Jle  had  parted  from  Caba  de  \aca,  m  ho  did 
not  like  him,  and   hail,  after  the  llrst  filteen  days,  absolutely  no  connnissariat.      Jle 
Avas  buo\-ed  up  with  tiie  prospect  of  soon  arriving  at  ^oine   populous   .own.  where   lie 
might  Hud  resources;  but  in  this  he  was  deceived  by  rumors  and  by  the  guides,  whom  he 
took,  and  compelled   to  .serve  him,  beyond  the  Sawanee.     Th((  Indian  name  of  one 
town  after  another  was  constantly  used,  as  some  catchword  to  inspire  hope.    At  leni:tli 
exptrtation  was  centred  on  the  name  of  •'  Apalache,"     For  this  point  tiie  army  marciied 
with  renewed  exertions,  and  thither  it  eventually  arrived.     It  appears  to  have  been  an 
Indian  village,  on  the  water.s  of  the  Appalachicola  river,'  called  by  Narvaez  '•  Madalena." 
It  consisted  of  Ibrty  humide  Indian  abodes,  covered  with  cam.'  or  thatch.    "A  dense 
ibrest  of  high  trees,  and  several  large  bodies  of  water,  surrouniled  it.     The  adventurers 
Ibund  lields  of  maize  fit  for  i)lucking.     Tliere  was  also  some  ripe  as  well  as  dried 
maize,  and  stone  mortars  wherein  to  pound  it.     There  were  dressed  deer  skins  in  the 
lodges,  and  some  woven  iiumtalets  of  thread,  made  from  a  species  of  hemp.     At  first 
the  men  had  lied  precii)italely.  leaving  the  women  and  children;  but,  opening  negotia- 
tions, they  returned  to  beg  leave  to  carry  olf  their  families.     Narvaez  granted  this, 
but  det.iined  tlu'  chief,  to  .sei-e  as  a  hostage  for  their  good  conduct.     Next  day  thev 
made  a  fierce  attack  on  hi.s  camp,  but  he  repulsed  tiiein.  killing  one  man. 

At  Apalache  he  remained  twenty-live  days,  recruiting  the  strength  of  his  men.  and 
of  his  horses.  During  tliis  time,  he  procured  soni.'  information  respecting  the  eountr\ . 
The  Indians  represented  it  as  abounding  in  great  lakes  and  .solitudes;  that'its  poi)nlation 
was  small  and  scattere.l.  there  being  i.  ,  place  at  all  e.pial  to  Apalache,  where  they  then 
were.  They  stated  that  il  was  l,ut  nine  day.s'  march  soutli.  to  the  sea,  and  that"  there 
was  a  wealthy  town  in  th;it  direction,  called  --Aute." 

For  this  l,.cati,m  Xarvaez  therelbiv  diivtel  his  course,  but  it  .soon  appeared  that  the 
Indians-  estimate  of  a  day's   mareli   was   widely  .lilfcrent   from   his.     After  travelling 


KlliM..li.^ic:il  KrM'iiicliis,  Vdl.  III.,  J,.  ;ii, 


I  In 


I: 


M 


|:i|.    # 


i:    i 


:i»    i 


46 


I'll,' ST    KiliOl'KAN    AC'^r  AINTANCE 


til'ti'cii  (lii\'-.  !u'  Mi'iivcd  ;il  •■Ante;"  Imt  liis  jdunicy  tliitlii't-  Wiis  olisti'iiclcd  liv  liii'fin 
liiMlii's  of  water,  in  the  piissiiuv  tliniiii^li  wliii'lu  tlic  liulliiii^  iittackcd  the  Spiiiiiarils  witli 
i  iTdws.  killinir  .'iml  woiiiidiiij;  .snui'  nl'  tlic  iiicii  iiiid  liorscs.  Tlicsi'  Indians  were  men 
111"  lini'  statnrc.  lircat  activitv.  and  cxiHTt  and  accnrato  liow-nion.  In  tlic.-^i-  sUirmislu'S 
two  of  till'  natives  were  killed.  The  town  was  t'oinid  to  have  been  abandoned,  lint  the 
neii;hl)orinjr  (ields  vielded  an  abundant  snpply  of  niaiw,  lieans,  and  imnipkins. 

]\\  tiiis  time,  enouiili  was  aseiTtained  toemivinee  Narvaez  that  a  part  ol"  his  lollowers 
were  enf;a,i:ed  in  a  consitiraey.  Nothing  had  transpired  as  had  been  expected.  There 
Were  iH'ilher  rich  towns,  nor  mines,  nor  evidenees  of  any  hit:h  or  res]iei'table  art.  or 
<'iviii/.ation.  They  had  found  hostile  tribes,  separateil  by  impassable  fastnesses,  and  a 
(•(luiitry  de.-titute  of  resources.  Narvaez  was  unwtdl  himself,  his  men  dispirited,  his 
liorsi's  redueed  to  skeletons,  and  everything'  presi'ntin,!^'  the  worst  aspect.  In  this 
exiiieiiey  he  resolveil  to  lind  thi'  sea,  by  journeyinj;  alonji'  the  baid^s  of  the  river,  and. 
ha\iiijr  done  this  witiiout  linding  his  lleet.  he  eneani[ied  at  its  mouth.  desi,i;ninu  to 
build  l)oats  with  which  to  explore  the  coast  towards  the  west.  Hut  how  was  this  to  lie 
done  witiiout  means,  or  tools'.'  While  pondering;'  over  his  dilliculties,  a  soldiei'  eanii'  to 
him,  and  said,  he  could  make  pipes  of  wood,  and  eoiufit  them  into  liellows  by  the  aid 
of  deer  skins.  The  idea  was  instantly  acte<l  on.  It  was  only  necessary  to  construct 
a  blacksmith's  forue.  and  immediately  stirrujis.  spurs,  cross-bows,  &c.,  were  converteil 
into  nails,  saws,  and  axes.  The  jiiiie  yielded  pitch.  A  kind  of  oakum  was  obtained 
from  the  palnu'tto.  Hair  from  the  tails  of  horses  was  twisted  int(j  i'<ipes,  and  the  shirts 
of  the  moil  supplied  sails.  The  horses  were  killed,  and  their  (lesh  used  for  I'ood.  The 
men  scarclied  the  bays  for  oysters,  while  others  were  .■^ent  on  [lerilous  trips  to  liiraue  for 
Indian  com.  -Vll  worked  so  dilii:ently  tiiat,  in  sixteen  days,  they  iiad  constructed 
five  boabi,  eacli  of  which  was  twenty  cubits  loiiji'.  and  capable  of  oontaininjr  fifty-six 
men  ;  tiie  remnant  of  the  army  compiisim;  two  hundred  and  eighty-one  men.' 

Narvaez  had  now  proceeded  alioul  two  hundred  and  eighty  miles  along  the  gulf 
coast,  from  his  point  of  debarkation.  He  had  rea.son  to  believe  that  lii.s  ships  could  be 
found  in  the  vicinity  of  the  coast,  and  that,  by  putting  his  troops  into  boats,  he  could  con- 
tinue tile  exjiloration.  which  he  had  found  it  iinpossible  to  complete  by  land.  The  energ\- 
manifested  in  the  construction  and  equipment  of  his  Hot  ill, i.  witiiout  artisans,  or  materials 
suitable  to  the  wmk.  maiiilests  a  capacity  for  coiapiest  wiiicli  no  otiier  part  of  his 
conduct  so  well  sustained.  No  sooner  were  the  boats  coinpiete<l  tiiaii  tiie  advi  -'tniers 
eagerly  embarked.  The  season  bad  now  .-^o  far  advanced  that  tlie  iiigli  wiiii  'e-aii 
t<i  prevail,  added  to  w  liicli  the  gunwales  of  his  Iniats  were  too  low  to  sustain  the  sliock 
of  the  seas.  He  piucicdcd.  therefore,  with  embarrassment,  tiie  men  often  waclint: 
tliroiiiiii   sands   and   shallow  ba\s.  to  a\(iid   liie   liea\\'  waves.      This  idose  and  careful 


'  N;iniii  z  l:,-iil   liHl  ni.'ii.      A  f  .<-  ■if  ('..rty  i-  :ii-1oi(iwI.'c1l'i''I.  ImK  tlwiv  :iri'  riL:lit\ -iiiin'   iiii:iiT.miit"i|    i;,r,  wli.i 
lii:iv  lir  Mi|i|i.i-iciJ   to   li:ivc   ln'rri    kill.il   nv  i-:iptunii   li\  till-  hiili:ui>.  to  liiivi'  ilicvl    in   ,<wani|is,  or  |KTis|]ii(    liv 


I  a  i 


^VITII    TIIK    INDIAN    TIUUKS. 


47 


\| 


* 


liiiii'L'iiiL''  ol'  tlio  slioiv  was  coiitiinu'd  for  seven  tliiys,  lielin'e  tliev  put  out  fd  sea.  'I'lie 
eaiitiiif  ol'  live  Indian  eanoes  enableil  tlieni  to  li;jliten  tlie  boats,  wliieli  were 
also  nrotecteil  liv  waste  hoards.  Tliey  sullered  greatly  from  tlio  failure  of  Imlli 
water  and  pnnisious,  and  were  eonipelled  to  coast  along  the  shores  and  islands,  as  the 
lu'st  position  for  ohtainiuj;-  suitiilies.  All  this  time  tiiey  luid,  in  tiie  Indians,  a  fierce 
enein\  to  contend  against  on  shore,  who  never  omitted  an  oiiportunity  to  annoy 
tlieui  with  arrows. 

Agreeably  to  Cal)a  de  Vaca.  for  tiiirty  days  they  proceeded  by  slow  stages,  down  the 
gulf  coast,  toward  the  Mi.ssissip])i.  IJut  nothing  was  seen  of  tiie  vessels.  Tiie  miseries 
of  the  men  were  everyday  t  .:•■<  uted.  and,  meantime,  the  winds  increased  in  severity. 
Some  of  the  soldiers  becaiin  delirious  from  drinking  .«ea  water,  and  four  of  their 
muiiber  died.  One  night  they  were  attacked  by  Indians,  wiiile  sleeping  in  canij).  or 
on  an  island;  liut  the  assailants,  having  but  ii'W  arrows,  were  ri'i)ulsed.  In  the 
contest,  Narviiez  received  a  severe  blow  in  the  face  from  a  stone.  Tortured  with 
luniger.  and  jiarched  by  thirst,  they  continued  their  course  until  the  1st  ol'  N'oveml)er. 
when  tile  boats  se])arated  in  a  storm.  One  of  them  .so(Ui  i'oundered.  The  last  that 
was  seen  of  the  boat  of  Narvaez  was  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Perdido.  The  storm  was 
blowing  otf  the  coast,  and  during  its  ciintiiuianee  the  whole  llotilla  perished.  The 
next  morning  nothing  was  seen  of  it.  The  boat  in  which  Caba  de  Vaca  embarked  was 
cast  on  tlie  shore  of  a  little  island,  where  the  survivors  were  kinilly  treati'd  by  the 
natives;  for,  when  they  saw  that  their  enemies  liiul  not  the  power  to  inflict  further 
injury,  theii-  enmity  was  at  an  end.  and  they  treated  with  humanity  the  lew  cast- 
aways whom  the  tempest  had  spared. 

The  expedition  of  Narvaez  is  important,  as  endjracing  the  materials  of  Indian 
history,  inasuuich  as  it  gives  us  the  fu'st  view,  howi  ver  unpremeditati\el\-,  of  the 
Appalachian  grouj)  of  tribes,'  who  may  be  regarded  as  the  extreme  southern  outcrop 
(to  usi'  a  geological  term)  of  th(^  wide-spread  Vesperie  class. 


'  Tlio  term  I'Minidians  wii,>i  vajrucly  apiiliod  to  tlio.-^f  tribes;  Fioiidii.  it«'ll'.  liciiii:  u  cliiiiiiriiij:.  vacillatiiiL', 
and  1- 'iilnMliiip  ti'i-iii.  Mdbiliaii  is,  likewise,  a  word  rclatin;,'  parlieularlv  lu  tlie  Clioetaws  and  ('liiekasaH> 
.^l il.seoL'ee  refers  only  to  tlu'  Creeks.  Tlie  term  I'teliees  is  ((iiito  local.  Of  tli(^  broader  term,  Cbieoivan,  it 
appears  lo  nler  exclusively  to  tribes  wlio  lived  on  the  se.i  coasts  of  Carolina  and  (ieorjiia,  and  wbo  preeedi'd 
tin'  coniiuj^  of  tbe  Creeks,  Clioclaws,  and  Chieka.saws,  fmiii  tbe  wesl.  Tlie  Xatebez  wen-  also  a  prior  and 
distinct  oleinont.  So  wore  the  Clierokees,  wbo  would  appear,  by  some  tbiiiL's,  to  be  tbe  Albgbewi  of  tbi^ 
l.enni   benaiiees. 


"I  !. 

'i 


I 


48 


Fill  ST    ElKurKAN    AC  g  T  A  I  M  AX  Ci: 


I 

Mi  4 


:lH 


, ! 


*   I 


I  ^'1 


C11AI'TKI{    V. 


FRAXCK  IlKSIMKS  IIEIJ  D  ISCO  VK  1!  I  KS.  THE  A  l-(i  ON  ( i  r  I  NS  A  1!  K 
ForXI)  TO  INIIAIUT  THE  ATLANTIC  COAST.  NoKTIl.  11'  TO 
THE  ItlVEK  ST.  I,A\Vl!ENCi;.  TIIEV  A  H  K  S  C  CC  i!  E  I»  E  D  IX 
I'OSITlOX,    IN   AS(  ENDlXd    THAT    VAI.IJIY,    1!Y    TIIM    1 1!  (XJ I  ()  I  S. 

Till-:  ADViVjv  (if  \'crrii/.aiii.  iiiultT  tlic  French  llai;'.  iiniiiiisinu  hut  trilliiii;,  (ir  no 
l').'!4  iidvantage  to  tlir  rt'\('iiiii's  of  Fraiicc.  atti'actfd  little  attention,  and  was.  lor 
some  time,  lin-^otten.  In  l'):ll.  tlie  admiral.  I'lnlip  Clialiot.  repi'eseiited  to 
the  kini:'  the  aihanlaijcs  tu  he  derived  I'rom  sharini:',  with  Spain,  the  rich  ]ii'i/.e  ol  >iorth 
America,  hv  eslahlisiiinji'  a  colony.  In  accordance  with  this  suLiiicstion.  Jacques 
('artier,  of  St,  .Malo.  in  Normandv.  was  presented  to  the  Uiiii;-.  <uid  a[)proved  as  a 
person  sintaMe  li>r  the  unilertal<inL:\ 

He  sailed  I'mm  tlu'  jiort  oi'  St.  .Malo  on  the  "JOth  ol' April.  I').'!l.  with  two  ships,  and 
one  hundred  ;niil  Iwentv  two  nun.  His  crew  took  a  solenni  oath,  heliire  sailim;.  "to 
heliave  ihemsehes  truly  and  liiitiil'ully.  in  tlie  seivice  ol'  the  most  Ciiristian  kin;;'. 
Francis  I."  The  excitement  concernini;'  American  disco\-erit's  was  still  the  order  of 
the  day  in  the  Fnropeaii  courts.  'I'he  compiest  of  .Mexico  had  liei'u  completed  iait 
thirteen  _\ears  lieliire.  and  I'i/ario  was  now  in  the  hei_L:lit  of  his  trium[ilis  at  Truxillo, 
(iuamico.  and  ( 'axaniarca. 

After  an  unusually  prosperous  voyauc,  of  twenty  days,  ('artier  made  Cape  ••  I'mona 
Vista"  in  Newfoundland,  which  he  states  to  lie  in  north  latitude  IS  .".(I'.  Ileie.  nieetiu'.:' 
with  ic  ■.  he  nuule  the  lia\en  of  St.  Catherines,  where  he  was  detained  ten  da\s.  Tliis 
coast  ha.d  Iieen  known  since  thexoyaLre  of  Caliotin  I  I'.'T.  and  had  lieen  freipM'ntlv 
resoited  to  hy  li>liinii  \(ssels.  .lean  Denis,  a  native  of  Itonen.  one  of  the.-^e  li.-hernien, 
is  said  to  lia\c  pnhlished  the  lirst  chart  of  it  in  I'lnil.  Two  years  afterwards.  Thomas 
Aubert  liroULfht  the  lirst  nati\es  from  New  t'omidland  to  I'aris.  and  this  is  the  era.  l"i(IS. 
coimuonly  as-ii;ne(l  us  the  di>co\ery  of  Canada.  The  St.  Lawrence  i'eniaine(l.  lio\\e\ei'. 
undisco\ered  ;  nor  does  it  appeal'  that  anylhin:.;'.  liexond  a  j^cneral  ami  vaLTUe  knowieif.;e 
(jf  t!ie  e(jast.  and  of  its  islands,  had  tlu'U  heeii  a.si't'rtaini'd.  The  idea  was  still  entertained 
(indeeil.  it  will  Im'  seen,  hy  suhseipient  facts),  tluit  .\merica  was  an  island,  and  that  a 
])assa,;i-e  to  the  .\siatic  continent  existed  in  those  latitudes. 

On  the  lilst  of  .May.  Cartiiu- continued  his  voyajc.  sailing;-  "north  and  ])y  east"  from 


WITH    Till';    INI)  IAN    TIMIiKS. 


4)t 


1 


ciiiif  Miioiiii  V'istii.  iiiul  iiiTi\t'il  lit  till'  Isle  of  IJinis.  s(i  iiiiiiuMl  oil  iii'coiint  of  tiic  unusiuil 
iilpimil.iMci'  uf  M'li-iiiwl  I'oimil  upon  it.  witli  tin'  yuiiii::  of  wliicli  tiif  iiirii  lillcil  two  lioats ; 
'•  SCI  tli;it, "  ill  llir  i|Uiiiiit  liiii.aiiii.^i'  of  tin-  Joiiriml,  ••  hc-^idi's  tlu'iii  wliii'li  \m'  iliil  fiit  iVi'sli, 
fviTV  sliip  iliil  [HiwiliT  anil  salt  livo  or  six  harri'Ls."  Ili'  iilso  olisoi'vi'il  tlir  jioilwit.  ami 
a  lap'i'r,  but  vifimis  liinl,  which  rewivi'il  tho  iiaiiii.'  of  inart;anl\-.  While  at  this  i>lanil. 
tliiv  (li'si'iii'il  II  iHihir  ht'iii",  which,  in  their  pivsenei',  K'a[)eil  into  the  sea.  and  thus 
osciipi'il.  Suiis('(pn'iitly,  wliili'  crossiim'  to  the  main  laiiil,  they  encounlereil,  as  siijiposeil, 
the  same  uniinal,  swiinininu'  towards  land,  and,  "  liy  main  streiiiith  o\-ertook  her.  whose 
llesh  was  as  j.'ooil  to  be  eaten  as  the  llesh  of  a  calf  two  years  old."  This  liear  is 
(leserilieil  to  have  been,  "as  larue  as  a  cow.  and  as  white  as  a  swan." 

On  the  "JTth,  Curtier  reached  the  harbor  of  "  Carpiint,"  in  the  bay  of  ■•  [ics  Ciiastcaiix." 
latitude  "il",  where,  on  account  of  the  accnmnlatioii  of  ice,  he  was  constrained  to  lay 
1)\  until  the  !Hli  of  .liiiie.  The  narriitor  of  the  voyaire  describes  certain  iiarts  of  the 
coast  of  Newfoundland,  and  adjoininj;'  seas,  the  islands  of  St.  ( 'atlieriiie.  IJlaiic  Sablon, 
Jiiest.  the  Isle  of  IJirils,  and  a  numerous  ,<:roup  of  islands,  called  The  islets;  but 
these  mciuoranihi  are  miconuected  with  any  iiu[)ortaiit  obsi-rvations  or  disco\-eries. 
S|ieakiii,;;- of  the  island  of  JJrest  and  IJird  island,  he  says,  they  adiird  '•  ureat  store  of 
addw its.  and  crows  with  red  beaks  and  red  feet."  which '•  make  their  nests  in  holes 
mideriiroiind.  even  as  conies."     Near  this  locality  '•there  is  irreat  fishinii'" 

On  the  KHIi  of  June,  he  entered  a  port  in  the  newly  discovered  island  of  JJrest.  to 
])rocure  wood  and  water.  Meantime,  boats  wi-re  desjiatehed  to  I'Xplore  the  islands, 
which  were  found  to  be  so  numerous  '"that  it  wa.s  not  possible  they  uu'Aii  be  toM, 
for  they  coiitiinied  about  ten  lca,u;ne.s  beyond  the  said  port."  'J'lie  ex[)loreis  slejit  on  an 
island,  iind  the  following'  day  continued  their  discoveries  alom;'  the  coa-t.  lla\in;:- 
]iassed  the  islands,  they  found  a  haven,  which  was  named  St.  Anthony,  and.  one  or  two 
leagues  beyond,  discovered  a  small  river  named  St.  Servansport.  where  the}-  reared 
!i  cross.  Distant  about  three  leaiiues  from  tho  last  mentioned,  another  river  of  larjier 
size  was  discovered,  in  which  salmon  was  found.  Upon  this  stream  they  bestowi'd  the 
niiiiio  of  St.  .lacipics. 

Wliilo  at  St.  Jacques,  they  descried  a  .ship  from  Eochelle,  on  a  fishing-  cruise,  and. 
nnvin.ir  out  in  their  boats,  directi'd  it  to  a  ])ort  near  at  hand,  in  what  is  called  "Jacipies 
Caitier's  Sound,"  "which,"  adds  the  narrator,  "  1  take  to  be  one  of  the  best  in  all  the 
world."  The  face  of  the  country  examined  by  the  exiilorers  was.  howe\-er.  of  the  must 
sterile  and  foibiihlinu-  character,  being  little  else  than  "  stones  and  wild  crags,  and  a 
place  lit  for  wild  beasts ;  for  in  all  the  north  island,"  he  continues.  ••  I  did  not  see  !i 
cart-loail  of  good  earth.  Yet  went  1  on  shore,  in  many  places,  and  in  the  island  of 
White  Sand  (IManc  Sablon)  there  Is  nothing  else  but  moss  and  small  thorns,  scattered 
here  and  there,  withered  and  dry.  To  be  short.  I  believe  that  this  was  the  land  that 
God  allotted  to  Cain." 

Immediately  following  this,  we  have  the  lii'st  account  of  the  natives.     The  new 
Vol..  Vl— 7. 


'I 


1^  I 


!■*! 


M 


VI  I!  ST    I-;  I   I!(M'I:A  N    A((.>I    \  i  nta  n  ck 


mv  ilr-iTilicil  IS  liciiii:'  "til' nil  iiiililliTi'iil  himiI  ^l;itiin'  iiinl  lii'^iii's-'.  Inil  wilil  iiml  iiiinily 
'l'lif\  wv.w  their  liiiir  linl  cm  tlif  1'<\k  like  ii  wrnitli  o\'  li;i_\.  iiinl  piil  ;i  ssudilcii  |iiii 
williiii  it.  'ir  !in\  citliiT  .iiii'li  lliiiiLT.  iiiolcail  iil'  a  iiiiil.  iiml  willi  iIk'Iii  tlit'v  liiinl  (H'i'taiii 
l)ir(ls'  lliitlifis.  'I'lifV  iiic  cliillicd  willi  l)i'ii!<t  skins,  lis  well  tli"  iiicii  as  woiiicii.  lint 
that  thi-  Wdiiicn  j^k  >.iiiii'\\  hal  slrailcr  ami  closer  in  their  L'arnients  than  the  men  tin. 
with  iheii'  waisles  iiiiiK'd.  TIicn  paiiil  tiieinsehes  with  eeilaiii  inan  (■(ijnin's;  tlieir 
JMials  are  iiiaile  nl'  the  liarl\  d'  hiivli  ti'ees,  with  wiileh  they  li>ii,  and  tal\e  ,t;reat  store 
of  seals.  Anil,  as  tar  as  \vi'  eoiild  understand  sinee  oiir  I'oininu'  tliither.  that  is  not 
their  haliitation.  hut  they  came  from  tiie  main  land,  out  ot  /ml/ir'  coiinlries.  to  catch 
the  saiil  seals,  ami  ofiier  necessaries  lor  tin  ir  liviiii;." 

Kroiii  this  exiiloratiM'y  tiip.  the  Imat-  returned,  on  tliel'Ilh.  to  the  newly  stsled 
harlior  of  Uiest.  On  the  I  I  ill,  heiiiL;'  tiie  Sahhath.  service  was  read,  and  the  lollowiii;:' 
da\-  ('artier  continued  his  \u',  iie.  steeriii:;  soiillu'rly.  alout:  the  coast,  which  still  wore 
a  most  liarreii  and  cheerless  aspect.  Much  ol'  this  part  of  the  narrative  is  occiijiied 
wilil  the  details  of  di.-l  mces  anil  sdtiudiii'js.  as  well  as  tiie  deiiiiiiiiiiatinii  of  capi's  and 
i>iaiids.  ol' vi'iy  lillle  iiitere.--t  at  the  pre.-eiit  day.  On  tiie  l>tli.  the  \i)\a'jers  saw  a  lew 
huts  upon  tlie  (dills,  anil  named  this  part  ol'the  coa>l  "  Les  (iraii'ics."  hut  they  did  not 
stop  to  I'liiiu  any  acipiaintanee  with  their  tenants.  Cape  l!oyal  was  pii-^sed.  and  duly 
named,  on  the  17th.  and  i<  dociilieil  a-^  "  llu'  iireate.-t  li>her\  ol' cods  tliere  po>sil)l\- 
ma V  lie.  'or  in  less  than  an  hour  we  took  an  Imiidred  of  tlieiii."  ( )n  the 'J  Ith,  tin' 
i.'-jaihl  ol'  St.  .loliii  was  di>coveivd.  Myriads  of  liirds  were  seen  npou  the  i:foup  of 
islands  named  ••  Mai>;anl.\."  Ii\e  kaiiies  westward  of  which  (hey  discoxcred  a  lari^c, 
fertile,  and  well-tiiulii'red  i~laiid.  to  which  the  name  of  ••  liiion"  was  ui\-en.  The  coii- 
lra>t  pre-eiited  liy  the  soil  and  prodiiclloiis  of  tlii.--  island,  compared  with  the  lileak  and 
wa>te  shores  they  had  previously  \  i-ited,  arousi'd  their  warm  adiiiiratioii ;  ami.  under 
the  ildlueuce  of  this  e.xeiteim'lit.  they  here  saw  "wild  corn."  peas,  uooselierries.  straw- 
herries.  da.mask  roses,  and  jiaiv-ley.  "with  other  sweet  ami  pleasant  lierhs."  Here,  also, 
lhe\  oliseiMil  th(?  walrus,  hear,  and  wnlf. 

\'ery  little  can  lie  Lileaned  from  llie  su!ise((iienl  details  of  the  voya'.:e,  until  tiie  arrival 
(if  the  expeilitiou  ill  the  (iulf  of  Si.  Lawi'eiice.  .Mi>ts,  head  winds,  haireii  rocks,  sainK 
shori's.  storms,  and  suii-hiiie.  alternate  in  the  laml.-;ca[ie  pre.-eiited  to  \iew.  Much 
cautimi  was  olo^'rvcil  in  tackiii;..:  hack  and  foi'lli.  on  an  iron-lioiiml  coa>t.  and  the  hoats 
were  fre(|Uently  made  us.'  of  in  exploriiiL'  the  shores  of  the  nuiiii  land.  \\'liile  thus 
em|iloyed  near  a  >liallou-  stream,  called  the  "  Kiver  of  lio.its."  they  saw  natives  cros.-iii^- 
il  in  their  car.oes.  luit  the  wind  coinineiiciii::  to  hlow  toward  the  land,  tliev  were  com- 
jielled  to  retire  to  their  vessels  without  opening.-  any  cummnnication  with  them.  On 
tho  following  day.  while  the  hoats  were  tr.iversing  the  cua.^'ts,  tliuy  saw  a  native  running' 


'  I   ll:iliri>c  lliL'  wiini  "irittrr,"  t.j  cf  ii,jt.'  tiii.'  iii\v;ilrut  lliinry.     Tiny  wiiv  .^carL■!lilu;  fur  Cliina,  lU'  tliu 
l-'.;i>t  Imlics. 


WITH    TlIK     INDIAN    T  I!  II!  MS. 


ftl 


:iiii\!il 
s,  siiiicjv 
Mud. 
ic  1mi:iIs 
lilc  tlllis 
crds.-iiii:; 
•If  ciini- 
■III.  On 
niiiiiiiig 

ii:i,  111-   lliu 


itl'lci'  ill.  Ill  aliiii;;  llu'  IkmcIi.  hIm)  iiiailc  ^Il'Iis  liiit  cliii;^  lliciii.  as  tlirv  ,Mi|i|inMMl,  (n  ivtiini 
tuuar.l  till'  caiii'  tlicy  liuil  Irl'l.  As  soon  as  llic  Imats  tiiniril.  iinwi'scr.  lie  IIimI.  I.iil, 
iuiiwi(li>lai  iliii^;'.  tlii'V  laiidcil,  ami  I'astciiin.i;'  ii  kniri-  uiul  ii  wduIIi'M  ;:irillo  tu  an  ii|(ri,::lil 
^lall'.  as  a  ^u<iil-\vill  olU'riiiir.  rcliirncil  ti>  tlifir  vi-s.-ds. 

'I'liis  hart  III'  till'  Ni'wiiiundiauil  cuast  iiiiincs.-ril  iln'iii  as  lii'ini;-  ^rcatl^N  siipi'i  ior.  Imlii 
ill  soil  anil  t(  iiiiii'nitnri',  to  tin?  pdrtinns  wliicli  tiu'V  liad  Inline  seen.  In  iulililiim 
td  till'  iirodiK  tiiiiis  iircv  ioii>l  y  ronnd  at  IJrinn's  island,  llii'v  iinlii'id  (cdnrs.  ]iin(s,  wliiti- 
tdin.  a.-li.  \\illo\v.  and  wiiiit  air  dcn.iniiiiattd  "fwc  lives."  Aiikhi'.:  tiic  li'allii'ivd  trilirs, 
tliti  ••  llini>li  and  stnckdovc"  arr  niriitiinnMl ;  tlic  latter,  witlidiil  doiilil.  ImJh':  llie 
iiassciiiier  |ii:.;eon.  'I'lie  "  w  ilil  (-(prn. "  here  a;:ain  inenlimied,  is  said  tu  lie  •■like  unln 
r\e,"  riiiiii  wliii'li  it  may  lie  inlencd  that  it  was  tlie  /i/,ania.  alllu)ii.:li  the  eiivmii>taiiee 
i,r  its  hein.i;'  ir.i  aijiiatic  |ilant  is  nut  nieiitiniied. 

Wliile  ninnin;.'' aloii;:'  tliis  (•(last,  Cartiei' appears  to  lia\i' lieeii  eniirnssed  with  the  idea, 
so  prexaleiil  anion;.'-  the  mariners  nl'  that  era.  (if  lindimi  a  pa^saue  Id  India,  and  il  was 
pi'dlialih'  (III  this  iiiTdunt,  that  lie  made  ^[n\t  a  minute  examinatinn  dl'  e\eiy  inlel  and 
lia\.  as  well  as  ^\['  the  prdduetidiis  nl'  the  snil.  \\'lieiie\er  the  latter  allinded  aii_\  ihiiiii 
hivoralile.  there  a]ipears  to  havi'  heeii  a  .-^tidu.;  predispusitiuii  to  ailmiiatinii.  and  tu 
deri\e  iid'ereiiees  therelidin  (-drrespdiidenl  with  the  |ire-e\isiinu-  tlicdi-y.  it  mu>t  he 
recdlleeled  thai.  se\eiity-li\e  years  later.  Iludscm  enleriaiiied  similar  iidtidii-^.  w  Idle 
sailini;'  up  the  Ndilji  l!i\er.  ]lence,  the  applicatinn  d|'  several  impi'dpei'  names  \n  the 
animals,  as  well  as  to  the  prndiietidns  id'  tliesi'  latitiidi's.  and  the  appan-ntly  edn>taiit 
cxpeetatidii  ol"  hehdldinji'  trei'S  laden  with  fruits  and  spiees,  "ii-dddly  trees,"  and  ■•  \fvv 
swi'et  and  pleasant  herh-^."  That  the  hairen  ami  lrii;id  shores  dl'  Lalnaddr.  and  the 
norlhein  parts  dl'  .New  iiiiindland.  .-^hduld  have  heeii  chaiartei-i/ed  as  a  reiiidU  slilijeet 
to  the  l)i\ine  curse,  is  iidt  ealeulated  to  e\eite  so  much  surprise,  as  tiie  disposition 
i'\iiiced,  with  escry  con.-itieralile  chan-e  of  soil  and  Ncrdiire.  to  cdnvert  the  raxored 
rcLiidii  into  a  land  dl"  oriental  rinitriilness.  It  i\i\i'<.  not  appear  to  ha\e  heeii  siillicieiitl\- 
miderstddd,  that  the  increased  \-erilure  and  elc\-alidii  dl'  temper;iture  were,  in  a  ureal 
measure,  owiii;;  to  the  advancing-  state  ol'  the  .-reason,  ('artier  arrived  oil'  the  i-oast  on 
the  lOlh  of  ."May,  and  prdlonueil  his  stay  thrdUuh  .Inly.  Now.  however,  il  is  verv 
generally  known,  that  the  summers  in  hi-h  nortiiern  latitudes,  althontih  short,  an? 
iiltemled  wilii  a  iireat  deuree  dl"  heat. 

On  the  :id  of  duly,  ('artier  enlered  the  i^ulf.  |o  which,  iliirin:;'  a  sidisequent  \ii\a'ie, 
he  nave  the  name,  St.  Lawrenci-,  the  centre  of  which  he  states  to  he  in  latiludi  IT  :'iii'. 
On  the  1th,  he  proceeded  up  the  hay  to  a  creek  called  St.  Martin,  near  IJaie  du  Ciialeiir, 
where  he  was  detained  ei,L;lit  days  liy  stress  of  weallier.  While  at  anchor  there,  one 
df  the  ship's  hoats  heing  sent  till'  to  make  expldrations  in  advance,  prdceeded  scm'ii  nr 
ei-ht  leagues,  to  a  ca[ie  df  the  hay.  where  two  parlies  u['  Indians.  -  iu  ahoul  fniv  or 
lil'ly  canues,"  were  ohserved  crds.-in-  the  channel.  One  of  the  parlies  lauded,  and 
beckoned  to  the  e.viiluiers  to  follow-  their  e.\.-imple,  ••  imikiii--  a  iireat  noise,"  and  showimr 


T  ''■ 


IIIh 


li! 


nil 


i 


A3 


11  i;sT   i:r  iioi'iiA  n    a  rt.  r  a  i  nt  a  nck 


'•  I'ci'liiiii  f>l\iii<  ii|ii)ii  |iii'(T-  (pT  wixiil."  /.  /.  rri'^li-^ti'i'trlii'il  slxiiH;  Imt.  I'lMriiij'  llirir 
iiiiiiilii'iN.  llic  si'Miiii'M  l\t'|>t  iiliiiil'.      'I'lii'  lii'liniis  ill  twii  t'Miiiii's   |ir<'|i:ii'i'i|  Id  jiiljciw  tlii'in, 

ill  Wllii'll    IIKiMIIIi'llt     lIli'V   Well'    iiiilU'il     1p\    li\C    (Millies    III'   liic  iiljii'l'    |);lllS.   "wlin   Wi'li' 

t'Diiiiiiu  iViPiii  ilic  i^i'ii  siili'."  'I'lii'v  M|iiii(),ii'lici|  ill  a  riioiiiMv  ni;iiiiiri'.  ■•(laiuiiij-.  iiinl 
iiiiiUiiii;'  iiiiiii\  iiiiiiiii'c.stiitlini"*  (if  Jciy.  i^iiniii;',  in  tin  ir  luii'^iit',  Nupew  Iniiiliiiin'ii 
:i>^-*iiiiliili. "  '     'I'lii'  )*t'iiiiu'ii.  liciwi'MT,  Mispcctiii'.'  tlii'ii'  iiitiiiliuiis.  iiiid  Hiiiliiiir  it   iiii|Mis- 

^il^ll■   111  flmli'   IJli'lll   \<\    lliiillt.  ili-'iii;irL'c'il   two  .sIkiIs  tlllioiiv    lliclll.  IpV  wllii'll    ll|i'\    \M  If  Ml 

ti'rrilii'il,  iIimI  iIii'\  Ik'tl  iir('('i|iitiitilv  In  tin'  >liiiii'.  "  iiiiiUiii.ir  ii  ijinit  iini.-c."  Al'tri' 
liiuisiiiLiMiiiH' tiiiif.  till' ••  wild  iiu'ii"  ic-i'iiiliiirUi'i!  iiinl  rciicwcd  tlu'  imi'siiit.  Init.  iifli'i' 
ciiiiiiii::  aliin'j>iili'.  tlifv  wriv  so  tiTriru-d  Kv  tlic  tliiii>ts  of  two  laiu'cx,  tliiit  tlic\  iij;iiiii 
lli'il  ill  iiMstr.  mill  iiiMili'  111!  I'lirllii'i'  iilii'iii{il  III  liilliiw. 

This  iljipi'ars  In  liiixc  lirrll  till'  lir-t  li'llrmitli'  ul'  till'  >li!p's  crews  witli  the  iialivcs. 
(hi  the  lullow  iiiL' dav.  liy  lilt'  appniaeii  dl'said  "wild  men"  in  nine  eaiiues,  an  interview 
was  iirini'^ht  alinut.  wliieli  is  thus  deseiilied  :  •■  We  lieiii'r  adseiti^ed  i\l'  their  emniin:, 
went  In  the  piiiiil.  wlleie  they  Were  willl  iiur  liiials;  lint  Si)  .sunn  as  they  saw  lis  tliey 
lii'ijan  III  llee.  iiiakiii'i'  si'.:lis  that  they  eailie  tii  trailie  with  lis,  shnwill;;'  lis  slieli  skins  as 
lliey  elnllieil  theiiiveUes  willial.  u  hiih  are  111"  small  value.  Wo  likewise  made  siuiis 
until  them  that  we  wished  them  no  evil,  ami  in  si;ill  tliel'i'iil".  (wn  nl'  nlir  men  Vt'lltlUed 
til  eii  nil  land  111  them  and  carry  them  knives,  with  olliei'  irmi  wares,  and  a  red  hat  In 
!;ive  iiiitn  their  captain.      Which,  when  they  saw.  they  also  came  mi  land,  .'ind  Inniiuhl 

.'•nme  nl'  their  skills,  and  sn  lie'illll   III  deal  with   IIS.  .seeinill'J'  «n  he  \-ery  cjlad   tn  lia\e  nlll' 

iinii  wares  and  niher  things,  still  daiiciii;;.  with  many  other  ceremonies,  as  with  their 
hands  to  cast  sea  vvater  mi  their  lieaiN.  'I'liey  ^a\e  ns  whatever  tlii'V  had.  imt  keepiie,' 
aiiuhiii'j,  sn  that  tiny  were  constraliied  to  ijo  hack  aiiain  naked,  and  made  .siiiiis  that 
the  next  ilav   they  would  eoiiie  a'.'ain.  ;iiid  hriiiL;  more  skins  with  thiiii." 

( •lisei'viiiL:  a  spacious  liay.  exteinliiii;-  lieyond  the  cajie  where  this  interview  had  lieeii 
opened,  and  the  wind  proviii'.;  adverse  to  the  vessels  (piittiicj-  the  harlior.  ('artier 
iles|iatclieil  his  hoats  to  examine  it.  jiiithe  jiiirpose  ol' asceitainiii'.:  whether  it  iiiii;lit  not 
alliird  the  desired  passaue :  fur  it  mii-t  he  kept  in  mind,  that  he  was  dili'jeiitly  seeking!: 
the  loii^--iiii'.;lit  passable  to  the  liiilian  (teem.  While  enira'j-ed  in  this  examination.  Iii.s 
men  discovered  ••the  smokes  and  lires"  ol'  wild  men"  (the  term  coiist.anlly  used  in  ihe 
narrative  to  desi'inate  the  natives).  'I'liese  siuiis  were  oliservi-d  upon  the  shores  ol'  jv 
siiiiill  lake,  i.'oiimiiiiiicatiini'  with  the  hay.  .\ii  amieaMi'  interview  resulted,  the  natives 
pri'seiitiiiL'  to  the  navigators  cooked  se.il.  and  the  I'leiieh  makiici-  a  siiilalile  return  ••  in 
lialehets,  knives  and  lie.ids."  .M'ter  llie-e  preliminaries,  which  were  eonducted  with 
coiisideralile  caution,  liy  deputies  rruui  hoth  sides,  the  male  ii.itives  approached  ill  their 
caiKn's.  (ill'  the  purpose  ol' I raDickiii'j.  leaviiiL'  most  of  their  ramilies  lieliind.     .Mmut  -'A^f) 

'  "  Niiprw"  iiiniiis  111:111,  ill    tin-  Shi -li:it.i[ -h.  ur  l,;ilinii|(ir.      ••  .\;ilj;i"  H  a  iiialr,  in    llir    Al jnii,|iuii.       ||   is 

tlicri'l'niv   it:i-"Ii;i1i1.'   t.i   i-niic'lii.li'   llril    llir-r  HiT.'   ;i   |i:irly  nl'  .""la-lKilai >li    lliilialis,  wIi.im;   hin;.;ii:iu'i'   imivci 

lluiii  tn  hi'  kiinlrr.l  with  tin;  L'niit    \ii:n|i,|uiij  i'.,iijiK. 


: 
: 

MS 

WITH    Til  M    I  Ml  I  \N    Til  1  I'.KS. 


AS 


ml  liccii 
('iirliiT 
•ht  not 

lillll.  liis 

ill  till' 

res    dl'  !l 

natives 

urn  •■  in 

i\  wilh 

in  liii'ir 

out  :l(ill 

.     It  is 

|Mi)VUH 


liitliiiiMiirii.  XMinii'M.  ami  cliiMrrn.  wciv  (  <liiiialii|  in  lia\i-  Imcii  cniirrn-jrutcil  al  liii^ 
iijaci'.  'riit\  (viiiriil  ilirir  rricnil.-liii>  It^-  .■»iii,nin;r  iiml  ilamin^r.  as  aUo  In  nilihini:  tlicir 
liaiiili  niioM  llif  aiiiii  oC  tlifir  l'aMo|n'aii  vi.-itms.  iiml  lln'ii  lil'iinjj  tlifiii  up  towanls  ilic 
lii'u\ciif<.  All  ii|iinii'ii  i.si'\|irf^Mil  tiiiil  llicM'  iK'npli'  (wlici  were  in  tiu'  iMi^iiiim  a^Miiincil  In 
lilt'  .Miiiiiac.o.  ill  lillH),  ill  Mr.  (iallalin'scllinoliiuii'iil  iiia|i.)  ini-lit  vcrv  ni^iiv  lie  cimviilicl 
Id  ('liri-li,.iiil\ .  ■•'I'lii'V  ;;'"."  >*a_\s  llu'  iianalnr,  ■•  IVdiii  [dace  to  pliicc.  Tlicv  li\i'  niiiy 
|i\  ti>liiii.;.  'I'lii'v  have  nil  uiiliiian  linn-  to  ii>li  liu'  lluir  |ii(i\iNinns,  Tlic  cniintn  is 
/iii/t,  r  iliaii  iIh'  cKimtiv  nl'  S|piiin.  anil  llic  l'airi'.>t  that  I'lm  [mssililv  In'  tiiiiml ;  altniictlicr 
siiiDulli  ami  li'vcl."  Ill  iiililitinii  to  till'  proiliictions  lid'ort'  noticcil.  as  imliiiciioiis  mi 
ill  ion's  i>lanil.  kS;i'..  ami  w  iiirli  were  lik>  w  i-o  roiiml  licrr.  In-  cnnini'ratcs  ••  \n  liitc  ami  iimI 
rox'S.  willl  liiailN  oilier  llov'ersof  w-\  sweet  iili'l  liieiisilllt  fllli'll."  "  There  lie  also," 
sa\s  the  joiinialist.  ••  man v  ■oodlv  ineailows  iiili  >!'  ^rass.  ami  lakes  wliereiii  iileiitv  of 
salmon  lie."  'I'lie  natixes  ;  ijled  a  halehet.  ('i>f/ii.  ami  a  kiiiti-.  /li'on.'  It  was  al  this 
lime  near  the  miiidle  of  .Inly,  ami  the  le^rei-  of  heal  speiieiiceil  on  the  e\eniv>ion 
imliii'ed  Cariier  to  name  ihe  inlet,  i^iie  d,   s'haloiir;  ii  name  it  still  retains. 

On  tlie  rjlli  of  .Inly.  Cartie  '  lel't  hi>  >  txn'iiij;^  k'  St.  iNLiriin's  creek,  and  iiroeeeded 
ii|i  the  ;.;idt';  hut  eiieoiinteriiiir  had  weuther.  lie  wir  '')reed  into  a  hay,  wliieh  appears  tu 
have  heell  (iaspe.  where  one  of  the  sessids  lo>  Kv  '  ain'lior.  They  were  liil'eed  to  tak(( 
slieller  in  a  ii\er  of  lliat  liay.  ami  were  ihe-'e  detaiiu'ii  tliir'  •ti  days.  .Meanwiiile.  they 
opeiieil  nil  intei'eoiirse  willi  tile  iiativ  s,  wi:o  wei'e  I'oiiiid  ill  ^real  mimliers,  I'lifraired  in 
li>iiiii^  for  mackerel.  l'"orty  ciiiioi's.  and  two  hiimlreil  men,  \vomcii.  Mid  'hildreii,  were 
estimati'd  to  lia\e  heeii  seen  diiiiii;:'  their  deli  iition  at  tliis  place.  I're-  ut  -  of  ■•  knives, 
coiitlis.  hcaiN  of  Lilass.  and  other  Irillcs  of  siiiidl  value,"  were  made  to  tiie  Indians,  liir 
which  lliey  esprcssed  ureal  thankfulness,  liftim^  up  their  iiamls,  and  damiiiii-  and 
siii'^inj;'. 

Tlii'se  (Iaspe  Imliaiis  are  ri'prescnted  as  ditleriiii:',  holh  ••  iiMiatiiri' and  lanuiiaiic," 
I'roiii  those  liefoie  mentioned,  heiiiu  ahjci'tly  poor,  hut  partially  clothed  iu  "old  skins," 
ami  possessed  of  no  tents  to  protect  them  fiiiiii  the  weather.  *■  Tlie\-  imn."  sa\s  the 
joiirnalist,  "very  well  ami  truly  he  called  iri/i/,  liecaii-.e  llii're  is  no  poorer  people  in 
the  world;  for,  I  think,  ail  they  had  together,  hesides  tlieir  IkmIs  ami  nets,  was  mil 
worth  live  sous."  The,  ;  >  cd  their  heads,  with  thu  excejitiou  of  a  tuft  on  the  cimwh  ; 
sheltered  themsches  ai  .:  iii  Under  their  canoes,  on  tiie  hare  Lii-d  nd.  and  ,ile  their 
provisions  Inii  p:irtially  cooked.  They  were  iinaiipiainteil  with  the  u  .  of  .snif.  aiii) 
•■ate  iiolhiuii  that  had  any  taste  of  salt."  On  Cartier's  lirst  lamliiej:  ainoiiL'  them.  iIm- 
men  expit'ssed  tli"ir  joy,  as  those  at  Male  (111  ( 'haleiir  had  done,  hy  siiiiiiici-  ami  dam-iiej  ; 
hut  tliiy  liii'i  ;■ 'lit  all  their  wciineii,  except  two  or  three,  into  the  woods.  A  coinh  ;tiid 
a  till  liell,  ,L;iven  to  each  of  the  wotneii  who  had  ventured  to  remain,  excited  the  av*ricv 


'  K"-l iiMil  l!;ilil,..ri.     TIicM'  :iiv  II. ,t  till'  t.'i-iii«   u.-ol   t'l  ili>i-ii;itr  a  iiatrlut  am!  a  kiiilV,  iiriilici-   in   tliu 

Miuliiai'.  ill  till'  iilil  Al;.:'>iii|uiii,  im>i'  in  llio  \V\aiiiliil. 


im 


1 1  ^'1 


i 

i 
I 


w 


l. 


r.-t 


I'll!  ST    K  I' IJ  O  I' E  A  iN    A  C  ( •  T  A  1  X  T  A  N  (.' K 


(if  llio  uu'ii.  wlio  i|iiii'kly  hroiiulit  tla'ir  womi'ii,  to  tlic  iiuiiihcr  ol'  ;ilH)iit  twciilv.  I'nuii 
tin'  woods,  to  I'iU'li  of  wlioiii  tlio  siimo  prosi'iit  was  iiiadc.  They  carcssi'il  Ciirtu'r  liy 
tniicliiiiu-  ami  niMiiii;:  liiiii  with  tlK'ir  hands,  ami  also  siiiijxaiid  daiici'd.  Their  iicls  wiTi^ 
iiia<K'  I  r  a  kind  ol'  iiidijiomms  heniii ;  and  tiicy  also  possessed  ii  spefii's  of  ••  iniilut"'  calli'd 
'•  Kapai^:!'."  iioanscalk-d  ••Salin,"  ami  mitscalk'd  •■('alndiya."'  11' aiiythin,ir  was  cxhihitt'd 
with  which  they  Viort'  uiiai'(|naiMtc'd,  thiy  shook  their  heads,  sayinii'.  •■  Nohda. "  It  is 
ailded  that  tiny  nvwv  eonie  to  the  sea,  exeejit  in  lishinu'  time;  wliieh,  wt'  may  remark, 
was  [irolialilv  the  reason  why  lluy  had  no  Iodides,  or  mnidi  other  i)i'o|ierly  ahout  them. 
Tlie\  \\(inld  natnrally  desire  tu  disenmnnhi'r  their  canoes  as  much  as  [lossilile,  in  these 
snnunei'  t-xcnrsions,  that  they  mi,i;lit  carry  a  lar.Lie  return  freiuht  ol'  dried  lish.  The 
iauiiuau'e  spoken  hy  these  (iaspe  Indians  is  manifestly  of  the  lro(|Uois  t}  pi'.  '•  L'aheli_)ii"' 
is.  with  a  sHliIiI  dilli'rence.  the  term  liir  Irnit  in  the  Oiii'ida. 

!  )u  the  '!lth  of  July.  ( 'artier  erected  a  cross,  thirty  leel  liiLih.  lieariiiu'  the  inscription, 
'•  r/c  /'  /,'i'//  (I'  Fruiiri ."  'I'he  natives,  who  were  present  at  the  ceremony,  st'ein.  on  a 
little  retleclion.  to  ha\e  concei\-ed  thi'  true  intent  of  it.  and  their  chief  complained  of 
it  in  a  •' lonu  oialiou."  sayini:-.  in  eliei't  -that  the  country  was  his.  and  that  he  shoidd 
not  set  n|i  any  cross  without  his  lea\e."  ilavim;  ipiieted  the  old  ehiel's  H'ars,  and  used 
a  little  duplicity  to  induce  him  to  come  aloiiiiside.  ( 'artier  sei/.ed  two  of  the  natives, 
named  i)omai;j:aia  ami  TaiLinoa^iiy  ( Iroipiois),  with  the  \i>'w  (if  conv(yin,u'  them  to 
France,  ami.  on  the  followiu;^  day,  set  sail  up  tlie  ,;:idf.  After  makini:-  some  fnrthi'r 
explorations,  and  lielnu'  foiled  in  an  attempt  to  enter  the  mouth  of  a  river,  ('artier 
heiian  to  think  of  returninii'.  lleini;'  alarmed  hy  the  rapidity  of  the  tide  seltinL;'  (ait 
of  the  St.  liawreiice  riser,  ami  the  weather  lieeomin;,;'  remarkalily  tempestuous, 
he  asseml)le(l  his  euptaius  and  principal  men  in  council,  'Mo  put  the  (piestioii 
as  to  the  expe(lien(y  of  eontinuir.L;'  the  \dya.;i'.  "  Thr  result  oi  their  deliheratious  was 
as  follows:  Con^iderin.;' the  e:.;sterly  winds  lie_:an  to  pre\ ail.  '•  that  there  was  nolhiu'^ 
to  lio  pitteu  ;"  the  impetuosity  of  the  tides  was  such  "that  they  did  hut  fall,"  and 
storms  and  temp'  -t-^  lieiiinniim  to  rei^n,  it  was  eviilent  that  they  must  either  prompth' 
riii.rn  home,  ore.e  remain  where  they  wcri'  until  sprim;.  I  uder  these  circmustances 
it  was  (lccide(l  to  he  e\[iedii'ut  to  return  :  and  with  this  counsel  ('artier  complied.  Mo 
time  was  lo>t  in  rctraciu'^  their  route  almiL;  the  \ -u  fuimllaml  coast,  ami  thev  ai-ri\ed 
;it  the  port  of  ■■  While  Sand-"  on  the  I'th  of  .\uuusl.  ( )n  the  I'jth.  heiu'.:  ■'the  feast 
of  the  .\ssumption  of  our  f/idy."  after  the  ndi'^ious  ser\iees  df  the  da\-  were  concluded, 
(Jartier  set  sail  for  Franee.  ••Al)nut  the  middle  of  the  sia"  he  eneonuteiv'l  a  liea\\- 
storm  of  three  (la_\s'  enntinuance.  and  an'i\cd  at  the  poll  of  SI.  .Malo.  on  the  oth  of 
Septeinlier.  alter  an  ali-ence  ol   I'oiir  months  and  sixteen  da\s.' 

'  Ih.rKhot. 


WITH    TIIK    IMMAN    TJMIJMS. 


CHAPTKK    VI. 

■CUT  III:  I!     i;\  I' LOCATIONS    I\    THE    ST.    LAWIIHNCE    VALLEY,    T.Y 

THE    I'll  EN  CH. 


lU'StlOll 

ins  WMS 
iiiilliiii'^ 

1."  ami 
nmiiitly 
istancfs 

.1.      No 

:irii\  I'll 
l^a^t. 

iclmlcil, 
li('M\y 

•"illi   III" 


'rm:  accomit  wliich  Cartior  gavo  oi'  lii.s  discuvcrios,  and   Hk;  ])r(isp('r'tivo 

.  ■:;  lii'nclils  tlicivlVoni  iironiiscd  to  tlio  i'ntinc  t'onnnorcc  of  Franco,  vcM-ilicil  as  tlii'       l-j.'JJ 

}^  narrative  was.  bv  tlio  urosfnce  ol'  Dimiaiuaia  and  TaiLinoaunN'.  tlic  two  Iroiiuois 

">,  ■  ..  .  '  '        '    ■   .  ... 

:3i  tai)ti\cs.  iuduci'd  tlio  Vice- Admiral  Mrllt'ra\'  to  ri'conunrnd  liini  to  the  IviuLi'  lor  furtlicr 

fC  I  '  ' 

■M  ciiiployniriit.     Accoidiii.uly,  early  in  tlie  spring  of  1 '):>•'),  lie  was  ])lacc'd  in  coimnand  of 

:^  anotlu'r  sipiadron.  ('onsistiiig  of   tliroo  ships,  well    provisioned    and  manned,  for  tlio 

W.  ]iurpose  of  r-till  further  prosecuting  his  researches  in   those  latitudes.     On   the  (ith  of 

!\la_\ .  lie.  together  with  the  crews  of  Ids  vessels,  attended  ili\  ine  service  at  the  cathedral 
(if  St.  .Malo,  where  tlu\y  received   the  ecclesiastical  benediction,      lie  sailed   from   St. 
■^  Malo  on   the  T.ith  of  May,  taking  with   him  a  nund)er  of  younu'  gentlemen,  who  were 

^  ambitious  ;o  seek  their  fortunes  under  his  au-^  lices.     On  the  outward   [lassage  a  seNcre 

tiMiipest  was  eui'ountered.  during  tin-  cH)ntinuauce  of  which  tln'  vessels  parted  conijianv. 
('artier  arri\i'd  at  Xewfoundlaud  on  the  7th  of  .luly.  where,  after  waiting  until  the 
2iilh.  he  was  rejoined  In-  the  rest  of  his  sipiadron.  The  succeediuLi' day  he  carrfulK' 
continued  his  \dyage  along  tin'  coast,  taking  soundings,  with  the  \  iew  of  linding  good- 
anchor-L^round.  and  tracing  out  the  bays  and  Iiai'bor.s  of  this  dangx'rous  localitv.  Oil 
the  Mb  of  .\ugust  lie  eutt'red  the  gulf  visited  by  him  the  previous  \ear.  and  now 
named  it  the  St.  Lawrence.  After  some  prtdinunary  reconnoissanees  of  the  capes,  as  also 
of  the  main  land,  and  obtainiuu more  delinite  information  concerning  the  geographv  of 
t!ie  country,  from  Domaigaia  and  'I'aiguoagny.  who  accompanied  him.  he  ,«ailed  up  the 
ri\er.  and.  on  the  I  si  of  September,  amdiored  at  the  mouth  of  the  Saguena\'  river, 
which  locality  a|ipeared  to  lie  familiar  to  the  two  captives.  At  this  jioint  the  explorers 
met  four  canoes  containing  Indians,  who  i'\inced  their  usual  caution  and  sluness;  but. 
being  hailed  by  the  ca]iti\('  iroipiois,  they  came  freely  alongside  of  the  shijis,  anil  a 
friendly  interview  took  place. 

As  ('artier  continued  to  advance  up  the  river,  the  tides  attracted  his  notice,  as  beiu" 
very  swift  and  (hneaerous.  TortoiM's  were  Ibuud  in  this  \ieiuity.  and  tin'  the  lirst  time 
they  here  observed  the  sturgeon,  which  is  iironounced  "saxourx  and  liood  to  lie  eaten." 
After  ascending  lor  seven  ilays,   the  vessels  reached   the   island    of  Orleans,  where. 


t  \ 


M 


V 1 1:  s  T   i:  r  i!  < )  v  v.  a  n   a  ( '  *,>  r  a  i  n  t  a  x  ( '  k 


liii\iiiir  ciist  aiiclior.  lie  oiiK  rcil   tlic  liouts  to  lie  immiiiil'i].  iiiid  went  nsliorc,  tiikiiiir  witli 

liiiu  l)i)iiiiiit;iiia  and  'l'Mi;^ni).iL:nv  as  intcrprctoi's.  tludinili  wliosi'  inlliu'iu'c  tlu'  Irars  df 

tlio   Indians  wciv  apin'asi'd.  and   a   IVicndly  ll'idirii;-  ostalilislii'd.     Tin'   laltci'  (■\in('i'd 

lliuir  \ov  ]t\  dancini;'.  and   loadi'd  him  witli  })rc'si'nts.  cdniprisinii'  i^cvci'al  sorts  ui'  lisli, 

and  a  laivc  (luantity  of  tlio  zca  niai/o,  called  "iircat  inilii't."     On   the  ibllowing  day, 

the  chiel'  Donnaconna.  aeeonqianied  hy  his  entire  band,  arrived  in   twelve  eanoes,  ten 

of  wliieh  he  directed  to  stoi)  at  a  distance,  and  with  tiie  other  two  lie  pnlled   toward 

t'artier's  sliij).    Donnaconna  stood  u[)  as  he  approached,  and,  with  vioU'nt  licsticulations, 

addressed  ('artier  in  a  lonu'  speech.     The  cajjtives  related   to  Idin  what   tiie_\-  had  seen 

abroad,  and  how  kindly  they  had  been  ti't'ated.  with  which    Donnaconna  was  so  nuudi 

jtleased.  that  he  desired  CartiiM'  to  extend  his  arm  over  tlu;  side  of  the  vessel,  that  lie 

niiulit  kiss  his  hand.     He  then  laid  Carticr's  arm  Ibndlinuly  abont  his  neck,  whereupon 

the  latter  descended  into  the  chief's  canoe,  and,  havimr  ordere(l   brciid   and  wine  to 

be  l)roUL:ht.   they  ate    and    drank    together,  and   parted   nnitnally  iiraliiied   with   the 

intei'view.      Thus  happily  commenced  the  intercourse  of  the  French  witii  the  iroipiois. 

Cartiei'.  havinu:  iletermine<l   to  ascend  the   river  to  Hochelaira.  the  present  site  of 

Montreal,  anchored  his  lander  vessels  in  the  entrance  of  a  small   rivi-r.  on  the  north 

shore,  ojujosite  the  head  of  the  island  called  by  him  Santa  (,'ru/.  and,  on   the    I'.Uh  of 

September,    in    his    smallest   vessel,  accompanied    by   two    boats,  and    tifty  men.    he 

connnencotl   the   undertakini;'.     To  prevent   this   movement  tlie    Indians  had   in  vain 

em[)loyed  all  their  arts,  and  resorted  to  the  most  extra vai^ant  demoniacal  dances;   Imt 

all  this  sen'ed  no  otiier  purpose  than  to  eiicoui'a^^i'  him   in   his  desiLin.     A  voyauc  ol' 

ten  days'  continuance  bromzht  him  to  an  expansion  (il   the  river.  name(l  b\-  him  iiake 

Aniiolisme.    but  which   is    now   calltd   St.    I'eters.      Fimliui^  the   ri\-er  was   becominu' 

shallow,  he  left  his  vessel  at    anelior.  and   proceeiK'd   Hirward  witii    tiie   two   boats,  and 

twenty-ei.iiht  armed  men.      lie  was  charmed  witii  the  seenery,  the   lertilily  of  tlie  .soil. 

and  tiie  luxuriant  productions  of  the  new  country.      K\-ery  where  abo\i'  this  point  tho 

Indians  receive(l  him  with  friendshi[).  and  lirouiiht  him  presents  of  lish.  corn,  and  j;:une. 

AViien  he  anchored  lor  the  ni-ht.  the  nati\«'s   assendiled  on  shore.  I)uilt   (ires,  danci'd, 

and  uttered  shouts  of  joy ;   in  this  manner  makinj;'  his  voyaLie   resend)le  a   triumphal 

j'ourney.      He  arrived  at  llochelaiia  on    the   l!d  of  October,  where  a  multitude  of  the 

natives,  of  bcjth  sexe.-.  old  and  youn^;'.  a\\aite(l  his  arrival,  and  ex|)r<'sse(l   their  jov  iiv 

daneiuu;-.     ('artier  liaxinu'  arrayed  liinisnif  in  Lioriieous  clothim;'.  landeil  on  the  l()llowinji 

mornin'j-.  accompanied  liy  a  band  of  twenty  mariners.    Followinj^-.  tin-  llmr  or  live  miles, 

a  Widl-ljeaten  path  .in'ou^h  tlie  forest,  he  came  to  an  open  spot  where  a  brii;ht  (ire  was 

bm-ninir.      lli're  ho  was  rec;i\ed   by  a  deputation    from   the   town,  and  desired    to  rest 

liim.H'lf.      A  speech  of  wi'lrmii"  wcs  then  addressed  to  him.  after  which   the  procession 

advanced.  :\iiliout  further  iiitirru|itioii.  to  tiie  town  of  liurhelaLia.  which  was  ,-ituated 

amidst  cultisated  llelds.  and  surrounded  with   rmle   ramparts,  constructed    Ibr  deleiie(>. 

Mats  having  iieen  spread  I'ov  him.  he  was  ci'reiimniously  seated,  and  was  soon  j'oined  Ijy 


WITH    TIIK    INDIAN    TllinES. 


57 


tt."  cliiol",  Airoiihiinun,  an  old  iiiiiii  iilllictcd  with  \>;\\<y.  wlin.  sittint;'  on  n  stu.ii'  skin,  was 
ii.)ni  on  tlir  slR)iii(l('rs  of  men.  Around  iiis  HM-clirad  lie  wore  a  hand,  oi'  Ironlict.  oi" 
ivd-coloivd  hi'd,i;('liog  wUins.  lait.  in  other  rcsiircls.  iii-  was  nd  tiiv.-M'd  hctl'T  than  his 
|i('i)|)l('.  As  noitiu'i' Donialuaia  or  'J'aiunoajiiiv  would  ac<'oiii|iMny  CarliiT.  he  had  no 
inlcrjirctiT.  and.  durinji' the  inttTvicw,  conn  in  mica  t  ion  was  |irinci|)all  v  cavricd  on  hysi-ns. 
Alter  the  close  ol'  the  conlcTcnce  he  ascended  to  ihc  lop  of  llic  neiuhhoiini;-  niounlain. 
,i(ciiin|iaiiicil  iiy  natives.  Jt  aiHirded  an  e.\tensi\-e  view  of  all  the  siin'oundini;'  riveis. 
lanids.  [ilaii's.  and  monntaiiis.  Transjiortcd  l)_\-  the  scene,  he  hestcnved  on  tliis  eleva- 
tion the  name  of  .Mount  Jio>al.  llaAin;.:  askeil  tin;  Indian.s  the  name  of  the  ailjaceut 
eountrv.  they  replied,  ••  (Janada;"  havinji,  without  douht,  understood  liim  as  relerrinu 
*.(  the  town. 

Thus  liavin.ii'.  on  tlio  -'Id  of  October,  l-")-'!"),  tonninated  this  eventful  interview,  ('arlier 
hastened  to  return.  Fa\()red  hy  hotli  wind  ami  tiile.  li'j  reached  liis  vessel  in  Lake  St. 
iV'tcis  on  the  followin.u'  day,  and  the;  post  of  tlie  1I<j1_\- < 'ross  c/n  the  lltli.  At  this 
phu'c  he  endured  a  cold  winti'r.  Iron;  the  middle  of  Xovemher  to  thi'  middlu  of  March  ; 
the  ico  in  the  St.  Lawi-ence  is  said  to  have  heen  "two  fathoms  thi(d<."  and  the  snow- 
four  feet  deep.  Twenty-live  of  his  men  died  ol'  scnr\y.  lie  was  detained  in  the 
livt'r  of  the  Holy  Cross  until  the  titii  of  .May.  when  he  sailed  for  France,  carryini;' with 
him  the  ciiief  Donnaconna.  and  his  two  lijrmer  captives,  ]K)maigaia  and  'i'aiiinoannv . 
lie  readied  the  French  coast,  and  cast  anchor  in  the  harbor  of  St.  Malo,  on  tiic  Gth  of 
.inly.  l-VKi. 

Sjicakin^  of  the  Iroquois,  he  .«ays  :  "They  possess  all  projierty  in  common,  and  are 
clothed  in  .skins  during  the  winter.  The  men  perform  but  tritlini;-  labor,  and  are 
addict(Hl  to  smoking.  The  condition  of  tln'  women  in  one  of  servitude  and  drud'.:-erv. 
I'olygamy  is  tolerated  ;  the  \oimg  women  are  dissoluti'.  and  married  womiMi  condemned 
to  remain  widows  after  the  death  of  their  husbands.      IJoth  .sexes  ai'e  \erv  liardv." 


Vol..  VI.  — S 


)ine(l  by 


1' 


58 


V 1 11 S T    K  L'  II ()  r E  A  N    A  C  g  U  A 1 N  T  A N  <J  E 


CUAPTKR    Vir. 


1  i 


■■ ' 


1 

1    ;| 

J, 

■     ;i 

1:1 

j 

'>* 

'   i  IJ 


i:\l'l-:i)ITI()N    OK    l)R    SOTO    to    FLOIUDA.      AIM'A  I,A(JJII  an    <il{Ol'l' 

OF    TUll'.FS. 

Vv  to  tliis  period  all  iitteiiipts  lo  lliimil  ofjloiiics  in  Aiiicricii  liiid  jirovrd 
]").')S  coiiipictc  f'iiiliiros.  Dc  I-oon.  Viis(|iu'/.  Xmi'\ir'/..  tiiid  (':ii-tii'r,  liiid  omcIi  addi'd 
tlii'ir  quota  to  woLTaiiliicai  IxnowlcdLrc.  ami  iccurdcd  dt'tails  of  tlic  iiiaimci's 
and  cnstonis  of  tin-  Indians.  Iiut  no  oni'  of  \\\vui  liail  cstaliii-iiii'd  even  tlic  first  outlines 
of  a  colony.  Nine  years  after  tiie  disa>^troiis  tei'niination  of  the  eN|iedition  of  Narvaez. 
Ferdinand  de  Soto  detennini'd  to  eti'eet  the  eoni|ni-l  and  eoloni/.alion  of  Floi'ida.  As 
the  oi'iiiin  of  this  expedition  eannot  iu'  well  understood,  without  reli'renee  to  cNcnts 
wiiieh  oeenrred  on  the  north-west. 'I'li  eonfnies  ol'  .Me\leo.  it  liecmnes  necessary  to  enter 
into  some  details  rospectinu'  them. 

In  1  •").■)().  an  Indian.  naine(l  Te/.on.  a  natis'e  of  New  (lallicia.  told  the  iiovernor  of 
that  pros'inee  a  wonderliil  tale,  idioiit  the  existence  of  se\-en  cities  in  the  terra  inco!2iiita, 
north  antl  east  of  the  ri\('r  (iila.  each  n|'  which  cities  were  as  iarue  as  Mexico,  lie 
stated  that  the  country  so  ahounded  in  the  [ii'ecious  nietals.  tliat  entire  streets  in  these 
cities  were  occupied  li\'  '^oldsniiths.  in  coidinnation  of  what  he  asserteil.  he  said  that 
his  lather,  then  dead,  hail  liccn  a  trader  in  ornamental  li'athers.  and.  in  retiu'ii  lor  his 
jroods.  had  hmuiiht  li'oni  that  quarter  lar^ie  qiiantitii's  of  liold  and  siKcr.  'I'his  was 
the  iTcrin  of  tiu'  ion;.:  pre\ailinL;'  niytli  of  the  seven  liolden  cities  of  Ciliola. 

It  so  happeucMl  that,  while  tiiis  Mory  was  yet  credited,  ('aha  de  \'aca.  with  three 
companions,  <ine  of  \vliom  wa.s  ,an  African.  arri\c(|  :ii  Coinpostella.  the  capital  of  New 
(laliicia.  a.fter  luiviiiLi-  heen  nine  years  ti-a\e!'<in-'  the  continent.  De  \'aca  had  liceii  the 
treasurer  of  Narvae/.  and  \va<  the  mdy  ollicer  of  his  ai'i]i_\-  who  had  escapi.'d  the  lin-\- 
of  the  w;ives.  and  the  xcniicani'e  of  tin'  Indians,  on  the  Florida  coast.  The  \erv  fact 
of  Ills  safe  ]iassa'je  (jver  \asl  territories.  ociMipieil  hy  hostile  trihes,  was  of  it'^elf  a  wonder; 
hul  yet.  not  more  so  than  the  extraordinary  tales  he  related,  of  the  state  of  M'uii- 
civilization  in  v.hi"h  la'  had  found  ■-ome  e|'  tlic  trihes  whom  he  had  eiicomitered.  ami 
of  the  a''fs  anil  wealth  they  )n>s~e,-<ed.  These  dis<'|o>nres  ivkindled  the  latent  cupidity  in 
the  imaLdnations  of  the  Spanish  aihcntiu'ers.  wiio  were  seeking;'  their  fortmie  in  Mexico. 
All  classes  believed  in  the  new  land  o|'  L'olden  promise,  and  fresh  vitality  was  iin|)arte(l 
to  till.'  stories  (.f  Te/on.      I)e  \'ai'a  was  ■^ummoni'd   to  tin'  vice-reual   coint   of  .Mexico. 


WITH    TJIE    INIHAN    TltlBES. 


69 


m 


wliorc  his  iji-csonco  created  a  uiviit  excitciiiciit.  Tlie  Viceroy,  .Meiiiloy.;!,  (iiiestioiuMl 
liiiii  iv«i)ectiu"'  the  strange  incidents  of  liis  escajie,  and  as  to  tlie  state  of  arts  and 
civilization  anion,"'  tiie  Indians.  De  \'aca  reiiresenled  tlie  trilies  on  tiie  KioCJrande  and 
(iila  as  wearin"'  woven  stufls,  living'  in  larg(!  houses,  budt  oC  stone,  iind  j)ossessing  rich 
mines.  From  Mexico  his  lame  jireci'deil  him  to  the  court  ol'  (Jharles  V .,  where  he 
arrived  in  i-J.'i7,  and  where  he  was  lionized  on  account  oChis  ad\entures,  sullerings,  and 
tla'  tales  of  "olden  wealth  to  be  l()nnd  in  America.  Nothing  was  too  extravagant  lor  the 
credulits'  of  his  audiences.  .Sulleriugs  anil  jieiils  he  had  indeed  encountei'ed ;  but, 
instead  of  [ilainly  telling  the  Spaniards  that  Florida  was  a  country  containing  no  gold 
mines,  destitute  of  cities,  possessing  Jio  agriculture,  roads,  bridges,  or  any  traces,  eiliier 
(if  hi;:'i  ai't.  or  semi-civilization,  nnil  that  it  was  solel\  inhabited  iiy  savages,  who  cherislietl 
dflcrmined  liostiliiy  to  the  Spanish  race,  he  conl'ormed  to  the  preconceived  notions  of 
tlu'  court,  tiie  noliility.  luiil  the  people,  anil  represented,  if  he  did  not  himself  belie\e, 
that  it  w;is  imotlu'r  Mexico  —  iniotlier  Peru,  'i'hc  piililic  mind  was  engrossed  with  the 
idea.  I'ronnucnt  among  the  believi'rs  of  this  tale  was  Ferilinand  de  )to,  who  had 
het>n  the  most  \alualile  assistant  of  I'izarro,  in  I'eni.  and  had  shared  liirgely  in  the 
jihmder  of  the  Inca.  Atahual[)a. 

De  Soto  determined  to  organize  a  new  expeilition  for  tlii'  coucpiest  of  Florida ;  one 
wliicli  ■-liniilil.  luid  which  in  ri'ality  (//»/,  exceed  in  means  and  s[)lendor  nnything  of  the 
kiutl  which,  at  that  period,  had  ever  visited  the  New  World,  (ientlemen.  and  nolilemen 
of  ]-iudv  and  means,  vied  with  each  otliei'  for  the  honor  of  participating  in  the  scheme. 
The  liuest  horses  of  Andalusia  and  Fstremadura,  the  most  chivalric  and  enthusiastic 
cavaliers,  and  the  bravest  liiotmen,  ail  armed  and  e(piip])ed  in  tiie  most  ample  niinnier, 
as  well  as  in  the  most  glittering  style,  and  well  providi'd  with  drums,  trunijiets.  iind 
banners,  Ibrmerl  the  materiel  of  the  army  of  De  Soto,  He  received  from  the  Uing  the 
commission  of  Adalantado,  together  with  the  most  amplu  powers  for  the  estaldishment 
of  a  govei'nment. 

During  his  triinsit  to  ('uIki,  where  he  spent  a  year,  and  augmented  his  Ibree.-;,  nothin:^- 
occurred  to  (lumpen  the  ardor  of  his  followers.  Meantime,  four  natives,  who  were 
ciipliu'ed  on  the  Floridian  coasi.  were  taught  Spanish,  that  they  might  .■^erve  as  in!iT- 
preters.  All  his  iireparations  having  been  completed,  he  embiirked  with  his  entire 
force,  and  arrived  in  the  Iiay  of  Fspirito  Santo,  now  Tampa,  about  the  middle  of  .Mav. 
l"i.")'.i.  having  been  twelve  or  thirteen  days  on  the  passage.  He  remained  at  aiulinr 
six  diiys.  while  making  leconnoissances.  It  was  evident  that  the  Indians  desi-ned 
meeting  him  in  a  hostile  manner,  for.  though  they  had  abandoned  the  coast,  tlie\-  ha.d 
kindled  lires  to  alarm  tlie  neighboring  tribes. 

Oil  leaving  the  Spani>h  coast  his  ibrce  niimliered  '.XKI  men.  aeconqiauied  bv  twelve 
priests,  and  eight  iuU'rior  clergy.  .\t  ('ul);i.  numbers  of  adventurers  joined  him,  who 
possessed  many  ol'  the  finest   iilood  Imrses.     At    liiis  time,  ids  entire  annv  niu-^t   have 

evceeded    jdllH  lileli.  a   laiue  boily  ef  whom   Wel'e  IlKilliili  1 1.       On   tile    ."i!s|    cf   Mai.  :1(M1 


f  1 


w 


1'" 


60 


IKS 'I'   i;r  i;«)i'K  A  N   acih' aintanck 


iiu'ii  were  laiidcil  to  take  |>o^^r.>>i()ii  ol'  ilic  mdiiiid,  iiiid  si'i'vc  :is  ii  cover  liir  tlic  fioiu'ral 
di'liiirkatioii.  No  I'licmv  ii|i|i 'aiiiii:',  tlicy  lii\oiiiu'ki'il  iiiiiuolcstcd  ;  luil.  Jiisi  hclbi'i' 
(lii\'l)i'c';dv  on  tin;  Isl  ol'.limi'.  llirv  \vt'ro  iiiDiiscd  liy  tlii'  lionid  yells  of  llic  liidiiiiis, 
wlio  suddeidy  attiu'lvcil  il;eiii  with  lUTows  and  cliilis.  Many  of  tlie  Spaniards  were 
woinided.  notwitlistandini;'  llieir  bodies  wi'ic  prolet'ted  \)\  afinor.  I'anii'-stniek.  tiiey 
lied  to  the  shore  in  eont'usion,  wlR'i't;  they  were  reiid'orced  t'loni  the  ships,  hut  In'  that 
time  ill'.'  Indians  iiad  gained  the  siielti'r  of  the  iorest.  In  tliis  eiigageii  nt  the  Spainards 
l(i>t  only  a  sin:;le  horse,  which  was  pierceil  hy  an  arrow,  whieli,  alter  passinu;  tliroiiidi 
the  saddle  and  liousin-s,  hiu'ied  one-third  of  its  shall  in  the  luidy  ol'  the  animal.  'I'lie 
nyIioIi'  army  then  tleharked.' 

The  antipathy  ol'tho  Indians  to  the  Sjianiards,  and  their  apparent  dt'ternnnation  to 
eoiile>i.  with  all  their  natural  li'roeily,  the  invasion  ol'  their  territory,  eoidd  he  judiKMl 
ol' hy  this  attack.  Fired  witii  the  spiri'  ■>!' ad\entnri'.  Hushed  with  the  hope  (d' lindiini' 
mines  of  the  [irecious  metals,  and  ha\im;  a.  larnc  body  of  the  most  spii'iled  cavaliers 
of  Spain  and  i'urtuual  to  lead  his  scpiadrons,  l)e  .'^oto  pushed  forward  with  i'.\traordi- 
nai'y  eneriiy.  The  initi\es  could  not  mistake  his  (jliject  :  he  came  to  con([ner  and  I'uk', 
not  with  the  peaceable  desiLiii  of  seekini;'  to  obtain  wealth  I'roni  the  oartli  by  the  aid 
ol'  the  [ilouiih.  They  lied  brfore  him.  awed  by  the  presence  of  such  a  larue  force,  and 
l)y  the  e\il  jirestiue  of  the  Spanish  name:  which  nation  had,  from  the  iUt\ent  of  De 
liiM)n.  sent  military  expedition-*  into  the  I'ounlry,  with  no  other  objects  than  coni|uest 
and   plunder. 

Soon  after  entering'  l''loriiia.  l>e  Soto  lu'ard  that  a  white  man  was  detained  in 
ca]ili\it_\'  at  one  of  the  Indian  xilhiLies.  I'y  negotiation  with  tlie  chief,  tins  man 
was  surrendered,  and  pro\-ed  lo  be  dolni  <  )rle/,.  one  of  tlu,'  adhcreiit.s  (jf  Xar\ae/.,  who 
had  taken  shelter  in  an  Indian  lodiie.  married,  and  learned  the  language.  Owing  to 
the  sinniaril_\-  in  the  dialects  of  the  .\ppalachian  gro\i|).  Orte/,  succeeded  in  holding 
eomnnuncation  Nsith  tiie  Indians  until  the  arm\  reached  the  eastern  shores  of  the 
Mississippi  I'iver ;  .all  hough,  on  some  o('ca>ion<.  it  had  been  found  necessary  to  make 
use  of  sexcral  dialects,  or  lan-iia'ics.  in  rdei'  to  connuunicate  (as  it  were,  through  a 
succession  of  links),  with  partieular  tribes. 

De  Soto  was  a  m:iM  oi'  i'iier'.;y  and  decision  of  character,  capable  of  directing  a  givat 
enterpri-e.  lie  had  enacted  no  insignificant  jiart  in  the  o\-erthrow  of  the  Indian 
empire  of  the  Sdulli.  au'l  in  Florida  he  had  t'xpected  to  encounti'r  a  race  of  Indians 
eipially  mditled  lin'  maki  .g  a  bold  and  deternnned  resistance.  J!nt,  instead  of  the 
mild  Peruvians,  he  had  to  de.'il  with  an  implaeabh'  race,  whose  [u)li<'y  was  a  subtle  one. 
They  lied  bri'ire  him.  and  ajain  rallied  their  forces  in  his  rear,  occupying  the  country 
Ihrouah  wii;cii  he  had  pa^-ed.  They  cuntinuall  v  harassed  his  llanks.  and  waged  a 
guerilla  warfare,  p.'cnliar  to  tliemselves.      In   their  negotiations  with   him.   the   most 


'  \'ol    III     I'lui"  .\X.W  .  1'  ;i!t 


WITH    Till':    INDIAN    TllIBKS. 


01 


I  uivat 
Iniliiui 
nili;iiis 
of  tin- 
K'  (inc. 

('nlllltl'V 
lM,;^('il  il 
ic     lllD.'-t 


::| 


ijiolouiid  concciiliiiciit  1111(1  (lis^illullilti()ll  wiis  iinicti.-cd.  Tlii'y  iiniiiMd  liiiii  with  llilsi- 
iiiioil.-  (if  miiH's.  wliicli  lu'pt  iiiiii  iiiiircliiii^'  and  coiuili'niiarcliiiiu-  omt  iiiiinciiM' 
distrii'ts.  ill  |)iirsuit  ol'  tiiis  guldi'ii  iunis  i'atmis.  lii-  pcnetrati'd  donso  iliiv.-its,  cid.-M d 
ri\cis.  truMT.-t'd  vmIIovs.  skirtoil  swatiips,  and  iiiarclicd  cni'i'  ojkmi  and  div  |iliiiii-^, 
liairlicd  witli  tinrst  and  tonnnitcd  with  hniiiiiT.  nntil  lu;  had  cxplnri'd  tin'  wlnili^ 
hrciidih  nl'  iKirtiicrn  ( icDi'uia,  and  rcaclii'd  ('()i'atch(M|ni,  now  SiKcr  liiiills,  in  Sdutii 
Carnlina;  hut,  not  (iiiihnu' any  l'oIiI  mines  llicri'.  lie  dL'tt'rniiiiL'il  to  seek  thrni  clsew  heir. 
Dixcriiini;' west  and  northwest  Ibf  the  A|ij)alaeliian  inountains,  he  entered  a  part  ol'llie 
Cheiiilvee  CDitnliy,  wlieiice  lie  dc'seoiided  ill  a  sonthorly  direction,  to  tlie  waters  ol'  llie 
l''liiil.  Coosa,  and  Alahania.  liillowing  the  latter  to  its  jnnetioii  with  the  Tonil'i'.;hee. 
ill  this  niaicii  he  carried  witii  liim  an  inlhiential  cliief,  caUed  Tnscahxisa.  or  lihiek 
Warrior,  wlio  eventually  induced  him  to  encamp,  with  all  his  liauuaiie.  in  a  roiinidahh! 
tiiidier  I'ort,  called  .Maiu  ilia  ;  l)ut,  hcTore  the  remainder  ol'  his  army  arri\('d  at  this  place, 
the  Indians  attacked  him  with  desperate!  lury,  and  drove  his  garrison  out  of  the  lortilica- 
tioii.  Iliev  then  closed  the  L'ates,  lowered  themselves  down  Irom  tlu'  walls,  ami 
attacked  him.  The  contest  was  maintained  I'or  three  honrs  with  great  ohstinacy  on 
hoili  sides;  hnt  at  length  Do  Soto,  having  heen  reinlbrcod  hy  a  body  of  ca\alry  wliicji 
had  heen  lel't  at  his  last  ciicampmeiit.  ordered  the  gates  to  1)0  liown  down  with  hattle- 
axcs,  and  entered  the  i'ort.  The  light  was  hero  renewed,  on  the  pait  of  the  natives, 
with  a  conraiic  and  des))eiatioii  sncli  as  Spaniards  had  never  Lel'ore  witnessed  in 
Aiiiirica.  To  [ireveiit  the  Indians  Irom  retaining  possession  of  certain  hnildings 
within  the  area  of  the  lla't,  of  whi<'h  they  had  obtained  control,  some  Spanish  soMiers 
rir<'il  tiieni.  The  result  of  this  act  was  most  disastrous;  the  entire  fortilication  was 
soon  in  llames.  and  with  it  were  consumed  the  Spanish  baggage,  commissariat, 
medicines.  cam[)  stores,  and  supplies  of  every  kind.  \n  this  battle  and  siege  the 
Spaniards  acknowledge  a  loss  of  eight_\-two  men,  among  whom  were  several  distinguished 
ollicers.  They  had  also  Ibrty-two  Inn'ses  killed.  Hut  the  casualties  among  the  Indian 
warriors  pres<'iit  a  vast  disparity,  being  stated  at  2')(MI  bv  the  historian.' 

Toilsome  marches,  insnilicient  food,  and  iiard  (ighting,  having  l)y  this  time  cooled 
the  ardor  of  some  of  the  ollicers,  they  had  arrived  at  the  .sago  conclusion  that  the 
auril'erous  prize,  which  had  lured  them  from  their  homes  was  not  easily  attainable. 
The  results  of  the  last  battle  were  so  dispiriting,  that  Do  Soto  accidentally  overheard 
coiivi  rsalioiis  which  he  dc^emed  treasonable.  Some  of  his  cavaliers  expre-^seil  a  strong' 
desire  Ibr  a  rc-union  with  the  lleet,  which  was  supposed  to  be  at  that  time  in  what  is  now 
called  .Mobile  I5ay.  Nothing,  however,  could  dampen  his  ardor  or  spirits.  Stinii;  li\  the 
remarks,  of  which  he  had  been  an  auditor,  he  determined  to  proceed  northward  in  his 
career  of  exploration.     The  blow  struck  by  the  Appalachian  tribes  at  Mauvilla,  could 

'  VM.  in  ,  p.  II. 


li' 


If 


&2 


V  1  It  S  '1'    i:  I    l{  <  I  !•  K  A  N     AC  (,»  I'  A  1  N  'I'  A  N  ( '  K 


iidt  I'nil  to  1h>  vt'r\-  scvi'iclv  I'c  I  ;  luit,  liiid  it  not  lii'cii  liir  tlic  disclnMiri'  ol' (lissiitisliK'tioii 

nil   the  part   nl'  Iii.s  i'lillowcis,   it    is  iliiiilitlul   wlicllicf  lie   would    liiuc  (K'tfrmiiicil    to 

|iriii'i'('d   towjircN   tlic  iiortli   iiiid   west.      Iiisti'iid,  tlicri'rorc,  of  dcscoiKliiii;    tlic    Moliilc 

ri\('r  lo  till'    I5ii\.  nici'tiiiu'  liis   vcssids,  and  ostiiljlislniij;'  lu.s  colonv   tlicic,  as  lie   liad 

iiiti'iidi'd.   lie   diii'ctcd    lii^   luarcli    toward   llii'  north.      He   ci-osscd    the    rivers    lilack 

\V:u'rior.  'riiinliii;lii'i',  and    Ya/oo,  tlioULdi   nut   witlioiit  sti'oni;'  op|iositioii,  and  dircctrd 

his  t'oursc  in  a  northwesterly  dii-eetion  lo  the  town  oi'the  Chii'a/.M.  whieh  was  lonnd  lo 

lia\('  lieen  deserted  on  liis  a[i|)ioaeli.      It  heinu  at    this  time  late  in  IK'eeniher.  and  the 

\\catliei' assnniin;:  a  wintr\  as|)eel,  iie  deieiiiniied    to  encani|)  his  army  and    (lass   the 

winter   at    this    jilaee.      DuiMiiu'    two   niontiis   tiie    army  enjoyed    i'om|iarati\c   re|iose. 

makini;'  no  movement.  e\e''|it  wiien  necessity  reipiired   them   to   I'orauv   I'or  ]iro\isions. 

or  t'l  ie|inise  the  iiuerilla  attaeks.  to  whieh    they  \\('i'e  sidijeeted    nii;hl    and   i\ny.      .\t 

lent:lh   the    ('hicka>aws    i'e>ol\cd   to  hurn    tiie    encampment:    the    lini!din,i;s    having 

li'en   eonsti'ni'ted   of  poles,   canes,   leeds.   :ind  other  inilannnahle  materials,      .V  dark 

ami   windy   niLiht     lia\ini;'    hcen    ciiosen.    the    cam])   was    lii'cd   in   several    places,   the 

saxani's  at  the  same  time  ntterimr  iiii'ious  yells,  and  niakinii'  a  desperate  attack.      'I"he 

hijjih   winds   fanned   tiie    llames    into    irre>i-tiMi'    fnry,  and   for  a   time   the   confnsion 

r^'ndercd    it    im|iossil)|e    to    resist    tin    iuiii"t',iosity  of  the   assailants.      Discipjiiu-  and 

conrauo,  however,  ri'iiained  the  ascendency,  and    the  enemy  was   repulsed.      Ihit   the 

camp  was  totally  destro\ed.  toiiether  \\ilh    all    the   arms,  saddU's,  accontremeiils,  and 

]irovisions  heloniiinii  to  the  army.      All  that  In"'  heen   spared   hy  the  con  (labial  ion   at 

.Maiisilla.  was  here   annihilated.     The  droves  of  Iiolis  which   had   formed   their  main 

resomce  for  provisions,  \vere  hnrned  in   their  pens.      'I'lie  feni[)er  of  their  .swords   had 

heen  impaired  hy  the  action  of  the  (ire,  and  almost  every  valnaltle  article  ol'  e(pn[iai;i! 

was  consnmed.     Forty  Spaniards  had    fallen,  and   (Ifty  horses  hail   been   slain.'     'I'he 

cllects  of  this  conlla'.;'ration  were  even   more  disM>trons   than    that    at   Maiivilla.      l>nt 

nolhinii-  conld  diminish  the  zi'id.  or  divert  the  pnrpose,  of  l)e   Soto,  who  nniv  trnl\'  he 

styled,   a    hero    in    disaster    as  well  as   i,)    \ictory.      lie   I'orined   a  new  camp,   on   an 

(diirihle  spot,  distant  li)nr  leaj:nes  from  hi-  former  one,  nandnir  it  Chickasilla.- 

'I'ho  1st  of  April  had  arrived  hefore  he  could  lepair  his  losses,  and  place  his  arin\'  in 
condition  to  continue  his  march  :  It  w  ;is  only,  however,  to  encounter  rt'iiewed  opposil  ion. 
.\  hostile  >piril  was  aroused  in  evi'ry  directinii.  whicii  expended  its  fur\'  in  liuerilhi 
attack-',  no  liody  of  th"  enemy  heiu'j  wiliini:  tu  encounU'r  l)e  Soto  in  the  (ii-ld.  jji; 
soon  came  to  a  slroniily  stockaded  and  well  delended  fort,  called  Alahama,  eieeled  .m 
the  haid'Ls  of  a  stream.  This  he  carried  hy  a  desperate  a.ssaull,  in  which  he  lo>t  fifteen 
men.  lie  llieii  inoved  on,  tin'oii'ih  tan;;ied  paths,  to  a  \illa,L:e  called  Chisca,  whicii  was 
iiinnediatelv   stormed.      It    !iad    heen   deserted   li\-   the   warriors,   hut    all    the   women. 


^il 


Vol.  I  If,  p.  |- 


Jl.i.l,  p.  17. 


WITH    THE    rNDlAN    TRIBES. 


fi!J 


iiriiiy  III 

posit  ion. 

Liiicrilhi 

,1.      II.' 

I'Clfll     oil 

-t  liClci'ii 
licli  was 

WOlllfll, 


cliildrcii  mill  uhl  iiii'M  wi'iH!  ciiptiiri'il,  mill  rctaiiicd  as  liostii.i^vs  I'm-  tlio  irooil  l){>liM\ior 
III'  iIh'  Cliickasinvs.  Di'  ■'^"to  tlu'ii  CDiitimicil  iiis  (•uuisc  to  llic  imrlli,  l»y  I'lisy  inarclic-, 
ihiriiii;  lour  (lays,  wlicn,  to  tin' joy  of  llie  oiitiiv  ai'iiiy,  tlioy  iloployi'd  on  an  idcvatiMJ 
iilain  of  cloarwl  j-romul.  liaviiij;  hliill"  banks,  wiiii'li  were  waslioil  hy  tlio  nisliiiiL; 
watfvs  of  a  "iviit  rivor,  wliicli  De  Suto  naiiu-d  Hio  (Iiaiiik'.  It  was  tlio  Mississi|i|ii 
river.      IIu  had    probalily  readied    the    lower  Cliiekasaw    IMiiU's,   in  north    latitiidr. 

iihoiit  •'!-". 

On  this  elevated  and  eiij^ilik!  spot,  Do  Soto  rested  foi  Jwcnty  days,  while  enifajriMl  in 
inakiiij,' prcpaialioiis  to  cross  that  inaj;nillcent  stream,  and  [Jiirsne  his  explorations  |o 
tlie  west  of  it.  in  the  direction  of  the  I'l'eilic  Ocean.  i>y  a  niost  eceeiitrie  line  of 
march,'  he  had  traversed  the  area  of  the  present  States  ol'  Florida.  Georgia,  a 
i)art  of  South  Carolina,  Alahani.i.  Mississippi,  rionisimia.  and  Tennessee,  and  at 
every  point  had  enconntered,  either  an  open  or  secret  enniity  from  the  Indians, 
csneciallv  tlie  Mnscogee.s,  Choctaw.s,  and  Chickasaws.  wiio  had  llmirht  with  nnexanipk d 
ferocity.  They  wore  a  poor,  hut  iii'avo  and  warlike  [leople.  detrniiined  to  protect  their 
countrv  and  their  natural  liberties.  Triijes  which  had  formerly  been  at  vari;inee. 
united  to  repel  this  formidable  invasion.  They  were,  ethii  'ouically  speakinu'.  branches 
of  one  uM'eat  stock.  During'  the  previous  twenty-live  years  they  had  ac(piired  bitter 
experience  of  Spanish  invasion.^and  hence  hated  the  race  with  such  intensity,  that 
thev  determined  to  die  rather  than  surrender  the  country.  That  the  Spanish  character 
hail  been  well  weighed  i)y  them,  and  that  their  di.slike  was  deep-rooted,  as  well  as 
I'-eiieral.  iiiav  be  -atlii'ieil  from  the  foHowinir  quotation  from  Garcellaso  de  la  Ve^a. 

"Other.s  of  \onr  accursed  race,"  said  Acuera,  a  MuseoLiee  chief,  to  De  Solo's 
me.ssenji'ors,  '-have,  in  years  past,  poisoned  our  peaceful  shores.  Tiiey  have  tau'/ht  me 
what  you  are.  What  is  your  employment?  To  wander  about  like  va.ua bonds.  Irom 
land  to  land,  to  rob  the  poor,  to  lietray  the  confiding,  to  murder  the  defcncele.ss  in  cold 
blood.  No.  ■with  such  a  jie  tiile.  1  want  no  peace  —  no  friendship.  War,  never-ending 
war,  exterminating  war,  is  all  the  lioon  I  ask."  - 

Two  yimnger  brothers  ol'  the  Micco  of  Vitachucco,  a  Muscogee  eliief,  liaving  been 
captured,  .sent  messages  to  him,  speaking  favorably  of  the  Spaniards,  and  imploring 
submission.  ■■  It  is  evident  enough."  lie  replied,  ••  that  you  are  young,  and  have  neither 
juiigment  nor  experience,  or  y>m  would  never  have  spoken  as  you  have  done,  of  these 
hated  white  men.  You  extol  them  greatly  as  virtuous  men,  wiio  injure  no  one.  You 
sav  that  they  are  valiant,  tliat  they  are  children  of  the  sun,  and  merit  all  our  reverence. 
T"  '  vile  cliaiiis  wiiicli  they  have  hung  upon  yoii.  and  the  mean  and  dastardly  spirit 
which  you  have  aciinired  during  the  slu)rt  [leriod  you  have  been  their  .slaves,  have 
caused  you  to  speak  like  women,  lauding  what  you  should  censure  and  abhor. 


VmI.  Ill  ,  I'lati' XIJV. 


•  V..1.  III.,  p.  ?s. 


Ilt< 


04 


KM!  ST    i:i    Kol'i;  A  N     A  C  <.»  I' A  I  N  T  A  N  (' K 


!  i 


!ifi 


'•  ^'l)ll  rcmi'iiiliri'  iliMt  ilu'sc  ^Hmmuci's  I'liii  In-  no  licttcr  llniii  tliosc  who  liiniici'ly 
comiiiiltcil  .-o  iiKiiiv  iTiirli ics  ill  iiiir  coiiiitrv.  Air  llicv  iml,  of  ilic  smimc  iiiiliuii,  iimt 
^^llli^'l■t  to  llii'  >aiiii'  laws'.'  |)o  iiol  tlicir  niiiiiiici's  nl'  lili'  |iro\c  lliciii  to  lie  cliildrcii  of 
the  i'WW  S|)iiil,  iiiiil  not  of  tin-  sun  aii<l  moon — oiir  ;;i)ilsV  (io  tlu-v  iml  iVoni  land  to 
laiiil.  jilnnili'riiii:  and  dcslidv  iiijjV  taking'  (lie  \vi\i's  and  daiiuiitcrs  of  otiicis.  iiislcad 
of  liriiiLMiiij  tlii'ir  own  with  lliiiii  —  and,  liki'  nicri'  va^alxmils.  niaintaiiiiii^'  llienisflvcs 
In   till'  lalior  nl'  others'.'"  ' 

All  tin'  Indians  tnroiinli'rcil  in  Florida.  iVoiii  'rainpii  Hay  to  tho  Mississipiii  river, 
were  charaeteii/ed  liy  a  \ei'y  deeideil  s|iii'it  of  iiide|ieiidenee.  an<l  llie  most  dec])  iiostilitv 
to  all  liu'eijijii  agi^l'e.ssioii." 


Ktllll..lM;;ir;ll    |!,.rilV(llrs    Vnl.    111.,   ,,,   :H». 


'   I'Mnridll    llnliMM^  111'    III.'    Kr:i   nC    I  I,.   Sntu. 


^^^ 


,M| 


II 


\fU  I 


r 


i      31 


n 
if 


lt  f  ¥ 


■ill 

1  ,    ,' 

jp 

1     :  '  ^ 

• 

,^  ' 

WITH    THE    INDIAN    TRIBES. 


Go 


CIIAPTKK   Vlll 


i 


1)E  SOTO  CROSSES  THE  MISSISSIPPI  RIVER,  AND  TRAVERSES 
THE  PRESENT  AREA  OF  MISSOURI  AND  ARKANSAS.  FAMILY 
OF    DAKOTAHS,    OR    PRAIRIE    TRIBES. 

De  Soto,  havin.ii'  ivcriiited  liis  jiniiy  on  tliu  liigh  iiiul  beuutit'iil  elovatioii 
of  the  Chickasaw  Uhifls.  aiul  rcstort'd  it.s  failing  stroiigUi,  cvorv  means  which  154(1 
iui  able  coniniander  could  ado|)t,  were  resorted  to  Ibr  repairing  his  losses. 
Forges  were  erected,  where  the  .swords  and  sjjcar.s  of  lil.s  soldiers  were  re-tenipercd. 
Hiickskiu  was  iugcniuusly  eniploycl  in  repairing  the  burnt  .'^ad<lles  and  accoutrements. 
The  horses  regained  their  strength  when  pastured  on  the  rich  jirairie  gras.s,  and  all  the 
arms  were  re-l)urnished.  Once  more  the  i<([uadrons  of  De  Soto  were  able  to  assume  a 
martial  bearing.  Plumes  nmlded,  and  glittering  steel  again  Hashed  before  the  eyes  of 
the  wondering  natives.  The  gallant  men,  and  line  licrses,  lost  at  Mauvilla.  at  Fort 
Alabama,  on  the  Yazoo,  and  at  Ciiickaza,  were  at  the  moment  forgotten,  and  the  old 
clii*alric  eharacter  of  the  Spaniard  shone  forth  with  renewed  lustre,  as  he  niarclied 
down  to  tiie  margin  of  the  Mississippi,  and  prepared  to  pass  that  boundary,  which  ho 
was  destined  never  again  to  recross,  but,  like  another  Alarie,  to  make  its  bed  liis 
mausoleum.  The  month  of  May  had  but  just  manifested  its  arrival  by  its  mild  airs, 
and  the  expanding  vegetation,  combined  with  tlie  increased  How  of  the  waters,  which 
served  to  give  life  and  animation  to  the  scene. 

Boats  liad  been  constructed  to  convey  the  whole  army  over  in  divisions,  at  the  old 
Intlian  crossing  above  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Frances.  The  Indians  presented  thom.selves 
on  the  opposite  banks  in  a  hostile  attitude.  The  horse  and  infantry  were  embarked 
in  as  proud  array,  and  as  compact  nias.ses  as  possible.  To  jn'otect  the  debarkation  of 
the  troops,  a  body  of  picked  men,  with  their  horses,  had  been  ferried  over  before  day- 
break, and  elTected  a  landing  without  meiting  with  any  opposition.  The  river  was 
estimated  to  be  half  a  league  in  width.  l)ut  pronounced  swift  and  deep.  Two  hours  before' 
sunset  the  whole  army  had  crossed ;  the  Indians  not  having  made  any  combined  elliirt 
to  oppose  it,  not  a  man  was  lost.  De  Soto  immediately  made  arrangements  to  pi.t  his 
columns  in  motion  for  the  high  grounds.  iJut  his  position  was  one  of  enibarras\.nent. 
lb'  had  rid  hiiiis'lf  of  tlK>  (Miiekasaws,  and  their  atliliated  tril)es,  on  the  east  banks  of 
tlie  i'i\('r.  l)ut  was  sui'rounded  by  others,  characteri/ed   by  moi\>   savage   manners  ai\d 


i  i 


m 


■'^m 


n 


m 


■ 


tiij 


F  I  l{  .<<  T    E  U  II 0  P  E  A  N    A  C  Q  U  A  1  N  T  A  N  (J  !•: 


'"ustoin.«,  and  actuated  bv  a  .still  IIltclt  s[iirit  ul'  ciiiiiity.  Tiii'lr  laiijiiiaL^e,  alst),  Ijcin^ 
I'litiii'h'  (lill'eront.  Juliii  Ortc/  couM  no  luiiucr  iiiaUc  IiiiiiscU' mulLT.slooil.  ami  the  ti'dioii.-^ 
(■IriMiinldculiiiii  ill  the  translation,  sonu'tiint's  made  I'nur  <lilK'ivnt  irndition.s  inii)i'falivi'. 


Tli.'si-  t 


I'Hn'S  were  o 


!'  till'  Is-ati.  or  Dakoiah.  lincai^i' 


Dense  lia-ests.  r<'arin!;  tin 


ir  tt)Werini;'  t;ro\vtli  on  s\vaiii|i\ 


lands.  sinToiinded  him  ;   l)nt 


il    lie    inarelied.    Hillowini:'   llie    iiu'lan   l'oot[)alli.      Alter  a    journey   ot'  fuc   day; 


lenutli.  lie  rea( 


lied    the    talile    lands   ol    Missouri,  and   eiieain 


leil    near  a  \  illa'je  i 


.r  til, 


('as(|ni  I  Kiiskask 


II.  oil 


the  St.  I'' 


into  a  treaty  with   linn. 
Solo.  ,as  the\-  were  a  wea 


Hut   it  was 


'I'he  <  'asijiii  reeei\ed  iiilii  j' 
I 


nfiill 


\.  and  entered 


a    ieaiiue  wiiieli   Inul    iieariN   iiro\ei 


d    liilal    to    De 


k  tri! 


n'.  ami  at  \v;ir  with 


the  Kiapaha  |(,hiaii|ias).      The   kit 


el' 


had   their    stroiiL;-liold   on    the    ri'jii 


t    hanks   of   the  .Missi 


ipjii.  a[)[iarently  Jioar  tin; 


pri'seiit  site  ol'  New  Madrid.  The  ('asijui  ol!ire(|  to  aeeoiiipaiiy  iheiii  in  I'lill  Toree, 
o-leiisihly  l(.)r  the  |iiir[iose  of  canyinu'  the  baggau'e  of  the  army,  hut  they  had  no  sooner 
arri\('d  in  the  \ieiiiity  of  the  '^lappa  villauvs,  llian  they  slily  advaneed  and  furiously 
altaeked  them,  'i'lie  latter,  who  were  tt'm[)orarily  ahseiit  from  the  |)riiic'i])al  village, 
soon  rallied,  and  [iroved  themseKes  to  he  most  hrave  and  determined  i'neuiie,«.  They 
at  last  lied  to  a  stroni;-  jiosition  on  an  island  in  the  Mississippi,  where  llio  Spaniards, 
ha\im;'  foUoweil  tlu'in.  weiv.  in  the  end.  compelled  to  retreat.  This  was  the  lirst  trihe 
of  the  gi'eat  prairie  uroiip.  or  Dakotalis.  that   De  .^oto  had  encountered. 

\Vliile  at  the  Kiapaha  villajie.  Ik'  sent  nies.seiuiers  westward  to  impiire  into  the  triuli 
of  rumors  of  niiueral  wealth  ;  hut  they  found  nothing  hilt  cop|ier.  They,  however, 
penetrated  into  tiie  western  plains,  and  disc((\ered  the  JJulfalo. 

De  Soto  tlicMi  relumed  to  thi'  country  c''  the  Casipii.  wheri^  he  s[)eiit  many  days,  to 
allow  the  army  time  to  recruit  their  iiiroes.  This  vicinity  allorded  plenty  of  food,  and 
had  the  advantaj:i.'  of  Ijeiiiu'  an  open  coinitry.  where  cavalry  could  maiKcuvre.  His 
army  1ki\  in:^'  Ijcin  rel'reshed.  he  moved  south  to  (^'iiiuate.  where  rumors  of  niineral 
wealth  rcachinii  him.  ilww  him  north  to  a  spot  called  ('alit;oa.'  at  the  sources  of  the 
St.  Francis.  He  was  at  this  time  in  the  t;ranit<'  tract  oi'  St.  Micliaels,  Mistiouri, 
celobratud  liir  its  xolcanic  iiplica\als.  and  pinnacles  of  A/.oic,  rocks,  lis  iron  inoiintains, 
its  lead  mines,  and  its  oi'es  of  cohalt.' 

Kejiorts  ol' new  and  tcmptimr  mineral  reiiions  in  the  south,  soon  led  him  in  search  of 
a  countrv  called  (,'a\as.     lie  crossed  the  I  nica.  or  White  ri\er,  at  Tanico,'  and  allowed 


'  Tliis  \v;is  till'  iiiiisl  iKirtlii'i-Iy  [iniMt  lii'  iitlaincil.  Tlic  s|n'iMtl(itioiis  of  Mr.  .Vnali  Wrlislcr.  )iiililislii'ii  In 
Carey's  AiiuTU'aii  .\Iii^iMiin,  fnv  1/1111,  atniliutiii'^-  llir  iiiipiiihl-  and  l'i|-|ilicatioiis  (if  llic  Oliln  valley  tii  De  ,'<n|..'s 
ariMV  are  flie  va'_'iie.<t  |iossilili'.  ami  scar-  !•.  reijiiire  refntatimi.      lie  was  niver  witliiii  ."ilMI  miles  of  tlieiii. 

■'  ,\  liiirlily  pietiires(|Me  mineral  reL'inii,  wlii(.li  I  |ir-t  lii-iiU'.'lil  to  tlic  iiMiii'e  of  naturalists,  in  1^<ls,  in  my 
••  \'i.w  uf  tlie  l,eail  .\|iiies  of  Nli~>.,iiri." 

•  Tlie  writer,  liavin^'  yi>itei|  this  v.illey  in  l^ls,  (,lj<iervei|  .-i.nie  remaiiw  of  sniellinu'  a|i]iaranis  lielnw  (lie 
linll'alo  .sli.i.als,  ami  at  a  jioint  a  little  lewer  ifiwii,  ,«onii'  wif.te,  limey  remains,  ajijian  iitly  tlie  re-iilunm  of 
lioniw,  ■' \'i(le  Scenes  anil  Ailv.iit'O'es  in  (lie  ( )/arl;  \liiiiiitaiiis  in  Isjs:,,,,)  Isl'i  riiilaile||i|iia  :  l,i|.|iiiiciit(, 
1   V..I.,  svo..   |s.-||.-' 


.c.l 


II.  y 
tint 


m 


\\  IT  II    Til  K    INDl  A.\    'i'li  1  i'.KS.  67 

his  trcKips  to  ix'sl  for  twenty  iliiys  in  a  line  viiUi'v,  at  a  [liacc  culled  Tula.  'I'l  c  Imlian 
i\'>iilents  of  this  placi,'  wi'i'c  ••  ill-l'avorcil,  tattooed,  and  I'eroeioiis."  'Tiie  army  then 
iiiaiched  li\('  da\s  toward  the  west,  over  an  eleviiti'tl.  nniidialiiti'd  reyion.  eoinprisini'' 
the'  l)road  and  rii^uvd  distriet  ol'  tlie  modern  Ozark  Mountains.  IJeyond  tins  hroken 
<hain  l)e  Soto  entered  the  ei)unti'y  of  the  (iui[iano  (I'ani.  or  I'awnee).'  whieli  lias  a 
coniparaliveK'  k'Vel  surlliee.  A  few  d:i\s'  I'ailher  marrh  \vestwai'd,  he  liiund  himself  in 
a  tiTi'itoi'N'  ahoundin'j'  in  Lianie.  widl  sujijilieil  with  iirass.  and  dottt'd  o\'er  with  [ii'airies. 
Jlavinjr  discovered  the  Arkansas  rivci'.  hi-  lieiv  determined  to  I'stahlish  his  winter 
(|uarters.  Orderini;  stalls  to  he  constructed  for  his  horses,  and  a  regular  encam[)ment 
to  be  fonneil,  on  this  spnt  he  passed  the  winter  ol'  l-)l  l-l-l.  'J'lie  sue  of  this  camp 
ui)pears  to  have  U^eu  on  the  lianks  of  the  Neosho,  and  was  in  the  nndst  of  heautiful 
natural  meadows. 

When  s[irinL;  had  o[iened  sulllciently  to  wai'rant  him  in  movim;'  lorward.  he  proceede(l 
down  the  Arkansas.  crossiuL;'  tha!  stream  near  the  present  site  of  \'an  IJui'cn.  or  Fort 
Smith,  and.  followinu'  its  southern  plains  down  to  l/ittli'  J!oek.  airain  crossed  to  the 
north,  and  directe<l  his  course  alom:'  the  haidvs  ol'the  stri'am.  till  he  reachecl  ils  mouth, 
notwitlistandinii'  he  was  iireatly  eudiarrassed  liy  the  deep  inlet  ol'  White  ri\i'r.  IJeiu;;' 
iu  a  leehlo  state  of  health,  and  a  k'\er  he.L;iuniu,ii  to  prostrate  him.  l)i'  Soto  here 
encami)ed.  and  calmly  contem[ilateil  his  appi-oachini:'  I'ud.  After  ha\in;r  apjiointed 
}i[(iscoso.  his  canip-iiia>ler.  to  succeed  him.  surrc^uuded  liy  his  ollleers.  who  had  iiillowed 
him  throuLiii  scenes  ol'  daiiucr  and  trial,  ovi'f  nearly  half  the  continent  ol'  North 
AuK'rica,  he  calmly  yielded  up  his  s[iirit.  At  fust  his  body  was  interred  in  the  \icinity, 
jireat  precautious  heimi'  taken  to  conceal  the  spul.  lest  the  Indians  slioidd  cNlnuue.  and 
nmlilale  his  remains.  Finally,  his  Ibllowers  placed  the  corpse  in  a  sarcophaiius.  liirmed 
from  the  hollowed  trunk  of  a  tree,  whicli  they  conveyed  iu  a  Imat  at  midniphl  to  the 
ceidre  ol'  the  .Mississi[)|ii  rix'er.  ami  sunk  hc^iieath  its  lurhid  waters. 

With  the  death  of  Do  Soto,  that  intrepid  darim:  and  nohle  emulation,  which  had 
heen  called  into  action  by  his  master  mind,  began  to  tlai;-;  but.  thouiih  the  eiiteriirisu 
was.  in  liKl.  cru>hed.  the  truth  did  not  immeiliately  apjiear. 

As  soon  as  the  sad  funereal  rites  were  liuishe(|,  .Moseosii  pi'epari'd  to  lead  a 
new  e\pedition  toward  the  west,  lie  ascended  the  southern  baid\s  of  the  lol.'i 
Arkansas,  direeloi>:  his  course  iu  a  southwesterly  line,  across  the  Wa.shita. 
and  the  .snudler  allluaiils  of  the  .Vrk.insas  and  Ked.  ri\ers.  I  le  encountered  the  niu>t 
ilelernnned  o(ip(isitl>n  from  all  the  tribes  he  met.  'i'hey  fiULiht  with  a  desperation 
which  was  e\ti'a<irdiiiary.  and  were  repulsed  with  that  elii\ab'ou<  and  dashim;'  bra\-er\- 
which  had,  from  the  lirst.  (diaraeteri/ed  the  entire  operations  of  the  e.\pt'dition.  1I<' 
eventually  reached  the  buH'alo  plains,  which  stretch  Irom  the  Canadian  fork  of  the 
Arkansas  to  the  sources  of  the  Ked  river.     ThoUiih  it  was  i'.\pecte  i   that   they  should, 


''  ■  M 


Etlliw!n-i,';il  Hcs^';hv1k.^  \'m1.  1\' 


% 


:    \ 


68 


FIRST    EUROPEAN    ACQUAINTANCE 


■jl 


ll 


somowIi(M('  ill  this  vicinity,  moot  imrtios  of  Spanish  military  oxploivrs  from  the  sonth, 
this  hoiK'  W!is  at  Inst  ivlin(|iiishi'(l,  and  tht'  army  rctracoil  its  stops  to  i\u'  mouth  of  tho 


)pc 


Arkansas,  amid  ui'cat  perils,  and  with  nnparallclod  toil. 


To  I'dund  a  colony  at  a  point  so  ri'inotc  from  tlu'  sea,  with  the  crippled  and  inado(|iiate 

all  the  Indian  trihes. 


nutans  ni  tlicir  jiossession 


and  snhject  to  the  acti\e  hostilit\ 


liofh  east  and   west  of  that  stream,  appeared    to 


so   n 


resolved 


lie\'   W( 


to  huiid 


mats 


am 


Id 


escend 


iipracticahlo,  that   Moscnso 
the  Mississippi  in  them  to  its  month.     As  stion  as 


■re   ('f)mp!eted,  the  ■whole  force   endiarked.  the  1 


Kirses 


heinLT  placed    in   1 


OllL 


iiari'ow  Imals.  with  their  fore  feet  in  one,  and  tlii'ir  himl  feet  in  anotli(M\  The  Indians 
extdteil  (in  seeing  tlie  Spaniards  making  pre|)aratioiis  to  le;i\('  (heir  eonntry.  and, 
cm  harking  in  their  canoes,  pnrsned  the  retiring  troops  with  th(>  ntmost  holdness  and 
onemw  Sometimes  the\-  attacked  tiie  llotilla  in  front.  sii!n<'tinies  from  the  hank. 
Their  arrows  conld  he  impelled  with  such  force,  that  tln-y  had  hecn  known  to  pierce 
u  liorse.  after  passing  through  the  skirts  of  a  saddle.  The  rctr(>ating  forces  were  ol'teu 
oliligcd  to  deploy  and  defend  themselves,  and  in  tlu-se  skirmishes  the  Spaniards  suflered 
tho  most  sevi'ri'ly.  Tiie  armor  of  the  .soldiers  was  proof  against  the  arrows  of  th(>  foe, 
hut  the  Hanks  of  the  poor  horses  heing  exposed,  these  nohle  animals  were  thinned  off, 
diiy  liy  day,  until,  on  arriving  at  the  month  of  the  river,  there  was  not  a  single  horse 
left  alive. 

.\s  soon  as  ]\Io.scoso  entcM't^d  the  gulf  he  steered  for  the  coast  of  Pamica.  where  hn 
tinally  arrived,  .after  encountering  great  perils,  lioth  from  tho  warring  elements  and  the 
disa'jreemeut  of  the  pilots.  Thus  terminated  an  expedition,  whicli  had  heen  organized 
with  extraoi-dinary  fame  and  splendor,  and  the  momhers  of  which  compri.sed  soino  of 
the  most  chivalrous  and  aliie  odicers  of  the  age.  Nearly  three  years  had  heen  spent,  in 
traversing  the  immense  plains  and  forests  intervening  hetween  tlie  peninsula  of  Florida, 
and  the  plains  of  Arkansas.  Everywhere  the  Indians  hail  heen  found  to  lie  inimical 
to  tlie  Spanish  race,  and  had  manifested  a  spirit  and  daring,  in  repelling  the  invaders, 
■which  well  merited  the  apiiellation  of  heroic.' 


4 


'  Tn  l^'T'-IO.  tlio  wvitor  tnivorscil  tlic  country  west  of  the  Misnis.-ipiii,  viKitoil  liy  Pi'  Soto.      For  nkctotios 
of  this  tour,  vido  Vol.  IV.,  p.  27S. 


.1 1 


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WITH    TlIK    INDIAN    TlllBES. 


en  A  I'TEiJ  IX. 


C()ll(»NAI)0  S  i;XI'i:i)ITI(>N  INTO  TIIK  T  K  K  K ITOI!  Y  WHICH  HAS 
ACQUIKKD  TIIK  NA.MK  OF  NKW  MEXICO.  THK  /INI,  MOQUI, 
NAVA.IO,    AND    COGNATE    TIUBES. 


TiiK  oiitliiisinsin  (iC  all  wlio  credited  the  .xtoi'v  ol"  Te/.on  rt'ceivod  a  new 
iiiiliidse,  iiiul  Imye  accessions  were  made  to  the  lannher  of  heliexers,  liv  the  loll 
accounts  given  !)}■  ('aha  di;  Vaca,  of  the  Indian  tribes  ho  had  seen  din'iiiii  his 
extraordinary  pere urinations,  extended  throuirh  a  term  oi"  ei,i:ht  ov  nine  years,  helwccn 
the  point  where  he  was  wrecked,  on  thi!  Florida  coast,  and  New  (lallicia.  on  tiic 
Pacific.  Not  only  di<l  his  presence  in  Spain  iiisc  oi'i::in  to  tiie  (wpcdition  of  De  Soto, 
Imt,  at  the  same  time,  to  the  almost  equally  iviiowned  one  organized  by  Mendo/.a,  the 
Viceroy  of  Mexico,  and  placed  imder  the  command  of  (,'oronado.  This  expedition  had 
jieen  prcccdeil  liy  one  sent  by  fiu/inan,  the  Gmcrnor  of  New  flallicia.  in  search  of 
the  seven  cities  of  Cibola;  but  this  party  penetrated  no  farther  than  Cuiiacan,  whence 
it  returned  witii  acu-ount.s  of  the  dilllculties  attending  the  enterpri/.e.  This  ellbrt  only 
tended  to  stimulate  the  ecinipnient  of  the  more  forinidal)le  organization  of  the  Viceroy. 

As  a  preliminary  step.  Mendoza  had  despatched  Marcos  de  Niza,  accompanied  l)y 
two  IViars.  and  Kstevan,  the  African  brought  to  Mexico  by  De  Vaca,  to  make  explora- 
tions of  the  comitry.  On  reaching  C'uliacan,  De  Xiza  and  his  conip;inions  rested  a  lew 
days.  Meantime,  Estevan  pushed  forward,  crossed  the  Gila,  and  entered  the  Aalley 
of  (Jihola.  while  \)o  Niza  was  still  sixty  leagues  behind.  The  lirst  thing  he  did  at  this 
place,  after  the  caziques  assembled,  was  to  demand  their  gold  and  thi'ir  wives,  .\fter 
rpicstioning  him  as  to  his  authority  forniaking  such  a  demand,  having  reason  to  suspect 
him  as  a  spy  of  some  invading  force,  they  determined  to  put  him  to  death,  which 
sentence  was  innncdiately  executed.  De  Niza,  on  learning  the  fate  of  Estevan, 
retin-ned  to  Compostclla.  and  thence  to  Mexico,  where,  however,  both  in  his  reports, 
and  in  an  account  of  his  discoveries,  which  he  published,  he  greatly  exaggerated  the 
resources  and  the  value  of  the  country.  These  statements  .secured  his  appointment  as 
the  guide  for  the  expedition,  to  which  he  devotecl  all  liis  energies.  Mendoza  appointed 
Francisco  Vas(|uez  Coronado  as  commander,  who  was,  at  the  same  time,  nominated  the 
successor  of  Guzman,  in  the  government  of  New  Gallicia.     Tiiree  hundred  men  were 


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FIRST    i:r  Ilol'KAN    A  C  t^' A  1  N  T  AN  t'E 


fiilisicd.  ul'  wliiiiii  1111  cxti'iuir.iiiiiirv  lar.ijc  |in)|)ortii)ii  I'diisisU'il  of  oivivlierti  luid  goutlo- 
iiiiii.  Mrii(l(i/ii.  liiiuM'ir.  went  ;is  far  as  Composti'llo  witli  llii"  tro()()s,  where  tlioy  were 
iniiicd  \>\  ^(M)  Iiidiaiis.  whose  ihilii-s  wi'iv  to  carry  lja,irgii;;v,  and  act  as  ;.fiiideH.  as  well 
as  [liuiu'i  is.  ll  is  sdiiicwliat  rciuarUalilo  that  tliis  rxju'clition  set  out  at  tlio  saiiio  time 
tiiat  Di-  Siito  was  travcrsiiit:  tlic  l)road  phiiiis  ol'  KlDiida,  and  ae'lnalU  reached  tlie 
waters  ol'  ihi'  l!io  (iihi.  \\hcii  lie  ii'ossed  tlir  Mississii)iii.  JU)th  armies  eventually 
txjiloicd  |iiiriiiuis  ol  the  ;jreat  hiiHiilo  [liains  of  .\rkaiisas.  Curonado  met  De  Nizii 
,il  Ciiiaiiietta.  on  ids  return  Irom  niaUiiig  reeoiiiu)issaiices.  He  reported  that  tliey 
liail  |)enetrated  L'Ud  lea^iiu's.  as  far  as  Chichiticaia,  hut  ^iiive  so  vaj^iie  an  account,  that, 
Iri'twefn  liis  representations  ol'  its  heini;  '•barren,"  and  a  "iiood"  country,  Corouado 
anil  his  army  wi'iv  compli'tely  Iiewildered.  On,  however,  tlu'y  marched,  lleachiii}^ 
('hichilicaia.  tiiey  (li>>oveieii  the  ruins  of  a  larjic  house,  hiiilt  of  dry  clay,  surrounded 
liy  tlie  remains  of  a  jio|)iilation,  which  had  evident  claims  to  lie  rej^arded  as  helonuing 
to  a  hiiiher  typ"  of  civili/atioii  than  auy  of  the  existing  trilies.'  Crossing  the  Gila, 
('(ironado  led  Ids  armyniuvard  oxer  a  desert,  until  thi-y  readied  a  small  stream,  by 
ioliowiiig  tile  valley  nf  wliicli.  tiny  soon  arrivi'd  before  tlii'  lol'iy  natural  walls  of 
Ciliola  (Old  Zuni).  On  the  lop  of  this  stood  the  town,  composed  of  Iiigh,  terraced 
buildiugs.  whose  (Irst  stories  could  only  be  reached  by  inovalile  lad(K>rs.  the  uatura' 
deliiu'e  (if  seiiii-ci\  ili/ation  against  savage  incursions. '  Tiie  Indians  cultivated  corn  in 
tile  \  illevs  lielow.  \\ii\e  coarse  sliilVs  tor  clotiiiiig,  maniilactiireil  a  species  of  potterx', 
lull  possessed  neither  gold  ma'  mines.  Tiie  streets  of  goklsmiths,  ri'ported  liy  Tezon, 
were  niytlis.  ^VitluHll  uailiiiu  to  niaivc  any  inquiries,  the  Spaniards  immediately 
assaulted  the  tnwii.  'J'lie  natives  rolled  <lowii  stones,  one  of  which  struciv  Coronado 
and  i;no;:ki'd  liiin  ilowii.  The  place  being  tal^en.  alter  an  hour's  strngiile,  the  troops 
found  pinvisions.  but  no  '.:old  ;  and  so  great  did  tht;  excitement  become  against  l)e 
iS'i/a,  lor  ids  fdseiiooiis.  tiiat  lie  was  obliged  to  lice. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  enti'r  into  a  fiirtlu'r  detail  of  the  incidents  attending 
l-VI"_!  (  onaiados  invasion  of  New  .Mexico,  to  denote  tiiat  he  was  resisted  at  every 
point  liy  the  native  ti'ilies.  Jle  [lassed  one  winter  in  the  country,  and  then 
returned  to  New  (lallicia.  lea\ing  the  troo[)s  under  the  coinmand  of  suljordiuates. 
The  I'ollowing  u  ar  was  devoted  to  an  exploration  of  this  territory,  I'Xteiiding  to  the 
(Jolorado  on  tiie  wi'st,  and  to  the  Kio  (Iraudc;  on  the  iMst.  Tiie  exj)editioii  crossed 
this  .-treani.  passing  tlie  liead  waters  of  the  I'ecos,  and  [lursued  their  route  to  the  bufl'alo 
plains  of  the  .\ri\aiisas.  If  De  Soto  was  amused  by  Indian  rumors,  winch  led  him 
i'rom  place  to  place,  in  Florida.  Coronado  and  his  ollicers  were  equally  misled  by  rejjorts 
of  towns,  cities,  and  mines,  said  to  e.xist  tliroughout  New  Mexico,  including  tlie  extreme 
Avesten.  portions  of  Texas,  and  the  southwestern  part  of  Louisiana  and  Arkansas. 
The  country  was  only  conquered  while  the  Sjianiards  remained.     They  found  no  large 


'  For  iKirtioiilur  ;iocimiJt.-i  of  thrsc  ruins,  sec  KlliiKi!iiL!;ii':il  Hcsparulics,  Vdl.  IV.,  p.  'J07  to  003. 
=  Veil,  lib,  11.  302. 


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WITH    TIIK    INDIAN    TUinRS. 


71 


(ir  uoll-l)uilt  towiw ;  iioitlior  roads.  iii)r  liiiilgcs.  nor  oltiljoratt'  ti'iii[)Ii's;  ami  no  minis  of 
tlu!  ](r('cioiis  ini'tals.  Discovering;  it  to  Ik-  lint  a  liarrcn  coiKjucst.  ilitliciilt  of  niaintcniiiicc. 
ami  ik'stitnto  ol'  resources,  tlie  Si)anisii  army  pn-iiared  to  al>:mi|on  it  to  its  uriiiiniil 
owners,  ami.  after  passin;:  their  second  winter  in  llic  iiiqii  and  liicaiv  elexations  west  of 
the  Hio  (Jrando,  they  returned  to  Mexico. 

Thus  terminalecl  the  celehratcd  exiiediiion  of  (,'oronado.  In  which  we  (irst  actjuired 
a  knowleiiifi'  of  the  manner.-,  ciisionis.  arts,  and  character  of  tiie  .\Io(|Mi.  Navajo,  and 
otiii'r  New  .Mexican  tril)cs.  The  route  of  Coronado's  march,  carefully  prepari'd  I)y 
the  late  Mr.  Kearns,  a  lo[)o';ra|)hical  assistant  eni:ineer  in  the  I'Miled  .States'  servici', 
who  \isiled  the  reudon,  is  L'iven  in  a  prior  part  of  tiiis  work.' 


Vnl.  IV.,  I'laiu  111,,  (,.  :;\i. 


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11 

SECTION    TIIIUI). 

("ON TKNTION    OF    FRANCK    AND    SPAIN     FOR 
THK   ()('(' I  PAT  I  ON   OF   FLORIDA. 


("II  A  TTKI.'    I. 

v«>v.\<;r.s  til'  jMitAii/r  and  i,a  i' oonm  kkk. 

Till  s  liii'  iiiif  iiil'dniiatitiii  ri'L'iinliiii:  tlic  liuliaii  tiiln's  liatl  hccii  (iciiNcd.  in  direct 
s»'i|m'iu'i'.  rii'iii  iiiciiii'ntMl  luilii'cs  ciT  the  (i|ifraiii)iis  nl'  |)c  fjcon  ami  \"a^(|nf/..  in  the 
suutli;  of  Cai'tiiT  ami  llnln'i'val  in  tiic  nurlii;  nl'  NCrrazani  in  llic  area,  of  tlic  I'l'nlral 
iiltciral  frild's;  of  Narvacz  ami  De  Sutd  aiiKtiiLi-  the  Aiiiialacliian  and  tin-  Issati.  or 
(iicat  Wotcrn  I'amilv;  and  ol' ("alia  dc  Vmcu  and  Coronado  anmim  the  (iiici'dios.  or 
ISnllido  Ilnnti'is.  ami  tlic  Iioiim'  lniiMin;;  trilics  of  tlio  lii^li  |ilaiii.s  of  Ni'W  McxiiM^. 
'{'Ill'  xcar  l"il"J  witnt'sscil  tin-  failinc  of  llic  la.-t  tlircc  |iriiici|)al  attonij)t;<  at  colonization, 
ilicpst'  of  CarliiT.  Do  Soto,  and  Coronado. 

'rwontv  yi'iirs.  of  coniiiarativc  inartion  and  (jiiict.  succredod  llu'si-  cmTfrctic  I'fl'orts  to 
ii)inid  territorial  >o\i'r('iiiiitit's  in  tln'  I'Ntcm-ivc  countrv  possc^sfd  liy  tlio  Indians.  In 
the  imaiitiinc.  tli(!  Keforniation  liad  inadc  sncli  profin  •.■;.«  in  I'inroiic.  a.-^  to  cnucmhT  a 
new  ami  hitter  sonrce  of  di.-Tord  between  the  siilijeets  of  the  eoloni/.in;r  |)o\ver.«!. 
liO\ola  liad  taniilit  the  ancient  Christian  faith  to  the  natives  of  Kast  India,  and  La.s 
Casas  was  sidected  to  ]ii'rl<irni  the  same  serxicv;  Hir  the  heiiiiihted.  and.  as  he  thoiiuht, 
ill-usid  al)ori;^iiies  of  America,  l!c'!i;.:ioiis  instruction  was  considered  to  he  an  essential 
iidjunct  of  e\'ery  atteiiipt  to  e\|)!ore.  eon(|iier,  and  colonize;  an  ecclesiastical  lince 
alwavs  aceoni|)an_vin^  tlnw  expeditions,  wlio.se  iliity  it  was  to  divtil  the  attention  of 
the  native  tiilies.  I'rom  tiieir  ^ross  da'nionolo;;y  and  idolatry,  to  (iod. 

I'loMiiiieiit  ainonir  the  eoiucrts  in  l"'raii<'e.  to  the  new  doctrines  pidimdL^ated  hy 
Luther  and  CaKiii.  wa<  .\dniiia!  Colijiii,  a  man  of  much  inlliieiice.  one  of  the  nohilify, 
ami  holding;- a  hi.uli  rank.     'I'lie  narrow-niimled  rimries  iX..  then  a  mere  hoy.  and   Iuh 

(T-'i 


tion, 

ts  to 
III 

■r  ;i 

I.IIS 

:l.t. 
iili:il 
Imcc 
of 


VOYAfiKS  ()K  HlIlAn/r   AND   L  A  C  DON  N' IKIIK.  'C 

iriorc  rained,  lull  lii;.'i>k'(l  ihkIIut.  riitliiTiiio  ilo  .Mi-dicis,  were  tlu'ii  in  powiT  in  Fruiicc. 
(  olii^iii.  Iiciii:;  (Icsirons  of  proviiliiii^  an  iisylnin  lor  liis  iKTscnitcil  conntrvini'ii.  pro- 
li«,-ini:  ilic  I'lotrstanl  f'aitli,  Inrni'il  liis  atlcnlinu  to  ilic  New  Wtnltl.  lie  lirst  nmdi' 
an  ('\|iriiiiifiit  in  I5i:i/,il,  wliicli  faiicil,  tlironi;li  llii!  livai'liciT  ol'  Villi'i^'afriion,  lii«  ajj^ont, 
wlio  ri'iioniiri'ii  lii>  liiitli;  lie  iu'\t  diivcted  liis  llioiidit>  lo  Florida,  (lion  a  gc(i;,'rai)liic.'iil 
tiTin,  liaviiii:  an  aliiKt.-^t  conliiu'iital  cxti'iit,  Iml  wliiili,  in  l"):^l,  liad  lifcii  iiaiiicil  Now 
FraiK'o.  Iiv  \'crra/aiii.  Ilo  rucoi\od  u  iiatonl  lidin  (Iio  kin^'  lor  Ibnnding  u  ouloiiy  in 
llii.s  ijiiaiur.  anil  providod  two  slnps.  wliioii  wcio  jilacod  niiilcr  the  coniinaiid  ol'  John 
lliliaiiil.  a  .skill'iil  ami  icsiliitc  lliiiiuonoi.  who  set  sail  Iroin  Havre  do  (Inioe  on  the 
ISlh  of  Kohniarv,  I'ltiH.  Stooriiii;  a  iioaily  diroot  ooiir.so  across  tlio  Atlantic,  without 
tiiiicliini:  at  any  of  tho  Wot  India  islands,  he  niado  tlio  roast  of  Florida  on  the  last 
(la\  of  April,  tlio  vdvairc  liaxinn  oociiuiod  a  liltio  ovor  two  iiionths,  owiiijr  to  tho  dolay 
caused  l>y  leiiipestiioiis  weather.  The  iiillowiiii;'  day  ho  cast  anchor  oil'  tho  month  of 
the  St.  .lolin's  ri\er.  naiiiiii,^  it  the  river  of  .May;  liieii,  ontoiiiiLr  it  with  his  hoats,  he 
ascertained  that  there  was  a  ;:iii)il  dojitli  of  water  in  the  channel. 

Jiiliaidt  took  pu.ssession  of  tho  country  in  tli(>  naiiu'  of  the:  kiiii;,  and  orootod  a  stone 
iiioniiiiieiit.  which  ho  had  hnmglit  with  him  from  France  for  that  inii'iwse.  Having 
ustahlislied  a  friendly,  as  widl  as  pleasant  interconrso  with  tlu.'  natives,  and  spent  a  few 
days  w  itji  tliciii.  ho  re-eiiil)aiUed.  and.  diiiini;-  ••  four  weeks"  continiietl  his  voyage  along 
liie  coast,  until  he  arrived  at  I'ort  Uoyal.  within  the  present  limits  of  South  Carolina. 
Finding,  on  e.\ploriiig  it  l)y  means  of  his  lioats.  that  tiio  liarhor  was  .spacious,  the  water 
deep,  and  tho  anchorage  oxoellent.  ho  entered  it  with  his  largest  ships,  and  drop|)ed  his 
aiicliDis  in  a  good  position.  Tho  territory  in  which  Ik-  then  was,  had  lieen  iiaiiu-d 
Cliicora  iiy  the  natives,  as  also  liy  the  early  Spanish  adventurers.  Magnilicent  scenery, 
liotli  laud  and  water,  was  s|)road  lieliu'e  him  in  every  direction.  Uelighted  with  the 
prospect,  ho  took  tormal  possession  of  the  surrounding  territory  hy  erecting  an  engraved 
monumental  stone,  hearing  tlii'  king's  arms.  Having  determined  to  found  a  settlement 
at  this  place,  a  suitahle  spot  was  soleetetl.  which  is  suiJiio.sed  to  have  l)oen  near  to.  or 
on  the  site  of  the  present  town  of  Hoaiifort,  when'  he  erected  a  fortilication  railed 
Fort  Charles.'  Leaving  thirty  men,  well  provided  with  arms,  tools,  and  supi)lies,  to 
hcgin  operations,  ho  placed  them  under  the  command  of  Alhert  do  Peirria,  and  then 
returned  lo  Franco.  IJeing  a  strictly  conscientious  man.  IJiiiault  did  not  follow  the 
I'Nample  of  the  Spanish  mariners,  and  ahdnct  the  nalivi's  of  tho  country,  that  lie  might 
exhiliit  them  in  Fluropo  as  spociinons  of  the   Indian  race. 

The  Cliicora  Indians,  having  naturally  very  gentle  manners,  were  kind  in  sup- 
pis  iiig  the  colonists  with  the  zea  mai/e.  and  rendering  them  other  .^iorvices.  lu 
those  ollicos  of  kindness,  the  local  chief,  .\ndasta,  took  a  jirominent  part,  and  wus 


1 1 


'This  nnnic  is  di'rivrii   fimu  iillusimi   In  ("liiiilcs  TX.,  uf  i'ramc.  miicI   not   Clmrlos   11.,  nf  KiicjlariJ  —  :i 
uii.^Uiki'  in  ii  receiil  l.il'c  ut'  Uilault.     N'iiio  Spark.'*'  AiiRiicau  liinLjrniiliy,  \'(il.  III.,  uow  serios',  p.  28. 
Vol..  VI.— 10 


If' 


iaam 


I  is 


i'l 


n 


74  V()YA(!i;S   (tK   ItlUMI/r   A  M>    L  A  T  Do  N  N  I  K  U  K. 

wi'iiiiili'il  hy  ollicrs  at  niorc  sniitlii'rly  iioiiits,  win)  wiTc  i'('s|i('cti\t'l\  entitled  Oiiiule, 
Coiiexes.  Miicciiji,  Oiitiiia.  Satomidiia.  WoMla,  OletcraeM.  Timag(M>ii,  and  I'otanon,  the 
ortluipapliical  elements  of  which  niiines  do  nut  eoineidc  with  tiie  Mnscttj^ee,  Cherokee, 
or  any  known  nninlier  oi'  the  Kloridian  sloek. 

Till-  colonists  tlieniselves.  however,  heiiijr  idle  and  lactious,  planted  nothinir,  and  had 
no  idea  of  diroctin!.'  their  attention  to  the  real  liusiness  before  them.  I'eirria  havin;; 
no  proper  eoneeption  of  the  aiilhority  dele>:ated  to  him.  heeanie  an  inflated  tyrant, 
lianired  one  of  the  men  as  a  measinv  of  discipline,  and  peri(Uine<l  other  arliitrary  acts. 
Kventually  the  colonists  rehelled  against  his  aiilhority.  and  put  him  to  tlealii ;  after 
which,  havinir  appointed  another  leader  in  his  stead,  tlu-y  determined  to  hnild  a  vessel 
iuid  retnrn  in  it  to  France.  This  plan  was  carried  out,  iind  the  entire  party  emharked, 
ahandtmiiifr  the  fort.  The  voyage  having:  heeii  ionu.  as  well  as  tempestuon,s,  and  the 
vessi'l,  weak  and  miseraMe.  tlay  snili'red  liorrilily.  Most  of  them  died  of  starviition 
and  exiM)snre.  At  lenL'th.  when  near  the  coast  of  France,  an  Kniilish  ve.s.«el  hove  in 
^i!:ht.  liy  which  the  lew  snrvivors  were  saved. 

At  thi.s  period,  events  were  e(pially  as  transitory  in  the  (Md  World  as  in  tlie  New. 
When  liihanlt  returned  to  France,  after  est  a  I  dish  imjr  liis  little  colony  at  Fort  Charles, 
and  L'i villi;  it  promises  of  assistance,  he  limiid  the  contest  U'tween  the  Catholics  and  the 
Ueforniers  niL'iiiii'  with  greater  violence  than  ever,  and  Colifrni  to  ho  .so  much  involved 
ill  this  striiuude,  that  he  applied  to  tho  kiiijr  in  vain  for  succor  for  the  colony.  As  .s(M)ii, 
however,  as  the  warliire  against  the  Hiijruenots  had  siihsided.  three  ships  were  fitted 
out  to  convey  assistance  to  the  colony  in  Cliiconi,  ami  |)lace(l  under  the  orders  of  Kem'f 
do  liaudouniere.  who,  in  addition  to  the  ordinary  outfit  of  men  and  .sii])plies,  was 
pmvided  with  an  artist,  who  had  orders  to  sketch  the  leatuiv.x,  as  also  the  costumes  of 
the  natives,  and  other  curiosities.' 

Laudimniere  sailed  from  Havre  do  Grace  on  the  "J'-M  of  .\pnl.  loCil.  being 
1564  one  year  and  nine  months  sub.seipieiit  to  the  first  departure  of  IJibaiilt  from 
the  same  ])()rt.  Intelligence  of  the  .sad  fate  of  tlio.se  left  at  Fort  Charles,  had. 
evidently,  been  received  in  France  prior  to  this  time,  although  the  fiict  is  not  distinctlv 
Ktated.  However,  be  that  as  it  may,  Laudonniere  did  not  proceed  to  Fort  Charles,  but. 
on  the  li'itli  of  June,  cast  anchor  ofV  the  mouth  of  the  river  of  May.  the  St.  John's,  in 
Florida.  On  entering  the  river,  he  was  receive<l  b}-  Satouriona.  and  his  tribe,  who 
shouted  in  French,  mni,  ann.  ^^\  them  he  was  guided  to  the  monument  of  ])o.s.session 
erected  by  IJiba.ilt.  which  he  flnmd  crowned  with  garlands,  and  surrounded  b}-  little 
baskets  of  /ea  inai/.e.  There  was.  indeed,  a  warmth  and  cordiality  in  the  reception 
of  the  FVench  by  these  aborigines,  which,  whatever  may  liave  occasioned  it.  lias 
marked  tho  intercom-se  of  the  French  with  the  Indians,  from  that  day  to  the  present; 

'  Till'  :irtist  was  f,r  .>f()jiie,  to  wlioui  we  iiru  indebted  for  tho  first  attempts  to  delineate  tlie  iinfient  Indians 
"f  tlii.'<  part  of  .\mcricu. 


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VoYACKS   OK    KIHAl'l/r    A  M>    1.  A  I   |m(N  N  I  K  Hi:. 


wliii'h  f)icu(ll\  H'i'liii.i.'-<  have  not   ln'cii   iimMili';<teil  liy  tlioiii  towaiil   iii\y  utluT  nation 

'.shlUl'VlT. 

Iiainl(>iini<Tf  was  riitraiiitil.  iiol  ip|il_)  willi  tlic  iiictun'wjiR'  Iti'iiiity  ol'  llir  cnmitix. 
Iiiit  al.-ti  with  ilx  I'crtilil.N,  ami  its  Iniimmt,  a:<  well  as  liiMiriaiit  vc^'cliitioii.  (^littiiii; 
tin-  St.  .Folm'.s.  ho  .sailtil  iiortliwanllv  iilonu;  tlii'  niast  until  lit'  cnlcri'd  a  river,  wliicli 
he  iiaini'il  tin-  Simnic,  wlicic  he  was  also  ri'ccivi'il  in  ii  I'lifniilv  nianiirr  liy  tlir  Iniiians. 
A  li'W  (lavs  suli.s('(|iiontly  In-  ivturnctl  iii^ain  to  tin-  St.  .lulin's.  and  Imill  a  Hut  on  its 
wnitlu'ni  hanks,  alxjnt  tlircc  Icaiiiics  I'lDin  its  month,  whirli  he  nanii'il  ('amlini-.'  In 
honor  ofCharlos  IX.  Tin'  rvcnts  fonniTtiil  with  the  history  of  this  lin-t — the  nu'dini:. 
Ilif  iiMprov(  nu'nts,  the  Inii'i'anccrin'.'  and  tlif  cvtM-utions.  fho  visit  to  the  friendly  rlilrf, 
Amlastii.  al  I'mt  llov.il.  Indian  nt'iinliatiiins.  Iii:hts.  and  other  occni'ri'ncfs  —  impart  .'i 
di'ep  interest  to  this  jiortion  (iT  the  nanalive ;  iait  they  can  oidy  ho  thus  incidentally 
iiotit'cd.  Their  resnll  was  the  transnii-^simi  ol'  liiNi'  reports  to  France,  in  (!onse([nence 
<(l'  wliicii.  I.andonniere  was  recalled. 


'  liiawiii'.".  of  thin  fort,  In   l,c  Mnync,  iiro  ciiL-riivcil  in  IV  lirv. 


'R  r 


itii 


I- 


i; 


T6 


VOYAGK>   nl     It  I  It  A  I    I.T    A  N  !•    I.  A  I   IMIN  N  IK  U  K. 


(11  A  n'KU    I  I. 

SKCONH    VISIT    OK    l!!l!\l   l,T    To    ll,olMI»\.       T  U  i:  A  c  111;  IMMS 
MASSAClii;    OK     IIIMSKI.K    \  Nl>     IMS    M  I]  N . 

Tiir    intestine    liissenf-innH   in    Krnnce  inivini:  Immii   in   ii  nic!i«ure    iillii\eil, 

l')ti">        Aiiiniiiil  ('(ili'.'iii  renewed  lii-<  i'e|ire«eiitiilii)n-<  In  the  i\inL:.  in  I'.imh-  iA'  lii-i   I'lnn 

(if  eolnni/iilinn   in    I'liiridM.      |];nl\   in  .I;iniiiirv.    I'i(i">.  :intlii.ritv  \mi-  iiiiinteij 

llirn     til    e(|lli|i    .-even    \,'««eU    lin'    linntilel'     \ci\ie.'e    tllitller.     wilii     111!     |in->iliie    ik^nntcll. 

'I'liis  .<i|n:iiiri>n  \vm«  |iI;i('ii|  umiei'  tlie  eoni  n:ini|  nl'  li'ilianll.  wlm   liuinij    \\i>  ilillii  nlt\   in 

|i1'()l'nrinu'  IH  nillllN  \(ilnnteel>  H-^  In'  deemed  neee>«iirv  lol'  the  ser\  ice.  Minie  iil'  wlidlU 
PMl'lied  witll  tlieni  tlu'il'  \\\\Vi  iind  eliildleli.  \Vlillte\er  re|Hiit>  lii.iv  li;i\e  K  iielied 
|-'l';niee  Cdlieernin'^'  till'  nilti)',\;ird  events  at  I'nrl  <  IimiIi'S.  llie\  do  nil!  njipear  In  lia\c 
dauijiened  tlieeneijy   wilil   wilieli   tlii-*    eS|ieiiitiiin   Wils    eijili |i|iic I.        liiliaillt    sailed    iVnni 

l)ie|p|i.'  iin  tlie  'JTlii  ol'  May.  and  aiii\ed  at  tlie  ri\ei'  St.  .Icijin's,  I'lnrida.  on  llie  'jMli 
I'l'  Anun.-t.      AsceiidiiiL'  the  rivef   t'>   Fei-t    Carnjine.  lie  was  welenmed  l.\    I.aiidiinniei'c. 

wll(i»e    (Dndllet    lie    upliruVed.       A     few    days    sulisenlleMtly.    Se|iteliilier     I  til.    II    S|iiinisll 

M|iiiidinn.  under  the  eiiMiinaml  nf  Meneiide/.  a  narfuw-minded.  and  iiiiel  lii'jnl.  airi\cd 
at  tiic  same  |ilaee.  with  a  e(im|iaiali\e|\  lai'::c'  I'oree  nl'  men.  and  iiini,'  siili>taiilial  and 
lar::er  \cssels.        lie  Indd  a  ennimissinii   iV.iiii    l'liili|i   II..   t(i  lliaki'    di-ei  iSrlies    nild    liiinid 

a  cnlniiy.  and  liad  e\|ilieit  in-tnutions  to  es|iel  the  llnjiieimi^  and  LiilhiTan-:.  wlm  had 
lied  iViim  !•" ranee  under  the  iiatronii'j'e  nj"  ('nliLiir. 

.\  stni,u".:le  till'  s(iverei;:nt_\  ensued,  whieh  was  rendered  mure  ranenroKs  |)\  |h(. 
iidmixtnre  of  reliiiious  elements  in  the  -irife.  '{'lie  ernwned  heails  <>[  S,  ain  and 
France  were  still  involved  in  the  struirLdcs  of  a  contest  hetween  t'atiiuiieity  and  I'ro- 
testantisin — lietween  the  aneieiit  liirin  of  worship,  and  the  nmre  ni'idern  one.  oi'i'j-inated 
hy  fiUther  and  his  codalporer-;  in  the  field  nf  reli'iion. 

On  the  Mil  of  SejitemlM  r.  .Menendc'  landed  a  few  lea'jne-  south  of  llie  Si.  .IoIim'.".  at 
a  |iMint  where  laiiorers  hail  Imm'm  sei  in  wmk.  a  da\  or  two  |ire\ii)iis.  to  erect  a  lortiliea- 
tion.  which  he  named  St.  Aiiiin-tine.  iJilianlt.  haxinii  determined  to  pnt  to  sea  and 
attack  (he  sijnadixni.  assendiled  hi-  ollicers  to  deliliei'iitc  on  the  iiuasine.  Oiijections 
wpiT  made  to  it  hy  I/andonnieri'.  Imt  the  \nieesof  the  majority  concnrrcij  in  the  plan. 
At  this  time  an  Indian  chief  ,irri\ed.  vvith  the  news  that  the  .""Spaniards  were  diirjririu: 
trenches,  and  efMetiicj  I'rei^tworhs.  at  the  pi: wlh  11'  tlie\   had  Inmlc'd.      IJv  attackinu 


I 


^^ 


VnV,\(;KS    nl-    IMIJAri,T    AND    1,  A  l' h  " »  N  N  1  K  |1  M. 


7T 


111  Pn.- 
riiiiiti'd 

TmV.  at 

H'tilil"!- 
ICM     unit 


•tiolis 


he  pUill 


llMckilll 


llii'ir  .-Iiiiiiiin;-'.  llilmiilt  lIuniL'lit  lii'  wmilil  iikimI  cllirliialls  liii'liiili'  lln'ir  ili'i"i'.'n. 
[''Iii.xlicil  willi  tliis  iili'M,  III'  tiHik  iiriirly  all  tlu>  availali|i>  loni'  nf  the  lint,  ami  mI  ^ail 
Id  .•iii'iiiiiitcr  llu-  ciii'iiiN.  At  lii-f  raliii>*,  ami,  MiliM  iMiiiitl\.  a  -loiiii.  prrvi'iit'il  (In' 
c'lintc-t,  ami  ilrovi'  llif  Krciicli  onl  Id  -la.  .Mciuiiili/..  li'.iriiiii'i  tin'  ili|i'M(i'lr>f*  cMMiliiiiai 
III'  l-'iiil  (  aioliiic.  ili'li'i'tiiiiii'il  Id  iiiairli  a'jaiii<l  it  with  'ilMl  iiu'II.  ili'a\;\  raiii".  ami  tli'- 
intiTSi'iiliDii  i.|  iiiai'slifs.  iHDiriirti'il  lii-4  uiDM'imait"' ;  liul,  allrr  three  tla_\^''  iiiareli  aei'iiss 
till' «'Diiiitr_v.  imiler  the  ilirei'liiiii  III'  Imliaii  'jiiiilis.  hi-*  ariji\  reacheil  the  eiivirDiii  of 
the  lint.  The  ,'^|iaiiiaril.x  aiKaueed  eaiiliD'i>'l\.  ami  uei"  m>|  mmu  until  thev  were  el()^'0 
til  the  lint,  wliit'li.  takill;;  ailvaii!  i:'e  nf  Mime  lireaehes.  they  at  lUiee  a>«aiilliii  The 
eiiMle.-t  wa.-  ^hel•t  :  the  WDl'ks  were  midii  >tD|'|ileil.  ami  llie  .-lll'\  i\  nl's  Wele  iniii';,  nil 
imilieili.ltel\    pill   Id  the  swia'il  ;    lii'^dleil  zeal  aijilill'.:    its    itieilelliellt    Id    the    liei|irt|  itjiill 

111'  lhe>e  liDri'Dr.".  Ii  i>  -lateil  that,  dm  the  liHth  dI'  ><'|ileiiilier.  uiieii  it  was  altaeKeil, 
l-'orl  t 'aniline  had  liiit  ei'_dit_\ -.-iiN  |iii>iins  within  iis  wall«.  a  pari  el  wheiii  \\er.'  wiiineii 
and  ehiidreii.  ((iil\  nine  nr  ten  had  i'\er  linriie  aiiiii.  and  Iml  -evrnteeii  Mi|diei>  were 
lit  H)r  ser\  iee.  iiirhidini;  Miine  who  wel'e  >lill  CDnlineil,  I'idiii  the  ell'eets  dI'  wolimN 
received  in  a  liattle  with  the  Indians.  The  liirt  ilM'U'  was  limnd  Id  he  in  a  dila|iidated 
slate.  l.aiiilDiiniere  Iiasiiiir  used  the  timliei-  nf  une  aiejle  Id  liiiild  a  vesM  I,  wlnn  lie 
had  deiennined  Id  aliamliHi  it.  I.amlnniiiere  oeMpid  iniD  the  wdhiI.--.  tii'jcilnr  wilii 
siiMie  iiilnTs.  .S'veiid  ill'  tile  |iri.>Diiei's  Well'  reserved  Id  Ii''  haii'jrd,  and,  having; 
lieeii  taken  111  a  tri'L'  stamliiiL'  near  the  li)rt.  were  all  sMspemled  mi  iis  liinlis,  Thp 
liillowin.!.'  iii.-i'ri|itiDn  was  then  allixed  ti>  the  tnmk.  ■  .NdI  as  Freiiehineii.  Imt  as 
liiitlieraiis  " 

Mi'aiitiiiie  llie  siniadnin  nf  llilianlt  was  wrecjxed  lai  the  I'Mnrida  eiia-t,  wilhmil, 
however,  the  Ids.s  (if  aiiv  lives.  The  iDnniiamler,  after  oruani/inu  his  liii'ee.  hi".;an  his 
inarch  liacl<  Id  l-'ort  ("ariiline,  fDllDVvin>;-  tlie  c  la-t  line.  Siarvalinn  midh  lednred  the 
Illell  til  mere  skelelDiis.  At  leilLitll.  itn  the  liailks  ()l':i  -lleaiil,  lliev  Were  CDiiri'Dlited  liV 
.Meiieiide/.  wil!i  sii|i('riiir  liirces.  .V  parlev.  ne'iDlialirais.  ind  a  >nrreniler  eiismd.  llie 
French  deliveriii'.'  up  their  arms.  They  were  tin'ii  ennveu'd  aciD—  ijic  river  in  M|nads, 
and,  as  soon  as  each  sipiad  reaelii'd  the  otlu'r  side,  their  hands  were  tied  liehiml  their 
hacks,  after  which  tiiev  were  marched  (ilf  to  a  distaiiey  and  siint.  When  llihaiilt  at  last 
(lisrovered  the  treachery,  he  was  almost  inimeiliately  deprived  of  life  hy  a  .Spanish 
soldier,  who  stahhod  him  with  a  poniard;  and  Ork-z,  liis  junior  in  conunand.  siiared  th(> 
•siune  fate. 


Ii 


f 


(     \ 


n  i 


VOYAGEiS  OF   KllJALLT   AND   L  AL'DONN  lEllE. 


CirVPTKlJ     III. 

T![i-;  ciiEVALiKR   c.ornc.rr s   1!Etamati:s  ipox  tiik  Spanish 

SKTTI.KMKNT    IN     I'LulUDA. 

Inti:i.i.u;kn<  K  «{'  tlu'  liurrid  tn'iu'lu'ry  ul"  llu'  S|iiiiii;n(ls  was  rccciNcd  in  Friim'(>  w'tl; 
one  imiviTsiil  litiist  uf  indiirnation.  Tho  rclaliM's  of  tlu'  piTsoiis  iiiassacrcil  in  Florida 
jH'titioiu'd  till'  kin^'  I'nr  itdifss.  alloi^iiii:  tliat  tiny  liad  none  tiiitlKT  liy  iiis  authority, 
and  tliat.  consi'(|iicnliy.  it  w.is  liis  crown  tliat  liail  Ih'imi  instdtcd.  Tiu'  nation  dcniandcd 
tlial  tlic  l<ini;-  of  S])Min  slionid  ln'  rciiuircd  to  nnilio  atononirnt  'or  the  atrocities  of  liis 
snlijccts.  I'nt  Charles  IX.  oared  no  nioro  ibr  these  events  than  did  Philip  II.  Pro- 
testantism liein'_'  a  heresy  loathed  hy  hotii  monarchs.  nothinjr  was  done.  The  hlood 
of  liiliiinlt.  and  of  his  DUd  followers.'  vainly  apfjealed  to  the  French  jroverniMent 
for  venireance. 

At  length  the  matter  was  taken  in  hand  hy  the  Chevalier  Dominico 
l.'d'iT  (h)nr;_'iies.  a  (Ja.seoii  u'entleman.  descemh'd  from  an  ancient  l"aniil_\'.  ii(? 
possessed  an  envialile  reimtation  for  eonrap'.  inllnence.  and  moral  cha- 
racter, and  stood  hidi  in  inihlie  oiimation  liir  his  military  ser\  ires,  hoth  in  Franco 
and  in  tiireiiin  conntries.  I  lis  sii^'cess  and  sl<ill  in  naval  atlairs  were  also  of  ji  hifrli 
order. 

At  his  own  cost,  (ioui'iiiies  ei|uip|)ed  three  vesstds.  of  nioiiei'ate  tonn.iLie.  adapted  to 
the  navigation  of  small  rivers  and  shallow  liays.  In  calliiiL!:  for  volunteers,  hoth 
soldiei.s  and  sailors,  he  told  no  one  his  pi-ecise  oliject.  the  prestiiie  of  his  name  heing 
sullicient.  He  mustered  10(1  soldiei's  Inuiu'j  lire  arms,  anion,;;'  whom  were  ^'(Uitiemeu, 
and  eighty  mariners  ai-uu'd  with  cro>s-hows.  who  desi'jni'd  also  to  act  with  the  military 
ii)rce.  He  carried  with  liim  ))ro\isi()ns  liir  one  year.  ft  was  the  'Jl2d  of  Aui;ust  lK'l()ri« 
lie  left  the  coast  of  France,  lie  apjieared  to  meditate  a  descent  on  the  shori's  of 
Africa,  which  lie  really  vi<ited.  imt.  tinally.  steerin,^  across  the  .\tlantii'.  Ii"  nnide  the 
shor(>s  of  Mra/il.  whence  he  directed  his  course  to  Capi'  St.  Antonio,  or  the  west  ca])0 
(if  Cuha.  At  this  ])lace  lie  called  liis  nii'ii  toL'ether.  an<l  rcNcaled  to  them  the  ohject 
of  the  expedition.  If'-  stated  the  injuries  inllieted  upon  their  country,  the  insult  to 
their  kiiii;.   the  irross  \iolation    of  all  recoifiiised   laws   ot"   war.  ami.  ahove    all.  the 


'  S..;irks,  \-,l  Vli,,  ,.    I-.' 


■  JIm.I.,  |.    11! 


J 


VOYAGES   OF   HIRAILT   A  N  0  L  A  l' DO  XX  I  E  U  E. 


70 


itcil  to 

<.  l.oth 

being 

llt'llU'U, 

liilitavy 

|>n's  of 
tho 

ohjl'Ct 
'\\\l  to 
ill.  the 


(iiittM'.'i's  ii|ioii  liimiaiiity.  IIiiviii;j;  iiroiiscd  tlicir  cMitiiiisiiism.  ;inil  cxcitcil  tlicir  riTJiiiL's 
:iii(l  si'Msc  of  jiislici'.  Iio  siiilcil  into  tli(>  river  Sniiinic,  now  St.  .M:m\'s.  the  coast 
liiiundarv  lictwccn  Florida  and  (Iforu'ia. 

NcarU  a  \t'ar  liail  elapsed  in  the  perronnanee  of  the  loii;;  and  eiriMiiliMis  voyajrt', 
anil  in  the  dela\s  incident  to  the  landing's  wl.ich  had  heen  made.  Spriiii;  had  a-ain 
•eldllii'd  the  Florida  coasts  in  M'rdure.  It  was  early  in  tli<'  inniilh  ol'  April,  when 
(.iourirnes  entered  the  river  St.  -Mary's.  'I'he  Indians  were  assendijcd  in  considerahle 
lunnhi'rs.  and  evinced  sijrns  of  hostility,  nntil  they  ascertaine(l  that  the  new  comers 
weie  French.  'I'he  <diicl'.  Satoui'ioiia,  was  there  to  W(dconn'  him.  and  restored  to  him 
a  \(iMnL;'  Frenchman  |  Pierre  IKdii),  who  liad  escapeil  to  the  Indians  alter  the  niassaci'O 
(if  the  iiarrison  of  Fort  Caroline,  and  who.  snlisc(|ui'ntiy.  hecami-  \riy  scrNiceahle  to 
the  French  as  an  interiireter.  Satonriona  s(>on  pivv  (louruiies  to  nnderstand  that  the 
Indians  hated  the  Spaniards,  whose  domination  was  irUsDnic.  and  at  once  ai:reed  to  aid 
(ionruMcs  in  an  attack  on  the  tlii'ce  Spanish  forts,  then  locati'd  on  the  Si.  .lohn's.  The 
movements  of  fionrunies  were  very  rapid.  Findinir  the  Indians  ready  to  second  him, 
lie  determined  to  iitlaeU  the  enem\  innnedialely.  In  three  days  tiie  Indians,  to  the 
nnniher  of  •">"<).  armeil  with  liows.  and  led  on  hy  experienct'd  warrioi's.  set  ont  liy  land 
for  a  rende/vons  on  the  St.  .loini's.  (Joni'LiUes.  intending'  to  proceed  ly  water.  (Mnharked 
his  men  in  boats;  bnt  tin'  winds  beinir  advei'se.  when  half  way  thither,  he  landeil  and 
inarched  across  the  coinitry.  When  he  arrived  at  the  rende/vons,  all  the  Indians  were 
there,  ready  nnd  eaj^er  tiir  the  fray. 

A  conference  havimr  heen  litdd  with  the  Indian  chiefs,  they  marched  forwai'd.  anil 
Just  at  nijrht-fall  reached  the  river.  It  was  decided  to  attack  tin-  lint  on  the  south 
bank  at  daybreak,  the  Indians  beinj:- skilful  1,'uides  ;  bnt  it  happeneil  that  the  tide  in 
ii  creek  near  the  l()rt  was  up.  making  it  then  too  deep  to  ford.  This  caused  a  dela\-, 
durini;'  the  continnance  of  which  they  lay  in  and)usli,  in  the  lurest.  to  avoid  discovers 
When  the  tide  flowed  ont.  the  allies  cro.s.sed  the  cri'ek  unobserved,  stormed  and  carried 
the  fort,  sword  in  hand,  retainiui;'  but  few  prisoners. 

The  H'oliufis  of  (iourirnes  and  his  men  were  much  excited  by  the  capture  of  ;i 
culverino.  havimr  the  arms  of  Henry  IV.  onirraved  on  it,  which  had  been  mounted  in 
l-'ort  (,'aroline.     Orderiiif^  his  boats  around,  he  di>tennined  immediatelv  to  assault  the 


north  f)rt.      He  embarked  his  men  in  military  order ;   but   the   Indians.  t( 


10  impaticMit 


to  wait  for  the  return  of  vhe  boats,  plunjred  into  the  river  and  swam  across.     S«.'einfi  so 
irreat  an  array,  the  j^arrison,  sixty  in  number,  made  no  show  of  defence,  but  lied,  witli 


the  intention  of  seekini:'  shtdter  in  another  fort,  situated  three  tniles  abovi 


Ih.t  tl 


lev 


4 


were  met  by  another  strong  party  of  French,  and,  being  henmied  in  by  the  Indians  in 
the  rear,  were  completely  out  to  piecen,  with  the  exception  of  lifteen  men,  who  were 
detained,  that  they  might  be  hanged. 

Fort  Matheo,  the  strongest  of  the  three,  which  the  Spanianl.s  Iiad  erected  after  tlio 
capture  of  Fort  Caroline,  was  still  unharmed.     While  meditating  on  the  best  mode  of 


1     ; 


U 


i 


I  i: 


80 


VOYA(iKS   OK   KIllAll/r   AND   L  AT  DONN  lER  E. 


iittiick,  tln'v  wc'iv  inl'oi'iiicMl  by  oiii'  of  tlio  Spani.-h  jirisoiicrs,  ii  foliliiT  rnim  hut 
Miitlii'o.  of  till.'  cxiu't  lui^ht  ijl'its  wuIIh.  to  scali'  wliicli.  ladders  wore  at  onci'  prc'iiarcil. 
At  this  tiiiif  till'  Iiiiliaiis  cli.scovi'ivd  a  Spaniard  in  eanip,  in  the  ilistruiso  of  an  li:i!iaii. 
who  piMvt'il  to  \k'  a  spy.  l-'i'oni  hitn  (lourj:iit'S  learned  that  the  .irarrison  I'on.sislcd  of 
litJO  men.  tiiat  the  lint  v  ■>  hirt;e,  and  that  it  was  believed  that  (Jour^nes  liad  a  I'orec 
of  liOlll)  men.  He  instantly  detcnnined  on  his  plan  of  attaek.  and,  after  [\\\i  da\s 
sjient  in  preparation,  he  direeted  the  Indians  to  eoneeal  themselves  in  the  Ibrest,  on 
both  sides  of  the  river,  near  the  llirl.  lie  then  erossed  in  boats  with  his  whole  I'orce. 
jnei'ely  lea\  ini:  behind  him  fiftei'n  men  as  a  i:nard.  As  soon  as  his  army  was  seen  Inmi 
the  Itjrt,  the  Spaniards  opened  their  enlverines  on  him.  to  avoid  the  elTects  of  whieh, 
ho  landed  and  took  possession  of  an  eminence,  overlooking  the  fort  and  the  move- 
ments of  its  j^arrison.  wbiie  iiis  own  troops  were  <'oneealed  and  [injtecti'd.  He  dosij^netl 
takiu'i  the  work  by  e-ealade  the  Ibllowing  morninii.  but  the  Spaniards  jiroeipitated 
matters  by  orderinir  a  sally  of  sixty  men.  Gonrguos  ordered  an  ollicor  and  twenty  men 
to  L:et  between  the  llirt  and  the  sallying  party,  by  a  eirenitons  ronti-.  which  being  accom- 
plished, he  marched  rapidly  forward,  directing  his  lorces  to  reserve  their  fire  (or  a  close 
contest,  and.  after  the  lirsl  discharge,  to  rush  on  sword  in  hand.  Many  of  the  foe  loll, 
and.  tlioiii:h  the  rest  f  night  bravely,  they  were  iit  length  obliged  to  retreat  ;  bnt, 
eiicounterim':  tiie  liirce  in  their  rear.  e\er\-  man  was  sbiin.  no  (pnirtor  being  given. 

Seeing  the  llowerof  their  force  tims  cnt  down,  tin'  garrison,  crediting  the  exaggerated 
]e])orls  of  tiie  l'"i(iich  strengtii.  lied  across  the  river,  where  the  Indians,  lying  in 
ambush.  rose  upon  liiem  v.  itli  ovciv\ln'lming  fury.  Such  was  their  skill  in  the  use  of 
tile  arrow,  that  oiR-  of  them  jiassi d  through  the  buckler  of  a  Spanish  ollicor,  and 
entered  his  body,  killing  him  dead  on  the  spot.  The  French,  iiaving  again  cros.sed 
the  river,  assaulted  the  Spaniards  in  the  rear,  killing  all  who  oscaiK^d  tlie  Indians; 
and  thus  the  entire  gari'ison  perished,  with  the  exception  ol'  a  lew,  reserved  Ibr  the 
gallows,  as  a  retaliation  foi'  the  cruelty  of  the  Spaniards,  after  the  surrender  of 
llibault. 

Fort  Mathco  was  entered  triumphantly,  ant!  was  found  to  contain  a  largo  cpiantity 
ol'  arms,  iiiiu'  cnUerines.  of  all  sizes,  and  eighteen  casks  of  powder.  Tiie  following 
day  the  boats  were  freighted  with  the  artillery;  lint  the  magazine  was  blown  up  by  a 
secret  tiaiu,  left  by  the  enemy,  which  was  unwittingly  lired  l)y  an  Indian,  while 
cookiu'i'  lisli. 

The  work  of  retribution  was  not,  however,  as  yet,  fully  completed.  Drawing  up  liis 
men.  anil  the  auxiliai'v  Indians  who  had  taken  so  active  a  part  in  the  short  campaign, 
and  placing  all  the  Spanish  prisoners  whom  he  had  taken,  in  the  centre,  fiourguos 
addressed  the  latter,  reconiitiiig  to  them  the  atrocities  committed  by  Mononde/.,  and 
Ihiished  by  condemning  them  to  immediate  execution,  in  the  satne  maimer  as  that 
adopted  by  the  Spaniards.  They  wore  then  taken  to  the  same  tree  whidi  had  served 
as  the  Tyburn  of  Menendez,  and  upon  which  he  liad  placed  the  inscription  —  ''Not  iw 


VOYAtJKS   OF  KIBAULT   ANT)  LAUDONNIERE. 


81 


up  Ilia 
ipaign, 

./,  and 
IS  thiit 

UlTVCll 

Not  iw 


m 


Fronchineii,  but  as  Lutherans."  The  tliirty  prisoners  having  been  suspended  upon  its 
limbs,  Gourj^ues,  with  a  red-hot  pointed  iron,  inscribed  upon  a  strip  of  pine  board  — 
'•  Not  as  Si)auiards,  but  as  traitors,  robbers,  and  murderers ;"  which  was  liistened  to 
the  natural  trallows. 

luunctliately  returning  with  his  cavaliers,  Satouriona,  and  his  native  allies,  to  St. 
jMarvs  river,  where  he  had  left  his  ships,  and,  haviu'.,'  distributed  presents  to  tlie 
Indians,  who  wore  in  eestacies  with  his  nuirtial  exploits,  Gourgues  exchauL^'d  tlie 
most  friendly  salutations  and  civilities  with  them,  and  then,  on  the  3d  of  May.  .set 
sail  lor  France,  arriving  at  the  port  of  Kochelle  on  the  Gth  of  June,  after  a  very 
]ii(is[)eruus  voyage. 


lantity 

owing 

by  a 

while 


Vol.  VI.  — 11 


I  I 


T 


f  '^ll 


i 


SECTiox  rouiriii. 

TIIK    KNCMSII    ELEMENT    OF    (MVUJ/ATION 

IN    AMERICA. 


CllAPTKK    I 


lUSCitVKRY    nF    VI1!<;INI.\,    AND    ITS    A  P.OR  1(5 1  NKS. 


No  iiiMii.  li\iii-'  cl'iilii'.^  tlic  Vi-ii;!)  iif  Kliz:ilp<'tli.  ncf|iiirt'il  ;jfivat('r  cclcln'ity  for  mililnry 
t>\])l<)its.  iiiivmI  >kill.  i'ntliMsi:i<tic  imrsiiit  of  tr.iiis-Atliiulii"  disi'iixcrics.  ami  flic  rnrllii'i-- 
aiicc  nl'  I'nliiiii/atioii.  tliaii  dill  Sir  NValtd-  llairi'jii.      lie  was  (M|iial]y  rt'imwiii'il  liir  lii-i 

\\\\.   IraniiiiL:-.  rl'iijUfiic''.   ami   a( :ii)il:>liiii('iits.      Di'sccihIciI   IVoiii  a  ikiMi'   lainils   in 

l)('\()ii>liirc.  Iif  \\a>  ((liiraliil  at  Oxliud.  ami.  alter  sci'xiiii:'  witii  (listiiiLiiiisliciI  iTcdit  in 
I''ranr('.  inidii'  Cnli'^iii  and  ( 'undi' :  in  the  Xctlicriaml-;.  inulcr  tlic  Prince  nf  Oi'anLTi' ; 
and  in  Ireland,  against  the  iclicls:  lie  was  recei\cd  at  Mli/ahctirs  Cdnrt  with  marked 
faviii'.  Till'  wiiild  i-  indrlited  to  UabaLrli  I'nr  tlio  <lisei)very  nl'  \'irL;inia.  His  |ilans  liir 
pi'cunntiiij  ciilnnizatiiin  tm  tin'  .\tlantie  cuast  were  (\irly  deviddjied.  and  lie  wa-^.  hevdiid 
ail  I'tlier-:.  tlie  /ealoiH.  a-^  well  as  steadfast,  advooalo  oC  (lie  puliry  of  extrndint;  tin' 
piiwer  and  ei\ilizatiiin  til'  Kiuland  to  tlie  wild,  lint  lieanteons  sIkhts  oI"  Anieiiea.  lie 
(•(iinmanded  an   e.\]Hilitiiin  wliieli   e\|iloi'ed   (Jniana.  in    South  .\iiieriea.  ami   a>eeiid'(' 

f he  (  >lilhir(i  to  tlie  ili-tanee  111'    jMII  inil"S   iVoin   its    lllollth.       Slll)^e(|llentl\.  lie  wrote    an 

ai'eounl  of  til''  eiMintrie-  \:~itr(l  liy  him.  wlii(di  is  cehdirated  I'oi-  its  tnitlifid.  i^louim;', 
and  iiraiihie  il''seri]itioiis.  Ihuimr  heen  one  ol' the  orii-dnators  of  the  e\|iiMiition  of 
Sir  irinnidiriy  (lilhcit  (his  hall'-lirother).  to  Newfonndlaiid,  when  that  atteni|it  to 
fonn  1  a  colony  failed,  lie  (ih'aiiied  Icttci's  patent  from  J'liizidieth.  authori/inj-  hini  to 
renew  the  ejllirf  in  a  moi-e  southerly  latitude,  on  the  Atlantic.  'I'hcse  letters  were 
dated  on  the  Ll'iih  of  .March,  l-'i^l.  nearly  six  ye.u's  al'ti'r  the  failure  of  (iilhert's 
;ittein|it.  Tin'  authority  to  make  discoveries,  and  found  a  colony,  was  |ilenar\-.  hiit 
the  TOverninenf   did   not    undertake   to  defray  an\'  jiai't   of  tic  cost,      it  was.  strictl\' 


KNCIJSII    lll.ICMKNT   ol'   C  1  V  I  LI /ATION    I\    A  M  I!  1!  I  C  A  . 


x;{ 


rnlil  ill 
)i':\ii,L'i'; 
uiiirki''! 
liii-^  liir 


licMimi 


111'^   tin 


II. 


MTUll<'l 


Iroti-  :ill 
^low  ill'-:, 
lilinn   111' 


'iiip 


t   to 


liilll    to 


HiHNikiiiir.  ti  |iii\;it(',  or  iissocijili'  iiilvculnrc.  tlic  i  rowii  coiircriiiiu-  iiiioii  tin'  indj^'ctors 
till'  iiniiiiirtor.-liiit  ol'  till'  count  I  y  discovi'ivd,  mcivlv  stiimiating  foi'  tlic  iimmI  iickiiow- 
IriLiiH'iit  of  so\c'roi,:iiit\'.  In  llif  Mirri'iidcr  of  oiic-lirili  ol'  tin'  procccils  nl'  all  iiiiiics. 
Soiiii!  'jiaiils  of  iici'iiscs  oil  wines,  ami  otiicr  finolimu'iils,  were  at.  tlu;  ^aine  [uTiotl 
lii'stowcd  ii|uiii  llaiciiili.  to  ciialilc  him  to  ]i(|i.idato  lliu  cliarjcs  of  his  i'i(iii|iiiicnl ;  in 
iiddition  In  which  Ih'  associati'd  with  him  oilier  persons  po>se>-inir  means  and  inliiieui'e, 
aiiioiiL;'  whom  were  iindudi'd  hlood  relations.  Two  vessels  were  proNiiled.  and  phieeil 
under  till-  respective  comiiiands  of  IMiilip  .Vmiilas.  iind  .\ilhiir  linrlow.  the  hitlei'  ol' 
whom  had  >ei\ed  under  Kalciuh  in  Irejainl.  as  an  ollicer  ol'  the  land  lliices.  On  the 
■Jd  of  April  the  sliips  saili'd  uiit  of  llie  Thames,  and.  loll. iw  iiii:'  ihe  n^iial  circuitous 
ripiite.  u.i  ihe  Canaries  and  the  West  Indies,  arrixcil  oil' the  cnn^t  ol'  Florida  on  ihe  "Jd 
of.liilw  The  \  iiirinia  coasts  were  occupied  In  clans  ol' AlLroncpiins.  of  tiii'  I'owhatanic. 
t\pe.  j'iach  (Ian  oheu'il  the  authority  of  its  own  chiei".  hut  all  were  associated  in  a 
ucneiiil  conl'eileracN.  which  was  ruled  hy  Powhatan,  whese  cipiincil  liri'  and  loidence 
were  localeil  on  the  .dimes  river.  Those  who  li\ed  on  the  coiisis  I'elieil  (lU  li~h  a-i  one 
of  the  lueail.s  of  their  snhsistelice.  'l"he  huntiiiii-urounds  extended  west  to  the  -emral 
line  ol'  the  I'all.s  of  the  \'ir,i;inia  ri\ers.  whert'  a  di\eise  stock,  as  well  as  laiv^iuiije.  .super- 
vened. eNteiidiiiir  to  the  Alleiihanics.  AVhaleMM'  occurrence  of  moment  happened  n\\  the 
hoiilers.  as  the  appearance  of  enemies,  or  straiiLiers.  was  iimiiediati'ly  commnuicaled  to 
the  central  adminislration.      in  this  wiy  a  sort  of  inchoate  repuMic  wns  i^nxeriied. 

Amitlas  and  IJarlow  approached  a  low  shore,  co\cred  with  trees.  friiiLicd  with  an 
outer  line  of  islands  and  islets.'  liaxini.''  cast  ai.chor,  liailow  landeil  ju  his  yawl  at 
the  island  of  Wococon,-  where  he  adiuireil  the  handsome  trees.  indii;enous  fruiiv.  and 
xiiiorous  \('i;clation.  ihit  no  indians  appeareil  iiniil  the  third  day.  when,  thcee  of  the 
nativi's  approachin;:'  in  a  canoe,  a  friendly  inlercoursi>  ensued.  The  fullDwin'.;  da\-.  the 
ships  were  visited  hy  sextual  canoes,  in  tuie  of  wliiidi  was  ( iraiiLianaiueo.  I'owhaian's 
hi'olher.      .\t    this   intri  \iew.  I'rieiidK-  salutations   and    presents  were  e\cliaiiL:ed.      Th(» 


Indians  are  descrihed 


pro]ier  well-pro[Mirtioiied  people.  \i>ryci\il  in  their  inanneis 


and  hehaviour."     After  this  inU'r\iew,  reciprocal  coiilidenco  heim:'  I'stalili.-hed.  a  ti 


was  conimenceii 


.\midas  then  proceeded  to  enter  Pamlico  ."^iMind.  and  tln'  I 


olIowiiiLr  ila\.  at   e\'enir. 


anchored  near  the  inland  of  Koaiioke.'  which  he  estimated  to  he  si'xcii  Kaunes  distant 
fidin  Occocpinii,  the  Hi'st  |. lace  of  landiii'.^'. 


At  1 


voiUloKc 


the  l']n'.ili.sh  found  a  s 


mall  viII:il:('  comprisiici  nine  houses.  ,, 


lie  of  whicii 


was  occii 


[lied  hy  the  family  of  (Iraii'/aiiameo.  the  chief  heimj;  aliseiil.     i  lis  w  ife  leciavcd 


Aiiiidas  witii   courtesy  ;iiul   hospitality.     She   wa.s  an  eueruiot 


K"  wdiiian.   ainl   oideri 


I 


■rs  wer<' 

'lilhert's 

liut 


irv 


strieth 


'  IM I..  V..!.  11..  p  -J.'. 

•  .'siiili  n.Msiili  rs  ilii~  ,-iiinlli.T  Miiiiic  I'lir  Ocnii-siik. — lllsl'tn/  ,,/'  Vi'r./niHi,  1..  ; 
'  I'l.r  ill.' rlMMcjiM^v  ..f  \\i\-  »-..r.|,  \l.|.'  lii.sliirical  M:i.,':iziii.',  \'ul.   I.,  \.i.  li. 

*  'riii-  w.inl  .•i|i|.i:ii>.  IV..II1  a  .-li..i-i  \,.ijliiil:irv.  I.,  l..'  t!,,'  iiaiiu'  ..I   a  x.ilu..|  ,~. 


I' ' 


84 


KNlil.lSII     km:  mi;  NT    ol" 


(heir  l)i)ats  to  1)0  drawn  nslion".  luul  tlic  ours  to  Ko  ciirrifil  up  to  tlip  villnirc,  to  gimnl 
(lu'iu  from  tliit'vos.  Tlio  li'ft  of  tlu;  Knulisli  liavinj]^  lici-n  washctl  in  wnnn  water,  slic 
llii'ii  iiiviti'il  tlicni  to  partaUc  of  liomiiiv,  Ixiilod  venison,  and  roasted  (isli,  with  a  dessert 
uf  ■•  melons  and  other  vep'taMes. 

Feariu'^  treaeliery.  Aniidas  embarked  in  his  lioat  at  evening,  nnd.  |uishinij  it  ont  into 
the  sound,  arreiiored  oil"  the  vilhtL't',  intendinjjj  tlnis  to  pass  the  niuht.  'I"he  wife  of 
(irani::iiianieo,  divinin;;  the  reason  for  tliis  preeanlion.  and  e\idenliy  retirettini:  his 
nii>trnst.  sent  down  tlie  eveninir's  meal,  in  pots,  to  the  shore.  Siie  also  oi'dered  mats 
Id  lie  i'lirried  to  tlie  hoiit.  to  shelter  the  Kn;jlish  from  the  niL;ht  dews,  and  direete<l 
si'M'ral  men.  and  thirty  women,  to  remain  there  all  niiiiit.  as  a  iiiiard. 

'I'his  eonstitnteil  the  extreme  limit  of  their  discoveries.  Heturninir  to  their  anehorn,i:'e, 
the  explorers  spent  two  months  and  a  half  on  the  roast,  when.  Inuinu'  linislu'd  their 
trallic.  tlie\-  set  .«ail  I'or  I'ln^land.  aliont  the  midille  of  Septendier.  earryinjr  with  them 
tsvo  natives,  calli'd  .M.inteo  and  Wa^eehoe.  Tlu'  s.ili'  return  uf  the  ships,  and  thi-- 
narration  of  tin'  disfoveries  madi'.  eicated  a  strou.;-  sensation,  and  Mli/ahelh  was  so 
Tiiiieh  pleased  with  tin'  di'scription  of  the  country,  and  the  prosjiect  of  e\tendin;:r  her 
soverei'.Mity  which  it  presented,  that  she  named  it  Virginia,  in  allusi(ii\  to  her  own  state 
of  siiiLile-lilessedness. 


.'^tllli's  Ilistorv  nf  VirL'iiiiii,  p.  11. 


3» 


CI  V  1  1,1/ ATI  UN     IN    AMKIUCA, 


xr, 


("HAI'TKH    II. 

Tin:     I'OWHATAMC     TIMBER     OF    VIRGTXIA,     AS     TIIKY     AUK 
ItKPOliTKI)    OX    THE    SECOND    YOYAOK. 


Till-:  cicsiri'   to   fouiiii   coloiiirs  wiw  I'lrfctuiilly  itroiiscd   in   l']iii;laiiil.   \>y  tlic 
nsiilts  ol'  this  (iiscoMTN,  wliii'li  wa-:  tin'  i^rnii  ol'  iIk^  iiriii^li  coloiiiiil  cstalilisli-        l"iS."i 
iiiciils.      It  lu'cijcd  not  till'   |iri>|ilirtic   liaiil    to  prii   tlic  cxclitiiiatiiiu,  "  Vir^ioMs 
ol"  i;l(ir\ .  Sparc  niv  acliiiiji  sii;lit  I"' '  imr  tlic  \nicc  ol'  tlic  Iiiiliaii  saL'c,  ()[)(M'liaii.  to  Ijiil  Iiis 
c'omitn men  (car,  and  lly  h  tuM   llic  i'(Mitslc|is  of  a  ])i'oplc,  who  l)roii;^lil  in  tlicir  train  tlic 
subtle  iicnii  (if  lalioni'.  Icttc'    and  ('liri>lianil y. 

Tlic  ]iiiiiiccr  sliips  liad  scan  cly  rctiiriUMJ  I'ldiii  \irL;inia.  ulicn  ii  second  voyau'c  X'.as 
rcsoh'cil  on.  Sir  l!icli;ird  (IiimumHc.  wlio  had  hcen  one  of  the  promoters  of  the  first 
clliirt.  oii'^inated  this  seconil  ad^  cntiire.  and  deterniiiied  to  lead  it.  For  this  cntei'pri/c, 
seven  sliips  were  eijiii|iped  in  tlie  harbor  ol"  I'lynioutli.  ;ind  fully  provided  uitli  all 
neccssai-v  snp|ilies.  IbileiLili  was  deeply  interotrd  in  this  new  efliii't,  and  to  rendc"  it 
sucrcssfnl.  nolhiiiu' \vas  oiiiilted.  \\hicli.  at  that  era.  Avas  di'enied  essential.  The  jiresence 
of  Manfeo.  and  his  coiii|ianioii.  had  exeitecl  a  lively  interest  in  tiic  public  mind 
respecting'  tiie  aboriLiines.  and.  in  order  to  aiMpiiiv  correct  ideas  of  their  features, 
ninniiLM's,  and  nistoms.  IJnlciuh  sent  out  .Mr.  Willi,  or  Wyth.  a  skilful  writer.  A  iifntlc- 
iiian  of  his  household.  Thomas  ilairiot.  a  noted  mathematit'iiui  and  scholar,  also 
accompanied  the  expedition,  liir  the  purpose  of  describiiii;  their  character.  Man'i'o 
I'etiirned  to  A'iriiiiiia  as  liiiide  and  interpreter. 

The  ships  sailed  from  IMyiiioiith  on  the  '.Mb  of  .\pril.  and.  after  oro.ssing  llio  Atlantic, 
on  till'  l!tith  of  May  anchored  oil'  the  i>laiid  of  ()rcoi|iioii.  liavinu' made  the  passai:e  in 
fcirty-se\en  days.  At  this  time  the  priiu  ipal  local  ruler  on  the  coast  was  Win'.:i,ia, 
who  resided  on  tli(>  island  of  lloaiioke.  'i'o  him  a  deputation  was  immediat(d\' 
desjiati  bed.  under  the  ,i:uidaiice  of  Maiiteo.  who  is  uniformly  piraised  lor  liis  lldelitv. 

Other  parties  were  scut  oil"  in  did'ereut  directions,  to  acipiirc  a  knowledge  of  the 
'jco'jra]iliy.  and  make  in(|iiiry  concei'iiini;'  the  productions,  of  the  coiiutrv.  .'^ir  Kicha"d, 
liiiii^elf.  crossed  to  the  main  land,  and  explored  the  \illajj'es  on  the  Chowan  I'ivor, 
where  he  iiiMiKcd  himself  and  alleiulanls  in  hostilitii's  w  itli  the  natives.     The  manner 


pl- 


( J  ni  V 


^  i 


■III 


i'-  i 


«tl 


KNtilJSlI    i:  L  i;  M  i:  N  T    oh" 


in  wliicli  tliis  iliniciiltv  aiMsc  uiis  as  liillous:  'I'lic  linliiiiis  liail  stolfii  a  silvor  ciip  IVoiu 
his  mess  I'liniitiiri'.  in  it'M'iiii.' lor  uliicli,  alter  liis  ivtiini  to  tin-  islaiiil  ol' ()('C('(|\i(m, 
111'  Kuriii'tl  tlii'ir  viiiaL^'  and  di'sti'DVi'il  tln'ir  cnin.  Allrr  |i('r|ii'triitin.:  liii<  inijiolilic 
anil  cnii'l  (intia.ri',  lu'  .-^uildrnlv  ilcti'i'ininid  to  ri'lnrn  to  I'ln^innd.  Ih'  !' Il  a  ri)liiny  of 
IMI  |icrM)ns  (111  til''  i-iand  (  I' ( *('i'(i(|Uon.  over  wlioiii  lic!  a|i[ioinlcd  Mr.  lial|ili  Lane, 
Ltivcriior.  On  Ids  route  lionie  lie  \isited  the  West  Indies,  with  the  e.\|i(i'talion  ol' 
I'lU'oiinterin;:  Snanish  \-e^>eN  ;  and.  haxiiiL'  caiiturcd  ii  large  shi|i,  returned  with  his 
iiri/i'  to  l'l\  mouth,  uliicii  In'  ii  aehed  on  t'.ie  iMh  of  Septeinher,  alU'r  an  abseiieo  of 
a  little  more  than  six  montli>. 

l.ane  and  his  eoiuiianions  immediately  located  the  colony  on  the  isl;iiid  of  Hoanoke. 
I'nder  his  directions  they  c<inliuued  llie  reconnoissance  of  the  country.  e.\|ilorin,i,'  the 
coasts  to  the  southward,  as  far  as  an  Indian  \illaiie  called  Seeotan.  hear  tlu'  moiitii  of 
Neus  riser,  and  northward  as  far  as  the  \illaL;e  of  the  < 'hesaiieiiUe  Indians,  who 
l-csidei!  on  Kli/alieth  ri\er.'  To  the  norlliwi'>l.  tliey  ascended  thi'  Chowan  liver  I'll) 
miles,  to  the  lenilia'v occiiiiir.i  liy  a  nation  called  ( 'howaiioeks.  a  liranch  of  the  lr(ii|nois 
stork.'  At  C^ipe  llattcia-.  whitlcr  they  went.  \>\  water,  under  the  niiidance  of  the 
friendlv  -Maiiteo.  tliev  luul  an  interview  with  (lraii,i;aiKiineo.  which  is  the  la.st  mention 
we  have  of  this  chiel'.   in  \'ir-iiiia  lii,-tory. 

Ilichard  (iren\  die's  e\|iloi  atoiy  trip,  and  his  severity  toward  the  Indians,  seconded 
as  it  was  li\  the  ai::res-i\e  policy  |inrsiied  hy  his  successors,  iiail  the  elVect  of  keeping 
th<^  settlers  in  a  stati'  of  (iiiifu>ion.  and  continual  dread  of  the  ahoriuines.'  'I'lie 
colonists  soon  found  that  they  were  rc^Mrded  hy  the  Indians  with  suspicion  and 
mistrust.  l''ilie>se  was  retaliated  hy  fine-se.  deception  hy  de<'eptioii.  Ill  one  of  their 
numerous  hroJN  v\ith  the  native-,  ihe  co|oni>ts  killed  Wini^ina.  Ahout  the  same  time. 
Gramranameo.  their  hest  friend,  dieil.  and  his  cleatli  was  followed  hy  that  of  his  aged 
fatiier.  Kn-eiioie.  .\  general  state  of  nnrrieiidly  H'cling  at  this  tinu'  existed  towards 
the  Kmrli-h.  The  colonists  planted  iiothiicj.  and.  with  great  relnclance.  the  Inilians 
nartiallv  sup[ilied  tlani  with  corn.  game,  mid  lish.  which,  at  length,  they  withheld 
iiltou'ether.  The  result  of  this  noii-inteivour-e  pcdicy  was.  that  parties  of  the  colonist.s 
were  necessitated  to  liiraiie  for  supjiiii's  on  the  i.-lands,  and  some  on  the  main  land. 
Kinallv.  tlu'V  were  compelled  to  .~ii!)-i>t  on  loiits  and  shell-lish.  .\  party  of  twenty 
men.  while  tliii^  eiii]i|ovei|  ;il  Cioataii.  oil  the  southern  part  of  Cape  Lookout.  desci-ied 
a  sipiadron  of  tvveiit  v-lhiee  -hips,  standim;  in.  This  lleet  [iroved  to  he  that  of  ."^ir 
Francis  Drake,  .•etiirning  from  an  expedition  against  the  .'^^[i.iniards.  They  had  taken, 
anil  plundered.  Carthageiia  and  ilisjianiola.  and  hurned  the  towns  of  St.  .Vnthoiiy  uiul 
St.  Helena.  (Ill  the  Florida  coa>t. 

Drake  had  orders  from  (,>iieeii  Kli/.aheth  tu  visit  and  succor  the  \'irginia  colon}'.' 


It  i-  .illinncil  Ipv  .""ihli.  \':iii<-  -'■'•.  liiiil  tin'  n:iim'  nl'  llu-  triin'  w:is  lir-l.iwril  mi  lljr  ('lir-,i|M-:iki'  li.iy. 


'  Cliowiuinck  is,  liiittiM  r,  an  .M^'ini'juin  iiaiui' 


»litli,  p 


iMii ,  p.  n;. 


a 


<l  VI  1,1 /.AT  ION    IN    AMKIMCA, 


f<i 


TIm; 

II    ami 

llit'ir 

iiiu', 

aivls 
liaiis 
ilu'l.l 
luists 
hiiiil. 
wciity 
scried 
if  Sir 
d\t'ii, 
y  ami 

lldllV.' 


4 


•'4 


Jlc  riiriii^lird  tlii'iii  witli  a  Ai\\>  dl'  scvciily  Inns  liiirilicii.  Hid  nun,  and  I'mir  ni>inlii>' 
lirii\  i~inli^.  lull  I  III-  vessel  was  driven  nil'  tlie  e(>;i-l  hy  a  teni|ie>t.  He  tlieii  sll|i|(iie(l 
tlii'in  witii  aiiiiliier  M'ssel  df  l-H  tons  luirtlien.  manned  and  pnu  isidiicd.  Imt  it  was 
liiiiiid  Id  lie  ini|i(issil)lc  to  fret  lier  over  tile  har  al  llie  eMlraiiee  to  tiie  sdiiiid.  Tiien  the 
fdldiiisis  Ml  lidaiioke,  eonsiderimr  tliat  tliey  iiad  already  snlli'red '•  niiieli  misery  and 
daiiLivr. '  '  ami  iiad  not  reeei\i(i  tiie  e\|ieeteci  sn|i|iiies.  |ii(>iiiised  l)y  (Ireiiviile.  snlieited 
iieiniis.-idii  to  return  to  i'liiiiland  in  tiie  lleel  of  l)iiike.  'i"o  liii-i  re((iiest  Sir  l'"riimis 
^'avi 


ids  readv  asseiil.  and  tiie\  were  ali   sMl'el\-  iandi'd  at  I'diNimiiitli.  alidiit   tiie  e! 


or.lniN.  i'tMi.  Cm  tiiis  trip,  (iovoruor  Lane  first  carried  tiie  toliaeeo  jilant  iroiii 
\'ir,uinia  to  I'lnulaml. 

Ol'  tlie  eii-ldins,  rili's,  freed,  and  o|iinii.iis  ol'  tiio  Indians.  .Mr.  llerriot  jiivcs  tlie 
roliowinu'  aceonnt  :  *• 'I'liey  iieiliive  in  ono  (ioil.  wiio  is  stdl-c.vistent  and  eternal,  and 
tiie  creator  ol"  tiie  world.  Alter  tliis  lie  ci'eali'd  an  order  of  inli'rior  L'ods.  to  eairy  out 
iiis  LidNcnniient.  Tiial  tiieii  tiio  snn.  moon,  ami  stars,  were  created  as  instruments  of 
llie  secondary  i:ods.  Tiie  waters  were  liieii  imule.  Iiecominir  tin;  vilai  princi|iie  (if  ali 
creatures,  lie  iie\l  erealeii  a  woman,  wlio.  liy  the  conuress  oToiie  of  ijie  uihIs.  I>roiii;ht 
Hath  oliildreii.  and  tiiem'<'  mankind  had  tiu'ir  l)e.riniiin'.;<.  Tiiiy  liioiiL,dit  the  jiods 
were  ail  ol'  liunian  siiape.  and  worsliipiied  (lieiii.  hy  liieir  images,  dancint;'.  simjiiiii-,  ami 
|iia\  iiiL.  witli  ollc'iiii,i;-i.  'i'iiey  iielies'ed  in  tiie  iinniorlaiity  of  the  soul,  wliicii  was 
dislined  lo  I'litiire  iia|i|iiiiess,  or  to  inliahil  J'd/Kii/ii.^.^n,  a  pit.  or  piaci'  ol'  tormeni,  uiiere 
the  >iin  sets ;  and  this  diiclrine  tiiey  liaseii  nn  tiie  assertion  ol'  persons  wlio  iiad  returned 
alter  death."  'I'liese  doctrines  are  said  to  iia\i'  iiad  iiiueii  wciuiit  willi  tiie  common 
Indians.  Imt  to  iia\c  made  hut  iitlie  impression  on  llieir  Weroaiiees.  or  rniers.  and 
priests.  Jlow  accurately  tluy  were  repoiteil.  ainl  how  iiuicli  tlay  wt.'re  colored  li\- 
Christian  inedilectioiis,  may  he  jiidjcd  oi'  liy  the  i\iio\\ii  repiii;nance  of  the  native 
sa,u:es  lo  uixc  inlormalion  on  sncii  points;  hy  fiieir  soon  heini;  on  ill  lernis,  la'  at  open 
war.  witii  tin'  Kn,!.;lisii ;  ami  iiy  tiie  prohahiiily  lliat  some  ol'  the  more  sirikiiiij:  charac- 
teristics of  this  aile;;ed  Indi;in  cretd  iiad  iieeii  derived  ficaii  traditions,  ii'lated  h\- 
!Maiileo  and  (iiaiiL'ananieo  —  llie  lirst  a  hnptised  eoineit.and  the  iattt'r  a  politic  friend 
of  the  KiiLilish.  and  an  admirer  ol    liieir  manners. 

\Vin,i;ina.  iiimseif.  would  often  he  at  prayers  witii  tlie  KiiLiiisii.  it  liavlinj  lieen  tiieir 
practice  to  read  t!ie  scrvici'  puhiicly  in  tiie  presiMiee  of  liie  Indians,  liiit  it  was  evident 
that  lliey  deemed  tiie  J^n^iiisli  i:real  necromaiici'is.  possessing:  almost  uniimitid 
ilillileiice  w  itli  tile  i:<)iis  ;  lirinly  helievilli;'  tliat  lliey  conjd  Inljiet  diseases.  I'nsure  dealli. 
and  miiiart  \ipir  to  tiie  urowtii  of.  or  destroy,  their  corn  crops.  The  IJihle.  wliicli  was 
read  hy  the  Mnjilisii,  and  regarded  as  llie  exponent  of  tlu'  purest  doctrines,  liie  Indians 
considered  lo  he  a  talisman,  wiiose  virtues  resided  in  the  material  of  the  iiool<.  and  not 
in  its  spiritual  teachiiiiis.  They  deemed  it  a  fa\(ir  to  iiandie.  iiui;-.  anil  kiss  it.  passing 
it  o\ci-  liieir  liices.  and  riihhiiiL;'  it  over  their  hreasts, 

'  8titli.  p.  17. 


1 


ill 


li 


i! 


I  i  !■ 


i.,  *li 


Ih^  IIP  ,, 


S8 


i;N(;i,isii    i:  i,i:m  i:  nt   ok 


Mr.  Ili'niot  (ili-^t-rxcil  llial  tlu'v  li;iil  ;;iviit  I'.^ttM'iu  iuul  vt'iu-ratidii  i'ov  a.  pliiiit  —  ii 
.s|iuiitMiU'iiii.i  unnvlli  il'  till'  ('(iiiiiliN  — wliifli  llicv  ciilli'd  l'/i/,niri>f.  Imt  wliicli  was  cm'ii 
tlicii  lii'llcr  kiiiiw  II  liv  iIm'  iiaiiii'  nl'  tnliarco.'  'I'lic  lease-  nl'  lliis,  ciiivd  ami  ilrieil.  ihey 
i-iiiokoil  ill  eaillii'ii  hiltt's,  diawiii;,'  ii[i  llie  .-iiiuku  li_v  iiilialatioii.  Tlu'  t'liiiics  nl'  lliis 
pliiiit  wen-  dllercil  ti>  tlifir  jiods  witli  tereniiiiiial  litff,  and  cNtravairaiit  eciii'lliixidiis. 
Tliev  llirew  its  ilii.-t  (HI  lU'tn  to  coiisecrale  llieiii  liir  use,  and  into  the  air  us  a  tliuiiiis- 
,;;i\iiii:'  lia'  daiiL^eis  |ia-t.  I>ut  ils  iim-l  -aeicd  use  was  ea-tint;-  it  into  lires  kimHeil  I'nr 
sac.iliee.  til  iH'iidiu'e  a  l\ind  nl'  incense  to  iira\en.  'I'liis  eminent  inallii  nnilieiaii.  and 
|ii(iis  .-eliniar.  as  III- is  termed,  lias  lieeii  severelv  ciitii'i.-ed  tlir  delendinii'  those  rites; 
nor  lias  Sir  Walter  Halei'ili  esoaped  tlie  eliapje  ol' inlldelitv ,  lor  tlie  interest  with  wliieh 
ho  ivci'ivi'd.  and  iiis  cxainpli'  in  introdiiein.r  the  ii-e  ol'  toliacen  into  ijay  ami  rashiuiialile 
•^oc'etv.  Tlie  L;reat  \aliie  w  liieli  llie  Xmili  Anierican  Indians  plaec  ii|miii  loliaei'o.  is 
one  (if  the  niiKt  iniixi'i'sal  and  well  known  of  their  trails.  Tliere  is  noihiii'j-  in  mure 
esti'eni  ill  their  siM'iiil.  eerenionial.  ami  leliLiioiis  eirch's.  every  scileinnity  lieiiiu'  (ipened 
with  its  nso.  In  their  leliL'ioiis  litis  it  is  the  iiio>t  hi'^ih'y  vemrati'd  tliiiiL'  on  their 
all. OS.  In  soei.il  life  it  is  the  lii'-t  rei|iii-ite  iii>|iiired  tiir.  and  las  I  have  Ireiiiieiitlv 
noticed    in    tia\cllim;'   llirnni:h   ihi'    huliaii   terriloriesi  it    is  \;ilned  ahove  II.ikI.      Were 

there  niithiiiL'  <  l>e   \n  ideiitiiy  the   |'r>,-eiit    r; with   the   inhahi tiiiits  ol'  the  \'ii"jinia 

coa.-ts  in  l-Vsi'i.  tlie  t;viieral  n.-t'  of,  anil  tic  \alue  altacln'd  to  tohacco,  wcnild  sn|i|il\' 
iirt.rra'.^aMe  evidence  of  their  propiiM|iiiiy.  The  lapse  of  nine  irenerations  has  not,  in 
the  least,  diminished  their  extranrdinary  attaidniient  to  this  narcotic  [)rodtk'tioii.- 


'  ."^titli'.s  Ili<ti>ry  I'f  \'ir.'ini.n,  p   :.'I. 

'  Wl'  wmiKl  S!iy  1(1  lliii-ic  wlio,  witli  .Viluir,  :iiv  |ii-niii'  to  nt'.r  liuli;iii  riistniiis  to  an  ori'iii.-il  s.iiirci',  tliiit  tliiTc 
is  111  t  ill  tlio  ilcliri'W  .suriptiiivs  tiie  -lii'litr-t  rIVti'mcp  to  iIh'  iiiroii.in.T,  or  to  tlio  jiractirL'  of  .-iiioi%iii._'.  Tlio 
friimls  of  Jul)  ^^vlu«e  history  is  (IcoiiieJ,  Ijy  tlicolugiaiH,  tlio  oldest  part  of  tiic  record)  ijo  not  offer  him  this 
Hocial  coQSolutiou. 


CI  \  1  I,  I/.  ATln.N     IN     ami:  IN  (A. 


S',1 


CIlAl'TKi;     III. 

j'i;nTrKiii:i>   statk    of    tiik  vikcima    Indians    i)iifiN(;    riii; 

V(»YA<;i:s     SlltSKiM  KNTLV     MADi;     To     THAT    TOAST,    IN     TIIK 
SiXTKKNI'II    CKNTI   KV. 


Tl..' 
mil  tliis 


TiiK  cnrlv  inttri'iiiiix'  of  tiic  Kiiiiiisli  with  the  N'iiLiiiiiii  tiilios  |i;irtiit)k  of  an 
t'litirciv  liiciiill_\  c'liiuiictci'.  'I'lic  iiitcicsts  (if  liotli  iiailics  were  Miliscrvfd.  l')Mi 
'I'ln'  liulimis  wtTt'  (li'liLrlitrtl  to  i'X('liaiiL:('  tlicir  t'oiiiiiKiilitics  lor  Kiii'<i|iraii 
lllhric.^,  1)1"  wllit'll  tlirv  stnoil  mule  ill  liccil  ;  wllilu  tllis  llcw  liiaiicll  nC  colllIIU'rct' 
proiiiiscd  to  111-  vcrv  iciiuiiu'riitivi'  to  tlic  ailvciitiiii'iM.  Tlic  rrii'ii(lslii|i  of  I'ow  liatlaii's 
lii'ollnT.  (iraiiL'aiiaiiU'o.  wlio  ic-idcd  on  tlic  island  of  Koaiiokc,  was  scciin'd  hy  tlic  rn>t 
voyaud'.-.  anil,  tliroiiuli  tlic  means  ol' .Maiilco  and  Wascclioc,  who  accoiii|ianicd  tin'  lii-i 
ships  on  tluir  rctinn  to  Knvdand.  coiisidcraMc  advaiii'c  was  made  in  the  stiid_\'  of  ihc 
iiahils  and  tiihtil  ruliitions  of  the  Indians,  and  of  the  f;vo;ira|iliy  of  their  coiintiy.  'I'Ik; 
lirst  event  which  distiirhcd  those  friendly  ri'Iatioiis.  was  tiio  extraordinary  course  taken 
hy  Sir  liichard  (iii'iivillc.  in  retaliation  for  the  theft  of  a  siUcr  cnp  from  iiis  mess 
fiiniitnre.  Maiitco.  iiasiii!.'  made  some  pniirress  in  Kniilisii.  retiirncil  from  Knulainl 
with  the  colonists,  and  was  of  ^reat  service  to  them  as  an  iiiterprcter.  j;iiidc.  ami 
adviser.  So  ureat  was  the  sense  Sir  Waller  lialeii^h  entertained  of  the  merits  .iiid 
nieials  of  .Maiiteo.  that  he  directed  him.  wiicn  liaptised.  to  he  ;.:iven  the  title  of  ••  i^ord 
(if  lioanokc."'  (iran;ianame().  who  had  welcomed  Amidas,  continued  to  lie  I'rienillv, 
hill  this  friendship  was  incited  hy  a  motive  which  did  not  at  llrsl  appear.  He  expeclt  d 
the  Kic^lish  to  aid  him  ai;aiiist  \Viiii;iiia.  his  elder  hrother.  or  hall-hrother  —  a  powerful 
and  amiiitions  party  sachem,  who.  nnlurtiimitely  for  the  Eiiglisii.  appears  not  to  lia\e 
yiel(le(l  to  the  sway  of  I'owhatlan.  and  against  whom  ho  was.  conse(|iientlv.  at  war. 
'I'liis  hope,  and  policy  of  (Iraiijianameo.  was  gratified.  In  a  short  lime  the  (olonists 
hcL'im  to  rei;ar(l  \Vin';iiia  with  u'leat  suspicion.  'J"!iey  watched  his  motions,  and.  in  the 
end  accused  him  of  coiicoctinu  a  ph)t  to  exterminate  them.  Amidas  had  heeii  ahmi- 
ilaiitly  siip|ilied  hy  (iran,i:aiiame().  with  veni.>^on,  lierriiii;  and  other  lish  ;  and  he  had 
heeii  received  hy  his  wile  at  lioanoke.  dnriiit:  the  ahsence  of  the  chief,  with  i;reat 
attention  and  hospitality;  lint  it  appeared  that  he  did  not  consider  the  island  to  be  a 
Kife  permanent  residence,  for.  on  a  snh.seipient  voyap'.  Sir  liichard  (Irenville  loimd 
him  locatetl  at  ("ape  iiatteras.  One  of  the  lirst  acts  of  Sir  liichard.  on  reachiiii: 
Vol..  VI.— rj 


i 

1 
1 

i  ■ 

.  |J.| 

f  . 

mm 

Il 

no 


EN(ii.i>ii   i:i.i;mi:nt  (»!•■ 


(>i'i'i>i|iii)ii,  uii<  III  -•'IhI  til  till'  I-LiikI  III'  It'll. innlxi'.  Mini  miiiiihiiii'i-  lii"  iii'ii\<il  In  Wiii'jiiiii, 
ulm  is  -tvii'il  ••  till'  Kill;-'.'  Miiiitrii  ki'|it  ii|i  riiiiiilly  ivliilioiis  with  liiitli  cliifl'taiim. 
Ill'  ;ii'nilii{i;iliii'il  :ill  aji'lll  \i>  vi<it  llu'  tlil""'  nil  tin'  lililill  lilliil,  iiihI  jirnMil  liiiii^ili'  it 
\rr\  lni«l\Miilli_\  iiij-Dii.     Sir  liii'liiinl  uii«  .HI)  iiiiirli  |iliM«iil  \\  iih   this  I'cciimini-.Mani'i', 

that.  Ml iii|i.iiiii'i|  l>\  a  -I'lii't  lii>il\  III"  iiii'M.  Ill'  ri'|ii'ali'i|  ihr  \  irijt  tn  tin'  iiiaiii  lainl,  ami 

ili-i'ii\rri'il  -imtmI  linli.iii  tnwii*.  hiiiiiiu  llii-  r\i'iii«iiiii  tin-  In--  111'  llii'  (<ilM'r  ciiji 
iii'iiirivl.  ill  iH'M'ii;:!'  till' wliicli  III'  liiii'iu'il  ail  liuliaii  luvsii,  ami  ili-lrnu  i|  the  iinii-lii'lili 
III'  it-*  ililial'iliillt-'. 

.\I'|.  I'  riiiiiiiiilliiiL;'  tlii"  iiii|ii'mli'|it  ai'linii.  in',  with  siimi<  iiri'ri|iitam'\ .  ri'tiinii'il  In 
I'iii-laml.  i'i'ii>i'jiiiii'j'  ihc  'jiivi'rMim'iit  n\'  tin'  roiiiiiy  In  .Mr.  I!.'il|ili  l.aiir.  ami  tlir 
I'hai'.'i'  111'  till'  .-lii|i>i  In  ('a|itaiM  .\iiiiila-.  .Mr.  'rimiiiiis  Ilarrint  was  ilin-i'li'il  In  I'niiliniin 
hi.'*   iili-('i\  alinii*   nil    llic    iiiaiiiiiis    ami    rii-lniii-   nl'   till'    Imliaii-.      I, .1111'    liiiinrillali'K 

n'llln\i''l    llli'  ('n|nn\    In    I  In. I  link, ■.  at     llir    I'lllraili'i'   tn  .\  I!  ii'lliailr    .''niniil,  mIhI.  Clllliinx  ill'^ 

licr.iniis  to  iiiaki'  a  tlinrnii'.ih  .-iirM'y  nl'  tli t,'i«l.  thus   iii.uli'   liiiiisi'H'  ai'i|naiiili  il  with 

till'  '.;i'ni:ra|'liy  ami  ri'.sniiri'rs  nf  tlu'  t'lmiitry.  'riii'»t'  rcsnart'lu's  I'Slcinli'il  ."^niilhwanllv 
t'ii;lit\  Irajiii's.  In  till'  .N'.'iis  I'iviT.  ami  iinrlliwarilly  tn  ihr  imiinry  nl'tlii'  ('lii'sa|n'iiki's, 
ail  Imliaii  nil"'  Ini-atril  mi  a  >tii'iiii.  iiaiin'il  liy  tin'  l';ii'jli>li.  I'ili/alu'lh  ii\ri'.' 

'I'lll'.si'  cNlilnralinlis  \M|i'  I'Xti'llili'il    tilWaiiN   ihi'   llnr||i\M'-l.    ll{i    llic     .Mliilliaili'    .'^nliml 

aiiil  ''Imwaii  i  iviT.  a  ili-lamn  nl'  I'll!  iiiilrs.  I.aiii'  |ii'r.-^niiali\  ilirri-li'il  llu-  ('\|ilni  Jui;' 
|iart\.  ami  « as  ari'iiiiipaiiiiil  Ia    Maiitrn,      The  ( 'Imw  .iii    is   rnrini'il    li\   ihc    {iim'tinii   n|' 

liir   .^l^il^n:ll   ami    .\ii|la\\a_\.        .\t    till-  |inili|    |,aiir  I'lllcl'i'il    llir  rnimlrs    nl'  t||,.  ( '|in\v:|  n- 

neks.-  Till'  riiliii.;  i'Iiu'I'.  a  laiiii'  man.  iiaiiiril  .Mriialniinii.  |iii»>|.--iiit;  an  cMTllrni 
iiinlcr.stamliii'j.  tnM  Mr.  I, am'  a  imtaMi'  stnry  nl  a  ininu'i'  niiiii'.  am!  a  |ii'ail  li-ln  r\, 
till'  latti  r  nl'  w  liiih  lir  Incatcil  nii  1 1 II  ■  I'nii-t .  Ill'  iiilrniilii'jliil  hiT-  iiarr  ili\i'  w  iili  a 
.straiiL:!'    tall',   tlial     llir    Inail    nf    llm     Mai'aliir.    imw    i.ijjril     l.'naiinki'    livrr.    >|aaii'j- 

nlll   MJ' a    riiili  wiiirli  wa-  -n  I'lii-i'   In  t||r  .sra.  lll.'ll.  '.vlli'll  llii:!!   uiinU   |ili\!lili(|.  IJ In.llll 

rrmii  till'  \va\r.-  was  ilrivi'ii  n\i'r  iiiln  llii'  -|ii'imj."      I'lrMiniiii-    ihi-   -.r.i    In   lir   an    aim 

nl  lili'  (Illir  nl'  Mi'sirn.  nr  llir  ."^niilji  .<r,i  I  I'arilici.  I,ai|i'  lllnli'llnnk  a  Ml  \  ill  illli'liral 
\n\a'.:i'     In    limi     il.        |-!\ir\     liaicl-liiji    was    rmllllril    wllili'    |iriisi'rlltiii  ;     this     |i:i/;i|i|(iiis 

iiinli'itakinL:.  u  iiii  llir  liii|ir  nl'  iiiaUir.i  unMi-n  ili-i'iixnii-*.  Al  la-l  llir  r\|i|nrii-  \\.  it 
rniii|M'll(il   tn  -uli-i-|   nil   a   |iiiil   nf  fnin   pi'i'  i|a\,aml,  whi'ii  lliis  \va-  r\liai:-tii|.  i!ic\ 

liniliil  Iwn  Iliailiir  iln.-.  willl  -;i--arias  iraSi'S,  .M'lrr  siililr  ila\>  -pi'iil  in  a  II  nil  |r.-s 
si'aivli.  till'  aiUi'iiliiirrs  wnn  l^I.iiI  tn  ivlni'ii  In  tlii'ir  i|iiarl'|s  ;i|   ilnaiinlvi'. 

'  Tl'-  ii:iiiir.  rlii'-ip.:ilii'  li.iy.  i-  -111.  '1  l.y  Siilli.  t.,  1.,.  ■Iiiivi  .1  IVniu  tliii  tiil>.'.  (Illii.ri  li:i\.'  .i-^.tI.  .j  iJ,  a, 
ill  till'  liiili^iii  l.iiiLii;!'."'.  Il  111' Mill.  ••  '/'II'  M.ih-r  '■/  l^./^/■<  "  'I'll!'  U'linl  i>  .\l-MM.|iiiM,  iiii.j  iippi-ir^  |..  I„.  -i 
Ciiiiiliiiiathili  111'  tlir  I'Tiii.  '7i";/.  .i-li'.n'.  niiij  't/n-'/.  \VMlrr.i ;  wliirli  I'.iiiipniilMl  i>,  .'it  llii.s  .|:iv.  ('iiiiili:iilv  M-.  I  l.v 
llic^.-i'  trilir-i  1,1  )ii..'iiiiy  .i/../"/  .>/i../-.  ;  lull  lln'  iviili'iil  iinaiiin..'  nf  wliiili,  in  iN  nijj.ilriMJ  r.  l.-iii.,:,  |,,  il,,. 
Ii:iy.  w;is  itiiiliiri-llv  iiiltiiilr.l  I nvy  lli.'    iilivi   nf  l.pii'j,  c.r   Ii.iil'  vtnti'liiii;.',  m-   iiiM-iiiliri  m    |i;n,       1 1'  „,    |||,, 

tril f    tlir   r||r«;l|.,.:il.|..i   pni  \  .  .|    lliriv  Inl.l'-   IV"lll   lliril'  |i,.-iliMl|   ;it    llir   ti ..  if   .if    ihr   |,riv. 

•'  Mr.  .1.(1.  r-.i|i  (•l:i"iti..>  l!ir-..  iiMJi:.?!^  willi  tlir  lni,|ii.,i-.  Tin-  Ii:iiiii'  i-  .\l'jnM.|iiiii,  liuwrviT,  ;iii(|  li,  ii,,|,  s 
tli:il  ..■i.iilriin  11.  Cii-ir,  \.,l  \  ..  |,.  Il-L'.i  ||„.  lr,K|ii.,is  liaij  iiniiii'jr.-a.  il  In.iii  tin.  ,<i.iilli,  Tlie  iiK'uiiiii"  id 
ln;;irly  tlio  .-uiin'  a.-  ('Ii,.w.iii-  ^ -..laluiin  tm,  a  w.l!  |,ii,,hii  Alj'.ii'iuiii  triln.,  nalncs  nf  llir  >miiI|i. 


1 


n  VI  1,1/  \TloN     IN     A  M  KIM  t    V 


t'l 


•timi  III" 
'licisv;iii- 

Nfflji'llt 

li>lirry, 
uilli  :l 
.-iniiiiii 

IIIMII 

II  ;inn 

lirlical 
/;l  nil  Ills 

IS    \\l\\' 

.  tliry 

luillffH 


■1. 

1,.  I... 

\ 

M-.     1    1 

y 

II 

1 

IM         tl 

-u.    tl 

.1 

.I.Mul 

■s 

1( 

:uiiii;^ 

\A 

At  tlii>  liiiii'  (ii  MCiiiiiaini'ii  i|i>   I       III'  li:i<l  I II  I  ill-  tried  iViciiil  of  I  In'    Kii'jli«li.  inn  I 

Wil'    ilt    all    tilUcn    f  •(■(illijf'l    ill    lli:*    ;:i""l    hIIu'im    Ii}    his    rullicr,    Kll«r|liilV.       Tin  il    .i"ilil 

iiilliii'iifc  liuil    ' a  i«tiirK-i('iil    'ii  I'i'Klniiii    Wiiiv'iiin'n   lUiilico  itiut   |i<  rliily.      Itiit    iilli  i' 

(Iiiiii.iiiiuiiiin'.-  iliiilli,  In-ill^'  iiIVdiiIiiI  ;i  lii'i'  m-oih-  I'lir  till'  |iiirsuil  111'  his  tiiai'liiiiations, 
III'  at  iiiii'r  cliiiii):!  <l  iiir<  ii.iiiK'  ri'iiiti  Wiii;.'iiia  Id  l'Miii»sa|iaii,  ami  liccaiiir  iIh'  Iiim  liiati' 
I'ln  iii\  III'  till'  Vir;;iiiiit  ouliiiiist^.  Ity  iiis  ri'|irfr<('iilatiiiiis  iw  hail  luiii  iii>lriiiiiriital  in 
riilailiii'j'  iiiiii'li  siilli'riii'j'  mill  hari|shi|i  ii|miii  Mr.  Lain-,  in  lii>  rs|iliiraliiins  nl'  tin'  <  IniWiiii 
iImt;   lull  wlirii  till' '.^iivci'iiiii' rcliii'iii'il,  liriiuiii'i  with    him    llic  ."un  uf  ClKiwaiini'U   ns 

II  iirisiiiH'r,  anil  .Maiilrn,  ami   utlnTs.  irlalril    llir   liravrr^  iiiiil    |mi\m  r  nl'  i mliiianri'  nl' 
liiiiir's  nimiany,  iii>   haii'jhty   (i>|i(i'l    was   i'liaiii;r(l.  ami    tin'    Inavailn  >iii'icln'>  iiiinli.' 
(Iiiiiiiii   tin  ir  aliM'iii'i'.  witc  hi'aiil    im  muri'.     TIu'm'    rt'|Mirts   ul'   the  caiiaiity  ul'  tin'  . 
('ii|iiiii>ls  III  siistiiiii  thriiisch'cs,  wi-n iillriiii'il  hy  ii  [ircsciit  nl'  jiraii  miiI  In  Mr.  i.aiif 

I'i'iilll  .Mi'liatiillnll.  till'  kimi'  III'  lilc  ( 'linwailncks,  ami  linnliicl'  I'ICm'III  rinlll  (>ki>('u,  llir 
I'ili.  r  III'  \Vin|ir|||i'nLa.  a  |inwrll'ill  mast  tl'ilir.  'I'Iii'M'  I'lirmllv  ilrliinli^l  latiniis  hail  -lli-h 
nil  clli'i'l    ll|'n|l    \\  ili'.'.ina.   llial    lir  ililri  |i  i|   ^\(■i^.-   In  iir  cnll.-ll  lli'Icil.    Inl'  till'    :-llji|il\    nl'   (III' 

Ciiliiiii-I>  w  illi  li^h.  ami  i-aiiMil  ihriii  In  lir  laiiiilil  hnw  In  |ilaiil  tin  ir  liriiN  nl' cnrii. 
lliil  lliis  ri'i('iiii>lii|i  was  .'-jiri'ilily  iiili'iiii|i|i'il  hy  llir  ilralh  nl'  tin'  \i'iirial>li'  ami  wi-n 
chirr.     I'!ll»i  llnrr.       'I'lir    two    lii'^l     [mliliial     llii'llils    nl'    llii'     Kli'jii-ll     lirili-     lin\v    ilcail, 

M"iir;iii.i.  iimirr  inrlrini'  nl'  nlrliialiii'j  his  latlnTs  I'liin'ral.  iii\  ilni  a  lai  ji'  iiumlii'r  nl' 
Iliiliaiis  to  assoiiililr.  wilii  till'  iiiti'iitinii  III'  iiiiiiihilittiii.i;  tin- rulniiN  at  nmt  h|n\v.  The 
]iliit  was  ri'Vcali'il  hy  Skicn.  tin-  smi  nl' .Mcnatiinnii.  who  liad  Ik'cii  tai^rii  |iii-nm  r  li\  lln' 
i'\|ir(lirnin  til  the  lit'ail  of  the  ('Iniuaii  i'i\ir. 

Tin'  cnlniiists  iiiiiiii'ilialrly  sii/ril  all  liic  Imlian  camics  mi   llir  islaml.  lliiiikim;  ihiis 

III  I'litaii-ii'  till'  Imliaiis  in  llnir  nwii  Inils.  Ihit  tin'  latliT  Innk  the  alarm,  ami.  al'irr  a 
^ki^llli^ll.  in  wliii'h  livf  or  >i.\  nl'  iln  ir  niiiiiln'i'  were  slain,  the  riiiiaimiii'  maili'  ;;nnil 
llii'ir  ('S('a|ii'  tn  tin-  lini'sl.  iSnth  jiarlics  imw  iiiaiiitiiiueil  liii'  cinscsl  watch  ii\i  r 
each  nthri's  ininciiii'iits ;  lull,  alter  mmli  iiiano'iivrintr,  WiiiLrina,  was  at  Icniitli 
i'iiii;i|ilni|  ami  slain,  tu^i'tlicr  w'iih  oijjlit  nf  his  lu'iuciinil  warrioi'.s. 


u 


r!i 


!**i 


/ 


flL> 


EN(i  I.ISII     KLKM  KNT    OK 


niAPTKH    IV. 

HOSTILITIES  WITH  THE  DESS  AMO  PEA  K,  SICOPAN.  AM)  AQT'OS- 
('(i.loS  THir.ES.  srcCESSlVE  AUANDONMENT  OK  THE  liUANOKE 
A  M »    II A T T  E  H  A S    C O L () IS  I E S . 

Ai.Tiinrcii  tlio  (Iciitli  dl"  Winuiiiii  sei'iiu'd  to  iiavc  propaivd  tlic  way  for  a 
I'lSl'p  iiiori'  pi'Mccriil  (x'oupatioii  of  tliu  oouiitrv.  vot,  a  ut'iu  ral  t^cari'lty  of  food,  coni- 
liiiii'd  witli  a  iiiOfit  singular  ooncunviico  of  untoward  t'vciits.  tiiially  li'd 
to  tile  aliandomiiciit  of  tlic  island.  Tiu>  strin^c'iit  position  of  alVairs  at  Koanoko  had. 
(li's|iit('  till'  ctl'orts  (if  industrious  indi\iduals.  Ik'ch  incrca.si'd  liy  tlii'  withdrawal  and 
liostiiity  of  the  Indians,  who  liad  lit'iMi  chit'tlv  rrlicd  upon  for  .supplies  of  food.  To 
rdii'M'  till'  rolony.  Captain  Statl()i'd.  a  prominent  and  onertri'tic  man,  was  de.spatchcd, 
witli  nimti't'ii  men.  to  the  friendly  Indian  villa^'e  of  Croatan,  on  Cape  Lookout,  with 
the  twofold  purpose  of  enalilimr  them  to  provide  tlu'ir  own  suhsistence.  ami  of  keepinjr 
a  watch  lor  ships  ('\]H'('ted  with  relief  from  Kni;land.  TheN'  had  not  lieen  there  more 
than  si'M'u  da\s.  when  twenty-three  sail  of  sliijis  made  their  appearanoe.  Tld.><  lleet 
was  conunaiided  hy  Sir  Fianeis  Drake,  who  was  retiirninir  from  an  e.xpedition  against 
the  SpaniariN  in  the  West  Indies,  and  on  the  Spanish  main.  He  hatl  taken  Cartha- 
iieu'i.  jilundered  the  rapitol  of  Hispaniula.  and  hiu'nt  the  towns  of  St.  Anthonv  and 
St.  Helena,  on  the  Florida  coast.  Ila\inLi'  recei\ed  orders  to  succor  tlie  \  iri;inia 
coldUV.  he  ollereil  them  a  shiji  of  se\ent_\  tons  hurtiien.  llllt  men.  and  four  months' 
provisions,  as  well  as  four  smaller  vessels.  jJut  thesi-  vr'ssels  were  all  driven  to  sea  in 
a  <torm.  Drak  '  thru  tendered  them  a  ship  of  120  tons,  hut.  uid'ortunately.  it  could 
not  lie  iia\  i'iati'd  into  the  liarlmr  of  linanoke.  I'nder  thest'  eircumslanees.  and  in 
view  of  their  haviuL"  sull'ercd  imi.li  misery,  and  their  damivroiis  position,  the  t'olonists, 
after  some  di.-cu-sinn.  deteriiiined  to  solicit  .^ir  Francis  to  convey  thi'm  to  Kn'.iland  in 
his  ll,et.  This  favor  was  -ranted,  and  they  an'ivcd  at  Portsmouth  in  .lulv,  loMl. 
Prake  was  nm  more  th.in  a  few  days'  sail  from  Hoanoke  on  his  honieward  passa'/e. 
when  a  ship  of  lull  tons  liurthen  arrived  from  J-lm^land  with  the  expei'ted  supplies. 
The  conniiaiider  havini!'  made  search  for  the  ciiloiii>ts  in  vain,  returned  home  with  his 
vessel.  Aliout  a  loi'iniulit  after  the  ilepartiiie  of  the  latter  ship.  Sii-  llicliaid  (ii'cnville 
avrlved  with  three  .^hiii-.  and  ample  -iip|.lie>.  lleceiv  in'.:  no  intelliL;ence  of  tjie  colonv. 
he  landed  iil'ty  men  on  the  i>lar,d  of  lioanoke.  I'urni-hed  them  with  provisions  lijr  two 
vears.  and   then  returned.     To   these  successive  ari'ivals  and  departiu'cs.  the   Indians 


ii 


*" 


:\M^ 


lis    llOl'l 


nuiii 


nst 


itlui- 
l 


\\\  i\iu 
ths 


lllOU 


it  fouUl 
iuiil   ill 

nleiuil  ill 


IIMSSII'JIV 


"UjllilM'S. 

witli  lii^ 

Ivnivilli' 

cdliiny. 

for  two 

liuruinH 


'**IP- 


n  VIT.IZ  ATTOX    IN    AMEUICA. 


03 


roniiiiiUMl  silent  sportMtdrs ;   l)nt  tlicy  coiilil  imt  (iiil  to  be  iinprcssctl  witli  tlie  ideii.  that 
a  nation  wliieli  could  Curnish  such  resources,  was  not  only  adluent,  liut  also  in  earnest. 

Dnriui:  the  month  of  July,  of  the  follow  in  jr  year  (1")S7).  three  ships  arrived,  which 
had  heen  sent  out  under  the  command  of  (iovernor  .lohn  White,  with  the  desiiiu  of 
I'einforcinir  and  pcrnumently  estahlishing  the  colony.  Makinjr  Cape  llatteras.  Ciovernor 
AVhite  immediately  proceeded  to  the  island  of  I'oanoke.  to  seelt  for  the  fifty  men.  hut 
there  he  found  nothing  hut  the  skeleton  of  one  man.  The  liuildings  were  not  destroyed, 
hut  the  fort  was  diiapidati'd,  and  the  ground  in  its  vicinit}-  overjrrown  with  weeds. 
(Joxcrnor  White  relitted  the  houses,  resumed  the  occupancy  of  the  s[)ot.  and  estahlished 
his  jrovernment.  Mr.  Howe,  one  of  the  newly-appointed  eouneii.  ha\ina:  wandered 
into  tiie  woods,  was  shot  hy  on(^  of  Winirina"s  men.  ('M[)tain  Stalli)r(l,  with  twenty 
men,  accom[)aui('d  hy  ^^anteo,  who  had  sailed  to  Knuland  with  Drake,  ami  a;:ain 
retiu'ueil.  was  sent  to  ("roatan,  to  make  iu((uiries  as  to  the  fate  of  the  (ifty  colonists. 
IT(,'  was  told  tiiat  the  colony  had  heen  attacked  hy  :'>I)H  Secotan,  .\(|Uosc()jos.  and 
Dessainopeak  Indians;  and  that,  alter  a  sliirmish.  in  whicii  hut  one  luiulishnian  was 
.slain,  the  rest  had  relreati-d  to  their  hoat.  and  tied  to  a  snnUl  island  near  llatteras, 
when'  they  staid  some  time,  and  then  de[)arte(l  they  knew  not  whither. 

(Iovernor  A\'iiite  took  imnieiliate  steps  to  reiU'w  and  maintain  a  uood  undersfandin;^ 
with  the  Indians  ;  hut  lie  found  tln'Ui  sullen  and  revengeful.  l)eterminin|,'  to  evince 
the  natiiuial  indiirnation  i()r  the  loss  of  the  fd't\'  <'olonists.  hy  atlackiiij;'  the  Dcssamo- 
peaks,  who  occupied  the  coast  opjiosite  i\oanok(>.  he  detailed  for  tliis  purpose  twenty- 
four  men.  under  Captain  Stall'oi'd.  and.  with  .Mauteo  ti)r  his  uiiide.  left  the  island  at 
twelve  o'clock  at  nii;lit.  \\  day-hreak  they  landed  on  the  main  siiore.  licvdml  liie 
town,  and  assaulted  tl)ur  Indians  sittini;'  at  a  fnv.  kiliiuL;' one  of  tiiem.  On  examination, 
tliese  i)roved  to  lie   tViendh  Croatans.  who  had  come  thithi'r  to  iiather  their  corn  :   llie 


Dessamopeak  Indians  iia\in,i;  lied,  as  they  then  ascertainec 


I'ter  killin--  Ik 


Th 


act  was  nuK 


h  rearetled  hv  .Manti 


On  the  IMtli  of  .Vuirust,  loST.  Mauteo.  who  had.  it 


jeMe\-eil,  nuu 


de   ll 


iri'e  vova'j:es 


to   Knii'land.  and    acipiitti'd   hiuiself  satisfactorily   as  the   Mentor  of   the  colony,   was 
liapti/.ed  in   the   Christian   faith,   receivins.',   the  title  of   Lia-d   of  IJoanoke.      .Viiother 


■vent   sii^uali/.i 


)nth  ;  the  daughter  of  Cio\ernor  White,  married  to  a  met 


tl 


le  council 


■d   this  nn 

.  was,  on  the   iStli,  delivered 


iilier 


a  female  child,  which   received   ti 


name  o 


I"  N'iruinia. 


It   now  liecame   necessary  to   select  a  person   to  visit    iMii^land   and   solicit    su 
The  Indians  heini;'  lieiierallv  hostile,  the  colonists  could   not  culti\ate  .--iiilicient  l 


I'P 


to  sU: 


:taiu  themselves.     Kiniland  was  at  this  tii 


ne  con\ msec 


I  witli  al; 


inn.  Ill  expectation 


the  tl 


escen 


t  of  the  Spanish  .\rmada.  and   it  wa> 


IV  learci 


tile  liistant  little  CololU'  would  he  osci'lookeil.     AVIlilt 


hell 


1    thai   t 


I-  seleeted.  lu 


le    lllteri"; 
liel'oi'e  I 


ea\lll'. 


th 


«t.  estalilished  a  colon\-  of  iHil  nien  on  an 


isiaiul   o 


If  C 


ipi 


Halt 


eras 


Xotl 


nil:;' 


was  suhseipieutly  heard  ol'  thi.s  party.    Whether  they  perisheil  iiy  the  Indian  loniahawk, 
or  from  starvation,  has  ii(>vi'r  lieen  ascertained. 


94 


EN(;t,1?!II   element  of   ClVILlZATHtN    IN   AMERICA. 


Oil  iirriviiiir  in  Eiiiilaiul.  Wliitc  llnuul  tlio  nation  in  sudi  trrcat  turmoil  that  iiotiiiiir; 
ooiikl  1)0  (Uiiu'.     Tlic  foinpany  inuk'rwciit  a  ciiaiij^'o,  and   an  ahortivc  atti'inpt  was 
made  to  scikI   two  liarqiics  fi'oin  IJiddcford,  in  I-jSS.     Koncwcd  ctrortH  wore  made  to 
succour  the  colony,  Imt  .Mareii.  1")00.  had  arrived,  before  ri'lief  could  he  despatched  to 
thorn.     It  wa.s  the  2d  of  Aiii:iist.  hellire  the  ships  under  fiovernor  White  reached  the 
latitudes  of  Croatan  and   Hattems.     At  tlie  latter  place  a  smoke  was  observed;  but, 
after  dili.^eiit  seareli  where  the  p)veriior  had  tiirec  year.s  previously  left  a  colony  of 
100  men.  no  tracrs  of  them  cniild  lie  found.     Cannon  were  fired,  but  iirodiiccd  no  other 
response    than    liicir   own    reverberations,  and    trnmpets   were    sounded   in    vain.      It 
appeared  that  tiie  .smoke  arose  from   Indian   (ires,  hastily  or  carelessly  left.      While 
prosecutiiiir  their  search,  they  found  the  word  "Croatan"  written  on  a  ])ost,  and.  hence 
presnnied   that   the  llatteriis  colony  lia<l   uon(>   to  that   place,  where  frii'mlly    Indians 
li\cd.    No  snbsripii'iit  .-eaicli  develoiied  any  liirthcr  trace  of  them  ;  their  fate  had  become 
identified  with   tiie  mysteries  of  Indian   history  and  of  Indian  crime.     The  attempts 
made  to  fiml   this  eolony  were,  however,  of  a  very  ])nerile  character.     In   the  efl()rt 
first   made,  under  (lovernor  White,  two  boats  were  despatched  with  a  competent  com- 
mander:  but.  in  passim:  a  baron  the  Hatteras  coast,  one  of  the  boats  was  half  filled 
with  water,  ami  the  other  bavin:;-  been  ripset.  the  captain  and   six  men  were  ilrowned. 
Tills  accident  exercised  a  depressin,^  infliienco  on  the  spirits  of  all  concerned  ;   but.  at 
leni^th.  two  other  boats  were  fitted  out.  and  .sent  ofl'  with  nineteen   men,  on  the  same 
ser\ice.      It  was  by  the  second  expedition   that   the  inscription   I)efore  iiKMitiimetl  was 
found,   to-etbei'  with   tlie  evidences  of  the  hasty  abandonment  of   the   place   by  the 
colonists.      Fnllowiii'j-  the  index  of  this  inscription,  the  commander  ordei-ed   the  ships 
to  \M'i,:.;h  anchor  and  sail   iljr  Croatan  on  Cape  Lookout.      While  jiroi'eedinu'  thither, 
one  of  the  vessels  parted  its  cable,  losimr.  not  only  tli(>  anciior  att.iched,   Imt  also 
another,  which  had.  in  some  manner,  become  entan;;led  with  it,  and  before  they  could 
drop  a   third   anchor,   tiny    wxvc  in   imminent    peril  of  beiiij;'  driven    on    tiie    strand. 
Discoura'/cd    li\    these   attempts,  ami    influenced   by   fallacious  hopes   of  profit    to   be 
derived  from  a  trip  to  the  Wi'.-t  Indies,  whence  they  |)roposed  to  return  in  the  .spring 
and  resume  the  search,  tiiey  bore  away  for  these  western   islands,  an  ever-attractive 
spot  to  those  who  coveteil  the  Wealth  of  tin'  Spaniards.     But  the  commander  of  the 
sliijis.  after  he  had  finished   jiis  ciMiise  in   tin'  Wt'st  Indies,  would   not  ajrain   visit   the 
A'ir'jinia  coast,  announcing''  his  inteiiti<in   to  ivtiiin  to  Kiiiiland,  which  he  did.  despite 
all  remonstrances.      Nothini:  was  ever  heard  of  the  colony  supposed  to  have  pine  to 
Croatan.'  ami  the  ret  ; in  of  (lovernor  White  to  Kngland  was  a  virtual  abandonment 
of  A'iri:inia;  after  six  years  fruitkss  toil,  icsigning  it  again  to  the  pos.se.ssion  of  its 
aboriirinal  rulers. 


'  The  Ii»t  i-iiliiny  nf  VirL'iiiia  iniiy,  pcrliafis,  lie  rcfirrcil  to  by  f'lisic  (Vol.  V.,  p.  <i'jl);  ur^  ptrliaps,  tlio 
tradition  ruvcal.",  in  a  .'•yiiiljniic  furiii,  trat-fs  of  tlio  alli';_'fil  culuuy  of  MaJuc. 


tiling 
:  WHS 
(U>  to 
ii'd  to 
nl  the 
;  liiit, 
my  of 

I  otlll'V 

n.     It 

While 
,  hence 
liuliiUis 
iRToine 
tteinpts 
f  t'llovt 

111    COlll- 

ir  tilled 
rowiieil. 
hut.  at 
he  sumo 
iiicil  was 
,.  l.v  the 


e  pirnia 
hither, 
It  also 
V  oiiultl 
stnmJ. 
t   to  he 
>  .sjirini^ 
tractive 
of  the 
sit  the 
.  (lesj)ite 
fone  to 
loiinient 
on  of  its 


iiiliaps,  tlio 


VI 


SECTION    Fill  II. 

THE  LITTORAL  TRIBES  OF  THE  NORTH 
ATE.VNTIC,  AVITIIIN  WHOSE  TERRITORIES 
THE    COLONIES    WERE    PLANTED. 


niAI'TKIf    I. 


YIHCINIA  SlTCCESSFrLLY      CO  LO  X  I'/,  K  0.         .TAMllSTOWN       IS 

l.-OlNDKD     IN     TlIU     (JENTllAL     I'AKT     01-'     THE     TUWIIATANIC 
CONFEDEllACY. 


English  liistovv,  at  the  opening  of  the  soventeentli  century,  records  two 
•Teat  events  —  tlio  death  of  (Jueen  Klizalieth.  which  ocenrreil  in  KiO-'l,  and  1600 
tlie  inunediate  and  iteiu'cnhle  accession  of  James  I.  to  the  throne.  Dnrin.u  tlie 
.same  year  whicii  witnessed  this  chanue,  Kaleiiih,  the  true  friend  of  \'ir;:iMia,  and  of 
American  colonization,  was  tried  for  the  crime  of  liiuh  treason,  and  unjustly  condemned 
to  death,  thouiili  his  execution  did  not  take  place  until  fifteen  years  afterwards.  In 
l.")!in  Viriiinia  had  lieen  nhandoned  ;  hut.  iilthouLih  not  entindy  fori^otten.  the  attempts 
made  to  ascertain  the  fate  of  the  colonists  left  at  Hatteras.  were  feeble,  and  proved  to  he 
altoiivtlier  futile.  The  Indian  tribes  may  be  supposed  to  liave  achieved  a  triumph  in 
driviii.i;'  the  FjUulish  from  tluMr  shores;  but  the  state  of  discord  and  anarciiy  in  which 
thev  lived,  the  feeble  nature  of  the  ties  existing  between  them  as  tribes,  and  their 
alisohite  want  of  any  stalih^  gov(  riimcnt,  was  not  calculated  to  fit  tiiem  l()r  successful 
resistance  to  the  p(Uver  of  civilized  nations.  More  than  twelve  years  elapsiM.I  before 
the  project  of  establishiii'j;  a  colony  on  these  shores,  which  had  been  the  scene  of  the 
foniier  iiielVecliial  strimgU's  for  colonial  existence,  was  again  broached.  Tlie  most 
important  elKirts.  maile  by  the  proprietors  of  the  Virginia  company,  coinpriseil  the 
voyages  of  Bartholomew  (Sosnold,  in  l(il)2,  in  which  he  discovered  Capo  Cod,  Martha's 


TIIK    JJTToi:  A  I,    TIM  11  KS    OK 

ViiirvMid,  and  Elizabctli  islaml ;  ami  tiial  ol'  (.'aptaiii  I'riiiji  and  Mr.  Saltern,  in  KiOo, 
will)  I'DJiowfil  nearly  tlu'  same  track  as  that  i)msiic'il  hy  tiosnoltl.  Two  ^oars  miI)so- 
ciucntly  Gi'ori'c  Weymuiilli  visilfd  a  jiart  ul'  tlio  eaistiTu  coa.st,  in  latitude  11"  20',  and 

t  is  I'diijirtmvil,  IVoni  his  (k'si'iiptions,  that  hi'  I'nti'ivd  citlu'i'  Narraiiansott  IJay,  or  the 
t'oniicrticiit  river.  On  everv  si<le  wore  I'ound  tribes  ul' the  Alj^oMiiuin  lineage,  speaking 
their  hiMLiiiaiie,  anil  having  identical  niainier.<  and  cnstonis.  They  were  mild,  alVahle, 
and  I'oiid  of  trallic,  Itiit  n|i|io-ed  to  white  men.  as  well  as  to  their  maxims,  and  ver_)- 
treaciiei'ons  Nothing,  howe\('r.  more  eonclusi\ely  settles  the  (jnestion  ol'  their 
iiatioii;ditv  ti..in  their  langnage.  T1k\\  olieved  chiels  who  wei'c  called  saginnores.  and 
they  had  also  a  higher  class  ol'  rulers,  deiiomiiiateil  Hashahas. 

Captain  Gosnold  made  such  I'livoralile  re[Hirts  ol'  the  heauty  and  li'rtilily  of  the 
<'oinitries  he  had  \  isited.  and  of  its  many  advantages,  that  renewed  interest  was  imparted 
to  the  suliject  of  colonization.  After  some  years  si)ent  in  advocating  the  plan  of  a 
coioin.  (iosnold  induced  se\eral  gentlemen  to  engage  iu  il,  among  whom  were  .lohn 
Smilli.  iidwaiil  .Maria  Wingfield.  and  the  lie\.  lioheit  Hunt.     A  charter  was  procin-ed 

Voui  King  James,  hearing  dali'  tiie  Miih  of  April,  llinii,  in  which  Sir  'I'liomas  Gates, 
.*^ir  George  Souiers.  and  Kiclimd  Ihickliiyt.  ^:c..  were  consliiuled  the  recipients  of  the 
necessary  authority.  Two  ships  wvvr  pro\  ided.  and  jilaced  under  tiii'  conunand  of 
Christopher  Newport,  who  saileil  from  England  on  the  j'.ltli  of  Decemher.  After  a 
long  and  ti'dious  \()ya'.ie.  which  \vas  rendered  more  (iisa::reealile  by  \iolent  dissensions 
among  those  on  boai'd.  the  shi|)s  arrived  oil'  the  coast  on  the  ■Jiith  of  .\pril,  IdOT.  at 
the  entrance  to  Chesapeake  l>ay,  the  riiiht  cape  of  which  was  named  Henry,  and  the 
left.  Charles. 

How  the  Indian  tribes  would  receive  the  new  colony,  then  a  point  of  dee|) 
interest,  was  not  long  involveil  iu  doubt.  l()r  thirty  men  ha\ing  landed  on  ('ajie 
Henry  to  recreate  themselves,  were  attai'ke(l  by  Indians  of  the  Chesapeake  tribe,  who 
wounded  two  of  them.  This  miiiht  ha\e  been  ri'garded  as  an  iniliciition  that  the 
colony  was  destined  to  he  founded  by  the  aiil  ol"  the  .sword;  and  sneli.  literalh',  ha.s 
been  its  history.  After  passing  the  capes  of  the  Chi'sapeake.  the  nnignilicent  beautv 
of  the  surrounding  coinitry.  the  gri'at  fertility  of  its  soil,  and  its  numerous  fruits  and 
piddiictions.  wcie  found  to  surpass  e\cry  anticipation.  .V  contemporary  historian, 
in  speaking  of  it.  sa_\s:  "'JleaNen  and  earth  seems  nescr  to  have  agree<l  better  to 
frame  a  placi-  for  man's  accoinniodalion  and  deli:ihtl'ul  habitation,  were  it  full\' 
eultixated  and  iidiabited  by  an  industrious  people."  '  The  \essels  enteretl  the  waters 
ol' the  noble  Powh;ilan  il\er.  to  which  the  name  of  ■James  was  given,  and  th(!  \(i\aiivrs. 
after  nudging  diliLient  search  for  a  location  liir  the  colony,  at  length  selected  a  small 
jieninsula  on  thi'  north  shoic  of  the  ii\cr.  about  foi'ly  ides  from  the  oceao 
which  was  here  foiuided.  wa^  called  .Iamr>ii)\vn. 


ue  ;own 


'  ."^liili. 


of  cU't'p 
)ii  Cape 
be.  wlio 
li;it    tin; 
illy,  luirt 
la'iiuty 
lits  and 
i>ti)i'iiUi, 
licttcr  til 
11    nilly 
'  wall  rs 

a  ^^lllall 
he  town 


THE    NOllTII    ATLANTIC.  i>7 

TIm'  Knirlisli  were  now  siirrouiKU'd  by  an  almost  inmiincrable  host  of  wild  men,  wlio 
iiiiplii'itlv  olicvcd  till'  lu'lu'st  of  llicir  fon-st  iiioiiarcli  Tlu-y  were  the  proprietors  of  a 
coiiiilrv  ahoimdiiiji-  in  game,  lisli,  fowl,  iuul  every  provision  of  nature  for  the  sustenance 
of  man,  and  cultivated  a  fertile  soil,  from  which  they  uathereil  al)undant  crops  of  corn. 
No  part  of  America  alionmls  in  more  niagniliceiit  scenery  tiian  may  he  here  found 
aloui;-  the  rivers,  or  in  the  heautifnl  grouping  of  mountains,  t()rests.  and  plains.  I'ow- 
luitan  had  raised  iiimself  to  this  Uingly  eniineuce  by  iiis  bravery,  energy,  and  wisdom 
in  coinicil.  In  iiddition  to  liis  claim  to  the  dignity  Uv  hereditary  right,  he  also  derived 
a  title  1)\  till' con(|uest  of  the  surrounding  trilx's ;  and  his  position  had  been  greatly 
strengtliened  by  the  praittice  of  polygamy,  wiiich  surrounded  the  chief  with  a,  nnineions 
kindred,  both  lineal  and  coIlMteral.  At  the  time  of  the  settlement  of  Virginia,  Pow- 
liatan  was  about  sixty  years  of  age,  and  though  tbe  era  of  his  personal  prowess  had 
passed  away,  he  still  wielded  nniliminislied  sway  as  tiie  reigning  (diief,  both  in  his 
lodge,  and  at  the  council  lire.  J  lis  bead  was  then  somewhat  hoary,  which,  together 
with  his  stature,  carriage,  and  conntenance,  gavi'  him  .111  air  of  savage  majesty.  The 
c()nlederaey,  of  wliich  he  was  the  rul(>r.  eomiirised  thirty  tribes,  numbering  about 
124,001)  souls.  It  was  then  estimated  that  there  were  oOOO  persons  residing  within 
si.xty  miles  of  Jamestown,  of  whom  loOO  were  warriors.  The  whole  of  these  tribes 
not  only  had  no  I'ldisb  for,  but  detested  civilization  in  all  its  li)rms,  and  despisi'd  labour, 
arts,  letters,  and  (,'liristianity.  The  conduct  of  I'owhatan,  a.s  well  as  that  of  his  stal- 
wart chiefs  and  followci's,  presents  an  instance  of  that  Indian  dui)licity,  which  conceals 
the  reality  of  hatred  under  the  most  mild,  dociie.  dignified,  and  respectful  bearing. 
It  soon.  lio\ve\-er,  became  evident  that  the  cahmiess  of  the  Indians  too  much  resembled 
tiie  lull  of  the  tempest.  The  policy  of  the  Wingina,  on  the  .smdy  coast  of  Albeiiiarh! 
Sound,  which  developed  itsell'  a  few  }ears  later,  was  the  same  as  tiiat  which  governed 
I'owhatan.  The  milder  tone  and  language  of  (liaiiganameo,  as  also  the  afli'ctiiai 
evinced  b\'  Manteo,  were  but  secondary  I'orms  of  cliaraeter,  which,  suiiseipuMitl}',  often 
ap[icared  in  Indians  of  \arious  trilies.  Surrounded  liy  thirty  trii)es,  and  oOllO  warriors, 
how  long  could  tht!  colonists  bave  reasonably  expected  to  renniin  unmolested?  When 
tl 


le  In 


4  ship  returned  to  Kngland.  it  left    but  IIMI    nun   in  Virginia.     The  dissei 


ISlOllS 


vhich  soon  originated  among  them,  wen;  aggravated  by  sickni'ss,  impro\  ideiice,  and 


The   Indians,  who  at  lirst   apijcared   to 
lid   attacked   the   town.      No  more  (inii 


tlie  exhaustion  of  their  supply  of  prt)vision 
be  IVieiidly.  now  assumed  a  liostile  attitiid( 
being  delivered,  speedy  ruin  impended;  and.  had  it  not  been  for  .John  Smith,  uiio 
stepped  f)rward  in  tiiis  emergency,  utter  destruction  to  the  colony  nuist  have  resulted. 
AVe  do  not  here  propose  to  enter  into  a  detail  of  that  remarkable  instance  of  heroism, 
dis|)lMyeil  by  Pocahontas,  when  slie  oU'ered  her  life  as  a  ransom  for  that  of  the  intrepid 


ipt 


caiitive.  am 


tl 


HI 


s  unwittingly  [ilaeed  herself  in  the   position  of  guard 


lau 


aniiel  of  the 


Tiie  narrative  is  familiar  to  all,  and   historv  nowhere  records  a  stronuer  ca.se 


of  s|ioiitaiiei)us  svnipathy.  elicited  undei 

Vol..  Vi.—  I;; 


Darallt 


Ih 


1  circumstanees.      I>ut  the  redemption 


il'' 


98 


THE    LII'TUIJAI-    TiniU'JS    OF 


«p|'  (lie  lili'  of  Smith  \v;i.-i  tlic  sulviitioii  dl'  tlif  foluiiy  ;  ami  IVoin  tliis  period  wo  may 
liati-  tlu'  I'MTci.-'c  ol'lliat  iiilliK'iicc.  wliicii  at  llrst  iiuliiccd  I'dwliataii  to  uxsumu  a  lu'iitral 
iKi.-itioii.  ami  tiu'ii  a  Irifmlly  niio.  IJiit  tiiis  iiilliicmv.  iiltlioiiifli  it  ciialiled  the  colony 
to  |ias.s  lliniiii;ii  its  im'ii)i<'iil  trials,  was  soon  witlahawii.  I'ocahoiitas  lived  uiily  eight 
U'ais  (lliiOi  alter  till'  IliiiiKlalinii  uf  ■laiiiestowii.  and  Powhatan  hut  ten  (1018).  At 
the  a-e  oI'^'miiIv.  Iii>  murlal  remains  were  laid  he.iido  tlioso  oC  his  I'atliers.  and 
milliin'i  rcniaini'd  uf  liini.  who  was  once  the  termr  nl'  the  e(ia.-t-tril)es  and  the  eolunists, 
liiil  hi.>  name.  I'roin'rly  estimated,  I'owhatan  was  not  a  urtal  man.  I!ra\('i'\.  em>r"\, 
anil  jiinilence,  he  e\idently  posse.s.sed  ;  ami.  umnnii  the  ti'ihes.  he  had  enjii\cd  ;i  high 
niiiiic.  \va>  tiealed  with  muih  ii-speet.  and  was  ulie\i'd  as  a  prinei'. 

liui.  there  was  one  of  his  hrolhers  who  posscssnl  a  more  eiimprelicnsi\('  mind,  more 
liinine.~s  111'  charaett-r,  and  i^realer   power  of  inmliinatinn.  and  was  cipiallv  enniaiicons 
and  aeti\e.     This  was  ( >peehangamiiigh,  who  eaptinvd   Snulh  on   thr   hill  sonrces  of 
the    Cliickiluiininy.      ( )peeh;inganongh   was    six    \\-i-{    luLih.    had    a   laruc    Iranii  .   and 
possessed  gri'at  |ih_\sieal  power  and  aetivit\.      He  was  a  most  nnllinehing  enem\-  ul'the 
eolon\.  and.  if  wc  may  ri'l\   npon  drseriptions.  ai'lri'   his  eaptinv.  \u-  had  a  iiead  whose 
anatomy  would  ha\r  honnred  Solon,  with  a  I'onntemmee  as  graxc.  scmmc.  and  inllexihie 
as  that  ol'  liiokato.'      I'omrtakom  or  Osagwatha  wcri-  no!  more  inHrsiMs   hciit  on  pre- 
venting the  pro^H'ss  ol'  the  Sa.\on  raee.     While  I'ow  iiaiaii  lived.  <  )|ieehaiiL;anoni:h  was 
under  his  inlluenue.  hut  the  lonuer  was  no  sooner  di-ad  than  he  plotted  tlii'  ih'struelion 
of    the  colony.       Seercsy.    howe\cr.    ln'ing   his   poliey,    his    plans    wci'e   earefnlh-   con- 
cealed lor  several  \cais  alter  the  de<H'ast'  of  his  ilistingnisheil   hrolher;   nor  were  the\- 
ever  res'ealed    until   the   niiilit   preceding   the  very  day  on    which    the   massacre   took 
j)lace,  on  the  -'Id  of  .March.  lliJli.      Four  years  had  elap-icd   after  the  death  of  I'ow- 
hatan,  helore  (.)|)ecimnganough  could  consummate   the   plot.      It   was    preceded   h\'  a 
strikim;'  incident.     Among  the  warriors  who  had  attracted  the  notice  of  their  hrethren, 
was  Nemattanow.  who  deemed  himself  invulnerable.      He   had  Keen  enua^ied  in  man\' 
battles,  but.  Iiaviu'.:  escaped  without  a  wound,  his  vanity  was  inllaled  li\  the  Unowledii-e, 
that  the  Indians  regarded  him  as  a  person  who  could   imt   be    killed.      Owinu'  to  some 
jieculiarity  of  his  head-ilre.-.-.  he  was  known  as  .lack  of  the  Feather.     This  man  called 
on  a  trader,  named  .Morgan,  and.  coveting  some  of  the  goods   belomiini;'  to  the  latter 
>.'emattariow  desired   his  company  to  a  jihice  where,  he  stated,  a  good    trallic  coidd   be 
condnctetl.      While   jouriieving    together    throuj:li    the    woods,   the    Indian    inin'di'red 
Morgan,  and.  within  a  few  days   thereafter,  re-appeared  at  .Moigan's  store,  wearinir  the 
cap  of  the  deceased.      Two  stout  and  learless  lads,  who  had  eiiarge  of  the  store,  askini;' 
him  li)r  tidiIrL^■<  of  their  master,  .lack  replieil  that  he  was  dead.     Thereupon  thev  sei/.d 
him,  with  the  intention  of  convoying  idin  before  a  magistrate,  but  tlie  Indian  captive 
struggled  and  made  such  resistance,  after  being  ])laced  in  the  boat,  whicli  was  use<l  as 


'    All    lr(Ji|llui.-j    ill..    Ii-l    liu-ll.llnl   c.f    ••//,.     Illiit,    H-nlll'lll. 


Till-:    No  I!  I'll    AT  LAN' 


!l!l 


M 


IllOlO 

ILICOUS 
•t'S   of 

ami 

,,rtiu' 

wlinsL' 
k-xiblf 
)M  \n\'- 
'A\  was 
nu't'uiii 
|_v  foii- 
[IV  they 
took 

I'OW- 

liy  :i 
thrcii, 
many 

l.'ll-V, 

.•allc.l 
lattiT, 
iild  1)>- 

Vilfli'll 

■iiiir  till? 
askinu: 

\    Sfi/fil 

caplivc 
used  as 


m 


t}n'  means  ol'  cdnvin unco,  tlial  tin'  Inns  sliot  liini.  lie  was  iiol  imnifdialrly  killi'(|, 
Kilt,  knowiiiu-  llif  clnst'  of  Ills  career  lo  lie  near  al  liand,  lie  lie'j'jed  lliey  wnidd  not  lell 
lii'^  li'iliesiiicn  lli.it  lie  was  kill'd  In  an  Kniilisli  Imllet,  and  de>iri'd  tlieni  tn  eonceal  liis 
liiidv  l)\  interi'inii  il  in  an  Km-'lisli  l)iirial-.;:r(inn(k 

(>(H'elianL'an(in,i;li  afleeted  (n  he  nnicli  i^rieved  at  tlio  death  ol'  tliis  man;  lait  lie  was 
vealU  irratilied  tliat  lie  was  out  oC  tlie  way,  and  inaile  use  of  tlie  eir<'nmstanee  as  a 
cloak  to  cover  liis  own  deceiilion.  lie  Inid  previously  attem|(led  to  convene  a  lai'fre 
as<eml)laL:i'  of  Indians,  under  tlie  pntence  oi'doin,!.''  honor  to  the  remains  of  I'owhalan  ; 
iiiit  his  design  had  heen  fnislratod.  in  order  the  moro  ellectnally  to  accomiilish  his 
iiliject.  he  reso!ve(l  to  observe  and  enforce  strict  secresy  anions:'  his  followers,  and  to 
make  no  manifestatinn  of  hostility  niitil  the  time  chosen  for  a  general  attack,  lie 
(■(iiinselled  the  riidiaiis,  in  e\cry  pait  of  the  conntry.  to  lly  to  arms  on  an  apiiointiMl 
da\'.  and  al  the  same  hour,  when  they  weri'  to  spare  no  one  with  an  Kniilish  face, 
neither  man.  woman,  nor  child.  At  the  time  designated  the  Indians  suddenly  ros*.', 
and  perpetrated  the  most  cruel  and  saiiirninary  nnissacre.  Three  hundred  and  forty- 
seven  uieii.  women,  and  children,  lell  durinir  one  nKn'iiiiiii'.  and  six  of  the  colonial 
(•(iiincil  were  iiuiiihered  with  the  slain.  One  of  the  first  \i<'tims  was  Mr.  Cleorgo 
Tli'irp.  the  lieiieliictor.  teacher,  couuselloi-,  and  friend  of  the  natives,  lie  hiid  left 
Km;laiid  with  tin'  hope  of  ellicting  their  conversion  to  Christianity,  and  he  had,  on  all 
(icca>;ions.  heen  their  most  kind.  unde\  iating  friend.  Ho  had  huilt  a  housi>  for  the  chief, 
and  was  ahout  to  found  a  college  foi-  the  instruction  of  Indian  youth.  The  slanghter 
woulil  have  heen  still  greater,  had  not  an  Indiavi  convert,  named  Chanco,  chanced  to 
sleep  the  previous  night  with  a  friend,  and  revealed  to  liim  th(>  plot,  hy  which  incident 
the  people  of  Jamestown  and  its  environs,  being  immediately  apprized  of  it,  were 
able  to  take  the  necessar\-  precautious  for  their  own  securitv. 


itl- 


'til 


llf 


IS 


Mi 


11^ 


'<  :  ill 

«  I 


100 


Til  i;    1,1  T  I'd  It  A  I,    Till  l!i;s    OK 


(JIIAI'TKIi    II. 

mscnVKKY   oK   Till']    IHDSoN'    IlIVKIl.     M  ANII  ATT  ANS,  Mo  II I  ('A  NS, 

AM)    MullAWKS. 

TiiK  coloiiiziitioii  of  New  York  Hilidwcil  soon  after  tlic  tiiscovcry  of  the  Culniliiilen, 
in'  Ilndsdii  rivci'.  While  \'iiviiiiii-  ^vitli  iiiiiiily  elforts,  was  streiijjtlRiiiiit^  tlu'  liiiiudii- 
tioiis  of  lier  colony,  innoni:'  the  jiowerfnl  and  hostile  I'owliatanie  trilies  ol'llji?  Ali;(ini|niii 
stock,  anothei'  si'ttlcnienl  ol'  whites  s|iranL;  into  I'xistcncc  ainonu'  ih'  ii-ore  northerly 
sea-coast  families.  Only  two  _\eai's  snlise(jiient  to  the  fouiidini:'  of  .lanu'stown, 
llendrick  llinlsoii  entered  the  hay  of  New  Yoi'k,  which  was  lirst  discovered  hy 
\'erra/.ani.  in  1-VJI.  allhou;;li  tiie  laiLii'  ri\ef.  of  whicli  it  is  the  recipient,  still  conliinied 
unexplored.  Hudson  aiipcMis  to  have  ci()s>cd  the  har.  now  calleil  San<ly  Hook,  on  the 
tiiii'd  da\-  of  Se|)teniher.  JiiU'.i.  He  reniaiiieii  in  the  hay  se\cral  ilays.  niakini;-  surveys, 
and  traflickiui:  with  the  Indians,  l-'roni  the  notes  ol'  Ip-  Mn'\eys.  he  appears  to  havu 
kept  idosi-  alon^  the  southern  parts  of  the  hay.  the  natives  of  which  appeared  to 
he  friendly.  These  shori's  were  occupieil  hy  the  .N'avisinks.  Saidiikins.  and  other 
hands  of  the  Mississa  totem,  of  the  Lenno  i.enapi  Aliinnipiin  family.  The  northern 
shores  ol'  the  hay.  and  .Manhattan  Island,  wi're  occupied  by  tlu"  Mohicans,  or 
Wolf  totem,  of  the  same  siihiienus.  to  use  a  phrase  of  natural  history,  of  the  oriirinal 
stock.  The  .Metoacs  of  TiOUi;  Island  were  of  the  same  ty[)C'.  JJetween  these;  two 
toteitiic   tyiies.    there   e.\istcd    either  smothered    hostilit}'  or   open    war.     They    kept 


Hi 


ulsou   ill  a  state  of  perpetual   perplexity  and  suspicion;   In 


r.  re"ardiiii;-  all   ri'd   men 


vviih  eipial  mistrust,  he  was  evi'r  on  his  i;ii  ird  a;iainst  treachery.  Of  all  tiie  hands 
however,  he  I'oniid  that  of  Hell  (late,  or  the  Manhattans,  to  he  the  llercest.  On  tlu 
third  day  al'ter  sailini:'  up  the  hay.  he  .M'lit  out  a  iioat  in  (diaruie  of  liis  mate,  C<dmaii 

a  was  found   hevoiid.     While  retiirniny;  to  tin 


to  examine  the  Mast  river.     An 


I  pen 


vessel,  the  Manhattans  attacked  the  exploriiiL;'  party,  and  killed  the  mate,  who  received 
;iii  arrow  in  his  throat.  These  Indians  possessed  implements  of  copper,  and  earthen 
codkiiiii  utensils,  the  art  ol'  making''  which  was,  at  this  |)eriod.  common  to  all  the  coast 
trilies:  hut  the  use  of  the  brass  kettle  liaviiiir  been  introdiiceil  anioiiLr  them  by 
Kiiropeaiis.  they  very  snoii  cea>ed  to  manufacture  earthenware.  They  ofU'red 
Hudson  Lireen  tobacc:.  as  the  must  valuable  jireseiit.  and  had  an  abimdiinco  of  tho 
y.ea  maize,  whicli  he  called    Indian  wheat.      They  also  biuu.i;ht  him  oysters,  beans,  and 


NS, 


•thfvly 
slown, 
.•(mI   i>y 

\t'ui>li'll 

(111  till- 

surveys 

to  liivve 

iin'il  to 

il   olhov 


ilIl^' 


or 


UVI'JIIUII 


|t'.V 


two 
ki'i)l 
I'd  iiii'ii 
.  bunds, 

Oil     till! 


U'tiliii'"'" 


In 


to  tin 
ivi'fivfi 


111 


ihfii 


I'OllS 


Itlu'iu 


bv 


I'C  o 


aiis 


.tVi'ved 
f  the 


iiiiii 


H\ 


}>  I 


h-  I 


ifi^: 


Hi 


11^ 


IV: 


li;f; 


l^S 


:":• 


M 


soiiu'  (ln('( 


THE    NORTH    ATLANTIC. 


1  IViiits.     These  ludiaiin  ilressed  in  deer  skin  robe 


and 


posses 


101 


inuntles 


niiulc  of  leathers,  and  also  of  I'ln's.     There  is  no  evidenee  to  prove  that  they  did  not 
live  in  a  stati"  of  amircli}'  —  no  goscrninent  existing  but  petty  independent  ehiel'tain- 
ships.  the  enrse  of  all  savaj^i!  and  barbarous  tribes.     On  the  afternoon  of  the  7tli  of 
Septi'ndjrr.  Hudson  began  to-ascend  tlie  river,  lint  progressed  only  two  leagues  the  first 
(1m\.  sailing   with  extreme  caution  during  the  da}-,  sounding  frequently,  and  casting 
iiiiehor  at  night.     Twelve  da^s  elapsed  before  he  reached  a  point  opposite  to,  or  above, 
the  existing  city  of   Hudson.'      The    general    featun.'s  of   the  country   in   that   part 
III'  the  valley  are  mentioned  liy  him.-     Having  arrived,  on   the  'Jlid,  at  a  place  where 
llie  .soundings  denoted  shoal  water,  Ilnd.son  dispatched  his  boat  to  inake  further  explora- 
li(jns.      It  ri'turned  the  Ibllowing  night  at  10  o'clock,  having  old}-  progressed  eight  or 
nine  leagues,  and   the  crew  reported  finding  but  ,«even  feet  seven   inches  soundings,' 
which  would  seem  to  indicate  that  they  had  reached  the  present  site  of  Albany.     Tiie 
Indians,   as   high    as   they   oad    proceeded,  were,   by   the  names,   ajiparently,   of   the 
Algonquin    family.      If   the    explorers    really  ascended    in   their  boat  as  far  as   the 
present   position  of  Albany,  they  entered  the  country  of  the  Mohawk  tribe  of  the 
Iro(piois  nation,  whose  summer  residence  was  oii  tiie  island.     The  tribes  maintained  a 
hostile  attitude  until  Hudson  iiad  pas.^cd   the  Highlands;  but   those   he  subsequently 
encountered  evinced  great  friendliness,  as  well  a.s  mildness  of  nnuniers;  hence  they  are 
called  b\'  him  "a  hneing  people."     The  Indians  visited  the  strangers  on  board  their 
shi[i.  and  .several  excursions  were  made  by  the  crew  on  the  shore  ;  on  one  occasion,  two 
veiieiable  chiel's,  accompanied  by  their  sons  and  daughters,  were  entertained  by  Hudson 
in  his  cabin.     These  interchanges  of  civility  characterize  this  part  of  the  %oyage,  and 
I'urnish  striking  e\  idence  of  the  beneficial  ellects  of  civility  and  comity  of  manners. 
On  the  "JOtli  of  the  month,  while  the  ship  lay  at  anchor  at  one  of  the  highest  points 
attained,    Hudson    tried   the  experiment  of   giving  his    aboriginal    guests  a  taste  of 
alcoholic   driidvs.^      The   description    of    this    event    nniy    be    entertaining   for    its 
(piaintness:  "■  Our  master  and  his  nuite  determined  to  try  some  of  the  chiefest  men 
of  the  country,  whether  they  had  any  treachery  in  them,  so  they  took  them  into  the 
caliin.  and  gave  them  .so  nuich  wine  and  aqua  vita,  that  they  were  all  merrie,  and  one 
of  them  had  his  wife  with  him.  which  sat  as  modestly  as  any  of  our  country  women 
could  do  in  a  strange  jilace.     In  the  end  one  of  them  was  drunk,'  which  had  been  on 
Imard  of  our  ship  all  the  time  that  we  had  been  there,  and  that  was  stnuige  to  them, 
for  tiny  could  not  tell  liow  to  take  it.     The  canoes  and  folks  all  went  on  shore,  Init 


'  Coll.  N.  Y.  Hist.  Soc,  Vol.  1.,  p.  141. 


'  Ibid,  p.  140. 


'  Vol.  II.,  I'liito  II.,  faciiiL'  tlii.s  pngi'. 

*  Plato  U,  V(.l.  II.,  p.  :;<!. 

'■  ThU  sci'iu'  of  intoxication  !.•<  oinuuMusly  placed,  by  tlio  lato  Mr.  lleckeweldi'r,  on  Manliattan  I.slaiid,  and 
till'  island  itself  is  stated  to  liavii  beon  named,  from  tlie  eireumstance,  "  the  plaee  wliere  we  all  irot  drunk." 
Iloubtli'ss,  S(jnu'  old  Indian  had  imposed  on  bis  eredulity  in  this,  as  in  other  ea.ses  named  in  his  bistorieal 
aeeount  of  the  Delaware  tribes.     .Stone  ha.s  been  misled  by  tlii.s. 


hil: 


102 


THE    LJTTOHAL    T  II  I  B  K  S    OF 


I 


I' 
I 

''         '  i 


I    r 


some  of  them  Ciitno  again,  and  l)roiight  strings  of  beads,  (wampum),  some  had  six,  seven, 
eight,  nine,  ten,  wiiich  the\'  gave  the  inebriate.  The  druidven  man  slept  all  night 
quietly." ' 

If  the  IIud.son  Indians,  below  the  highlands,  were  found  to  be  hostile  on  the  ascent, 
they  proved  doubly  so  during  the  d  .scent.  Tiie  narrowness  of  the  channel  in  some 
places,  gave  them  the  opportunity  of  using  tlicir  arrows  with  eflect,  and  they  assenil)ied 
on  several  of  the  most  prominent  headlands  in  great  force.  But  the  intre|)idity  of 
Hudson  foiled  every  eflbrt.  By  his  musketry,  and  b}-  the  disciiarges  from  a  culverine, 
he  killed  several  of  them,  and  di.spersed  the  rest,  lie  got  tiirough  the  mountains  on 
the  1st  of  Outoljor.  Below  this,  one  of  their  canoes,  containing  one  man,  jiertinaciously 
followed  the  sliip.  This  individual  having  climbed  u[)  the  rudder,  crept  into  tlie  eal)in- 
window,  and  stole  two  ban(hdiers,  a  jtiiiow,  and  two  shirts,  tor  which  tiieft  the  mate 
siiot  him  dead.  The  Indians  followed  the  vessel,  and  a  running  skirmish  ensued,  in 
wliich  several  of  the  pursuers  were  killed.  On  the  4th  he  reached  tiio  bay,  where, 
being  favored  by  tlie  wind,  he  made  no  attempt  to  land,  but  put  out  to  .sea,  arriving  at 
Diirtmouth,  England,  on  the  7th  of  November. 

Tlic  only  name  bestowed  on  the  stream  appears  to  have  been  The  Great  river.' 


Coll.  X.  Y.  Hist.  Soc,  Vol.  I.,  p.  540. 


'  Van  dcr  Oonck  and  De  Vries. 


THE    NORTH    ATLANTIC. 


103 


CHAPTER    III. 

SETTLEMENT    OF    MASSACHUSETTS,    AND    THE    NE\\    ENGLAND 

COLONIES. 

The  idea  of  migrating  to  America,  to  I'scaiio  tho  intolerance  of  the  House 
of  Stuart,  had  been,  for  a  long  time,  entertained  hy  the  English  exiles  in  Holland.  1020 
Intelligciico  i)f  the  discoveries  in  Virginia,  and  in  the  region  of  Mew  York, 
])robably  iiad  the  elli'ct  of  reviving  the  agitation  of  the  i)roject,  as  well  as  of  demon- 
Ktrating  its  ])ractiealiihty.  and,  in  ellect,  they  were,  in  a  short  time  therealter,  on 
their  %\ay  to  the  New  World.  The  (Irst  colony  whicii  hmded  in  -Massachusetts  IJay, 
late  in  the  autunni  ol'  I  (120.  was  surrounded  by  small  tribes  and  bands  of  tlie  Algoniiuins. 
During  tho  years  immediately  preceding  this  pei'iod.  fatal  epidemics  had  nuicli  tinnned, 
and,  in  some  instances,  nearly  annihilated,  the  coast  tribes.  Whole  villages  appeared 
to  have  been  depopulated,  and  deserted  lields  everywhere  met  the  view.  This  deca- 
dence of  the  race  was  a  favorable  circumstance  for  the  colonists,  whose  utmost  efl'orts 
■were  recpiired  to  condxit  the  dilKcuities  of  their  position. 

The  principal  personage  amongst  the  aboriginal  chieltains  was  Massasoit,  the  ruler 
of  tilt  l*ocani<lvets,  or  Wampauoags,  living  at  MontauU,  on  tho  waters  of  the  Narra- 
ganseit  Hay.  He  had  been  a  noted  warrior,  but  was  at  that  time  a  man  far  advanced 
in  life.  He  was  of  good  stature,  full  and  fleshy;  and,  possessing  a  manly  mien,  mild 
imiiniers.  a  moilerate  temper,  and  a  imble  s[)irit.  amicable  relations  with  him  were 
soon  established.  The  Jurisdiclion  of  tlu!  MasMu-imsctts  coast  appears  to  have 
belonged  to  him,  in  (piality  of  his  ofliee  of  Bashaba,  or  presiding  chiel-holder,  as  is 
more  certainly  evinced  by  the  authority  assumed,  alter  his  death,  by  his  sons,  Alex- 
ander and  I'omutaconi.'  The  lirst  interview  with  this  potentate  was  conducted  wiili 
equal  ceremony  by  the  colonists  and  by  the  semi-imperial  chief-  A  pacific  course  of 
jHiliey  was  established,  and  from  this  era  the  aboriginal  words,  Manito,  wigwam,  pow- 
wow, samp,  moose,  and  others  from  their  vocabulary,  began  to  be  incorporated  into  the 
English  language.^ 

The  country  had  been  iirst  explored  by  the  English,  in  1583,  when  Sir  Ilumiihrey 
Gilbert  visited  the  coast.     In  1G02  Gosnold  bestowed  names  on  Cape  Cod,  Elizabeth's 


'  Dnikc.  !>.  i:). 

'  lii.-i  lit  sill  ii  wiiiils,  Vol.  v.,  p.  ."i:>r>. 


'  riutc  ILL,  Vol.  II.,  p.  M,  t(j  laoe  tliis  page. 


!: 


!; 


ii;  i 


i^' 


I  I 

i 


104 


THE    LITTORAL    TRIBES    OF 


Islniul,  iiiitl  Murtliii's  Vineyard ;  niul,  in  1(')14,  Captain  Smith,  of  Virfiiuia  notoi'it'ty, 
aavc  tlif  naiiu'  of  New  Kn'.'land  to  this  part  of  the  continont.  Tho  coast  had  hi-iMi 
c'xpKjrcd  l>_v  Diitih  naviLrators,  .■<nl)sonuont  to  thi-  discoveries  made  hy  Hudson,  and  is 
dosigiiati'd.  ill  an  ancient  map.  by  the  name  of  Ahnochico.  The  Indians  being  deficient 
in  j:enerali/,ati(in,  liad  no  generic  name  for  it,  unk'ss  it  be  tliat  of  Abinakee,  uiiieh 
they  suliseipu'ntly  nitide  use  of.  Tlio  first  colony  h'lnih'd  on  the  bani<s  of  ii  river, 
wliiiii.  we  are  inliirined.  the  natives  called  Accomac,  but  wiiicli  tiie  Englisli  named 
Plymouth.'  One  Inuuh'ed  and  one  persons  debari<i'd,  on  tlio  confines  of  twenty 
trilies.  whose  exact  nuniljers  were  unknown,  but  wliosi'  hostility  to  the  colon\'  was 
undoubted.  I'riuce  says,  these  "  hundred  and  one"  were  the  i)er.sons '•  who,  for  an 
undeliled  cnnscieuce,  and  the  love  of  pure  ("liiistianity,  first  left  their  native  and 
pleasant  laud,  and  encountered  all  the  toils  and  ha/ai'ds  of  the  tunadtuous  ocean,  in 
search  of  some  luicultivated  region  in  North  Virginia,  where  they  might  quietly  enjoy 
their  religious  libertit<s,  and  transmit  them  to  posterity,  in  hopes  that  none  would 
follow  to  disturb  or  ve.x  them."' 

Within  a  few  years  thereafter,  Maiiu>,  New  I Fami)shire,  Connecticut,  and  Ehode 
Island,  were  successfully  coloni/cd.  To  endure  and  to  hope,  amidst  every  ill,  were 
priui;ny  princiiiles  with  the  colonists,  and,  as  soon  as  they  came  into  contact  with 
the  Indians,  they  aimed,  both  by  precept  and  example,  to  teach  them  the  advantages 
of  thrift,  ovei-  till'  pii'carious  pursuit  of  the  chase.  Among  a  people  characteristically 
idle,  listless,  ami  prone  to  regjinl  with  favor  the  rites  of  ihemonology,  and  the  practice 
of  magic,  nothing  could  be  mme  unpalatable,  or  more  certainly  productive  of  hostilities; 
for  the  priests  ,iiid  sages,  i)owwows  and  necromancers,  clung  to  their  ceremonies  and 
oi'iiies  with  a  desperate  ti'uacity.  To  live  on  the  [)roducts  of  the  bow  and  arrow,  and 
not  b\'  the  use  of  the  plow,  had  been  the  jiractice  of  the  people  for  untold  centuries; 
and  the\-  regardi'd  the  new  comers  with  a  feiding  of  distrust  and  hatred,  which  grew 
stronger  and  more  intense  with  ever\-  succeeding  decade  of  t'oloiiial  existence. 

'  Pniitli,  Vi>l.  TI..  p.  IT".  Arrnmai'  was  tlii'  nimio  of  a  lufatinii  in  \(irtliaiii|itiiii  (^lllllty.  \'irj;iiiia,  pp.lialily 
nieaniiiir  prc'L-isclv  tlir  saiin'  tliint:;  naiiirlv,  the  lino  wIilto  tho  wiUKriies.s  iiiorts  an  uliuiblo  and  lultivatLil 
t'niinlrv- 


f   : 


y 


THE    NOllTII    ATLANTIC. 


JOo 


CHAPTER   IV. 

THE  NORTH KRN  INDIANS  ARE  OFFENDED  AT  THE  INTRODUCTION 
OF  CIVILIZATION  AND  THK  UOril'EL,  BECAUSE  OF  THEIR  TEN- 
DENCY   TO    SUBVERT    INDIAN    SOCIETY 

The  introduction  of  tlic  principlow  of  civilization  iimong  the  Now  Enuliiiid  tribi's, 
who  were  lialf  hunters  ixud  lialC  icthyopliagi,  is  a  standiKjint  I'roni  whicli  we  may  eon- 
temphito  tlie  Indian  cliaraeter  in  a  new  and  instructive  piiasis.  Wiien,  in  1580,  the 
scholar  Harriot  showed  tlie  Virjxinia  Indians  the  Hible.  and  explained  to  them  its  con- 
tents, they  imagined  it  to  be  some  gri'at  talisman,  and  handled,  hugiicd,  and  kissed  it 
with  great  reverence,  rul)l)ing  it  against  their  heads  and  breasts.  They  were  strongly 
impressed  with  tlie  belief  that  it  was  the  material  of  the  book,  and  not  its  doctrines, 
whicli  was  the  embodiment  of  its  virtues.'  In  IGU8,  when  the  shores  of  the  Chesa- 
peake were  explored  liy  Smitii.  tlie  English  were  accustomed  to  have  prayers  recited 
daily,  and  a  psalm  sung,  at  which  the  Sus(iuehannocks,  who  were  spectators,  greatly 
wondered,  regarding  tiie  rites  and  ceremonies  with  deep  interest — feeling  animated  liy 
the  vocal  sounds,  but  profoundly  ignorant  of  the  language,  and  of  its  true  import.'' 
Being  themselves  ceremonialists  to  an  almost  unlimited  extent,  in  the  worship  they 
oll'ered  to  the  gods  of  the  air.  hills,  and  valleys,  and  also  ready  interpreters  of  symbols, 
the  ritual  was  to  them  an  object  of  wonder.  Similar  ideas  of  mysticism  prevailed 
among  the  northern  tribes;  and,  thougii  the  Reformation  may  be  thought  to  have  exer- 
cised but  little  intluence  upon  the  history,  fate,  and  condition  of  the  American  Indians, 
yet  very  dill'erent  was  the  result.  Its  ultimate  ellects  upon  them,  through  the  teaching 
of  those  colonists  practising  its  strictest  priiicii)les,  were  very  momentous.  To  hunt 
deer  and  bears,  to  idle  away  time,  and  to  worship  dryatls  and  wood  demons,  were  acts 
equally  subversive  of  the  principles  of  civilization  and  of  Christianity.  Prior  to  the  settle- 
ment of  the  English  colonies,  the  moile  by  which  the  Romish  church  had  attempted  to 
engraft  Christianity  u[>on  the  Indians,  was  almost  entirely  symbolical  and  ceremonial. 
This  agreed  generally  with  the  character  of  their  ancient  system.  It  made  physical 
signs,  rites,  and  genullexions,  the  object  of  their  religion ;  and  the  Romish  church,  substi- 
tuting true  for  false  symbols  of  religion,  and,  at  the  same  time,  prescribing  ceremonial 
observances  which  were  not  onerous,  placed  before  them  an  acceptable  .system,  and 


'  Sntli 


Ibid. 


Vol..  vr— II 


W' 


I     I  - 


106 


THE    LITTUKAL    T1U15KS    OF 


tiiiij;lit  tluMii  tlie  first  principles  of  morality  iind  iiulii.slrv.      Those  who    reiioiiiiced 
thr  old.  imil  iic('r|it(.'d  tlu'  IK'W.  system  ot's\iiibols  were  (li'iiotniiiiitecl  converts 


Ik 


the  llomish   iiiissionuries  were  represented  iis  having  het'n  very  sncee: 


^ful 


amom. 


the 


natives  who,  it  is  apprehended,  had  hut  uuperlect  notions  on  the  snlyjeet.  ami  were 
allowed  to  daiu'e  around  the  Christian  altar,  iieating  their  drums  and  elan,i;in,Lr  their 
rattlfs,  at  the  same  time  ehantinn-  their  aneieiit  mystieal  ehornses.  lint  the  Protestant 
colonists,  who  had  embraced  the  l\eli)rmi'd  doetrines,  exjieeted  somethiiif;'  more,  and 
desired  that,  when  the  worship  of  the  triii'  Deity  superseded  that  of  the  I'alse.  it  should 
he  aei'om|)aiiied  liy  those  tests  of  I'aitii  and  holiness  enjoined  In'  (!i>d's  law.  In  verity, 
Jehovah  was  re(|iiii'i'd  to  take  the  place  ot'  Manito.  Owayneo,  and  Waeondah.  'i'his 
brought  the  English  missionaries  into  direct  conllict  with  the  entire  body  ol' the  Indian 
priests,  powwows,  seers,  and  jossakeeds ;  a  striif:,iile  wliich  yet  exists  with  tlie  tribes. 

Harriot  informs  lis  that  the  Virginia  Indians  believed  in  the  existence  of  one  God  ; 
yi't,  in  the  same  sentence,  he  also  says  that  the  sim.  moon,  and  stars  were  suborilimito 
gods ;  that  the  gods  were  all  of  human  shapi' ;  and  that  oll'erings  were  pre.sentetl  to 
their  images. 

A'ery  similar  to  this  were  the  declarations  i)f  the  nortlu'rn  Indians;  bnt  yet,  while 
liny  acknowledged  Cio('  as  riding  on  the  clouds,  the  images  they  worshipped  in  .secrit 
iuiil  in  their  assemblii's  were,  in  fact,  demons  and  devils.  To  disseminati!  the  doctrines 
of  the  gospel,  amid  such  an  embodiment  ol' dark  superstition,  was  not  an  easy  task.  _\et 
it  was  zealously  and  lirmly  i)ursued.  Cotton  Mather  inlbrms  us  that,  within  thirty 
years  from  the  lime  when  the  first  formal  efforts  were  made  to  |)reacli  the  gosptd  lo  the 
Indians,  there  \wiv  six  clinrclies  and  eighteen  assemblies  of  catechumens,  or  converted 
natives,  within  the  bounilaries  of  Massachusetts,  and.  in  IdSii,  the  entire  liible  wa.s 
made  accessible  to  them  by  means  of  the  translations  of  Kliot.' 

AVithin  the  sj)ace  of  a  few  years,  the  English  poi)ulatiiiii  spread  themselves  t)ver  the 
entile  country,  enterprise  having  been  a  marked  characteristic  of  all  the  early  settle- 
ments. T'le  Indians,  diviiled  into  innumerable  small  tribes  and  bands,  occupied  the 
interior  territory,  and  a  great  part  of  the  immediate  coast  line.  \\'here\er  the  colonists 
located  themselves,  the  natives  watched  their  movements  w  itli  an  evident,  though  jealous 
interest.  Industrious,  thrifty,  cautious,  courageous,  and  temperate,  the  more  rellecting 
sagamores  could  hardly  fail  to  \)v  im})ressed  with  the  idea,  that  the  colonists  were  the 
mere  heralds  of  a  people  destined  to  increase  rajiidly,  both  in  number  and  in  power, 
iind  to  occupy  the  whole  country,  to  the  detriment  of  the  Hed  man.  whose  dominion 
ijiust  decline  as  the  influence  of  the  white  man  increased. 

It  would  be  erroneous  to  suppose  tiiat  such  a  striking  moral  effect  could  have  been 
produced,  without  exciting  the  strong  antipathy  of  the  Indian  priesthood.  On  the  con- 
trary a  virulent,  secret,  deep-seati'd.  and.  so  fa-'  as  their  iulbience  extended,  uni\ers;il 


'  Life  (if  lOlhit  :   1,(111.1(111,  Kl'.IO  :   j..  SO. 


fcf 


THE    NORTH    ATLANTIC. 


107 


niiposition  wns  dovolopod  niiionu:  flio  iiiitivo  powwows,  from  tlip  waters  of  tlm  Coniirc- 
ticiit  to  tlioso  of  flic  IViiohscot.  Hitter  IikU'imI  was  tliis  revelation  to  tiie  Iiuliaiis.  and 
truly  l)itter  to  tliem  was  every  [iliaso  in  their  experienee  of  eivili/ation.  Tliey  (let(^f^te(l 
a  lili'  of  labor,  and  liad  no  relish  for  the  standard  of  its  stern  virtues  and  personal 
respont^iliility,  or  its  maxims  of  exact  justice,  as  announced  hy  the  decalogue.  The 
idea  that  such  meuil)ers  of  the  wandering  tribes  as  were  guilty  of  thel't.  murder,  pre- 
varication, ami  covetousness,  would  he  Ijrought  to  judgment  therefor,  was  indeed  fearful 
totiiein;  hut  when,  to  this  doctrine,  was  enjoined  the  requirement  that  they  should 
relinquish  their  system  of  worship,  their  necromancy,  their  magic  ceremonies,  and  mII 
their  forest  rites,  their  deepest  ire  was  anuised. 

In  this  inissionaiT  labor,  Kliot.  conuuonly  called  the  Apostle  to  the  Indians,  lirst 
distinguished  himself.  lie  emigrated  from  England  in  Ifi.")!,  and  was  chosen  minister 
at  Dorchest"r.  where,  in  the  exerci.";!'  of  his  pastoral  duties.  Ids  attention  was  direeled 
to  the  Indian  trilies.  of  whom  numerous  clans  and  villages  then  overspread  the  terri- 
tory, and  were  tiius  iutei'spersed  among  the  settlements  of  the  whites.  Heing  a 
graduate  of  Cambridge,  and  a  person  of  considerable  learning,  Piliot  began  the  stmly 
of  the  Indian  languages  uudei-  the  no  small  stinudiis,  it  is  inferred,  of  (indiug  therein 
some  elements  of  tiie  Ilelirew.  In  this  important  in([uiry  into  the  allinities  of  nations, 
a  research  far  iji  advance  ol'tlie  age  in  which  he  lived.  Eliot's  principal  aid  and  pundit 
was  Xasutan.  a  descendant  ol"  the  .Massachusetts  stock,  who  had  learned  to  speak  the 
Muglish  language,  and  who  was  proncjuuced.  by  a  divine  '  of  that  pi-riod,  "a  pregnant- 
witted  young  man." 

In  Kill),  tin;  subject  of  the  conversion  of  the  Indians  was  discussed  by  the 
Association  f)l"  Colonial  .Ministers,  who  adopted  a  resolution,  strongly  urging  KilO 
the  expediency  and  necessity  of  immediate  action.  In  accordance  with  this 
A  iew.  Mr.  Eliot  appointed  a  time  and  place  for  an  assemlilage  of  the  Indians,  which 
was  convened  on  tlie  liSth  of  (K'tober  of  the  same  year.  His  text  was.  •■  Pro]>iiesy 
unto  till'  wind,  j)rophe.sy.  son  of  man.  and  say  to  tlie  wind  :  Thus  saitli  the  liord  (lod  ; 
Come  from  the  four  winds,  ()  breath,  and  l)reathe  U[)ou  these  slain,  that  they  may  live."  ' 
The  place  was  called  Xonantnm  (dod's  word  dis|)layed),  and  a  strong  impression  wa.s 
made  upon  the  Indian  mind  by  tiiis  appeal. 

Another  convocation  of  the  Indians  tooJc  nl 


I'l 


nseqr 


>h 


where  Eliot  adiln 


d  th 


tl 


lein  111  their  own  laiisiuauT 


Otl 


ler  meetinas 


foil 


owei 


thereaftei 


the  rule 


The  lii.l 
the 


lans  w 


ho  attended  agreed  to  settle  at  that  place,  as  also  to 


s.  onservc 


practii 


(f  ci 


vilization,  and  faithfully  adhere  to  the  i)rece[)ts  of 


Cliristiaui 


ty.     Tl 


ins  was  e 


'talilishi'd  the  first  settlement  of  praxing  India 


ns. 


Th 


received   instruction  gladly,  labored  diligentl\'  at  husbandry,  and   became  %ery  expert 
in  the  use  of  farmiim'  tools.     JJeing  regularlv  catechi.sed  and  instructed,  a  congregation 


Colt. .11  Mull 


I'^zi'kii'l,  x.v.w  ii.  !•. 


108 


TIIK    I,[TT(tR.\  I,    'I'l!  I  ItKS    oK 


of  converts  wns.  in  tlio  ontl,  ostnblishi'd.  'I'lio  liuliiiiis  hcini:  rnrorully  watcluHl  dvor, 
Avitli  tiic  nid  oCndtivo  liclps,  tlif  new  pviiu'lplcs  sprciKl  rnpiilly  ainmig  tlioiii.  A  second 
mcotinir  wiis  luld  at  Ncpoasct,  in  Mr.  Kliot'f^  parisli,  and  dtliiTs  at  I'awtiicivct,  at 
Concord,  and  on  tlic  peninsula  of  ('apo  Cotl,  which  were  all  ef|nally  successful.  Tliese 
proceedings  elicited  strong  opposition  among  the  native  priests,  and  powwows,  who, 
peeing  their  ancient  power  over  the  Indians  about  to  depart,  stiuck  their  necromantic 
drums,  at  their  secret  meetings,  with  greater  energy. 

Accounts  of  the  Muccessful  propagation  of  the  gospel  in  America,  were  published  and 
circulated  throughout  England,  where  they  excited  so  mucii  interest  during  the  two 
following  years  (1G47  and  KlIS).  that,  when  an  ajipeal  was  nuule  to  Parliament  to 
second  t'.ieir  elVorts,  that  body  passed  an  act  to  incorporate  a  Society  for  the  Propaga- 
tion of  the  Gospel  in  New  Kngland.  In  1(101.  Eliot  jiublishi'd  a  translation  of  the 
Old  Testament,  in  the  Indian  dialect  ol  .Massachusetts,  which  was  called  by  him  the 
Natic.  manifestly  because  he  deemed  that  to  be  the  generic  language.  This  volume 
was  a  work  of  great  labor,  and  had  received  the  most  carefid  attention.  After  a  long 
interval  it  was  followed  by  a  translation  of  the  tiospels,  and.  in  IfiS-I,  the  two  part.s 
were  reproduced  together,  in  one  \'olume.  at  ('ambridire.  'i'his  was.  in  every  way,  a 
gigantic  work,  and  could  not  have  been  accom[)lished  without  the  aid  of  the  London 
Society  for  Propagating  the  Gospel,  under  whose  auspices  it  was  exi'cuted.  'l.ot  and 
Nasutan  had  spent  many  long  years  upon  it ;  as  it  progressed,  the  .several  parts  of  each 
book  being  practically  employed  in  the  dissemination  of  the  truths  they  contained. 
It  still  retiiiiis  its  position,  as  the  most  considerable  and  important  monument  of  our 
Indian  philology. 


TllF,    N  OUT  11     ATLANTIC 


10!  t 


f 

I 
i 


CHAPTER  V. 

MANNERS    AND    CUSTOMS    OF    TITK    MOITICANIC    GROUP    OF    TIFF, 
NEW    ENGLAND    ALGONQUINS. 


When  the  Pil<:rinis  eKtiibli.>»hccl  thenisolvcs  on  tlio  coast  of  Nmv  jMigliiml,  tlu'v  deter- 
mined that  one  ijiatlonn  of  reli<,'ions  freedom  should  .serve  for  both  the  Ked  and  the 
White  men.  Iluvinj:'  tiiem.^^elves  s^ullered  nnieii,  undi'r  a  weals,  and  intolerant  [jrince, 
throiiirli  the  importance  attached  to  ritual  observances,  the}' made  no  attempt.s  to  impose 
II  ritual  on  the  aborigines.  It  was  noticed  that  these  tribes  were  under  the  reliiiious 
rule  ol'  .seH'-constitutcd  priests,  powwows,  and  eccdesiastical  sagamores,  who  directed 
them  in  the  ai)palling  worshij)  of  evil  spirits,  and  of  elementar\  gods,  whose  names 
were  emphatically  ••legion."  In  the  words  of  a  quaint  historian  of  that  i)eriod,  "  the 
whole  body  of  the  multiplied  tribes  anil  sej)ts  who  cover  the  land  are  the  veriest  luins 
of  mankind."' 

This  writer  observes:  '•  Their  wigwams  consist  of  poles,  lined  with  mats,  where  a 
gocnl  lire  su|)plies  tiie  warmth  of  bed-clotlies  in  cold  .sea.sons.  The  skins  of  animals 
furnish  exclusively  their  clothing.  Sharp  stones  are  u.sed  for  knives  and  tools.  Wam- 
pum, a  kind  of  bead,  made  from  .«ea-.shell.s,  is  a  substitute  lor  money.  Indian  corn  con- 
stitutes their  staple  of  vegetable  Iboil ;  the  ibrest  sui)i)lies  them  precariously  with  meat. 
Fish  are  taken  in  their  streams.  The  hot-house  is  their  catholicon  for  a  large  class  of 
their  diseases.  Their  religion  is  a  confused  and  contradictory  theism,  imder  the  rule 
of  a  class  of  priests  called  powwows,  who  ofler  incense  by  the  fumes  of  tobacco."  ' 
There  was  absolutel}  nothing,  in  their  plan  of  dwelling,  that  deser\ed  the  name  of 
architecture;  but  they  had  considerable  skill  in  niamifacturing  arrows,  bows,  war-clubs, 
bfjwls,  pipes,  lishing-rtjds,  and  nets.  The  women  made  clay  pots,  iimipereil  with  sili- 
ceous stones,  which,  when  used  for  the  purposes  of  cooking,  were  suspended  from  a 
Irijiod,  Ibrined  of  three  poles,  tied  together  at  top,  and  spread  o\  er  the  lire.  They  wove 
mats  of  Hags,  baskets  ol'  the  split  cortical  layers  of  wood,  and  nets  from  a  s[)ecies  of 
native  hemp.  The  claui-shell  wms  frcipiently  useil  as  a  .spoon,  but  these  were  also 
carved  out  of  wood,  as  also  were  onagons,  or  bow  Is.  Darts  wen:  chipped  from  iiorn- 
stone,  as  well  as  from  other  species  of  siliceous  rock;  and  I'rontlet.s,  ornamented  with 


'  ("litti'ii  MatliiT. 

'  Till'  iiicotinnn  w.is  sinokcil,  and  nflVrcd  :i>  imciisi'  In  tlic  (Iri'.it  Sjiirit,  liy  all  tlir  nurtln'rri  tribes. 


*H!i:i 


R  * 

I 


m 


nn 


Tiir  FJTTonAr.  trtt?e?i  of 


li'ntliiM's.   were   ciiiiilincil    till'    lii'Mil    iln 


'I" 


'ir  liivoriti'  ilislics;  wlicn   lln-  liiiiil( 


ilicck.  anil    siicc;iIm-Ii.  nr 

till.    Ill'    Ii:hI 


WIIH    MII'I'I^S 


ill 


Kisl 


I  was  aiiiiiii 


laiil. 


cvi'ti    111   till'   mti'i'iiir  stri'ams,  as  wi'ii'  alno 


nmiril    I'lilll.    Wrrr 
.'!•,  Ill'  iillni'  iiH'at. 
DVstiTs  ami  otlii-r  slii'll-lisii.  on  tin*  si-a  ciiasts.     Canoi's  witc  inaili-  i'roiii  wtlid  tri'i-s, 

1 11  till  IV 

ll'lil'S. 

tiiiii's 


I  l)\  till'  aid  of  lire,  and  a  pci'iiliar  a\i'.  wliicli  is  tVi'iiiU'iitly  ri)iiiiil  ainmijr  Iiulian 
Till'  aliiiri'iini'  was  iiiiri'iiimis  in  scttiiiir  snari's  liir  liinls  and  Iti'iistH.  iviid  soini'- 


lai". 


:i'  animals  witc  t 


•ntraiHK 


'il.  iiv  lii'iiijiiiv'  diiwn  sapliiiirs,  w 


ihicl 


I  won 


Id 


n-iioinii 


wlicii  aiiv  lii'ast   trod  on  tlii'  stiiiiir  wliii'li  ln'ld   tlirin  in  iilai'i'.     Tin-  Indian  hiiriod  ids 
di'ad  in  oiiit  wra|)|iinL's  of  liark,  placiii;.'.  at  tin'  lirad  of  ilir  i'or[)sc.  a  woodfii  |ii>sl.  on 


wini'li   was  ca 


•vi'd   till'   totem  of   till'  clan,  and  sonii'  otluT    lii('ro;rl>l)liii's.      His  s 


iic- 


ccssi's  III  war  and  liimtiiii:  wori',  also,  soini'timrs  riulrly  si'in| 


ilptiiri'd  on  tlu'  I'aci'  of  rocUn 


or  lioiildi'rs;  some  of  tlirsc  im 


,h!l,' 


>.'  rcmaininLr  to  this  dav'. 


{I'lrardinir  tlu'  ri'li^ion 


jirai'tisi'd  liy  till-  aliorii^incs.  tin'  i:i'i'af  dillirtiity  with  historians  has  lirt'ii  in  tracing'  out 
any  fiM'd  systi'in.     'rhi)iii.'h  tlu'  Indian  |iroli'ssi'illy  woishi|iiii'd  tin-  (In-at  Spirit,  yet  lie; 


nssiiiiioi 


1  th 


I" 


if  till-  l)i'it\'  to  till'  sniioi'dinati'  I'ori 


if  ili'iiions  and  local  inanitos, 


to  whii'li  111'  olVi'i'i'd  sai'i'i 


Simpli's  wiTi'  used  to  lii'al  tlii'  sick  hy  proii'ssi'd  dortors, 


il  mni'h  sUili  was  I'xhiiiiti'd  in  ciirintf  oxti'i'iial  woiinil> 


LllOthi 


I' I  ass.  c 


all.'d  Mi'das, 


aili'i'ti'd  to  aiiil   to  tlirir  iiu'dicincs   the  clnirin  of  iiii 
moiioidiioiis  tliiim|i  of  llu' drum,  iisi'd  in  incantalioi).'^ 

■ii; 


aiK 


and  trusted  as  niiu'li  to  tlio 
1  to  the  Indian  sonii',  as  to  tlu? 
elliet  ol"  any  of  ilie  artieles  eiimiierated  in  their  matei'ia  mediea. 

Witli  manners  and  eiistoms  thus  entirely  opposed  to  e\i'rythinij;  like  civili/ation.  it 
needed  lint  sliiiht  ineiteiiient  to  arouse  the  deadliest  feeliiiirs  of  hostility.  Very  little 
dilVereiu'c  cxistinjr.  oither  in  dress  or  manners,  iietweeii  individual  Indians,  or  helweeii 
the  various  trilies,  all  Inokin,:;'  and  actim;  \ei'y  miirh  alike,  the  innocent  were  fre([Uently 
mistaken  !'or  the  L;iiilty. 

The  spirit  of  opposition  to  the  entire  constitution  and  system  of  ci\il  society,  and  of 
Christianity.  orii:inated  early,  and  led  to  repeated  coinhinatioiis  of  the  Indians  to  extermi- 
nate the  white  race.  The  first  iii'iieral  and  alarming;' elfort  of  this  kind,  auaiiist  the  peace 
.•mil  welfire  of  the  New  Kii'jlaiid  colonists,  devejopeil  itself  in  the  area  of  ('onnecticnt, 
aniomr  the  Peipiots.  The  primary  seitleiiu'iits  in  the  ("onnecticnt  valley  were  madi'  in 
l()-".:>.  Within  liiiir  years  from  that  time,  the  I'eipiots  evinced  their  hostility,  for  wliicli 
there  was  an  additionid  and  hi'ihly  irritatiiiL'  caustv 

Prior  to  the  settlement  of  New  I'liiLdand.  feuds  had  existed  in  the  I'eipiot  trilie. 
This  was  a  numerous  organization,  extending:'  from  the  western  honndary  of  the  Narra 
jraiisetts.  on  the  I'awcaluck  river,  to  tlu'  hanks  of  the  Peqiiot.  or  Thames  river.  It  is 
evident  that  their  extreme  western  honndary  oriijinally  extended  to  the  ("onnecticnt. 
They  wore  under  the  rule  of  the  [lowerfiil.  hravi'.  and  amhitioiis   Sa.ssaciis,  there  l^-ing 

'  Vni.  i.,i'i;it."X.\xvr.. .wxvir ;  Vui.  ir.,  i'i;it,s  xi,.,  \i,i.,  xi.it.;  VmI.  hi  ,  v\-aw»  xviii.xli., 

XLIL;  Vol.  IV.,  I'latis  XVII.,  XVIII.,  p.  17.:;   \  ..I.  V.,  I'lat,' X  V,  p.  ;".!:!,  \e. 


TIIH    N  (HIT  II    ATI-ANTIC 


111 


111!  cvidi'iici'  tliiit  TiKMs  occiiii'u'il  till'  v;ill<'V  liv  ri'.'iit  id"  cdmciiicsI.      Iliit.  at  llic  tTii  of 

(111'    rnllllilill'i    (i|     lllf    Ctmiiri'ticilt    ('kIdIIV.  tllis    Mllli'V   WHS    CM'i'H|pi('(l     liy   llic     .MuliicMIIS, 


\\  III)  \\r\\'  I'll 


It'll  li\-  tlic  saclu'iii  I'liciis.     'I'lii'  l*t'i|Uiils  {iiid  till'  .Muliii'iiiis  ,h|miUc  iIic  saim 


illl'_'llll'Jl',    WllH'll 


was  a  si'('iiii(lai'\  ami   iiinri'  innili'iii    iniiii  nl'  t 


II'  i:('iii'rii'  Ai^'i>iii[um 


I'lii'as   liail   niiirrii'il   a  ilaiiLilili'i'  ni"  Talnliaiii,  a    l'i'i|unl.  nf  tin'   MihhI    line,  ami   was. 


arniniiiii^-  to  tilt'  lii'iu'ia!  i)riiii'i|ili's  i>l  (li'scciit.  I'l'janli'ii  as  iiiir   ul   tin'   liiTcdilary  Imc. 
I'licas  was  iiiiiisiir  a  wise.  InaM'.  ami  |iiilitic  fliid'taiii.      WIimIcmt  ihr  raiisi's  ollrilial 
(iisi'iini    wi'it'.   \\\^   si'|iaratiiiii    I'rum    tin-    |)ari'Mt    Irilir,    ainl    iTiiiii\al    wi'<t\\  anllA'.   Iiail 
(ii'i'iiriril  iii'iiir  to  lilt'  scttiriiH'iit   ul'  citiiiT  Wimlsur  iir   iiartriiiil.  llir  oMcsl    tnwiis,  jiir 
tlic  I'liinitN  lii'twci'ii   tln'sc   two   rival    native  cliii'ls,  ln'caim'   at    niirc  a|i|iar('Mt    tn   the 
Knuiisli.     Uiicas.  with  tin-  view  nt'strciiLilheiiiii';  his  |)nsitii)ii  ai;aiiist  Sassaciis.  ami  the 
lar<ier  IhhIv  oI'  the  trihe,  liaijed  the  arrival  oC  tlie  eolniiists  with  jny,  heeaiiie  their  pro- 
lecliM"  aijaiiist    tiie   iiirnaiis  ol'   the    l'ei|iiiits,  ami   remained   their   linn   and   eimsistent 
iVieml.     This  line  ul'  pnliey  served  rather  to  irritate,  than   to  allay  the  i'ei|iint  enmity 
tn  the  l']ni;lish.      At  lenu'tli.  after  the  lapse  of  a  few  years,  marked  hy  hitter  InistilitieH, 
innrders.  ;iml  criieltii's,  I'roin  which  nntra::es  the  iMiiilish,  and  llieir  .Mnhiean  allies,  were 
alike  snlli'rers.  a  rorniidahle  e\|ii'ilitii)n  was  orj:;  ni/ed    auaiiisl    Sassaeiis  and    his   two 
furls.      It  is  not  lu'i'essiiry  here  to  speak  of  tiie  cruel    inunlers.  the   lireaches  nf  treaty 
stipnlations,  or  of  the  depredations  and  other  outrages  coinmitled  ;  snilice  it  to  sa\',  that 
excitement  heinir  at   its    heiiiht,  lorhcaranee   had   ceased    to   he  a  \irtne,  and    all  wei'i; 
compelled  cither  to  fiiilit   or  die.      Four  years  of  aj^oni/ini^  .strili'    thus    passed    awa\, 
diiriii'j  which,  at  least  thirty  Kniilish  had   heeii   jiut  to  death;   some  with  the  additicm 
of  cruel  tortiu'i's.     The  existence  of  the  eolonicH  was  at  stake  ;  it  was  a  contest  hetweeii 
civili/.ation    and    harharisni.      If   ("onnectitMit    siiccimdK'd,    .Massaclinsetis    and    lihnde 
Island  must  necessarily  follow.      Sassaciis,  at  that  period,  heiiii;  on  the  hest  terms  with 
the  Narraixaiisetts,  wlioti'   'i  ai'knowleducd  the  dominion  of  the  aiied  ( 'aiiunieiis.  and 
of  his  more  etlicieiit  son.  .Miontonimo.  he  aimed  in  \aiii.  hy  ncLiotia lions,  to  olit;iiii  their 
aid  a'lainst   the   .Mohicans  and   the    Kn.iilish.      .\s  a  ruler.  Sassacus  was  iirealK   feared 
and  respected  hy  his  people,  as  well  as  hy  the  Narrauansctts.     lie  was  a  liriM'  warrior 
and   an   I'loipicnt    sjieaker.      Ma.son   tells   us  an    iinliaii   sa\inii.  that  •■  Sassacus   is   all 
oiu'  L'oil ;   no  inr.ii  can  kill  liiin."'     'i'lie  views  he  cvpiessed  with  respect  to  the  I'ln^ilish 
settlements   in    New   Knghuid,  prove   the   i',\|iansion   and    forecast  of  his    mind,      lie 
rciiiirded  the  white  man  as  destined  to  super.sede  tlii'  Indian   race,  and   said    that  when 
they  had  exterininatcd  the  re(piots,  they  would  then  turn  their  attention  to  the  Narra- 
Mansells.      lie  ursicd  an  alliance  for  general  purposes,  and  aruued  that  it  would   not  he 
necc-sary  to  liuht  great   liattles,  as  the  whites  eonld   he  destnned  one   h\-  oih>.     The 
Indians  eonld  lie  in  uinhusii   for  the  colonists,  eonld   hum    their   dwellings,  coiilil   kill 
their  I'attle.-     Every  view  we  can  take  of  the  eliaraeter  of  Sassacus,  onl\    serves  to 


'  Sparks"  .Viiiericaii  15iiiurai>li_v,  \\i\.  Ill,,  new  .•.crir.'i,  p.  .'Ml!. 


lioyt'.'-  .\iLtii|iiaiiaM  IJi-.Taivlii'.'i. 


VI 


N 


^ll 


I    i   "  i 


MTTiiliAl,   TlMltKS    <M'   TIIK    NOI.'TII    ATLANTIC.  112 

coiifirin  llio  iiiiiii'i's.Mioii  that  lie  wan  a  iiuin  ol'  iincuminciii  I'lUTjry,  as  woll  as  forecast, 
and  lie  (ieei:|iii'M  a  |ii'iiiniiK'iit  position  ainoiii;  the  liolil  ahoii^iiial  ehii'l's  wlio  so  resoliitely 
ri'sisteil  thi'  occiipaiiey  ol'liieir  eoinitrv  \>y  l']in'o|ieans,  lie  elearly  li'iesaw,  ami  [loiiileil 
out  to  his  eoiinti'uneii,  that,  with  aits  ami  eiier^iies  siu'ii  as  tiaii'  iiuailers  iiad  already 
driiion.-lialed  tiie  [lossessioii  of,  they  must  e.\tin;fiiish  the   lii;ht   of  tlieir  eoimeil    ami 


altar  lire; 


iii>  alter  aimtluT  the  trilies  iiiiisl 


siieeiiiiili ;   ami  lie  w.iriiei 


I  tli(!  Xaira"aii 


setts  that,  if  they  did  not  aid  him  in  his  eoiilest  witii  the  Kiij;lisli.  they  winild  he  the 
next  to  feel  the  weiulit  of  their  |)ower.  The  history  ol'  the  <.'reat  internal  conllictH  of 
aille-lii>lolieal  |Miiods.  Iiy  whieh  the  I'eqiiot  nalioli  liiid  hecll  di\ided,  ami  Ulieas 
e.\[)elled,  heiiij^  iiivolvid  ill  ohseurily,  we  are  iinahle  to  fiirni>li  any  aeeiirato  tletails. 
We  kiunv,  however,  that  the  lend  was  \et  iwistiiei  in  all  its  oriuinal  inti'iisity.  when  the 
colonists  lirsi  enieii'd  the  eonntry,  and,  iiiilortnnatrl\  for  the  iierprtnation  of  h 


IS  power. 


>assaeiis 


li 


kc  II 


iaii\  others  of  the  aliorij:;inal  eliiei* 


lead' 


IS.  lacked    the   s|iiril    ol 


conciliation,  aiiiiiiii;   to  achieve   li\   tiirce,  what 


Mil 


;lit    !ia\i'   ;ittaiiied   hy  dida\  and 


ne,ij:otiation  ;  jilaciiii;  too  low  all  estimate  on  the  saliie  of  union  and  co-o|icration  with 
the  snrroiindinn-  trihes.  Ilu  was  feared  and  suspected  hy  thi'  nnineroiis  trihe  of  thi^ 
Narraj:ansetts,  on  tho  east ;  while  the  iinfriemllv  Mohicans  lined  the  hoimdary  of  his 
duniiiiion  on  the  \vest.  Tlie  small  hands  of  the  Niiiantics,  and  Nine^i'i't's  men,  he 
e\idently  oontrolled,  ami  tho  interior  country  to  the  north  was  open  to  1 


inn. 


T 


wo  o 


his  stronirest  positions  were  stockaded  villages,  which  assmiii'd  the  character  of  forts; 

1  less  prompt  or  hold  in  their  movements,  and  given  him 


nd  had  the  English 


more  time  to  consummate  his  arrangoments,  the  result  might  liiive  been  protracted, 
although  it  certainly  could  not  have  been  averted. 


si: 


^L.: 


^ 


r 


s^ 


^s^ 


t^u    0 


f. 


^ 


\  \^^ 


^ 


<^  >> 


X 


T^^ 


y 


v-/ 


).    \:n  '^^    [ 


J 


/■-> 


J.U 


"»;     > 


^ 


L! 


r-^- 


D- 


"N 


\~,> 


^^ 


WO(]/v)k 


0-0      X 


A 


\\ 


'■<  I;    \U,    0+<' 


\ 


'k-^-i/ 


n 


ill 


r 


IH'tll 


1'^ 


iM-     * 


fllt^l 


SECTION    SIXTH. 

SYNOPSIS    OF    THE    HISTOllY    OF    THE    NEW 
ENGLAND    INDIANS. 


r 
I  I' 


CHAPTER   I. 


IIISTOKY    OF    THE    POKANOKET    TRIBE    AND    BASIIABARY. 


WnKN  the  Now  Eiiu'laud  colonics  wcic  cstablislied,  the  Pokaiioket  ti ibe  was  in 
tile  ascendency.  Tiie  coast  tribes,  indeed,  if  not  ahuost  annihilated,  had  been  1C30 
decimated  by  a  [)estiiential  disease;  but  there  is  every  reason  to  belie\e  that 
the  chiefs  wlio  sat  in  the;  council  lodsics.  surrounding  the  great  and  nolile  waters  of 
Massachusetts  Bay,  acknowledgeil  fealt\  to  the  reigning  sachem  of  JMount  llo|)e. 
Such  was  the  complexion  of  political  allairs,  when  the  Pilgrims  landed  at  ri_)  niuuth, 
in  1620. 

The  Pokanokets  were  descended  from  an  ancient  stocic,  and,  it  is  believed,  they 
estaljlished  themselves  on  the  peninsula,  with  the  aid  of  their  friends  and  allies,  the 
Narragansetts  and  Pequots,  after  couiiuering  the  liibes  which  tlu'ii  held  possession. 
Evidences  of  their  ancient  trium(iiis  ha\e.  it  is  lielicved,  hvvn  found,  iu  the  rude  and 
simi)le  pictographs  of  the  countr_\ — a  few  heads  and  cross-! lones,  or  I'lubs.  si",d[iturcd  on 
a  l)oidder,  or  on  a  dill',  as  mementoes  of  battle.  These  simple  historical  nieiihuials  were 
more  common  among  the  hills  and  valle_\s  of  tlii'  coimtry,  when  it  A\as  first  (jccupied, 
>lhan  they  are  at  the  i)resent  ilay.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  a  wanton  s[)irit  should  have 
k'd  the  yeomanry,  and  their  playful  children,  to  nuilihite,  alter,  or  destroy,  many  of  the 
primitive  monuments  of  the  Indian  nations.  The  most  noted,  as  also  the  largest  of 
these  pictogi'aphs,  yet  legilile.  is  on  the  .Massachusetts  borders  of  the  'i'aunton.  or 
Assonet  i'i\cr.  Foreign  arch;eologists  have  attem]';<d  to  gl\e  this  inscri[ition  an 
unmerited  historical  \alue,  as  a  Scandinavian  monument,  lla\ing  \isiteil  the  locality, 
and  made  it  ii  study,  with  the  aid  of  an  Indian  interj)ri'ter,  1  have  no  hesitation  in 
v., I.  Vl._|.-)  {]]•■)) 


I 


114 


SYNOl'SlS    OF    TIIK    HISTORY    OF 


l)ron()iiii('iii!.'  it  iiii  Ali^i)ii(|iiiii  piclouriiiiliic  record  of  aii    liuliiiii  liattlc.     This  was  also 


tlio  int( 


itciliiiciit  Ii 


lio  intci'iu'ctalitiii  uni'M  by  an  iiitcin^ciit  iiKliaii  jossaKccd.  ami  liuliaii  pictouiapliist, 
to  wluiiii  I  oxiiiliitcd  a  i-'ii[>y  ol  it  on  tiu-  island  of  .Micliiliiiiaciiiaclc.'  Ajrivcaljly  to  tiii' 
Indian  oived  and  practiir.s,  lie  idontilied  it  with  inii'stiy  skill  in  nccroniancv.  llnis 
attribntini;-  tin'  success  here  pictured.  partl\-  to  tlio  cxpertness  of  tin-  priest  in  that  art. 
Tile  ania/einent  of  the  vanipiished  at  the  sudden  assault  of  the  \  ictoi's.  is  syniholically 
depicted  l)\'  tlii'ir  hcinu'  depri\i'd  of  both  hands  and  arms,  or  the  powt'r  of  niakinir  any 
ic'sistance.  Th<'  name  of  the  reiLininii'  chief  of  the  trilie.  is  likewise  described  1)\-  a 
symbol  to  lia\('  been  .Moni;',  or  tlii'  Loon,  and  his  totem  tiie  sun.      (Sci'  Plate.) 

Tiie  I'okanokets.  who  may  be  considered  (o  ha\e  be('n  allied  with  the  Narrauansetts 
in  the  victory,  representeil  in  the  above  pictoi;rapii.  had  preserved  friendlv  ri'ialions 
witii  thai  powerful  coast  lril>e  I'rom  liie  earliest  dates,  li  is  evident  that  they  were 
al.>^o  allied  witii  the  I'eiinacooks  of  tiie  Mei'riniiic  in  the  north,  ami  with  the  l'ei|Uots.-' 
who,  und<'r  .'^assacus.  were  so  imliirtunate  as  to  wa'ic  war  a^iainsl  rn<'as  and  iiis 
Mohicans,  prnirrted.  as  the  latter  were,  by  the  a'uis  of  the  infant  t'onnecticut  colonv. 
The  name  of  WainpanoaLi.  by  which  the  I'okanokets  vvere  also  designated,  appears 
to  denote  the  fact  that  they  vvere.  Iium  early  times,  the  custodians  of  the  imperial 
shell,  or  med;d.  'I'hev  were  so  brave  and  warlike,  that  the  sm'ronndini;  tribes  ri'u:aiiled 
them  as  the  most  powerful  ori;ani/atioii  on  the  coast,  fioni  the  Narrauaiisett  to  the 
Massachusetts  Uay. 

Wiieii  the  1'1\  month  coUmy  was  founded,  the  I'okanoket  tribe  was  iid\-erne(l  by 
Massasoit.  then  a  venerable  man.  numberiiiji.  |irobably.  seventy  years.  Thouiih  tin* 
tire  of  vonth  had  departed  from  his  eve.  yet  his  sti'p  was  (inn  and  diL'iiided.  and  lit; 
bore  himsell'  vvitli  an  air  that  betokeiicMl  he  not  oidy  had  a  vivid  remembrance  of  the 
achievements  of  his  tribe,  but  also  ileemed  him-elf  the  true  monarch  of  the  Land. 
The  t'olonists  found  the  vicinity  ol'  their  location  unoccupied;  old  cornlields,  deserted 
loilp's.  and  urave-^  iia-^tily  coveri  d.  denotim:'  the  rava-ies  of  the  pestilence  which  had 
depopulated  tlii<  ri-jiou.  Tliev  made  it  their  early  endeavor  to  seek  an  interview  with 
Massasoit.  and  establish  friendly  relation-;  vv  ilh  him.  the  conference  beiiiL"'  manaiied  care- 
I'ullv.  with  a  view  to  ell'ect  ;  mu>ici;ni';  and  >o|iliers.  armed  with  muskets.  aci'oinpanie(l 
the  KiiLilish  pivcrnor.  anil  the  nei;c)ti:itions  alliirded  a  I'air  specimen  ot'both  Indian  and 
coloni^lic  diplomacy.  It  was  characteri/ed.  also,  by  the  introdnction  to  the  Indians  of 
that  element,  which  lia^  since  proved  a  source  of  so  much  injury  to  the  race.  Ilei'i^ 
tlie  Indian"'  tir<t  learned  to  drink  alcolmlie  liipiors.      i  IMale  \\.) 

I'olitii'al  povM'i'  ainoni'  the  Indian-  of  .\.\\  flnjland  wa^^.  at  thi-;  time,  wielded 
j)rincipally  bv  two  iidinenlial  basiiaoaiie- :  namely,  by  the  I'okanoket  and  bv  the 
I'ennacuok  uibal  leagues.     Jjoih  conii  ilei'.itioiis  lompri-ed  a  union  of  tiie  r(di,i.iioiis  and 


m\ 


■1!  ' 


Vi^r    |-;tllM..lM...ir,,l    11.  -,,,itIi.-.    \'..I     I   .   J,.    PN, 

I'r'|ii..t       'I'liis  iMiiii'  i-  11.  iirK   till'  -mil.   lis  til.'  ni...liiii    M'_'iiii.|iiiii  l'fi|ii.|,  ri  \v Iiii  :irri)W. 


I 


TIIK    Xi;\V    KN(!J.ANI)    IN'1>1ANS. 


ii; 


iioliticiil  clcinonts.  A  siinplo  siiunmin'o  apiicars  only  to  liiiv(>  wit'ldcd  ii  local  .SPographioal 
i)(i\\('i'.  wliili'  tlic  l)a.'<lial)a  al.'^o  lillcil  tlu'  priestly  olUc'c  ol"  cliit't'  jossaUct'il,  powwow,  or 
j)roplict.  The  I'eiiiiaeook  liasliahary  was  ediinned  almost  I'Xeliisiveiy  to  tiie  country 
iioitli  of  the  M<M'i'iinack.  extendiiiL'  llifonu'li  New  Hampshire  into  Maine,  iind  iia'.e  the 
ists    hnt    little   trouhle.      IJiit  the   Moinit   llojie   govennncnt    inclnded   the 


early  colon 
territor\'  inn 


mediately  aronnd  the  new  iionu-s  ol"  the  colonists.     Every  loot  of  land  they 

the 


added  to  their  possessions  was  hy  permission  ol',  aiireement  with,  or  pnrchase  IV 

chiels 

in  the  wc 


oin. 


d 


airamores  o 


r  th 


ns  conrcMlerac\'. 


Neither  the  Narrai!ansetts  n(jr 


the  l>, 


(lUotS 


nil.  1 


«t,  nor  the  Pennacooks   in   tiie  nor 
iMassachnsetts,  is  conclusive  proof  that  the  ant! 


lavinn  made  Liiants  in  the  territ 


or\'  ot 


iont\'  ol 


Ml 


issasoit  was  siiprt'ii 


Ol 


the  first  o 


iject> 


tl 


le  colonis 


was  to  secun 


ace  on  their  froniiers.  Ii\-  concl 


10 


mlini;' 


treaties  of  amity  witii  the  Indians.  ( 'onsidei  int:  thi'  intlnence  of  this  central  orL'ani/.a- 
tion.  it  is  not  at  all  as  snrprisio'i'  as  it  has  been  IVeipiently  represented,  that,  for  so  long 
a  period,  they  kept  the  storm  of  open  Indian  warfare  from  their  continually  progressing 
settlements;   iMassasoit   heing   in  allegiance  with  tin'   three  great   powers  around    him. 


naineh-.  tiie  Narraiiansotts.  the  I'cMinots.  and   the    I'ennai'ooks 


Th 


lese  liarharians  am 


tl 


Mi 


r  coMiponent    se]its 


and    hands,   all   originally  spoke  one   langnage.   practisecl   oni; 

111 


d 


I'cligion.  were  conversant  with  precisely  the  same  arts,  and  imdcr  the  inllneiici-  nf  ideiiti 
customs  and   manners.      .According  to    I'rince   (p.  2(rJ).  the   news  of  the   massacre   in 


Vii-i 


.March.  lli'Jli.  ]ierpetrated  liy  ((pechanganoiigh.  reached  I'lymontl 


I  in 


.M 


iv. 


and   made 


tl 


le  colonists  more   fearful   of  Indian   troacher\-.      1}\-  great   vi'^ilan 


and 


cantioii  in  circumventiiiL:'  the  little  sclu'ines.  and  diverting  the  animosities  of  the  pettv 
chiefs,  the  colonists  sncceeded  in  secnring  some  twenty  years  of  imdistiirheil  peace.  It 
was  not  until  aliotit  the  year  llilO.  wiien  .lolin  Kliot  li  gan  to  preach  th<>  gospel  to  the 
indians.  and  held  his  religions  conference  with  them  under  the  old  oaks  at  Natic,  that 
the  I 
M; 


luiian  J 


I  jossakeeils  heiran  to  be  serion 


dv  al; 


irme( 


issasoit  (lied  pre\ 


to  th 


lis   jieriod 


He  was  an  old   man  when   the   lirst   colony 


was  foundeil,  and  the  administration  of  that  powerful  hashahary  had  heen  conducted  hy 
his  son,  I'omi'takom.  a  chief  of  great  subtletw  profoinul  dissimulation,  and  entertaining 


troni 


seen 


t  hostilitv  to  the  i'liiiilish  race,  to  their  maiine 


an< 


particularly  to  their 


(to  liiin)  hateful  gospel.     On  account  of  some  fancied  resemblance  to  the  Macedonian 


lieroi 


s.   tl 


le  colonists    name< 


1    1 


inn 


I'iiili 


11).  and 


Ins   hrotlier 


>tli 


.\1 


exinuh 


I'hili 


observed  to  kei'p  up  a  clandestine  conlidential  cominunication  with  the  Indian  priesthood, 

:)i)taiiied  the  popular  title  of  king.    A  short  time  thereafter, 


am 


hi 


s  eneiirv,  he  soon  o 


lie  became  the  most  dreaded  .secret  enemy  of  New  England. 


1 

e  .. 

; 

1 

i 

t 

1 
t 

I 

i 

^\ 

'■' 

L 

JKi 


SYNOPSIS    OF    TlIK    HISTORY    OF 


CHAPTER   II. 

HISTORY    OF    THE    PEQUOT    TRIBE,    AND    OF    THE    I'EQUOT    WAR. 

Tin:  luiiiic  (if  this  trilic.  wliicli  iipivars  to  nicim  nii  iiri'ow  —  a  wodilcn  nrnnv, 
ll'i.l.l  i(>\(\ils  its  Ali:iiiii|iiiii  oriiiiii.  lii  a  map.  |iiiliiislic(l  at  Aiiistcrdaiii.  in  IG-V,).  tlicsn 
imiiaiis  ai'f  called  l'r(|iialoas.  on  wiiat  accmint,  or  when  llii'  titli'  was  conli'iTi'd 
ujxiii  lliciu.  is  iniknown.  .Most  of  tiic  sni)ui\  isious  of  our  alioriv;inal  trihi's  have  trivial 
names  assi-ncd  tiicni.  on  account  ot'  sonii'  cnrnt.  important  or  otiu'rwisc,  tlic  liistory  ol' 
wiiicli  lia^  not  Ik'cu  Iransmittcd  to  us  hy  traililion.  It  is  certain,  liotii  I'roin  tlicir  lanjrnajro 
and  ii'adilions.  that  tlie  r,ena|)ee-AlL;iin(piins.  alter  crossiuLi'  the  Hudson  towards  tho 
noiili-east.  di\ided  into  a  inuliiplieity  ol'  clans  and  trilies.  In  tiiis  ancient  miLi'ralioii, 
till'  \\'oll'  totem,  or  .Mohicans,  was  tlie  lirst  to  cross  tiie  Hudson,  and  they  appear  to 
lia\e  re-ardeil  its  valley,  from  the  >ea  to  the  present  site  oC  .Mhany.  as  tlieir  ri-htl'ul 
diinain.  I'lie  Ireipmis  penetrated  into  it  I'roui  tliu  north,  and,  suhseqiioutly,  coutiiuied 
their  coHipiests  i\n\\  i\  ihe  river. 

'I'he  -Ahihican  lauLiuaui'  and  l)lood  still  constitut(>d  a  tie  of  alTiliation,  hut  each  class 
and  ,~ept  either  adopted  some  distincti\e  aiipidlation  tliemsehes.  or  received  one  I'roiu 
theii'  neighbors.  Thus,  the  trihe  whose  lolem  iu(duded  the  whirlpool  of  Ilelluate, 
called  themsehes  .^laldlattaus ;  the  fiomr  island  Indians,  whose  shores  alMiunde(l  in 
the  pri/.eil  sea-sliejls  ol' which  wampum  is  made,  denoted  themsehes.  or  were  named  li\- 
otlieis.  .Mi'toacs;  those  lisinu''  near  the  stone  (dills  of  West(diester.  were  called  Sini;- 
siuLi- ;  aiiij  tlio-e  residinLi'  on  the  wide  expanse  of  tlie  Hudson,  helow  the  Highlands, 
Ta|iaii-es.  The  early  cnjonists.  lindiicj'  the  Irihes  of  this  \alley  to  he  of  one  specien 
and  lineanc.  callecl  them  Mohikaiider.  a  coiiipouiiil.  formed  from  the  .Mohican  and  HidLrii; 
lani^uaues.  The  clans  located  nearest  to  Alliany  retained  iIm'  name  of  Mohicans;  and 
when  they  were.  e\eutiially.  dri\ ell  o\cr  tlie  Hotisic  and  Tacoiiic  raiiLn's  into  the  \allev 
of  the  l|clll^atomc.  tli'\  carried  with  lii^iii  their  primitive  appi'llalion.  Tiiat  the 
I'eipiols.  who  oiici'  held  |iusscssii ill  nf  the  territory  aloin:  the  l']asl  ni\'er.  and  on  tlio 
( 'iiiiiiecticiit  shores,  also  linie  this  name,  is  \ery  prolialile.  from  tlii'  recurrence  of  I'nca.s 
to  til"  parent  term,  when  he  liec.aiiii  iiuolvi  d  in  a  political  fend  uilh  .^.iss;iciis.  At 
what  time  this  disseiisinii  coinmeiiei'd.  is  uiikiiow  n  ;  ilie  lii  -t  intimation  of  it  dates  from 
the  era  of  the  primar\'  settlement  ol'  ( 'oniiectii'iii.  in   llii'i.l       The  colonist.s  were   neces- 


1 


THE  NEW  ENGLAND  INDIANS. 


117 


r 


parilv  (lisporsod  over  a  wide  stirCiico,  improtoctod.  ami  oxjioscd  to  tlio  caprices,  as  well 
as  to  the  incursions,  of  tiio  Intlians.  Tiio  oldest  settlement  liad  been  located  but  a  few 
years,  when  the  inhabitants  found  a  contest  was  lieinu' waged  for  the  Indian  sovereignty, 
between  Uncas  and  Sassacus. 

Lincas  held  possession  of  a  beautiful  jioint  of  land,  now  called  Norwich,  at  the  .source 
of  the  river  I'equot  (now  tiie  Tiianies).  and.  it  is  evident,  had  but  recently  .segregated 
from  the  IVquots.  Ilis  comprehensive  mind  innnediately  discerned  the  advantages  that 
would  residt  to  his  cause  from  an  alliance  witli  the  Connecticut  si'ttlors.  and  it  was  as 
clearlv  the  policy  of  the  latter  to  form  such  an  alliance.  Their  very  sid'ety  depended 
on  it,  and  wisdom  was  evinced  in  their  choice.  Uncas  became  the  protector  of  the 
colonists;  his  scouts  watched  o\('r  the  infant  settlement,  and  not  only  reporteil  tlii' 
advance  of  hostile  parties.  l)ut  hastened  to  rt>pel  them.  Tliis  alliance  was  never  broken 
by  either  While  or  l^-d  man,  and  affords  one  of  the  most  complete  and  satisfactory 
evidences  to  Ik>  found  in  history,  of  the  beneficial  efl'ects  produced  on  Indian  character 
by  unwavering  justice,  and  uniform  kindness  and  good  will.  Hall'  a  century  later,  it 
was  not  in  the  power  of  I'enn.  witli  erpially  beninolent  views,  to  maintain  the  Didawares 
in  their  position  ;  yet,  through  every  change  in  their  all'airs,  the  tribe  of  Uncas  was 
jnotected  and  cherisiu'd,  by  the  people,  ami  by  the  authority  of  the  state  of  Connecticut. 
Even  alter  the  venerated  chief  had  passed  I'rom  the  staL^!  of  life,  his  successor  and 
iiunily  were  regarded  with  kind  interest,  and  a  monnmeiil  has  been  erected  to  mark  the 
resting  place  of  the  great  aboriginal  sage  of  Norwich. 

.Vt  tlu>  time  we  have  indicated.  ICi^iT,  the  l*e(piots  had  the  prestige  of  being  a 
powerfid  and  warlike  jieople.  They  h;ul  escaped  the  great  i>estik'ne((  which  had 
desolated  the  Massacliusetts  coast,  about  the  year  1(117,  could  bring  tiOO  lightiug-men 
into  the  Held,  and  might  then  have  munbered  a  population  of  ai)out  ."inOd  souls.     They 


were  expert  oowmen.  and  { 


1  possessed 


sixteen  nuns,'  innchased   from   the   trailer^ 


Th 


ni 


ilitary  strengtii  of  Connecticut  was  then  estimated  at  "jnil  men.      If  the  lV'((Uots  liad 


obtained  th(>  as('eudeney.  the 
been  settled  fore\er. 


•;tion  of  the  verv  existence  of  the  eolonv 


]  h 


woukl  have 


John  Mason,  the  man  selected  to  couducl  this  war.  was  a  veteran  .soldier,  who.  with 


Miles  Stamiish,  and  Underbill,  had  1 


earnet 


1  the  art  of  war  in  the  Lowlands,  under  that 


renowned  militarv  tactician.  William.  I'riuce  of  Oranj. 


Til 


e  nifant  colonies  re(piirii 


d 


men  no: 


slllL 


his  decision  ol  cbaiaeler.  ai 


id  unllinchiui;-  iier\e.  to  bailie  the  wiles  of 


their 


iavain'   eniMiiies.     It  was  I'videiu   that   the    I'equots   meant  to   annihilate   th 
colonists.      Itecent  and  most  shocking  murders  having  been  pei'itetrated  in  the  settk 


meiits.  eiiergi'lic  and  promjit  aetinii  was  neee: 


i'\'  to  enable  the  eolonv  to  maintain  it:- 


srrouiul 


To  bi 


;in 


the  war.  Mason  could  muster  but  iiinetv  men,  which  lorce  is  stated 


to  have  been  half  the  militia  of  the  eolonv.     Uncas  joined  him  witii  seventy  Mohicans, 


if! 'SI 


^i  il 


'  .'Sparks,  Vol.  III.,  p   .S;')!), 


118 


SYNOPSIS    OF    THE    HISTORY    OF 


v.hn  were  cliii'tly  useful  ns  uiiidos  and  scouts.     The  iuixiliiiri(<s  promised   \>y  tlic   Ply- 
iiioiilli  colony,  iiiid  Iroiii  otlicr  (|uarters.  were  slow  in  nmkiiiir  tlicii'  appcanmcc. 

Mason,  liowcvor.  puslicd   lorwiinl  ^vitll  cnci'iiy.  as.  in  liis  opinion,  their  operations 
inii^t  lic>  coniliicted  witli  \i^i)r :  de];)\-  onlv  rnrnishinir  Sassaciis  an  opportunity  to  mature 
liis  plans 
lie  of  service,  on  the  lOth  of  Ma\-  he  einharkcd  h 


With  the  hope  that  the  expected   reinforcements  would  arrivo  in  season  to 

t   llartH)rd.  in  three  small 


IS   loi'ce  a 


vessels,  and.  drop])in!X  down  the  Connecticut  river  to  Fort  Sayhrook.  was  then;  joined 
liy  rnderhili.  his  second  in  connnaiid.  After  coastim:'  alonu  the  shore  to  the  entrance 
of  the  Narratransett  Bay.  he  landed  in  the  vicinity  of  the  villaw  ruled  by  Conanicut. 
whose  ])ermission  he  ohtainod  to  march  across   his   territory,  and   attack   the    Pecpiots. 


The  old  chief  thoui:ht  his  force  too  small  for  sncl 


I  a  purpose.  In 


it.  thoULih   he  I'videntlv 


did  not   (Viiect   nnicli   from   the  auxiliarv  iMnhicans.  he    \t't    allowed   'JOO  of  his  m 


nn( 


I.T    1 


IIS  >(in.  .Mionloi 


Mi 


niiiio.   to  accompany  them,  without,  howev 


ail  acliM'  ]iar 


t.      Til.'    P, 


(plots   had    two   liirts.  the   priiici] 


en, 

er,  eiiL:ai;iii'4'  to   take 


al   of  which,  locati'd  on   tli 


M\si 


ic  ri\('r.  was  occupied   hy  Sassacns  in   person.     A   march   ol'  eiiihteen   or  twent\ 


miles.  lliroiiLih  the  forest.  Iiroujlit  Mason  to  a  fort  of  the  Neliantics.  on  the  bonlers  of 
the  I'eipiot  territory.  'I'ih  se  people  were  tributaries  and  ci)\-ert  allies  of  the  Porpiots. 
The  chill'  treated  .Mason  haiiiilitily.  and  would  not  allow  him  to  enter  the  fort. 
Feariui:  that  iiiti'lliucnce  of  his  arrived  mijiht  be  transmitted  by  rnniuM's.  dnriiif:'  the 
iiiL'ht.  Mason  (mcanipeil  his  men  around  the  liirt.  jriving  tiiem  strict  orders  to  inten'ept 
i'\i'r\  person  who  attempted  to  K-ave  it. 


Til 


e    tolldWIllL''    mo 


rniiiL',   several   of   Miontonimo's    men   tendered   their  serxices   as 


aii\iliaiii>.  making'  many  ]irolt'ssioiis  ol'  their  anxiety  to  aid  in  carryinjx  on  the  war. 
The  iiumber  of  Indians  who  now  accompanied  Mason.  beiiiLi"  "lOD.  nnide  a  jrreat  display  ; 
but  not  much  dependence  could  bi!  placed  in  their  coura,i:e  on  the  battle-tii'ld,  notwith- 
staiidiic.:  their  la\ish  professions.  Althoii,i.di  .Mason  placed  but  little,  or  no  reliance  on 
tli'iii.  he  wa>  yet  willing  to  a\ail  himself  ol'  the  effect  their  apjiearaiu'e  would  produce 
oil  llie  enemy.  I'licas.  when  (piestioned  as  to  how  many  of  his  Indian  allies  wouhl 
run  a\va\  wlieu  the  battle  commenced,  answered,  '•  I\\('ry  one  but  myself;  '  and  such 
proved  to  bi'  tlu-  result. 

After  a  tedious  march  of  twelve  miles  fr<im  the  Nehaiitie  borders,  the  army  arrived 
at  Pawcatuk  i'"ord  (now  Stonim;lon).  weary,  hungry,  and  foot-sore,  nestint!' themselves 
there  for  some  time,  they  continued  their  march  with  Fiicas  and  Weipia.  a  recreant. 
Peipiot,  for  their  i;uides.  sometimes  passiuii-  throiiiih  corn-(ielils.  Warm  weather  haviiii^ 
set  in  unusually  early,  these  marches,  conjoined  with  the  scarcity  of  lliod,  were  very 
irksome  to  men  unaccustomed  to  the  toil.    Yet  they  presseil  onward  energetically,  and. 


one   biuir  alter  midni 


dit. 


'ncaiii]ie(l   Ol 


the  head  waters  of  the   Mvstic  river.     '!'iie\' 


Iind  now 


been  two  da\-^  oii  the  march.      Their  iruides  inlbriiied  them  that  the  Peipu)! 


litdd  two  slioii'_''  tijrts  ill  the  \  icinitv.  but  four  or  live  mill 


sum 


l.^r.     Allhoudi  Ml 


liail  reso 


Iveil  t, 


)  make  >iimiltaueous  attacks  on  both  forts,  vet  the  fatiiiues  and  snlU'iiiiLis 


rill';   Ni;\v    knuland   IiNDians. 


ii'j 


ii 


ciKlured  liv  the  men.  wliilo  tliivailinii  tlu'  iii;i/os  ol"  tlio  forest,  witliout  provisions  or 
tents,  iiiid  fxiiosed  to  fvery  iiieoiiveiiioiu'i',  imliux'tl  him  to  coiieeiitrate  his  elVorts  fm 
the  iieiirest  [losition,  within  the  i)resont  boun<ls  ol'  (iroton.  Tliey  reiios(>(l  i)nt  ii  sliort 
time,  iind  then,  tiiking  njt  their  lino  of  niiireh,  arrived  iidbre  the  t()rt,  which  was  distant 
two  miU's,  about  two  hours  lielbre  divyi)reak.  The  moon  was  shiniiii;;  brightly  wlien 
the\'  reached  the  l<)ot  of  the  eminence  on  wiiich  the  Ibrt  was  -iiiiated;  ami.  i)y  tiiis 
time,  tlieir  boastful  retl  allies  had  fallen  in  the  rear,  nuaking  at  the  \i  ly  name  of 
lV(|Uot. 

Tiie  walls  of  tile  fortification       -closed  one  or  two  acres  of  ground,  and   cimsisted  ol' 
triudis  of  trees,  cut  in  lengt!     "<    iwolve  I'eut,  sunk   three   fct't  deep  in  tlie  ground,  and 
endiaidvcd  with  earth.      These  [lalisailes  were  [ilaci'il  so  far  a[)art  tiiat    iidssiles  could  be 
disciiarged   througii   the  interstices,  yet  not  st)  much  so  as  to  aihnit  a   man.      Twelve; 
small  gates,  or  sally-|)orts,  placi'd  al  o|i|iosite  I'uds.  were  (do.sed  with   trees  and    iirush. 
The   tops  of  the   palisadea  were    bound   together  with  withes,  and   witiun.  on   a    le\(  I 
es[)lana(le,  were  about  seventy  lodges,  constructeil  of  tluck  matting,  covering  a  ligiit 
iVame-work.     These  lodges,  arranged  in  paralkd   rows,  were  surrounded  by  a  roiida.  or 
circular  line  of  lodgi's  ne.\t  to  the  palisades.      .Alason  liad  ai)]iroaclied  witiiiu  a  rod  (if 
the  north-east  sally-port,  witliuul  arousing  suspicion,  when  he  hearel  a  dog  bark  within 
tlie   I'ort.      Instantly   an    Indian   cried   out,  Owann.\  I   Uwann.K  1   Englishmen  I    Knglisli- 
meii !   wlwcli    brought   the   lV([Uots   to  their   feet,  some  of  whom  were   thought   to  be 
laboring  under  the  elll'cts  of  jirevious  re\els.     ^lason,  removing  the  obstacles,  entereil 
the  fort,  with  sixli'cn  followers,  at  one  end.  while  Underbill  did  the  same  at  the  o[)po>ile 
sally-port,  beliu-e  the  l\'(piots  iiad  lime  to  oppose  them.     Snrpriseil  and  confused,  they 
ran  about,  luamiug  with  rage.     'IMie  li-ht  became  desi)erate,  the  su|ieriority  of  fu'e  arms 
and  swords  over  arrows  and  clubs,  beiu'jr  sigmdly  <lenionstrated.      Many  of  tiie  Indians 
took   shelter  in  the  wigwams,  covering  tbem.selves  with  the  thick   mats,  from  which  it 
was   impossible   to  dislodge   tlieiu.      Wi-ai'ied   with    pursuing   them.  .^Iasou.  at   leULilli. 
e\(daimeil.  "  \V<'  must  burn  them.'"     Suiting  tiic  action  to  the  word,  he  a|)plied  a  brand 
to  the  windward  side  of  the  lodges,  and  I'nderhill   iminediati'ly  H)llowt(l  bis  i'xam]ile. 
The  lire  spread  with  great  rapidity  through  the  combustible  materials,  .soon  filling  the 
whole   area  witii   roaring   llames.      The   li\ing  and   the  dead   together  were   roasted  in 
hciips.     The  {■".nglish.  bi'ing  themselves  expelled  by  the  furious   llami's,  formed  a  circle 
outside  the  palisades,  to  pre\ent  any  of  the  enemy  from  eifeeting  tlieir  esca[)e.      Tlieir 
Indian   auxiliaries.  Iia\iug   ieeo\ered    tlieir  courage,  now  came  up.  and  coicpleti'd    tlic 
work,      {''orty  ol'  the  I'e(piols,  who  alteinpted    to  scale  the  iialisades,  were  slml  a-  llnv 
emerged   from   their  llamiiii:'  prison.      How  iiiaiiy  hundred   iin'ii.  Avomen.  and  children 
were  roasted  on  this  Lii'jantie  liineral  jiyre.  has  never  been  estiniatrd. 

Though  the  I'eipmts  bad.  with  dreadful  cruelty,  luas^aered  the  uiisuspeetiii-' Oldliani. 


and   Slee[)iiig   Stone   and    h 

dearly-loved  homes  with  the  l'ur\'  of  the  tiger 


coniiiaiiious.  tlioicjh   tbe\    bad    in\ade( 


<l    th 


and    the   li\'ena.  \et  tins  was 


aiietily  ol 
a  dreadful 


!  I   ! 


•'i-t 


n:a 


i 


■•! 


1.  ! 


li  M 


.1 1 


1:20 


SVNOI'SIS    OF    TIIK    IIISTOKY    OF 


rctriliiition,  the  scvcritv  ofwliicli  coiild  not  liiivi'  liccii  priMiicclitatt'd,  and  for  wliicli  we 
liavc  not  a  word  to  olli'r  in  piilliation.  Ilavinu,'  intlictod  tliis  terriljlc  hlow  upon  tlio 
Poquots,  Afason  docniod  his  |u)sition  to  bo  a  ]H'ril()us  ono.  JIo  anticipated  tlic  nijocdy 
vcn^Toanco  of  Sassaciis.  wlio  was  but  a  few  niilos  distant,  at  tiiu  upper  fort;  and  many 
of  Ills  luon  were  woundod,  altiiouiiii  l)ut  two  had  been  kiili'd  in  tlio  contliot.  It  was 
norossarv  to  carry  the  wounded  on  l)iers.  and  tlie  soldiers  were  unprovided  witli  either 
ibod  or  ainiiiunitioii.  In  tliis  cinerL'i'ncy.  not  a  moment  was  lost  in  returninfj;  to  the 
vessels,  which  iiad  sailed  round  to  the  neiirlihoring  port  of  Peijuot  liarbor;  and  all 
speed  was  made  townrd  the  Connecticut. 


!    i      I 


Till':    NEW    liNGhANl)    INDIANS. 


121 


CllAI'TKIl     III, 


DEATH    OF    SASSACUS,    AND    EXTINCTION    OF    THE    VEQUOTS. 

TiiK  capture  mid  liiirninj^'  of  tlu'  l'('((ii(it  loit  on  tho  Mystic,  cxcrciscil  n 
cdiitrollinii'  iiilliiciicc  on  the  I'utiirc  |iri)scciitii)ii  of  tlu-  Wiir.  It  was  ii  Mow  more  lii.'iT 
tcrriMc,  even,  tliiui  iit  fii'rtt  aiipeiired.  Tlie  ni^lit  previous  to  the  iittacls,  the  post 
had  hecn  reinforced  I)}-  a  Innidred  and  fifty  warriors  from  tlie  upper  fort,'  as  Sassjicns  was 
conscious  of  the  ])erilH  of  this  position.  More  than  lialf  of  liis  a\aihii)le  llnce  had 
certainly  heeii  destroyed  ;  and  tlie  warriors  he  liad  despatched  from  his  own  liirtilicatioii 
to  reinforce  tlie  other,  had  so  diminished  his  strength,  tiiat  he  did  not  deem  himsrll' 
alile  to  sustain  another  attack.  The  war  had  now  assumed  tho  acme  of  hitteniess  on 
liolli  sides.  Spriiiu'.  the  .season  of  plantiiiir,  was  passini;-  away,  and.  tlioiii;li  food  was 
cipiaily  as  scarce  with  the  liiilians  as  with  the  Kiiulish.  not  a  tiiaiii  of  corn  cmild  lie 
jilanted  in  the  Connecticut  valli'\-.  without  iiicurrini;'  the  daiiuer  of  hcini;'  pierced  liy  a 
I'lMpiot  arrow.  With  the  Kn^lish,  it  was  a  stru,i:;;le  for  existence;  and  tlie  name  of 
Peipiot  was  to  them  ideiitilicd  with  that  of  fiend.  Delay  would  only  enhance  the 
danger  of  the  wliites,  while,  on  tlie  other  hand,  the  .situation  of  the  Peipiots  was  e([ually 
as  perilous. 

Sassacus.  realiziiiii  his  hazardous  position,  deteri'iiiied  to  ahandoii  his  country,  and 


ll\-  westward.      Although  the  Mohawks  had  been  his  most  dreaded  (M 


lemies  tor  im 


tol.l 


\ears,'  he  hoped  to  find  some  friendly  shelter  in  the  small  luioceupied  \alleys  of  the 
trihutaries  to  the  i[udsoii.  or  amoiiLr  the  western  alllueuts  of  the  Mohawk.  With  the 
eiieruy  of  a  man  whose  necessities  are  pressiiei.  he  resohcd  to  throw  himself  on  the 
mercv  of  his  Fiidian  lijcs.  and   tly  iinuuMliately.     Collecting'  his  peopk'.  1 


le  crossetl 


the 


( 


oiiiiecliciit,  on  his  passable 


villiiiiT  three  Kiiulishmeii.  who  wore  found  descendiiiLr  the 


river,  on  their  way  to  h'ort  Sayhrook. 

The  capture  of  Fort  .Mystic  occurred  on  the  2()tli  of  May.  and  the  loth  of 
Ibllowim;'  dmu!  was  ol)scrved.  I>y  tho  eoloiiist.s,  as  a  day  of  thankspiviiii:-  llir  the  \  icti 
Aiionl  a   liiiluis^hl   after  the   return   of  the  victor.s  to  their  homes,  one   hundred   and 


the 


ir\-. 


\<:.   \\ 


nl      III 


I'uMi-ll'.-    Ili.-t-    \"[\r    Nali, 


ii 


r  ; 


'1 


f 


\-2-2  >VN()l'SIS    UK    Till':    lllSTOUV    oK 

Iwi'iitv  iniMi,  iindcr  ('ii|ititiii  Stiiimlituii.  litndcd  at  I'ciiiiut  liailidr,  tn  iirtisccutc  tlic  war, 
mill,  on  till'  'Jtitli  III"  .Iniic.  Miisiiu  ili'M'iMiilcil  the  riviT.  with  t'urtv  iiu'ii.  In  /|iiiii  liiiii. 
'I'lif  iiUii's  liiiviii;.'  ivsoht'd  td  imrsiu'  Sa-'siu'iis,  l'IU'a^<  iii'i'niii|piiMic(l  tlii'iii,  with  an 
I'lU'ctivi'  loi'ci'  of  Mohicans,  tiiis  sprcic:*  ol'  wai'liirc  iV(|iiiriim  the  cMTciM'  ol'  llmt  peculiar 
si<ill  ill  loll()W'iii,u'  ii  trail,  liu'  which  tlic'  iiiiiiiitc  itiiscrNatioii  mil  l\iiiiwU'(l^t'  of  liuliaii 
liaiiits  lias  so  ailiiiiralil\  a(la|it('il  the  alioriLiiiu's. 

i'iassaciis.  liciiifi'  ciiciiiiihi'i'iil  with  a  laiiiv  liodv  of  wuiucu.  ciiililrcii,  anil  iiualids, 
iiiarclifd  slowly,  and  ki'|il  near  tIii'i'|Mii  coast,  in  order  loa\ail  himself  of  the  nhiindanl 

sllli|il\   of  siiell-lish  to  he  folinddll  tile»c  .-hcires.      'I'iie  allies,  w  jjilr  puiMlillL"'  the  fiejitive^, 

soinetinies  came  to  localities  where  chinis  had  lieen  iIiil;  up.  'riu'diity  n|' .-euiitiiii;'  uIoiil; 
these  shores  hein^r  committed  to  I'licas  and  his  men.  they  caplnn  il  ii  I'eipiot  saehein, 
who  was  heheuded  at  a  phice  iinw  called  (iiiilford  li  irlior.  and  his  head  placed  in  the 
fniks  III'  an  oak  tree.  From  this  ciiciimstance,  a  proiiiiiiilor_\  in  the  \icinity  leeeiveil 
the  name  i<['  .sJaehem's  lleail. 

After  passim:  the  (.hiinnipiak  river,  now  the  site  of  New  ila\en,  they  i'>pieil  a  larfre 
Iiiid\-  of  l'e(|iiots.  and  pursued  ihein.  l'"roiii  an  eminence  they  beheld,  in  the  distance, 
a  chi>ter  of  \\iL:wam>.  >itnaleil  lirtweeii  tiir  liiot  of  a  hill  and  a  .-wanip.  within  the 
]ireseiit  liiiuiidaries  of  the  township  of  Kairlield.  A  stra'i.^liiii:'  I'eipioi.  who  had  heeii 
raptured,  liuidcd  them  to  tlii<  retreat,  ihit  Sassacns.  and  .Monouoilo.  his  principal 
war  captain,  suspectim;'  the  d.  siL'ii  of  the  Kn.iilish,  lied  towards  the  .Mohawk  country, 
takin.:  with  tiiem  most  of  their  acti\e  wai'iiors.  Ahoiit  eiiilily  of  I  lie  I'eipiotfi.  wilh  a 
\\-\\  Indian  resideiils  of  the  place,  who  were  vassals  of  the  lattei-.  and  iieaiK  1^(10 
old  men.  women,  ami  children.  tooi<  iifuLie  in  this  swamp,  which  occupied  the  area  ol" 
a  mile.  I'ortions  ol'  it  were  impassahlo  ipiafrmires,  and  tanuled  hushes,  hut  riinniiii^ 
into  it,  and  nearly  siilidividinjr  it.  w.is  a  dry  pa.ssugo 

iieiiiiT  donhtfiil  how  to  approach  it.  some  of  the  men  waded  in,  stuck  fast  in  the 
mud.  were  wounded  se\crily.  and  were  with  diHiculty  extricated,  'i'he  assailants  then 
formed  a  circle  around  the  mar^dii  of  the  swamp.  Not  wishing,'  to  punish  the  feehle 
and  innocent,  alike  with  the  ^'uilty,  a  iiei:otiation  was  opened,  which  resulted  in  tiiu 
surrender  of  |S(l  old  men.  WDinen,  and  cliiiilren,  to  tlie  Kiij;lish.  The  warriors,  how- 
ever, refiisiicj.-  to  capituhite.  \vere  still  (dosely  iK'siefreil. 

A  ni;j:ht  thus  passeil  away,  and  was  lollowed  hy  a  fojruy  mornini;'.  As  the  hesieiiers 
stood  nearly  a  rod  apart,  ahout  tlin'e  o'eloek  in  the  moniiiijr  the  I'eipiots  made  a  sallv 
to  pass  the  circle,  which  proved  unsuccessful.  Another  attempt  at  a  dillerent  jioint 
iv-ulted  in  the  same  manner,  .^hiftiiii:  their  irround,  a  third  and  desperate  dash  was 
attended  with  such  sueeess.  that  ;iliout  sexcnty  of  the  enemy  escaped.  'I'he  niimlier 
of  I'eipiots  killed  on  tins  occiision.  and  in  the  other  strUL'',i.deH  immediatelv  precediiiir, 
was  twenty. 

l?ut  the  stern  llie  of  the  linyli-li.  he  who  had  heeii  diirnilied  hy  the  title  of  the  iMiint 


I  i 


■  'i 


■J 


i 


T  II  i:   N  i;w   r. Nil  i.a  n  !•   i  n  n  i  .\  ns. 


I'ja 


of  romicctiiMit.  wiiM  _\<'t  lit  lilici'tv.  Siissiiciis  ii|i|ii'iPiirlic(l  the  ii|i|ii'i'  Hudson  li\  ii  puiiil 
ill  |ii)s>('>si<>ii  III'  liiiliiiiis.  Iiiil;('il.  ill  tlic  iiiii'ii'iil  lii's  of  alliiiilv.  witii  lliu  Muliiciiiis, 
(hvciliiiLt  ln'\iiiiil  liic  iiiiiiiiil:iiii  niiiirc  of  tlic  'riU'diiii'.  Sii,>isiHMM  li;i\iii'4'  Ik'cii  nt 
variiiiicc  willi  I  111'  laci'  ii'.-iiliii^  in  Ni'w  l\iii:laiiil.  il  i.-.  iiui  iiii|)r(ilmlili'  tliat  tliu 
M miialliit'.i  111'  llii'  Muliiiiins  of  llii-  IlinUun  It-anril  tuwariU  I'iums.  Hhwi'Vit  tliis 
niav  111',  till'  Miiliii'aiis  uf  tlic  llinlson,  rrmii  its  lii'ail  uatiTs  to  its  iiidiitli,  wiTi'  tlic 
\ii.ssiil.s  III"  tlu'  Mniiinvks.'     In  tliiDwiiij^'  liiiiiM'ir  iiiiiiii   tlic  iiicicn  cI'  liis  I'licniics.  tliu 


iMiiliawks.  as  a  ili'lcatcil  ami  niiin'il  sacliciii.  wlm  \'.;is  nM 


111  t'lii'Mikc  jiis  cnuntrx, 


Siissaciis  ailoptcd  a  «'uiirsc  saiictiDiicil  li\  the  |nr\  imis  cxaniipli'  nl'  wiser  and  'jirad  r 
turn.  Hut  lie  did  not  rcllcct  that  the  Mohauks  were  a  nuieilcss  raee,  at  least,  llie\  so 
a|i|ieai'i'd  ill  this  iiislaiiee,  for  the  riii:ili\e  ihief  was  no  soouer  iTi'o'jiused  li\  iheiu,  ihaii 
ail  arrow  wasilri\eii  thioii'ih  his  heart.  Willi  hiiii  liil  llie  l'ri|nots;  the  |iower,  oiiio 
tiie  terror  of  the  New  I'iiiLiland  eoloiiies,  was  destro\rd,  and   I'loiu  this  lime  foitli.  tliev 


•asi'd  to  lie  kii 


il  tl'ihi 


With   Sassaeiis  fell  his   iirotliiT.  and    .Moiiomitlo.  his  .seeoml    iu   eomniand. 


who,    at    liisi.    oiil\-   wDiinded,   was    llniilU'    killed,   toiietlier 


with 


ither 


l(i:;s 


sai'heins.  all  ui"  wlioin  were  sealped,  and  the  reekiii)^'  liii|ihies  si'iit  to  the 
Kiiirlish,  with  the  lio|ic  of  reeeiviiig  a  reward.  Fmiu  Ih"  staleiinnl  of  the  Indians,  it 
lieiii'i'  aii|iar('iil  that  there  were  neiirly-nil  l'<'i|uiits  dispersed  anion;:  the  sarioiis  trihes, 
a  luiee  was  set  iipoii  their  heads.  They  were  hunted  ihroii'iliout  the  eoiintry  in  all 
direetious.  any  one  lieiiii;  not  only  permitted,  liul  eiieourau'ed.  to  shoot  llieiii  down  at 
si-lit.  'I'liis  reiuiiiint  ol'  the  trihe.  at  last  haviiii;  oll'ered  to  siirreinier  tlieiiisehes  as 
Nii.'-sals  to  the  I'liiulisii.  the  proposition  was  considered  and  accepted,  A  council  cou- 
vciu'il  I'or  this  purpose  at  llartliii'd.  .Septciniicr  lil.  lliilS.  at  which  I'licas  and  .Mioiito- 
ninu)  were  |iresent.      It  was  iK'cidcd  that  ciirlit}'  ol'  the  capti\es  sluiiild  lie  assigned  to 


ncas,  el 


;lit\'  to  Mionloiiiuio.  and  tweiitv  to  Xiuejret.  cliiel'  ol'  tiie  .N'ihaiili 


."^oiiic  ineinlicrs  of  the  iioii-coinbatant  t'aiiiilics.  who  surreiulered  at  the  swamp,  wore 
dis|)crscd.  as  domestics,  over  the  country  wiiicli    had   Keen   the  M'ciie  of  tiie  conllicts. 


\-ei^:'lit  women  and  children  came   to    Itostou.      .\  portion   of  those  distriluited 


ie\   were  iiraiiuei 


'""<"''. 

domestics,  lied   from  si'rvilude.  hut.  lieinu'  retaken   liy  llie    Indians,  tl 

on   the  shoulder.      'I'lie    liest   authorities   state    that    lliey  were  \t'iy  rcstivi"   under   the 

\ol\e  of  slavery,  and  were  valiu'li'ss  to  their  masters.     One  of  the  males  was  iiivcii  to 

a  Lreiitleman  to  take  to  Kiiuland  ;   lifteen  hoys,  and  two  liirls.  were  sold   as  slaves  to  a 

resident  of  the    15crminlas.     Tiie  superannuated   old    men.  mournful  witnesses  of  the 

leirilile  retrihiition  visited  on   their  country,  were  allowed   to  descend   into  the  ,i;ra\e 

unmolested. 

Those  of  the  trihe  who  ai'coinpanii'd  Sassaens  to  tiie  llud.-on.or  followed  the  seventy 

warriors  who   hrokc  tlironyh  the  cordon  iiiilitaire  at  the  swamp,  after  reacliin^''  tlio 


!«!!■ 


m 


i!i! 


!  <i 


VJI 


SYNOI'SIS    i)V    TirK    lll!«T<»IIV    OK 


viilli'v  of  tlic  MiiiNnii.  j'cnt  11  iiicHHi'iigcr  In  llif  MiiliMwk"'.  iviiiicHting  tlicir  pcriniM^itiii 
Id  M'tllc  nil  this  iini'l.iiiiicil  tciritiHT.  'I'lu-v  wen-  iixfiiL'iii'il  tin-  |Kw<itii)ii  ol"  ScniiliticDkr. 
wliiMicc  tlicv  (■vriitiiiillv  l|i(l  t(i  Mic.xi.sjiii  Uiiv.  iiciir  llic  liiot  of  I,;ik('  ('liiiin|)liiiii.  in 
Lower  CmiiiiiIii.' 

I''iir  ;i  loll.:  liiiif  till'  iiiiiiic  til'  I'tMjiiot  WHS  a  lialnl  o|iilli('t.  iiiitl  twciitv  years  al'ler  tlie 
oi'i'iiiTeiiee  of  lliese  evi'iils.  \  i/..  ;  in  March.  iCioS.  the  ('oiiiicctieiit  funi'l  pasNed  an  aet 
eliiingiivi:  the  iiaiiie  of  the  l*e<iiiot  river  to  the  Thames,  ami  that  of  l'ei|iio|  I'oim.  nr 
liiirhor,  to  Ni'w  lioiidoii. 


\'iilr   A|i|.ilHli\    r;(|i.l-.  ;illil   I  llll^lnd  i\  c   I  l.iiiliiirnes. 


Til  r    N  I'W     I   Nt;  I.  \  N  l»    I  N  l»l  A  NS. 


iib 


('II  \  I'TKU    IV. 


Tin:  N  AliltAd  ANSKTTS.     \VA  It   I'.KTWKEN  UNCAS  AND   MloNToMMo. 


DiKiNTt  the  iri'iMtcf  j)iirt  i>f  llii'  scvfiitfciitli  <•(  "tiiry.  flif  tliii'i-  iiiiwt   iintnit 
lrilH'>  111'  suiitlii'iii  mill  wi'slivi  1  New  iMitilninl.  we:,'  the  I'okimciki'ls.  or  Wmii-        ir>lt 
|i!iiiii;iir'J,  till'  l\'(|ii(it.-i.  iukI  ill'  ,\'iin'iij!msclt.i.    'riic  Icimli  wliu  claiiinMl  the  naiiic 

ul'  Mil--:irllll-i'lt-*  IlliliailS.  Illii;,    Iji'  (Irciunl  fo  IiiiM'  liccll  ri'|irr^rlltril  al    llial    |ii'liii(|  li\    |||i> 

Nalii'-,  'I'lii'sc  wn'i'  lilt'  liaiiiU  tn  •wjiiii  I,  ■  ucisjicl  wa-^  c-iifiaalis  |ircacliril.  and  hmt 
wlioiii  all  lliL'  clcnii'iits  of  (V,  ili/.atiuii  !iiiil  tilita!  il  mu  ,■  or  |c>s  iulliu'iu'i'.  ami 
the  iialiM'al  roiill  of  their  iiriiLircxs  ia  i'i\  ili/aticm  ^  s.  niiii-iiitcili'iiiicc  in  tlio  liiijiau 
\\ais.  'I'lic  I'cnnaiiiiiks  and  Alii-iinkii'.".  imwiTl  !  'a-iht-'  im  its  nnrtlicrn  linrdci's.  did 
nut  fiiini'  iiitii  cnlli^iiin  willi  liii'  cdldi"  a>  1  ilicir  lii>liir<  .>iv  [)\t\\\v\\\  lu'lunvjs  to 
that  111'  New  llaniii,--hlii'  and  Maine, 

Uv  ihi"  ilisiihiiTinrnt  ni'  thr  lVi|U  it  ■.  ihr  Aliihicans.  a  niinur  Inam  ':  ,'  that  tiihi-, 
nndci'   the   liovi'iiinii'nt    nl'  I'licas.   Wfic   jihicrd   in   anlaiinniMii   tn   ihr    .>airai;ansi'lts. 

AlhT  liic  drath  III'  their  lilM  eliiel'.  (', mil. lieu-,  tlie  [Hiwer  de\(ii\e(|  iiu  iii~  ,<(ill,  Miiuitii- 
iiinin.  a  more  taleiiti'd.  enerizetie.  in ( re] lid.  .•Mid  \\  ily  iiidi\  idiial  I'lieas,  has  inu  mi-I. lined 
the  I'inu'lish  w  ilii  ail  his  |ici\ver  in  tin  :i'  emile-i  with  tlie  l'ci|iii>ts.  nnder  Siii^saeiis*, 
iiiiainst  whoso  doniination  he  had  relieiled.  was  hened'orth  regarded  as  the  i^iiardiaii 
spirit  ol'  CoiinecticMt.  Mis  lira\ery  in  war.  iiis  decision  oi'  eharaeter.  his  wisdom,  and 
his  iiinenity  of  manners,  won  praises  iVoin  e\('r\  lip.  lint  in  tli.-  Held,  as  well  as  in  iIk? 
eouneil.  he  I'oiind  a  rival  in  .Mionlnniino.  who  iiiliii  the  in.ae  nii-neroiis  and  powerl'iil 
nation  ol'  tiie  Narrauaiisett.s.  .\t  liiat  period,  tlii-.  irilie  po-^csseij.  iiroliiiMv,  iv  ereater 
nnmerical  streniith  than  'ther  of  the  New    iMi-land  trilies.     They  were  located  oil 

the  huye  islands  m  ami  .'  -  the  fertile  shores  of  >';!rratiaiisetf  l>;i-. .  havinir.  a  few 
years  earlier,  sold  .Xipiidiieck.  now  Kliode  Nlmid,  |o  |;,-ei'  \Villiani>.  'I'l,,  'r  prim-ipifl 
position  was  on  the  lar'i.'  island  of  ( 'ammiens.  whieli  ailiirded  all  the  reipii<iies  for  a, 
jieople.  who,  liein;:'  !hosl  expert  in  the  use  of  the  I'amie,  levied  contriliiition  alike  upon 
the  :iaine  of  t!'e    ii'iiihlioi'im:-  forests,  and  the  lish  in  the  surroiindiiiu'  waters. 

The  N'arrii^anselts  had  never  heeii  hearty  friends  of  the  Kn'jlish.  and.  allhonL:ii  tin  v 
.-eeni'  d  to  lie  amicalily  inclined,  they  pursued  a  devious  line  of  jioliev,  ImldiuL;'  ,ni 
apparently  neutral  position  hi  tweeii  the  colonists,  the  I'eipiots.  the  Mohicans,  and  the 
I'okanokets.      The  jiacific  intlueiice  exercised  liy  William--,  who  had  lei  ated  himsell"  at 


! 


111 


\■4:^ 


i?'  i: 


H     I 


l-'ij 


SVNorslS    (»K    TIIM    II  I.-JTollV    ol-" 


an  Indiiiii  villajro  on  tlio  IioaJ  wiitiTs  of  tlio  wost  lorU  of  the  bav.  calU-d  In  liim 
I'roviilciit'i',  k('[)t  tlu'iu  in  clu'i'k.  JJut  no  sooner  \wiv  tin;  lV'(|iiot.s  ik'lrali'd,  and  tlio 
powor  of  Sassacus  dostroycd,  tlian  a  soi'ivt  enmity  iiu'ainsl  tlic  Moliieans,  undor  Uncas, 
devoloiK'd  itself.  Tlio  details  of  this  feud  are  loo  iniiniportant  to  ho  stated  at  leoL'th. 
A  lew  years  passed  over,  eliaraelerized  only  hy  a  surly  and  suspicious  intercourst! 
hetween  the  two  rival  ehiefs.  Tiie  sympathies  of  the  English  inhahitinii  the  throe 
central  positions  of  Ihn'tford,  JJoston,  and  IMymouth,  were  undouhtedly  witii  Uncas 
and  the  .Mohicans.  'I'hey  negotiated  ticaties  with  the  Narragansetts.  witii  the 
expectation  that  this  powerful  Indian  trihe  would  execute  their  agroeinont.«,  with  the 
precision,  and  nnder  the  operation  of  liie  same  moral  princii)les  which  govern  civilizi'd 
nations.  The  compact  entered  into  with  the  Knglisli,  hound  the  Narragansetta  iu)t  to 
I'ngage  in  hostilities  against  Unciiy,  without  apprizing  the  then  nnited  colonies. 

In  104-1,  ai''i'r  some  si.v  or  seven  years  ol'  unitnal  distrust  had  elap.sed,  the  Narnir 
gan.sotts.  eluding  even  the  sleepless  vigilance  of  Kogor  Williams,  suddenly  nnirchod  a 
hodyofnine  hundred  warrioi's  into  the  .Mohican  territories,  with  the  design  of  attacking 
I'ncas  at  a  ilis;id\antage  ;  hut  it  happi-ned  that  .some  of  the  Mohican  hunters  discovered 
tiiem.  and,  with  all  speed,  conveyed  tiie  intelligence  to  their  ciiief.  The  tribal  scat  of 
Tncas  was  then  locateil,  lus  it  had  U'cn  from  time  innnemorial,  at  the  head  of  the 
lV(jnot  Hiver,  now  (he  Thames,  on  the  site  t)f  tiie  present  city  of  Norwich. 

('olK'cting  a  force  of  live  or  si.x  hundred  warriors.  L'ncaa  determined  not  to  await 
the  onset  of  his  adversary,  but  to  advance  and  attai:k  him.  After  marching  five  or  si.x 
miles,  he  encountered  Miontoniino  and  his  army  on  a  i)lain.  stretching  along  the  hanks 
of  the  Shetueket,  wheren[)«)n  he  halted  his  force.  There  appeared  to  be  no  choice  of 
position  on  either  side,  the  plain  U'ing  level  and  spai'ious.  Uncas,  who  had  become 
somewhat  versed  in  English  strategy,  and  understood  the  advantage  to  be  gained  liy 
jjrompt  movements,  jwrceived,  at  once,  that,  if  he  could,  by  a  sudden  attack,  produce 
confusion,  and  drive  Miontoniino  down  the  banks  of  the  Shetueket,  he  woidd  l)e  able  to 
overcome  his  I'oe's  superior  numixM's.  'J'his  is  the  only  ex[)lanation  that  can  Ijc  given 
of  the  course  1  •  adopted.  N  .soon(^r  had  he  halted  within  speaking  distance,  than  lu! 
stepped  forward,  and  tendi'red  his  adversary  the  ciioice  of  deciding  tiie  liite  of  the  day 
by  peixonal  combat.  Miontonimo  replied,  that  his  men  1i:mI  come  to  light,  and  light 
they  shouiil.  On  the  iiistant,  I'ncas,  who  was  a  very  tall  man,  tlu'ew  him.self  on  tiie 
ground,  that  lieing  a  concerted  signal  lor  his  troops  to  advance,  which  they  did  with 
such  ardor  and  fury,  that  they  drove  the  enemy  ilown  the  escar[)ment  of  the  river,  and 
pursued  them  so  vigorously  that  some  of  the  swift  Moliican  runners,  knowing  Uncas  to 
be  near  at  hand,  caught  Miontonomi  by  some  portion  of  his  dress,  temporarih  impeding 
his  tliglit,  which  enabled  the  former  to  make  the  captm'e  himself.  Uncas  tiien  sounded 
tlie  whoop  t)f  victory,  to  recall  his  men,  and  to  siguily  that  .Miontonimo  was  a  prisoner, 
as  if  his  capture  liad  been  alone  the  object  of  the  Mohicans. 

Not  a  look  of  the  Narragansett  sachem,  far  less  a  word,  evinced  any  <lread  of  his 


Till'.    M:\V    KNCLANl)    INDIANS. 


127 


■    -i 


cncinii's.  ITo  bore  liiiiisfll' licloro  liis  ciiptur  witli  vinliiiKiliing  dignity  mid  pride.  ••Had 
voii  taken  nie,"  said  Uncas,  with  .some  of  that  suavity  of  manner  derived  iVoin  liis 
Eniili.sh  association.-*,  '•  I  shouM  have  asUcd  you  to  spare  me."  Not  a  word,  liowcvor, 
was  deigned  in  repl\\  Notwithstanding,  IJnoas  .sjiared  his  lil'e,  the  usual  privilege  of  an 
Indian  victor;  but  lie  c.'irried  him  with  him  to  Norwich,  as  a  trophy  of  his  victory, 
wlien(;o  ho  conductetl  him  to  llarttord.  The  (piestion  of  his  fate  was  sulmiitted  to  the 
English  for  their  advice,  as  being  one  recpiiring  grave  deliberation.  It  had  been  felt, 
ever  since  the  clo.so  of  the  I*e(|uot  war,  that  the  Narragansett.s  exercised  an  influence 
adverse  to  the  growth  and  prosperity  of  the  settlements.  The  very  war  in  which  they 
had  just  been  engaged,  was  in  violation  of  a  solemn  agreement  made  with  commissioners 
formally  ap|)ointed,  and  was  waged  against  the  worthiest  and  most  trusty  sachem  who 


had    befriended    tlii-    colonies.      Vet, 


hey  consK 


lered    the    case    to    be    bcNoiid    their 


jurisdiction;  the  t(M'ritory  being  Indian,  they  decided  that  aboriginal  customs  and  laws 
must  bo  allowed  to  take  tlieir  course. 

Miontonimo  was,  thevelbic.  condncted  bark  to  the  batlle-licld,  on  the  banks  of  the 
Shetuckot,  escorteil  liy  two  iMiglishmeii,  to  shield  him  from  aii\-  attempt  at  cruelty. 
The  retinue  traverseil  thi'  plain  of  tiie  late  coiillict  with  all  thi>  impressive  dignity  of 
an  ollicial  cortege.  Uncas,  who  knew  the  chief  personally,  determined  to  have  no 
hand  in  the  execution,  and,  therelbre,  deputed  the  duty  to  one  of  his  war  captains, 
onjoiniiig  him  to  leave  the  Narragansett  in  entire  ignorance  of  his  fate.  He  only  knew 
that  h(>  was  remanded  to  the  spot  of  his  capture.  Ere  reaching  this  point,  tin;  warrior 
entrusted  with  tlu;  task,  and  who  walked  immediately  l)ehind  him,  suddenly  drew  a 
tomahawk,  and,  with  one  blow,  laid  him  dead  at  his  feet.  The  scene  of  thi.s  tragedy 
has  since  been  called  Sachkm'.s  Pl.mn.' 


Tniii 


IlistcU'v  lit'  ('(iiiiii'i'ticiit,  M.Mss.  Ili.st.  ('ollictii)iis,  Vnl.  III.,  .'!il  scrir.- 


:l 


i; 


!"!C 


:    I 


V  ■ 


j| 


SECTION    SEVENTH. 


INDIAN    TRIBES    OF    MARYLAND. 


ClI.VrTER    I. 

AliORKilXAL     IMU'ULATION     ON      THE     SJlOllES     OF      THE 

CHESAPEAKE. 


DrifiNG  the  year  iiunioiliatoly  Ibllowiiig  tlir  ostiiblinlniit'iit  of  the  settlemt'iitH 
Ifi.'ll  ill  ilic  CiimH'cticiit  \;\ll('y.  tlic  ti'ihor*  ol"  Miiryliuid,  proper,  as  distinguisliod 
I'niiii  tlii)S(>  (if  X'il'liilia,  \vor(>  i)articiilarly  iiitrodiicoil  to  historical  notice.  On 
tJK'  27tii  of  Maicli.  ili.'ll.  riCiiiiai'il  Calvert  laiulod  on  tiic  ljani<s  of  a  river,  to  whicii  ho 
gave  tlie  name  nf  St.  Mary,  situated  (iii  tiio  western  shores  of  the  ('hesapoaI<e  l{a\'. 
Captain  .fdliu  Smith,  wiio  visite(h  and  eircmnnavigated  tiiu  hay,  in  lliOS,  i'lirnishcs  (h(! 
first  accuinit  of  tlie  Siis(|iieiiann(icl\s  —  a  hohl,  stalwart,  and  athletic  trihe,  wlio  spoke 
in  a  IioIImw  tone,  with  a  I'ull  enunciation,  and  acipiired  his  respect.  The  Imlians 
located  on  tlie  St.  -Mary's  rivei',  within  whose  precincts  (.'alvert  landed,  were  called 
Yanconiicos.  Friendly  rilatinns  were  cnltivated  with  the  initives.  who  sold  him  a 
tract  (if  land  lliirt}'  miles  in  extent,  lor  which  they  received  a.\es,  and  other  nece.ssai'v 
articles. 

[n  their  manners,  customs,  and  general  character,  tlicse  Indians  cioselv  re.^oinhlcd 
the  Vir-iuia  trilies.  They  huilt  their  lodges  in  the  same  nnmner.  as  well  as  of  tin' 
same  uciterials.  and  in  all  ii-pei  ts  jiractised  the  same  arts,  general  rites  and  ndigious 
cerenidhies.  l.ik'e  them.  llie_\  ai-I:nii\vleil.ji'(l  a  great  (lod,  hut  also  olK'rcd  sacrifices  to 
local  (>L-irs,     'I'hey  sniol-.cd  loliait.i.  holding  it  in  the  highest  estimation,  ('ultiNatcd  the 


/ea  mat 


/e,  hunted  the  deer,  and  snared  wati'r-f)wl.     Kthnologlcally  they  were  descend- 


ants of  tlie   same   race  with    the    I'owliatanic   tribes,  and   s[)oke   dialects  of  the   "reat 

Al-(ini[nin  language.      Ind I.  Powhatan  claimed  jurisilietion  o\'er  the    Patn.vent,  hut 

it  is  doulill'nl  wlii'ther  his  claims  weie  much  respected,  or  very  ellicienth   enl'orceih 

tl28. 


i 


■  14 


INDIAN    TJMlSliS    OK    MARYLAND. 


l-2'.< 


I 


Til 


lis  coloiiv  was  I'dui 


1"'- 


coiisorl 


.M 


idnl  uiiiler  ii  clmrU'i'  i;i';iiiU'il  l)y  Cliiu'lcs  I.,  thi'oii^li  the;  iulluciioo 
iry.  Jiiul  ii|ij)t'iirs  to  liiive  Iji'i'ii  iiitciidi'il  as  a  ivi'uue  lor  |ici.-()in 


^smn■  till'  SIUIK.'  11' 


tl 


If  sill)) 
.1 


/loM  witli  tlu'  (|iU'('ii.      Witliout  eiitt'iiii:^'  into  a  (lissi.'rtutioii  on 
il)j('('t.  we  need  only  say  that,  iindei'  the  protectorate  of  (.'roiinvell,  who  so(jn  alter 


Ml 


d  hi 


th 


f;amcd  the  ascendency  m  rai^laml.  iMiiryland  lieeauie  tlie  resort  ot  iiu'ii  iioluing  varioiiH 
ei'eeds.  and  the  eouniry  ohtaiiied  a  wiiU'-sjircad  notoriety,  as  tlie  land  of  tolerance, 
lidwever  men  dillerod  in  their  reliiiioiis  laitli.  they  a,i;reed.  generally,  in  their  nindc  of 
trealnient  ol'  the  Indians.  liarharisni  and  Christiiinity  could  not  exist  in  clo>e 
pro.xiinity.  Catholic  and  i'rotestant,  alike,  had  united  labor,  virtue,  teiaiierance.  arts, 
and  letters  together,  as  tlu^  corner-stone  u[)on  which  they  erected  tlif  sii[»".structin'e  ol' 
their  colonies;  and  all  the  dillerent  sects  taniiht  their  own  doctrines  with  various 
dci^recs  of  snceess.  It  was  iinpossihle  for  pi'ojili'  w  ho  worshipiicd  (lod.  and  had  Iktu 
I'ducated  to  revere  his  revealed  wor<l,  to  witness  iiiiiun\cd.  the  idolatry  of  .-avaues.  who 
made  olferiniis  to  demons,  reirartled  hea\en  as  a  place  vi'  sensual  enjoyments,  and 
(K'eined  Christianity  a  myth,  of  ei|ual  ereiliiiility  witii  that  of  Micahou.  or  of  Hiawatha. 

A  ii'ood  nnderstandint;',  howe\('r,  was  maintainecl  with  this  [leople,  who.  a|)|iarentl\ . 
possessed  mild  and  gentle  manners,  in  the  hope  that  their  eyes  mi'^ht  he  sci  far  iimralU- 
and  intelleetuall}'  o|iened.  that  they  iiii;:lit  he  hrouiiht  under  the  inllueiice  of  the 
cospel.  The  aeconnts  of  the  Marvlaiid  Indians.  iieneralU',  state  that  "  the\-  were  a 
simple  race;  o|)en,  ailectionate.  and  t'onlidinn';  lilled  with  wonder  and  admiration  of 
tiieir  new  visitants,  and  dis[)o^ed  to  li\'e  with  them  as  neiiihliors  and  friends,  on  terms 
of  intimacy  and  cordiality.  To  the  Kuroi)eans  they  seem  to  ha\c  lieeii  (piile  as  much 
ohjects  of  enriosit_\'.  as  the  Europeans  were  to  them.  Tt)  Enjilishmeii  comiiiL;  from  the 
midst  of  a  civili/atioii,  which  liad  heen  steadily  progressi\e  lijr  a  thousand  _\eai's.  the 
jiersons.  manners,  hahits  and  sentiments  of  the  savages  of  North  .\nierica  must  luue 
lieen  ohjects  of  lasting  astonishment."' 

The  liillowing  testimony  res[iecting  the  Chesapeake  Bay  Indians  is  from  the  jien  of 
I''atlier  White,  who  accompanied  Calvert.  "This  race  is  endowed  with  an  ingeninus 
and  liberal  disposition,  and  what  may  surprise  you  when  stated  —  an  acuteiiess  (,|' 
taste,  smell  and  sight,  that  even  surpasses  Kuro[)eaiis.  They  live  mostly  on  a  [lap. 
which  they  call  J'"/ii.  or  Oinini  (hominy |.  Tlu'y  add.  soinetiuies.  a  llsli.  or  what  they 
have  taken,  either  beast  or  bird,  in  hunting.  They  keej)  themseKes,  as  much  as 
po.ssible,  from  wine  and  warm  drinks,  nor  are  they  easily  induced  to  taste  thein, 
except  in  cases  where  the  Knulish  have  infected  them. 

'•  Ignorance  of  their  language  makes  it,  as  yet.  impossible  itir  me  to  assert  w  hat  are 
their  religions  opinions,  for  we  ha\e  not  full  confidence  in  Protestant  interpreter-. 
Tliese  few  lhini;s  we  have  learneil  at  dilleivnt  times.  They  ri'coguise  one  (iod  of 
heaven,  whom  they  call  our  (iod  ;   they  pay  to  him  no  external  worship,  but  eiide,i\oi' 


I 

I 


\!. 


I.ih 


11,11.1  C.iK.  11,  Spiilv-,  \.-l    l,\  .  [.   7e 


I.JO 


INDIAN    TlillJKS    OK    M  A  I!  Y  1,  A  N  D. 


Si  t- 


to  jirdiiiliiiti'  hy  cvi'iy  nioiiiis  in  tlicir  p<iwor,  n  ciTtuiii  evil  spii-it,  wliicii  tlicv  cull 
O/.'K .  'I'lirv  worsliip  corn  iind  lire,  as  I  am  iiiloi'moii,  as  gods  woinlcrl'iilly  lu'iinliceiit 
to  till'  lntiiiMii  r;io('. 


■^oiiic  u 


f  our  people  relate  that  they  have  seen  the  eeremony  at  l^irdiixor.    O 


n  an 


iited  (lay,  all  the  men  and  women.  iVom  many  villages,  assemliled  around  a  jrreat 
Next  to  the  (ire  stood  the  yoiniger  peoj)lo ;  liehind  them  the  men  advanced  in 
A  piece  of  deer's  tat  heimi:  then  thrown  into  the  lire,  the  hands  and  voices  Ijeing 

en  cleai'ed  a  small  s[iace. 


lill 

lilted  towards  lieaven.  tliev  cried  out.  Taho !   Taho  !     Thev  tin 


some  one   prodnci 


d  a  lar'jc 


nau'; 


the  1 


)aii'  was  a  pipe  and  a  k 


dnd   of  powder 


■li  they  called  l\itn.     The  pipe  was  such  as  om'  countrymen  use.  hut  largei 


TI 


len 


the  liMi;'  Avas  carried  around  tlie  lire,  the  hovs  and  "iris  siiiLiing  with  an  aureeahle  voic( 


Tah 


Ti 


'I'll 


liein"'   I'U 


(led,  the  |)ipe  and  powder  were  taken  from  the 
p.uich.  The  pi)tu  was  distrilaited  to  each  of  those  standing  round,  whiidi  he  put  into 
the  pipe  and  smol<ed.  hreathing  the  smoke  over  his  limlis.  and  sanctifying  them,  as  tin? 


<moker  su])] 


)ose; 


I  have  not  heeu  able  to  learn  more  than   that  thev  aiiix'ar   to  have 


some  kiiou  ledge  of  the  Hood,  liy  w  Inch  the  world  ])erishe(l,  hecause  of  the  sins  of  m 
'riieic  is  iiiithiuL:'.  either  in  these  ceremonial  rites  of  Taho.  and  oll'eriii'.;s  of  the  I 


if  the  fat  of  animals,  and  of  the  nicotiana  from  consecrated 


)ilU( 


hes.  to  th 


e  ii'od  o 


inne: 
f  lire 


or  ill  the  traditimis  of  a  Hood,  or  in  tiie  very  language  employed,  to  denote   that    tl 
.Marylaiiil  trihes  dilU'r  essentially  from  others  of  the  great  AlgoiKpiin  stock. 


W 


( 'aUcrt  laiideil.  li 


e  \vas  nil 


ined  with   the   most   frit'iK 


feel 


iiiLiN    toward 


th' 


Indians,  for  th 


reiiarded  with  much  interest  in  K 


nrope 


a  wild,  lint  unknown 


race  ot 


11(11. 


As  with  the  rulers  of  all   tl 


le  new  CO 


loiii( 


lied, 


th 


Whicli  CO 


ntrolled  the  Indian  t 


rihc' 


with  him.  a  suhject  of  ]irimar\'  import; 


policy 
it 


nice 


soon  liecame  e\ident  that  a  LM'eat  al)ori'.:iiial  nation,  in  the  interica'.  was  alike  the  ternu' 


aiii 


1  tl 


aversion  oi 


ill  the  midland  and  coast   tril 


Tl 


MS  govcM'iiing  [lower  was  the 


li'mpiois.  the  dreaded  .Massawoiiacks  of  the  native  Mrginia   trihes.  before   the  er 


nslinij; 


(Men 


tualh 


vess.    the     nobU 
niielled  to  succumb. 


ns(|ueliannocl 


an 


d    tl 


leir 


feebl. 


allie: 


""I 


I,ilV  nf  l,c,,ii;inl  CiiK.  It, 


I  N  1)1  A  N     r  II 1  n  V.  S    U  K    M  A  |{  V  I.  A  N  1» . 


131 


CHAPTEK    II. 

8USQUKIIANNOCKS,    NANTICOKES,    AND    CONOYS. 

TiiK  Clic'snj)Oiikc  Biiy  appciii's  to  have  dorivoJ  its  iiamo  iVuin  a  tiihi',  wliicli  (x't'iipit'd 
Cape  Henry  and  the  .siinDundiiig  country,  now  iiichidcil  in  Princess  Anne  county, 
Virginia.  From  the  geographical  position  (j1"  the  hay,  in  a  pari  of  tlie  l\)\vliatani(; 
territory,  as  well  a.s  the  etymology  of  tht;  word,  its  termination  in  /mik  "ing  of  the 
.same  import  as  Iickj,  waters,  the  name  is  umpiestionably  oi'  .VlgoiKjnin  derivation. 

When,  in  ItiOS,  Captain  Snnth  made  a  voyage  to  the  head  of  this  buy.  and  entered 
the  magnificent  river  which  delujuches  into  it,  he  found  tliat  tiie  Snstiui'liannocks.  who 
were  located  on  its  western  shores,  comi)ri.sed  (Hid  warriors,  whicli  would  drnote  a 
population  of  uDOO  souls;  and  he  was  struck  with  adiuiratiou  of  their  fine  jihysical 
proportions  and  manly  voices.  At  that  time,  twenty-three  years  had  elapsed  from  the 
date  of  the  llrst  voyage  to  \'irginia.  Whether  a  change  had  taken  place  in  their 
location,  or  the  Virginia  hand  had  been  Iiut  an  outlying  branch,  cannot  now  Ik; 
determined  ;  but  it  is  more  than  probalile,  that  the  .Susquehanna  river  was  their  original 
residence. 

Along  the  Eastern  shores  of  the  bay.  from  Cape  Charles  up.  Smith  mentions  the 
location  of  the  Accomacs  and  the  Accohaiiocs  tribes  who  retained  this  general  position 
iluring  the  greater  part  of  coloiual  history  ;  and  who.  certainly,  down  to  the  period  of 
the  Northampton  massacre,  when  they  became  mingled  with  liie  negroes,  were  still,  in 
part,  represented.'     Next  in  position,  north,  he  places  tiie  Nanticokes,  under  the  name 

irn 

the 

lom  are  called 


of  Tocliwaglis.  which  may  readily  In;  inferred   to  ap[ily  to  tiiat  tribe,  when  we  le 
that  thev  were  called  TawackiiUiino  bv  the  l)elaware> 


Tl 


R'uce.  ni  succession, 


O/.imies,  the   Ilnolvarawuocks,  and  the  Wighcomocos,  the  latter  of  wl 
Wicomocos  by  Calvert. 

The  entire  eastern  shore,  above  Virginia,  has.  in  later  days,  been  regarded   ;is  tl 


lie 


nilicos  or  Conov  coiintr\'.  svnonviiious  names 


for  tl 


le  same  jteople 


m  aiixersu 


fate 


that  scattere( 


tribi 


1' 


tli< 


arlie.-t  dati 


tl 


lev  were 


at  variaiu'i 


ith  tl 


le 


li 


"l> 


wliose   war  canoes    swept  down 


th 


■■usinu 


hanna,  from  tl 


leir    niaccess 


ibk 


fastnesses   in  Western    New  York.      \\\\  learn,  from   a  competent  authority,^  that  the 


'  Viiiu  WpI.  v.,  ]).  'M.  Note. 


■'  (iiillatiii's  S_viinp>i>.  ]i    :C' 


'  Charles  Tliouip.-  :.. 


1  :!-2 


INDIAN'    TlMl'.KS    OK    MAUYT,  AND. 


ir  ''■ 


;  h;!^ 


Niinticos  wort'  IiU'immI  iiiti)  m  Iciiuiic  with  llio  lr(i(|ii(iis.  wlio  (iiiiillv  iulnptcd  them,  luililiii;.; 
(lilt  tlu>  tlattcriiiii'  idea,  iiiid,  perhaps.  pioi;>'  .  ul  Milmittiiiir  the  trilic  into  tlicir 
('oiiU'dc'i'iU'N' ;  liut  it'  .><ii.  and  tiiciv  is  cNidcnco  of  it  in  a  declaration,  madi'  in  17")S.  liy 
T(>l<ais.  a  Caviijia  cliiof,'  their  Tato  was  not  nnlilvc  tlu>  stag  wlio  liiUs  into  tho  power  of 
the  anaconda.  Tiu'V  liidpcd  to  minister  to  tlu'  pride  of  the  Iroipiois,  as  did  also  the 
Tntelos  iVoin  \'iri;inia. 

'I'iir  Xantiookes  and  Conoys.-' wearied  with  strili'.  abandoned  tiieir  ri'sidences  i.  .,.wer 
Marvl.ind.  and  nio\i'd  n])  tiie  Siisijnehanna.  iiursiiing  its  western  hranclies  into  tiie 
1(1  lituries  of  their  ('(aKpieroi'.s,  tlio  Iroipiois.  Eventnaliy.  they  settled  down  hesido 
I'raLrnientai'y  hands  of  Sliawnees  and  .Moiiielianders,  at  Otsiningo.  tiie  present  site  of 
liini^liainpton,  with  whom  tiiey  formed  a  league,  in  the  hope  of  recovering  their  llirnier 
position  hy  this  policy.  This  league  was  called  the '• '["luce  Nations."  '  During  the  month 
of  .\piil.  1  7"i7.  Owiligascho.  or  I'eter  Spelmaii.  ;i  (iennaii.  who  had  I'esided  seven  years 
among  the  Sliawnees.  on  one  of  the  western  liranelies  of  the  Susi(nehauiia.  and  married 
a  Shawnee  wife.  arri\'ed  at  Fort  Johnson,  where  resided  the  Indian  superintendent  for 
the  northern  enlonies.  and   i('i)orte(l   that   this  new  eonfederacv  would  \isit   him.  in  a 


•p, 
short   time,  with  a  liod\"  of  nearh'  two  liniidre(l   men.  and   that   th 


ev  were  now  on  the 


th 


road.  Their  oliject  was  to  smoke  a  friendly  pipe  with  Sir  William  .hiimson,  after  the 
manner  of  their  fathers,  and  to  olli'r  him  assistance  in  the  war  against  the  {""reiich. 
lie  presented  two  strings  of  wampum  from  the  chiefs,  as  the  credentials  of  his 
authority.' 

Oil  the  ll'th  of  .\[iril   following,  these  Indians  arrived  on   the  opposite  hank  of  the 


ri\ cr.  wliK 


h  was  then  swelled  hy  the  spring  Hood.     The  ehiels.  Inning  crossed  in  ca 


noe; 


\vere  admitted  to  a  counci 


1.     The  SI 


niwnees  were  represeiitei 


hv  r 


iixiiiosa.  and  lil't\-two 


of  his  warriors ;  the  .Mohiekaiiders  hy  .Mammatsiean.  their  king,  with  one  liniidred  and 
forty-seven  of  his  nation;  and  the  Nanticokes  h\-  Ilamiglitaghlawatawa.  with  eight  of 
his  people. 

Having  heen  addressed  in  favorahle  and  congratiilatorv  terms  hy  Sir  William,  who 
o.\plaine(l  to  them  the  true  position  of  the  Knglish.  as  contrasted  with  that  of  the  French, 
respecting  the  Indians,  two  days  suhse([iiently  the  ehiels  replied,  nccepting  the  oiler 
oi'  the  chain  ol'  friendship.  ;ind  iii'omising  to  keep  •' I'ast  hold  of  it.  and  not  tpiit  it.  so 
long  as  tlie  world  endured."  In  this  addres.s,  allusi(;n  is  incidentally  made  to  a  helt 
sent  the  [iievious  year,  to  the  iiulVieiidly  Delaware  and  Ohio  Indians,  in  the  \ieinil\-  of 
Fort  Du  (,)uesne;  and  also,  to  a  similar  helt,  sent  to  the  Delaware  chief  Tediscnnd, 
I'oidin;-:  at  Tiogn.'  They  formally  apprize  him  of  the  league  formed  hetween  tia! 
Nanticokes.  .MohickMndi.  rs.  and   Sliawnees.  of  which  he  had   heen   [ire\  ioiisly  iiiliirmed 


(liill.iliii's  Syiii']i-i<.  )i.  ."I'J, 
'  ('..l.mi;il  IIi<t.  rv  of  N.w  V,,il;,  V..1.  \\\ 


vorc  (liffi'i'dit  iiiiliics  I'ur  li;iiii!s  ul'  (lir 


1 Pl 


N.  y.  Col.  Hor.,  \-.,i.  VII 


1' 


liii. 


Cul      II.. 


\  II. 


I  N  I)  1  A  N    T  l{  I  H  F  S    (I  !•'    M  A  H  Y  I,  AND.  188 

i\-  Owiliiiasc'Iu).  Mini,  also,  lluit  tlii-y  luul  coiicciiti'iitcil  at  Otsiiiingo,  on  (he  Sum|I1c1kiiiiiii, 


vvliiTc  1 


uc.-^simc: 


iir(.'  (lii'i'cU'd  to  Ik'  sent  to  tliciii  in  I'litun 


'I' 


wvi'  IS  a 


tiail  ol'  liidiiiu  f^lirowdnoss  oliscrvahlc,  iit  tlic  coiicliision  of  tl 


icir  n'|ii\-  to 


Sif  AVilliaiii  .lolmsoii.  in  a  (.'iirioiix  allusion  to  an  ovi'nt  wliicli  occurred  while  tlui 
Mohiekanders  f^till  resided  on  tlio  JIud.son.  "  "I'is  now  nine  years  a^u.""  ■  said  tlic 
siM'aker.  '•  that  a  nusfortinie  hapitened  near  Ueinheek,  in  this  )iro\ince;  a  white  man 
there,  shot  a  yonnj:  man,  an  Inilian.  'I'here  was  a  nieetinif  held  thereon,  and  .Mailinns 
liollhian  said.  •  IJruthers,  there  are  two  methods  ol' .settlin,^'  this  accident ;  one  aceordiii'^- 
to  the  white  |ieo|)lc's  customs,  the  other  accordim;-  to  the  Indians.  Wliich  of  them  will 
youchooso?  If  you  will  j;o  accor<lin,i;'  to  the  Indian  manner,  the  man  who  shot  tln> 
Indian  may  yet  live.  11  this  man's  lii'e  is  spiovd.  and.  at  any  time  herealU'r,  an  hulian 
sliould  kill  a  while  man.  and  you  desire  it.  his  life  shall  also  he  spared.'  You  toM  us, 
he  added,  two  days  aiiO,  that  when  a  man  is  dead,  there  is  no  hrinuinu;  him  to  lifo  again. 
We  imilerstand  there  are  two  Indians  in  jail,  at  Alhany,  accused  of  killiui!'  a  white 
man.  They  are  alive,  and  may  live  to  In'  of  scrx  ice.  and  wi!  heg  you,  as  the  chief  of 
the  (Ireat  Kim:',  onr  Father,  that  they  may  lie  released."  ' 

The  alliance  thus  loi'mcd  with  the  Ih'itish  i;overnmeut,  in  17"i7,  was  nrnpiestionahlv 
fostered,  and  remained  indiroken,  dmiii,^  tla^  proiiress  of  the  Junoliu!  m.  The  larger 
jiart  of  these  ludiinis  proliahly  returned  to  Canada,  with  the  Munsees  and  Delawares, 
where,  it  is  known,  inmiliers  of  the  latter  trllie  were  located.  A  few  of  them,  how- 
ever, who  lim;ered  within  the  picclucls  t)f  New  York,  prohalily  hecame  alisurlieil  in  the 
lirothertons,  comprisiiiL;'  fragments  of  Algompiiu  trilies,  who  droppcil  their  own  dialecl-, 
and  adopted  the  Knglish  laiiguago. 


'  N.w  VmvI;  lli.t.  |i.,.,  V,.l.  \\\  ,  p.  -J.Ml. 

'  Tlii>  si'tlli's  the  liii.il  \villi.|r.i\v;il  .1'  till'  Miilii,li;iiiilr|-J  IViiiii  till'  llu'l^i.ii  'ijhr  I7I> 

^  N>w  Voik  ('ill.  III...,  V.il.  VII.,  II.  -.'.".O. 


*; 


l:!t 


Ml  IAN     I'Ull!  lis    OF    M  A  1!  Y  l,.\  N  It 


(11  A  ri'KU    I  I  I 


i;oUKI-    OK    'rllK    IIlSTollV    OF    TIIK    S  F  S  <»  I' F  II  A  \  N  OC  K  S. 


A  I'  the  I'l'il  1)1'  till'  scttK'lllcllt  ol"  .I.Mlllcstowil,  tlir  Siisi|Ucliiilillo('ks  iliiiinril 
Id.il  till' I'oiiiilry  Iviiiji'  hi'twi'i'ii  till'  I'ntoiiKK'  Mild  SiiM|iicli:iiiii:i  livers  —  nil  iiri'ii 
(■iiiii|irisiiij:- till' rutin"  Molnii  iii;irL;iii  of  M:ii_\  !;iimI.  'i'liis  whs  tlicir  luintiiin- 
irroiiiid.  1111(1  iiiaikt'il  the  iiomiil:ir\  line  hetuceii  iheir  jiirisilietidii  and  that  nl'  the 
I'owhataiiii'  linot  Uiiiudoin.  \Vliale\er  were  liie  lueal  names  of  the  hands  (iccwiiviiii^ 
tile  liaiiUs  of  the  se\eral  inlerniediale  ri\eis,  tlu'V  were  inerelv  MdHirdinale  In  tiie 
reiirniiiiT  trihe.  iiriiiiarilv  located  nn  tiie  shores  of  the  Siis([uelianna.  Siihse(|nently 
they  Iraii.-terred  their  eoiiiieil  lire,  down  the  we>teiii  .--hore  to  the  I'atiixeiit,  in  !i 
[Misition  less  o|ieii  to  the  ineessant  inroads  ol'  the  Ironuoi-^. 

The  lower  elass  of  adveiitnrers  mid  M'tllers  who  eini'jraled  to  \'iri:ini;i  and   Marv- 
laiid  at  this  ear!\  [leriod,  was  eomiuised  of  jiirsons  w  ho  w  eri'  liiiMe  to  hecoine  einhroili'd 


itii    the    Indians,  whose  eharaeter   ll 


ii'\   iii\ari;;My  iiii>ini 


I'jed.    and   whose   li\es   th 


■y 


held  to  lie  \alui 


less.       lU    tl 


lese  [lersons  the  iiali\i~^  Were  I'l'Liai'ded  only  as  the  iiiediiMii, 


lliroiii;h    whom    ihev   eouhl    pnrs 


ilitaMe   trallie    in   skins  and   I'nrs,  which 


lie  a   |iro 

nnre.-l rained  and  Iree  to  i'\ery  one  who  chose  to  eiijaue  in  it,  or  |iossessed  the  re(|iiisite 
capital.  Inloi  Innately  for  the  Indians,  tliey  coiild  not  restrain  their  a|i|ietite  for 
ardent  sjiirits;  and,  coiisi  (|nently.  it  should  excite  no  surjirise  that  ;i  trihe,  thus  pressed 
on  one   hand,   hy   a   jiowerl'nl    and    inl'nriateil    enemy,   and   on    the  other  enticed    by 


temjitat 


ion  to  iiidnliicnce.  should  rapiill 


\   ileclme 


Tlu'  ell'ects  of  commerce  with  the  whiles  on  the  condition  of  the  idioriiiina!  trilic 
of  .Maiylaml.  located  on  the  shores  skirting;-  the  opi'ii  waters  of  the  (JhesapeaUe 
alternately  slimnlalin;:  and  relaxiiiL;'  their  eiii  r'.:ics.  were  ol'  such  a  haiiefnl  character 
as  iieces>:irily  to  destidy  their  power  and  iiiiiioitance  within  fifty  \ears  afti'i'liie  hiiidini. 
of  Calvert.     W'iihoiit  anv  stroiiji'  political  orLiaiii/alioii.  or  any  perinaiient  iiuioii  aiiioiii. 


thelPselve-;,  ever  an 


xioiis  to  olitaiii   the  heiielits  of  coinnier<'e  ami  trad 


the  linn  moral  purpoM'  'o  re 


<ist  the  n'snltim:'  e\il  clli'cts.  tli 


e.  and  waiitiiiu; 
•y  Were  placi'd  in  precisely 


the  same  po>ilioii   a>   the  coa.~t    trihes  of  Xii-Liiiiia,  who  wa>ted    aw  ay  w  itii  a  dei;ree  of 
rapidity  which  surprised  her  statesmen.'     'i'liey  exclian;jfd  their  furs  and  lisli,  the  only 


rlVrl-« 


'II   \  ii':;iiiia. 


1  N  Id  A  N     Tl!  1  l!i;,-i    <)|'    M  A  |!  V  |,  A  N  |». 


ISW 


uviiiliililc  prtMliicI  (if  tlicir  liiri'sis  iiinl  slivanis.  liii'  tlic  inriiiis  iil'  indiil'iriici' ;  iiml  wluii 
tliis  ivsoiircf  liiilcd.  Ilu'y  t">h\  tlu-ii'  liinds  Id  oliliiin  llic  f<;iiiu'  (Icstriiclivf  ^^limlllllnt^^. 
Wlicllici-  i;iiii|i()\vili'r,  wliicli  iiiiiiiliiliilcd  llic  imiiniiN,  jici  roniicd  its  wiirl;  iimrt' 
••lUrtiiidlv  tliiiii  iilcnliol.  which  Ihimii'd  the  ranks  (.I'tlir  Indiiiiis.  imiv  writ  he  doidiU-d. 
.Iciddus  (tf  their  frili:il  smcrcigiity,  the  Siis(|iii'liiiMii()iks  nildi'd.  |p\  iiitcstiiii'  wsirs,  to 
the  iiatiiial  dculhs  pnuliici'd  l>_v  dci'iiy  gind  iiitrniiicraiicc.  and  when,  like  thf  nthrr 
trihcs,  they  hi'L'aii  to  assert  their  li'jhts  and  s()\('reij.ni(y,  and  resist  the  eneinaehnieiils 
(if  lMn'i)|ieaiis.  tlie\  ha<l  ah'eady  diminished  so  nnieli  in  'i(i|iidatiiin.  tiial  the\'  hicked 
llie  ahihty  to  maintain  theii  jironnd.  'IMiey  were  outwitted  in  di|il(ima(y  !>y  a  ei\ili/cd 
nation,  ami  ii'  tiiey  i\U\  not  disaiipear  hel'oie  the  steady  proui'ess  of  arts.  inihistr\', 
and  Renins,  anion;?  ihu  coloni.sts,  thi-y  were  eiU'i'Viitud  thirinj,'  peaee,  and  eomjuered 
in  war. 

One  cause  opcrah'd  liowevfnlly  to  liasteii  the  downfall  of  the  Siisiiueliannocks ;  tin- 
netilect.  or  mismanai^ement  of  their  relations  with  the  settlers  of  \'ir-inia.  'i'he  \'ir- 
L'inians,  on  the  sontliern  hanks  of  tiie  I'otnmae,  for  some  reason.  helie\-ed  the  SiiMfiie- 
hannocks  to  have  heeii  LHiilty  of  commitlinu' depredations  and  lliul  nnnders  on  llnir 
frontiers.  In  IliT-'i.  some  ol  the  iniialiitanis  of  the  most  northerlv  coiintv  of  Vir'jiiiia. 
while  on  their  way  to  attend  (dinrch.  on  a  SaipJiath-day.  liiund  the  iii'iirly  lilidess  hndv 
of  a  settler  l\in,i;'  across  the  threshold  of  his  own  door,  and  an  Indian,  hini;  dead  on 
the  gromnl  near  him.  'i'lu'  white  was  mortally  wounded,  hiil  lived  long  enon'.'ii  to 
inform  tln'ni  that  the  Indians  came  from  the  Maryland  shore. 

The  sensation  produced  hy  this  outraut-  was  extreme.  'I'wo  spirited  ollicers  of  the 
militia.  Mason  and  I'lnnt.  accompanied  Ity  thirty  men,  promptly  pnrsiM'd  tlie  murdi'rers. 
A.sceiidini;  tile  valley  of  the  I'otomac  some  twenty  miles,  they  crossed  its  channel  to 
tho  Maryland  shore,  where  they  found  two  Indian  patiis.  Dividimr  tiieir  llirce,  Mason 
took  one  trail,  ami  Ihent  the  other.  A  short  jiursuit,  hy  each  |)arl\-.  terminated  in 
the  discovery  of  two  Indian  wiL'wams.  Mrant  iia\im:-  accu-eil  one  of  the  occnpanls 
of  the  loii-v  whicii  he  found,  as  the  nnu'dercr,  he  tremhiinjiy  deniecl  tho  fact,  and 
atteniplrd  to  escape,  hut  was  shot  down  hy  a  pistoidiall,  which  lodncl  in  his  lia(d<. 
'i'he  other  inmates  tiien  tired,  anil  made  a  spriuLi  fir  the  door  ol'  the  wi'.;wam  ;  Imt  the 
nnerriu-  rille  laid  ten  of  the  mniilier  d.^ad  on  ihe  spot.  .Meantime  .Ma^on  had  arrived 
at  the  other  lod-e.  the  Indians  in  which,  heariu;.i  the  liriu'i  at  the  llrsl  lod^re,  hastened 
lo  ellecl  their  escape.  l"'onrteen  of  them  were  shot,  when  one  of  the  survivors,  haviuii- 
rushed  n|)  to  .Masun.  and  declared  that  they  were  Sus(pieiiannoeks,  and  friends,  the 
fu'lnii  was  Instantly  stopjied. 

Tlie   Susipielianiiuiks   suli-Jcipiently  accused    the   Senecas   of  haviii--   conunilted    the 


iini 


rders  in  \'ir;.;inia.      \Vlioe\ir   the   perpetr.ators   reall\-  were  i 


s  unknown  ;   Iml    ol.ier 


massacres  immediately  fillowcd  on  those  lior<lers,  whi(di  so  excited  fl 


land  as  well  a<  of  \'ii''jinia.  that    th 


le  people  of  Mary- 


united  in  musterini:  Hnill  men  ti 


march   a'jainst 


th 


le   Susipiehannoi 


Tl 


ii<   loi'cc    was 


placed 


under   the   command    ol    Culonel   .lolui 


'^: 


fli 


si: 


IPIM 


"  ii   t 


):;•! 


I  N  I  •  I  A  .N     T  l{  I  I!  K  S    ( »  !•     M  A  It  Y  I-  A  N  l». 


\V,(-liiiiJtnn.'  .McMiiwIiili'  tin'  Siistiui'liaimocks  liiul  tiiki'ii  po.s.fc.s.siuii  of  an  old  iiiiaii- 
(IdiKii  Inrt.  wliifli.  Iia\  iii'^  liMii  iiMil  li_v  tlic  wliitcs  ill  prcs  iuiiH  \var.>*.  was  .siri'^ulMily 
\\r\\  iMJciilatrd  I'di'  (li  li'iici'.  It  was  i'ii('iim|iasMil  liy  ample  caillicii  walls,  (•(iiitainini,'  ii 
"ate  and  .-uii'dnndi'il  \>y  a  ditcli.  llic  ('(inntriscai'ii  of  tlic  lattci'  lii'in;;  planli'd  with  'iciw, 
fliisch-  wilih'd.  wliifli  |irrscnti'd  an  inqirni'traMt' curtain. 

'I'lic  .Ma i_\  laud  and  \  ii-iuia  rcuccs  a|i|ic'ai('d  lu'liiiv  this  liul  on  tlic  li:id  of  Scplcuilicr. 
('outi'r.'Uci'>  wrvr  laid,  ill  wliic'h  llir  Indian-.  alllioui^Ii  lioldly  accused  of  the  lunrders. 
as  coiilidcntly  denied  tlnir  C(iui|iliei!_v.  iiotw  illistandinu'  three  oC  the   Moody  deeds  liad 

lieeii  ideiitilied  a-^  lheirac|>.    They  auf 1  to  deli\er  llai'i-iH  ra.  and  lise  otliiTs  of  their 

]iriuciiial  cliit'ls.  to  the  |']n,L.dish.  as  lu)>taL'es  t()r  tlii'  sc(;Mrity  of  their  iVontieis.  The 
iiioiiiiii'-:'  alter  the  cousuiiiiiialion  ol'tliis  treaty,  one  ( 'aptaiii  .lolm  .\lleii.  a  leader  o|' 
llh'  .Marxlaiid  raiii;'  rs.  ha\iii.:  reported  the  eiivuiu-tance  of  the  murder  of  llaiidolph 
Hanson,  auioiii:  the  recent  outraires,  was  sent  with  a  iruard.  to  ascertain  whi'ther  it  iiad 
heen  the  work  of  Indians.  It  so  occurred  that,  dining'  the  linai  conference  liir  the 
ctuichision  ot'  the  treaty,  liy  the  tiuans  ol'  whiidi  tlu'  six  chiefs  had  heen  ileiivcred  ovei- 
(o  the  eii-tody  of  the  military,  Allen  retiiiaied  from  this  examination.  iirinj^in.Lr  with 
him  the  luaiiLiled  remains  of  llie  victims,  the  appearance  of  which  left  no  doiilit  thai 
tiny  had  heen  liiully  nuirdered  hy  the  Indian-^.  The  whole  camp  was  instantly  ti 
>cene  of  excitement ;  (.'viiy  oiu,'  ima'jininL;'  lie  >aw  his  iieari'st  friend,  or  some  loved 
one  in  the  criitd  \iv\\>i'  of  saxap's.  I'"i\e  of  the  hostaws,  comprisiiiir  the  Icadin;;; 
sailieius  and  \vi>e  men  ol'  the  SuMpiehaiiiioeks.  wei'-  immediately  eoiidemned  to  death, 
and  were  accoidiiiLih' eNrciited.      I)inim:    the   lULdit    the   Indiiin-^  secretK.  dexterousU , 


nd    sileiitU    evacuated    the   l()rt.   and   lied,    takiiiu'  witli    them   all   tliei 


r   women    an( 


children.  The  \\arrioi>  nf  this  pai'ty  attiU'ked.  witli  sa\M'ji'  t"ury,  the  white  residents 
on  the  liiinti''rs  of  \  irjinia.  killing;'  many,  and  coiumiltiii'i  numerous  depri'dations  ;  in 
\vhic'h    i'orass   tlie\-  ihrmsehes  were   liiialU'  exterminated,  dv  hei'ame  si'attered  lunon'.:' 


otln  r  liaml 


t  three  miles  Ixdow  Wrii^ht',' 


This  was  not.  however,  the  severest  Mow  that  the  Susipiehaiinocks  recei\-ed.  It 
appears,  finui  the  relation  of  Ksaiis.'  tiiat  a  hody  of  troops,  led  hy  a  Marylander, 
attacked  them  at  a  jiii>iiioii  ea.-t  of  the  SiiMpieli;iiina.  ahou 
|-"i'rr\.  now  known  as  ('olumliia.  killing;-  several  hundred  men.  It  is  pro\-ed  hy  ('olden, 
lidiu  data  produced  at  the  treaty  of  l,ancaster.  iieiixjtiateil  in  1711.  that  the}'  lurmeil  ii 
part  of  tije  (";inostoi;as.  an  original  ( (m-ida  trihe.  and  that  they  were  linally  coiiveyi'd 
to  the  territiay  of  tlial  nation  in  western  Ni-w  York.  Oneida  tradition  ascrihes  the 
hirth  and  oiiLjin  of  the  cidelaated  chief  ,'^henandoa.  to  ('anostoga,  whence,  in  early  lilt'. 
he  came  to  Oneida  castle. 


tiiial-LTiiiiiltUtlii  r  i.f  (iiiii.nil  dui 


ifL'r  \V:i.-liilii.'tMli 


.\ii:ilv-i.- 


i 


INDIAN    TlMllKS    (»I'    M  A  I!  V  LAND. 


187 


CIl  A  I'TKi:    1  V 


TIFF,    A  N  DASTES. 


I 
I 

J 


^1 

1'^ 


K 


'I'liK  syiiniiyiiis  1)1"  till'  liiili;ni  tiitics   in   tlic  I'nitcil   Statt's.  1imv(>  diioriiti^d  'ji'i'iitiv  to 

(■(Ptii|ilii'iitc'  or  rctanl  tin'  il('vclii|iiiirnt  of  tln'ir  true  liistory.     Tlii-i  MiKjcct  liii<  I ii  a 

i-tiiml)linix-liIo('l<  to  wi'itcrs,  us  well  at  lioiiic  a-<  aluoail,  wIh'It  soiih'  oI'  tin-  a'lli'st 
Iiistoriaiis  liiivo  liccii  niislfil  liy  it.  iiii-tal<iii'^'  llio  .-^oMTal  uaiiios  oi'  tlic  same  trilic  for 
those  of  (lilU'i'ciit  tiilios.  'i'lic  Imliaii  liistoiy  of  Maryland,  and  of  its  Iciulin'i  Irilic, 
tilt'  Siin(|ii('liainio('kH.  lias  been  olisciiri'd  in  tliis  manner.  'I'lie  early  P'rencli  writers  in 
Canada,  and  llio>e  wlio.  on  tlicir  authority.  Iiave  sinee  written  of  tlial  ennntrw  ('on-itantl\- 
mention  a  tiilie.  wlio-e  name,  in  tlie  ^ol'test  form,  is  uivi'n  as  Andastes.  Altliou.:li 
residinLT  in  well-known  limits  of  die  rnited  Stiites,  tlie  name  is  not  to  lie  found  in  tlu' 
woi'ks  of  any  of  our  Iiistorians.  l''iirtiinately.  however,  there  e\isteil,  li(>tween  tiieni 
anil  the  Indian  allies  uf  the  I'"reneli,  sulli<'ient  inti'n'ourse  to  give  us  data,  wlau'eln-  to 
(h'teiiuine  their  location.  lauunauf.  numhers,  and  |iower. 

Krienils  of  the  Swedish  colony  on  the  Delaware,  friends  of  tln^  lluroiis  in  Up])er 
Canada,  friends,  at  a  later  date,  of  .Maryland  and  Veniisylvania,  they  were  repeatedly 
at  war  with  the  powerful  Iroquois,  T,ike  the  lattei'.  and  the  Neuters,  they  were  .i 
liraneh  of  the  irreat  lluron-iroqiiois  family.'  .XecordiiiLi'  to  liressani.'  they  were 
located  "iilO  miles,  oi',  as  the  Ilelation  of  It'lT-S  ha-  it.  I'lO  leagues  southwest  hy  south 
of  tile  Itm'ons,  ineliniiiu'  a  little  eastward,  'i'liis  measurement  was  in  a  diivet  lino,  the 
road  usually  taken  heinir  somewhat  longer,  and  at  lea-^t  1^00  leagues.  A  laru:e  river 
risini;'  near  T^ake  Ontario  led  to  the  town.'  They  resided  ([ulte  near  tin-  Swedish  settle- 
ment, and  were  on  friendly  terms  with  the  Seandina\ian  colonists.' 

(Juite  naturally,  wo  turn  to  Swedish  accounts  to  find  some  traces  of  this  people. 
rro\id,  in  his  History  of  I'ennsylvania,"  and  the  Historical  Collections  also,  actually 
locate  a  trihe  called  Andastakas  on  Christiana  creek,  hut  I  haxc  not  found  on  what 
authority.     The  name  does  not  api)ear  in  Swedish  accounts;  and  this  is  natural,  as  the 


'  .\n.l;i-t..,..  A'./..  ir.T'i;  Amlasto-m'.  A"./.,  1(l,'.n-r,0;  r,.nMil:i.-<to..'Mi'',  MA,  lfiTl-2;  r..n,'st...j-„e,  ('„/./.„, 
fii\;  Satin  prrlicanim,  lh(  Crrii.r;  Ainliistalia  ('/ ).  I'mwl ;  .Vtrakwcr  (?).  ./"«r.  ./is.;  .MiMi|iia,  ('innp'iiiins ; 
Silsi|iicliaiiTiiR-ks  (^X   ('■i/itiiiii  Siin'lli. 

'  iti'l.  llnrHii.  Hi:!.'..  It'.:!'.t,  liU7,  IilTl'.  '  linnc  11.1.,  I'roii.li  .Mliiiuii. 

'  11,1,  ir.cj-:;  •  no!.,  1t;t7-S.  "  Vul   H.,  ,,.  l'!1|. 

Vol..  VI.— IS 


l;!.s 


I  N  i>  I  \  N   Tii  1 1!  r;s  oi'   M  A  i;  V  i, ;.  N  .- 


I  '" 


Mil  riiilllilillu    llilir,>  UCIV   Al  Jiiliijilill.  iiliil    llir    S\\ci|i-ll     lllllllf   \Vi)l  !'•  ■    IIIM'     lie    Al'jiiV 

A  liailil  I'l  llli'  Ak\\  illii-lliiMli  cxi.^lrtl  lli'Mf  (lie  SwrilcM.  wlmllt  liii'N  I'lllli'd  Mi  i^Mr.  il 
Iriril  llial    Mf.    Ilrrl\i\\r|i|('l' till>  ll>  i-i  llic  .sillllf  il^  .Million.      ( ';ilii|i:iliili-<    lias    pirfris  ril    il 

'iiK'iiliiilai'S  III   llii'ir  laiii:iia;:('.  wiiii'li  is  u  iliali'i'l   nl'  dn'  IIiiiiim  lroi|ii(ii.-<,'  a.^  |)ti|Mini'i'aii 

Inn.:' viii )l»i'i'sril.       'l'lil>  unnl  !•<  imt  In  lie  ('(iiiUmiihIi'iI  willi    Miiii|ua.      Mini|iia  \\a>' 

iIm'  l)iit(li  anil  S\Mili«li  name  fur  ihc  Sn-i|n('liiiniiiM'kM.  A  iTrrk  rnniiin,'  inlo  lie  |)rla- 
wan'  Imiiv  till'  iiaiiii'  nl'  Miiii|iia  kill,'  nut  llial  ili''  .Miiiijiia  Iim'iI  mi  it.  Imt  h  'raiiM'  il 
III  In  llii'ir  iiiiuitry. '  'riii-<  wmilil  plai'f  tiit'iii  nil  the  Sii;«i|ni'li  iiiiia.  wlinc  ihc  I'Vriu  li 
liM  all'  tlir  Aiiila«tt'>.     'I'iii'ir  inwii  ii  iIiih  (Ic-criiii'i!   Iiv  ('aiii|iaiiiii,i :  ••  'I'lic  .Miiiijiii'>i,  nr 

Miliciilis.  li\i'(l  111   till'  (li-taiK I"  twchr    (lirtN-rnlir   I'IiIl:!!,*!!)    Illilrs    I'lnlll    New  Sui'ili'li. 

wlirrc  tlirv  daily  caiiir  In  tiailf  \\illi  ii-*.  'I'lir  \\.i\  In  tiirir  laml  WHS  si'i'v  iiail.  Iiciii'j; 
lucky,  lull  nf  siiaiji.  uray  slniii'>.  w  illi  liills  and  iimrassi's;  .sn  ihat  llir  Swcilrs.  w  lien 
tlii'V  Weill  to  tlieiii.  wliicli  liapiieiied  niiee  nr  Iwiei'  il  }ear.  Iiad  to  \Milk  ill  llie  water 
ii|i  In  tlii'ii-  arinpils.  .  .  .  Tliey  li\c  mi  a  lii'^li  iiiniintaiii.  very  steep  ami  dillieiilt  In 
I'liiiili:  tlieif  lliey  lia\e  ii  I'nrt  nr  s(|uare  laiildiii'.:.  in  wliieli  tliey  reside.  'I'liey  Iruc 
,L;iins  and  -mall  irmi  eaiinnii,  with  wliirli  lliey  slmnl.  and  dejend  llieiuM'Ues,  aiiil  l.d<e 
with  tlii'in  when  they  lid  In  war.  'l'he\  are  strmi^'  and  xiunii)!!-',  Iinili  nid  and  _)niiii;_'; 
thes  are  a  tall  |ien|ile.  and  iint  rriuhll'iil  in  their  aiipeaianei'."  ' 

There  eail  he  little  dnnhl  as  In  the  idelllily  <>{'  tlioe  Sueili-h  Mil|i|na  and  the 
.\nda-tne.  nr  ( Jandastn'.;lie.  nt'  the  l'"rene!l.  lift  lis  linw  M'c  what  We  can  elicit  I'lnln 
l'',lirn|M'ail  annals.  iv-aidinL;   their  hi-tnry.      Tnward  the  elnse  nl'  (he  M'\enli'entll  eelllnix  , 

thes  had.  ill  a  ten  _\i  ai-"  war.  aliiin>t  exteiniiiiated  the  Mnhawks."  'I'he  .Minijiias  were 
a  warlike  iien[ili'.  and.  as  usual  with  the  lliirnii-lrni(iinis,  were  ii  siiiierior  rare  In  tlnir 
Aliiie  iiei::hiinrs.  "'I'liey  made  the  nllier  Indians,"  sa\s  ('aiii|iaiiiiis.  •■  suhjeet  In  them. 
Ml  that  tlii'_\  dare  lint  stir,  iinu'h  le>^  -n  tn  war  a,;;aiiist  tlieiii."'  In  lii.'l.'l.  |)e  \'ries 
rmnid  ihein  at  war  with  the  Timlier  Creek  Imliiiiis.'  .V  short  time  thereal'ler.  the 
Swetles  iiiirelia>ed  ii  iinitimi  nl"  their  terrilnry. '  and,  in  liiln.  under  the  name  nl' 
Siisc|iieliiiiiiia.  nr  ('"iiestnjue.  Indians,  lliey  eeded  In  .Mai'vlaiid  a  tract,  heviinnin.n'  at  the 
I'atiixcnl  liver  mi  the  wot.  and  termiiiatiiig  at  the  ( 'hn|itiiiik  ii\i'rnn  the  ea-t."'     The 

.Vnda-tes.    nr    ( l.illdaslnj  ui's.    will)    are    e\iilentl\     lhe>e    Cmiestn'j' 


lies,    were.    Imni     tlllli 


lllimel 


iinrial.  I'liciiiN  and   allies  nl'  the  lliimns,  and    imt  over  I'lii'iidlN  In  the    I 


I'nnnnis. 


In  h'llT.  when  the  rminer  were  mi  the  hriiik  nl'  inin.  the  .Vndastes.  then  ahle  tn  send 
I'lnm  their  sini^Ie  tnwii  l-'.HO  warrims,  ••  wlm.  when  rn:hlin,L:'.  never  lied.  Imt  sinnd  like 
a  wall,  as   Inn;^   as  there  was  one   remaiiiiiiii,"  despatehed  an  eiiihassy  to  i.,ake  lliirmi. 


'- 


¥ 


I'l'iiii.  Ili-I.  Sill'.  Mriii.,  V')I,  III.,  II.  1'iS.      It  may  Im'  sri'ii,  wiili  hIIht  ilialicis,  in  ."'lioii'.'<  Ili^itury  u|' 


nry  ul   thii 


"t" 


-   Il,i,l,   Vnl.    III.,  I'all    II.,   p.    Ill 


VlltlM.liU    elf 


liv  ll.i/.anl,  —  .\liiials,  p.  77. 


Tn'iili.iM  111'  ■!  In   IM..   Ii'i.'p'.l-lln,  p. 
Ilazanl's  .\iinal-,    p.   |s. 


( 'aliipanius,  .Arniiiis,  i*i:r. 
'  .Nli'lll.   I'rnii.   Ill.<l.  Sur.,  y„\.   111.  p.    |.-,7. 

<'aliip.    l."iS.  '   1 1,.   \'|.i,.y. 

'  Colli.,  Il,,!l<l. 


I 


I  N  It  I  A  N    'I' I!  I  It  i;>    ul      M   \  It  \  I,  A  N  h. 


1*» 


witii  ill)  olTci'  to  t''<|M)iiM>  llic'ir  i|UMrirl,  mill  n  r('i|iii'-^t  llmt  lln'  IIiiri)ii-<  wniilfl  call  nn 
tlit'iii  wlicii  tlii'V  iii'i'cli'il  iiiil. 

All  Clllllll-M  .  Ilciulcil  l>V  till'  <  'Illi^liMIl,  (  'li:ilirs  ( >ll(lllJli<inili<illt.  MIDI)  mI'IiT  x't  nut  iVcilll 
till'  \  ilhi'.'i's  of  tl.f  \\'_\  Minlnl,-.  la  till  iiii\«  tlic_\  iciiclinl  ihi'  Aiiii.i^li'  low  II.  iiihI.  iiii 
tln'ii'  iiii|Miil.  tlir  Aiular<ti'-«  ii'.-cilsnl  to  iiilciUri'.  All  ciiilia-M.  Inailid  with  liili 
liiiM'iit.H.  was  i^ciil  to  Oiiuiiila'ja  tn  drinaiiil  wli)  tlic  lriic|iioi.s  .■.truck  the  WvaiKlot,".  iiiul 
til  a>l\  tliciii  to  lie  wi^c  mill  liiir\  the  lialchcl.  Cliailcs.  iiiraiiw  hil<'.  Ii'a\iii;.'  ii  |ii'i'stiii  In 
iiw.iil  till'  I'ctiirii  iif  the  ili'|iiitii'.-«.  .''('t  (lilt  liir  lliiniiiia.  w  liicli  III'  rcachnl  mily  al'lcr  a 
lull.:  aiiil  tciliniis  iiiaich  iit'  Ini't  V  ila\  >,  iiiailc  iii'ic--ar\  hs  the  War  part  iis  w  iiliji  liic 
S'lu'cas  M'lit  nut  tn  iiitcr('c[pt  him.  His  Jniinicy  lu  Amlastc  hail  iiciii|iiri|  hut  Ini  ila\>. 
While  at  .\iiila>le,  he  \  i.^itcil  tlii'  ('liiir('lik'."'s  settletiieiit  ul' the  Swedes,  where  was  l_\iii'.' 
a  Dutch  >hi|i  ri'iilii  Maulialtail.  h\  wllicli  he  receiseil  liiliiit:s  ul'  the  liiiirilet' uf  his  u|i| 
lliellil,  (  >l|ile>>olilv.  the  tiesllit  Father  .I(II[1U',-'.  W  llulll  the  MuliaW  hs  hail  lllelfilessly 
hllteheieil  near  A  lliaiiy. 

'I'lie  lln(|iiui>  acce[itcil  liie  |iresellt-<  ul' tile  .Vlllla.stes.  hut.  lie\  el'theless.  ruUtillUeil  the 
war.  'I'lie  Iliiriiiis.  huwexer.  iie\er  iei|uireil  the  .\iiila>tes  tu  Ciller  the  (iciil.  :iiiil  they 
M'l'lll  tn  lia\e  taken  im  riii'llier  |iail   ill   the  Wai'.' 

Yet.  ill  \  >'<'>-.  the  ,1  nil  null  uf  I  lie  ."^lll  lelinr  ul'  the  ,le>uils  at  .Mull  I  leal,  which  L;ives  lis 
.'-\  ll'iliMUulls  the  liaille.'-  .\l|(la>lne  ail'l  .\llakwir.  Illelilinlis  a  re|iurt  that  I'lHIl  ul'  the 
Allilastcs  hail   liecll   taken   \t\    the   liui|l|ui«.        'I'his  le|iult   was  jil'uhalilx    llllliaillileil  ;  ihey 

Were  at    jieace  ill  jiiuii.  allhuiiLiii.  ill  that    \ car.  We  learn   that   suiue  .\nilastue  hunters 

were  I'uIiImmI   Ii_\    the  <  (in  MM  lamias  nil    Lake  (  llltarin.  ;inil   war  e\|iectei|   in  cu||-ei|Uel|ce.' 
Ill    IliliM.   the  silcce.vsnrs  uf   the  Swede,  .■-lill  cniilinueil    their  lliclidly  illtcicuur>e   witil 

the  ,\iida-le>.  ur  Miiiiiiias.  In  the  iiilluwinj:  year,  we  (liid  their  tuwii  ra\a'jed  li\  the 
.•.|iiiill-|in\  ;  and,  lis  ('aiiiiKiniiis  tells  iis,  their  Inss  hy  that  scuurj;e  uf  the  Indian,-  \\a> 
Mich  a-  In  weaken  them  irreally  as  a  iiatimi.  Yet.  under  this  alllictiuu.  llicir  sjiiiii 
reinaiiieil  iinlirukeii.  In  li'ii'il.  suiiie  of  tlnir  trilie  were  cut  ull'  hy  the  .'^eiiecas.''  and 
they,  ill  return,  killed  three  ( 'ayii^as  in  the  .-aiiie  \ear.'  In  the  liilluwiin:'  year,  they 
deleateil  the  western  cantuiis,  who  then  siipiilicated  the  I'Veiicli  liir  aid.'  The  .S'liecas 
sunn  after  renewed  tiieir  rcijiiest;"  and  ue  lind  that,  in  .May.  llilV'i.  an  ariiiv  (A'  liillll 
Seiiecas   inarched   icjainst    tlic  Miiuiiia.^.  and  laid  ^ci-e  tu  a  little  furl,  del'eiidcd    li\    1  nil 


w  arnui 


s  ()\'  that  trilie.  wlin.  cunliileiil  ill  t 


leir  uwn  lira\er\.  and  uf  iecei\  in?  ii«sisiancc 


I'rnin  their  cuiintrynien.  as  well  as  frnin  their  while  friends  in  .Maryland,  held  mit 
luanfiiily.  Al  last.  sall\  iiig  nut,  tiiey  runted  the  Seiiecas.  UilliiiLi  ten,  and  recu\erin.i; 
lis  iiiaiiv  lit'  their  uw  ii  cuiintrynieii."  l''ur  a  time,  this  \  ictury  ucvi;  tlieiii  a  jirepoiideraiice  ; 
and.  such  was  the  termr  iA'  their  arms,  that  a  purtinn  i>l'  the  Cayiivas.  Iieim;-  hard  pressed. 


d  harassed  h\   their  iiiruads.  reiiin\ed  tu  t^iinte.  imrth  o\'  l.ake  Out 


iriu. 


li'ilT-s.  p.  .">ii 


Ilii/.MnI,   l('ilill-t. 

l!rl.,  H;i;:!-I,  ell.  Vill;   Clnrl.v 

Ii.)  ,  KiiiT  ■^.  rli    V  ,  ntiuii-  ll 


.S-  .M.«l,  ;,.|  .\nii.   Ili.VJ,  ,lul^-. 
I!.l.,  liir.tl-L  l;i>t  ,li:i|i. 


I!.f.  |i;."u-s,  ill.  I\'.,  V. 
Itrl.,  |iin:i-;!,  ,li   IV. 

11:1/'..  .\niKils,  ;!|li. 


/i  ■!■; 


h'  riinnv;il  .i-  h.iviiiir  in-ciincl  Iw.i  ycavs  pv.'Vi.ni.^ 


I  ; 


11 

IT 


i 


I'     . 


140 


NM>IAN    TIMHES    O  V    MAI.'YLAND. 


'riif  war  was  contiiiucil  in  a  dcsiilldrv  inaiiiu'r.  In  iCilJS,  tlie  inissioiiiiry  ivsidunt  at 
Ondndaiia.  hclicld  a  (iandast(i;:ii(''  ,i;irl  tiod  to  tliu  stake;  and,  in  IGO'J.  tlio  Oncidas  sent 
out  jiarlics  ai;ainst  tlicni.  in  lliTd,  prisonois  wi'ic  aizain  hroiiiiht  to  Scni'oa  and  Onuida, 
when'  llii'v  wnv  loi'tnrcd.'  During  tlii!  j)ri'vious  autnnni,  tliu  (Jandastognc's  luid  again 
attaclvi'd  till'  Cavngas;  but  at  last  tlicy  .sent  an  aniijassadur  to  tlio  latter,  who,  contrary 
tu  usage,  was  ini[irisoneil,  and,  in  tlie  spring,  put  to  death,  together  with   his  nephew.'' 

Abou'  tiiis  lime,  an  lro((U(>is  niedieine-nian.  when  dying,  ordered  his  body  to  bo 
interred  on  the  road  to  the  eountry  of  the  Andastes,  promising  to  present,  even  in 
death,  the  iurt)ads  ()[■  tliat  waning,  yet  terriljle  tril)e.  lie  also  promised  thai  lloeliitagete. 
the  great  eiiiel'  of  the  Andastes,  should  fall  into  their  hands.  Notwitlistanding  iiis 
prophesy,  desjiite  the  potency  of  his  Ijones.  tiio  Andastes  carried  oiV  tiiree  Cayuga 
women;  '^nd.  when  a  party  of  Senecas  took  tiie  field,  with  promises  of  support  irom  a 
I'eservi'  of  ("ayugas.  they  were  met,  attacked,  and  defeated  by  a  party  of  si.\t\  .\ndastes 
\outh,  or,  rather  boys,  who,  having  killed  several,  and  routed  the  rest,  then  started  in 
pursuit  of  the  Ciyugas,  whom,  however,  they  tailed  to  overtake. 

This  \  ii'tory  was  needed  :  the  .\ndastes  bad  sull'eretl  grealK'  in  point  of  innnbers. 
••(iod  help  tlieni."  says  the  niis>ionary  who  relates  the  preceding  victor\',  "they  have 
only  three  hundred  warriors!"' 

The  war  continued.'  but  the  .Marylander.s  became  the  enemies  of  the  Andastes  or 
Conestogoes,  and,  iiy  the  year  ItiTo,  they  iiad  at  li'Ugth  yiidded  to  tiie  Iroipiois,'  who 
remo\'((l  a  jiortion  ot' lliem,  at  least.  I'roin  their  old  jiosition,"  to  oni^  higher  n[),  jjcrhaps 
to  (.)nog'h(piage. 

Some  of  the  (,'oncstogoes.  howi'ver.  remained  at  tli(!  place  wiiicli  still  hears  their 
name.  'I'hey  made  a  treaty  with  I'enn  in  IdS'l:  but,  when  that  j)roprietor  became 
aware  ot'  their  dependent  state,  he  a|iplicMl  to  the  Irmpmis  through  Dougan."  When  a 
.•~ulisi(pient  treaty  W'.s  coniduded  with  them,  in  ITnj.a  deputy  from  Onomlaga  was 
prcMiit.  and  ralilic  d  the  acts  of  Conoodagtoh.  '•  the  king  of  the  Sus(|nelianua  "  AK'iKpiass, 
or  (  onestogo  Indians."  At  this  period,  other  Indians  had  joined  the  survivors,  and 
Shawnese.  as  w(dl  as  tlanawese,  also  appear  among  them."  Subsecjuently.  w  lien  a  treaty 
was  negotiated  with  Lieutenant-(!o',ernor  I'ati'ick  (lordon.  lour  chiefs  of  the  Conestogoes, 
one  the  souu'wbat  celebrateil  interpri'ter.  Ci\ility,  were  |)resent,'"  and.  also,  thesanu- 
iiunibv-r  ot'    Af::on(piiu   chiefs,   lieaded    by   'I'iorhaasery.      < 'olden    represents    them   as 


i;.l.,  ICTI-'J,  p.  s| 

'('..Mm,  I'Jii. 


'  IM..  IHT-'-:!,  .M.S. 


'  itil.  ii;r.s-Tii.  -■  i;..]..  it;ii'.i  tu. 

''  i-',l:it  pri'soiit  ilis  Missi.iiis.  MS. 

'  Kiitli  s.i  st.-iti..l  ill   ITl'u.      S.v  (l'('all;ili:iii,  I Ib-t.  N.  V..  V..1.   1. 

'  b  V  ill  !..■  s  ■.'11    tlial    till'  I.  rill    S^l^.|lll■ll;lr]|l;ls  is  \i-r.|  :is  if  it  xv.rr  .'i  svii..nyiii.'  iit'  ( '(iiii.,-tii._'ii...      .'^iiiilli,  (]t. 

|s-J),  ,..|.i'iikM.ftlii'.""iisinioli:iiiii(ifk.s  as  iisiii;j:  a  ilill'.'rciit  laii'.'uaL'c  In  mi  tin-  \'iririniaii.  that  is,  I'ri.in  tlic  .\li; |iiiii, 

trilii's.      rrif'..i'liiiiati'ly.  im  tr.i.-i'  d' llii-ir  l.iii._nia._'i'  miiaiii--,  as  (iallatiii  a--uri  s  us.  iinliss.  iml 1,  tlic  ..;raiiiiM:ir, 

ilicliuiiary,  iiml  catccliisiii  i.f'tlic  Joiiit  i-'iitlii-r  Wliit.',  niii.  ul'llii'  lir.-t  srlil.  r-  ..I'  .Alarvlaml,  |.inv.'  I.,  l...  in  iliat 
iaii.j-iia'.'i'.      Tiioy  an'  prcscrviij  at.  liuii,.'.  an.l  tin'  writ.T  luijji'S  sunn  l.i  ]...-si~^  ci.iiiis  nf  lln'iii. 

"Ti'caty,  I'.'Dii.    liisl.    .M.'iii..  Vnl     III.,  |.     ji'.'.l.  '"  p,.||,i.   Ili-I.   .M,  in  .  \'..l.  III.,  p.  L'lKI, 


I 


INDIAN    TRIBES    <»!•"    MARYLAND. 


Ill 


spcal' 


lvin<) 


Oiiei 


ua.  aiK 


III    iiic 


t,  tlu-'ir  dialect   aiipnjximatcs  it  greatly.'     Besides    the 


Diuiuiiis,  tlierc  were  solium  kindred  Naiitieokes  at  Conestogoe ;  yet  tliey  still  Idniied 

'liiow  wlio  liave  ri'i 


AI. 

but  a  simmU  village,  destined  suuii  to  perish,  as  all  k 
ol"  I'arkiiuui. 
ill  ITGM,  th 


■ad  th 


e  classic  1 


)age 


d 


MIS.   aiK 


111  1  /U<),  tliey  niunbercd  only  twenty  souls,  living  in  a  cluster  of  squalid  caDiii 
.'dl  dependent  on  the  industry  ol'  the  leniale  portion.  The  men  were  wild,  gipsydike 
beings,  and,  in  the  troubled  state  of  the  country,  uhilc  Pontiae  was  encircling  the 
colony  with  an  ever  narrowing  hedge  of  burning  dwidlings,  excited  suspicion  by  their 
cartdess,  if  not  threatening  language.  In  their  vicinity  was  the  town  of  I'axton. 
settled  by  Irish  Presbyterians,  who  had  iinijibed,  in  their  ii:itiv(^  country,  a  fanatical 
s[)irit.  and  hatred  ol  Pagan  institutions.  These  men,  having  suddenly  resolve(l  to 
destroy  the  last  ilistinct  remnant  of  the  Andastes,  Miiupias,  or  Cuiieslogocs.  armed 
tbein.selves,  ami,  in  mid-winter,  attacked  the  little  village,  in  which  they  found  only 
si.K  persons,  whom  they  butchered,  and  then  fired  their  log  huts.  The  sherifl'  of 
Jiaiicaster,  when  cogni/ant  of  the  outrag(,',  hurried  tiie  survivors  to  the  jail  of  that  town, 
as  a  place  of  si'curit\-;  but  even  here,  they  could  not  escape  the  fury  of  the  I'axton 
boys.  On  the  'J7th  of  December,  while  the  townsfolk  were  in  church.  lhe\-  entered  the 
town,  broke  open  the  jail,  and  massacred  the  survivors,  who  fought  desperately  with 
billets  of  wood,  thus  maintaining  to  the  last  their  ancient  lenown.' 

Such  was  the  close  of  the  history  of  the  Andastes.  The  remnant  of  a  nation  wdfadi 
liad,  during  lourteen  years,  engaged  the  \  ictorious  Iro(piois  hand  to  hand,  were 
massacred  by  a  band  of  lawless  whites.' 


'  C.iMi'ii,  ir..  .')S.     Tlie  iiaiiio  Tiiirliaiiscry  is  tlmt  buriio  by  tlio  ci'li'briitiHl  iiiis.-iuiKiiT  J.auibc  rvill(',,'iiiil  iinaiiH 

|)a\viiiii'j;  nf  till'  (lav." 

'  i'arUiuaii,  l.'uiispinu'y  iif  I'ontiac.  '  MSS.  »(  .Inhii  (1.  ."-lira,  lv«|.,  iic/,is. 


I     I 


E 1  :!ii 


m 


i'J. 


rm 


I4J 


I.NJHAJS'    TlllJiES    UF    M  A  11  \' i.  A  N  i). 


II    <: 


CHAPTEK   Y. 


SUMMAllY     OF     THE     COT  ID  MPOU  A  1{  Y     K  Yl  UK  \C  HS     OF    TllK 


SUSQUKIIANXOCK    ll'STOllY 


ill  I'-'i 


It  will  not  be  dociiicil  inii)r(ii)iT.  Kd'oR'  flusiiiu;  tin'  liistory  of  oiu'  nf  tlir  most 
|iroiiiiiiciit  and  cliiiriiclcristii'  trilu's  cxistini:'  diirinL;'  the  cativ  ilavs  of  the  ccntrid  colonii's 
(irilic  United  Statrs.  a  lira\(\  piMnd.  and  liiiili-^iiiritcil  i\u'c,  to  collate,  in  a  Ijiiel'  Icinn, 
the  prini'i^ial  evideneos  of  the  times  which  constitute  the  hasis  ol'  their  historv. 

AccordiiiL;'  to  a  tradition.  naiTated  in  the  .Tcsnit  Relation  H_)r  lt)")',)-G<l.  the  Andastes 
had.  inior  to  liidH.  durini;'  a  ten  yeais"  war.  alinnst  exterminated  the  .Mohawks,  and  so 
eumiileirh-  humliled  ihal  Imld  and  wai'liko  tribe,  that,  after  the  period  mentioned,  they 
st.'ldiim  dareil  tu  nrcuoke  thi'ni.' 

llowex'er.  in  ItJOS.  Smith  Ibuiid  them  still  eontendinj;-  with  eacli  other.  (Mpially 
resiilutc    and   warlike;    the  Siisi[nehannas.  or   Andastes,  being    imprcunablo  in   their 


pali^aiK'd  town,  and  i-uHiil;  (i\  er  all  th( 


ini)MMi  trniei 


^oon 


Iter  the  Dllteh  settled  New  Vol'k.  ihev  visited  the  |)( 


'elaware  rivoi'.  and  h'^cainc 


acquainted  with  the  dumiiiant  trilie.  the  Min'|uas.  \vhi>  rame  iVmn  the  Susquehanna,  bv 
Minquaskill.  to  trade  wilh  theui.  In  \t\'\'\.  De  \'riis  Ibnnd  them  at  war  witli  the 
Timber  Creek  Indians,  and  rulini;'  with  an  ireii  hand'  tiie  tribes  ]ocat<,'d  on  tiie  banks 
1)1'  the  Delaware.  Fi\-e  \e-n's  snlisi'i|iiently.  -Minuil.  at  the  jieail  of  a  enlDny  ol'  Swedes, 
('<Hmded  New  Sweden,  iiuiehasiii'i  the  laml  iVum  the  .Minquas/  A  .-trdm:  IViemlship 
iirew  up  beiwoon  the  ,\'ttlei-s  and  this  tribi',  and  ;i  lucrative  trade  was  carried  on.  which 
excited  the  jealousy  nl'  the  Mntch.  who  made  repeate(l  ende.;ivors  to  obtain  a  shai'e  of 
it."     "The   Minquas.  or   .Minckns," -ays  ( 'ampaniu-.  "  lived   at   the  distance  ol'  twcl\(> 


li!'t\-liiur  !• 


ujIi^Ij  I  mile-   irom    .New  >wi 


den.  wiiei'e  thev  dail\-  cauii'  to  trade  with  us 


The  way  to  their  land  was  \-ery  bad.  beim;'  stc.iu}'.  lull  of  sharp.  i:ra\'  stones,  with  hilb 
and  morasses:  .so  tiiat  the  Swedis.  when  the\- went  to  them,  which  happened  iivneral 


twice  a  \ear.  had  to  walk  in  fhi!  water  up  to  their  arin-i)ils 


T 


allv 


lev  nve 


111  a  hii:h  niouiUain.  veiy  steeji  and  ddhcuU  to  climb ;  there  they  haxc  a  tiirt,  or  siju; 


iro 


I!i'l:l(iiiii  (].■  ci'  ({III  s'cst   |i;i-S('r-i  ;illll('i-^,    1  ll.'if|-l'il'l. 
.N.  V.   Hist.  ^^.,•.  C.Ii..  \'..!.   II,.  i.,  |,.    I.'v 
.N.    V.    lli-l,   .S,r.  Coll..    Vul.    II   ,  i.,  |,     IIJ. 


Vx  >/.m:iu . 

\'..V;iLri'-    cil'    |»o    V|i;'s  J,i'Ull.l.\    nlillipllj. 

il.M.   I- I. 


INDIAN    TllTBF.S    OF    MARYLAND. 


ns 


biiililiiij:.  ill  wliicli  tlii'N  livi',  in  the  miiiuH'r  tliiit  Las  Iicl'ii  lU'scrilicd.  Tlicy  luiide  tiie 
ollii'i  liiiliaiis  Milijret  U>  lliciii,  !^i)  tliiiL  tlicy  dare  not  stir,  nuicli  less  j^u  lo  wiU'  agjiiust, 
tliciii  ;  lull  tiirir  luiiiilii'i'.s  aiv,  iit  i»resoiil,  greatly  trmiiiuslK'il  by  wars  and  sickness." ' 
or  iliis  Hade  ol'  the  Swedes  willi  llio  .Siisiiueliaiuias,  and,  es[ieeiull\',  of  their  su[)i)l\ing 
the  latttT  witli  hreanns,  wo  have  iinutlier  piiiol'  in  I'lowdiMi's  New  Alljion.  '•  Tiie 
Swi-dfs  liired  out  three  of  their  siildieis  lo  tiie  Sii,-.i[iiciiaiiiiin'l<s,  and  luive  taught 
tlieiii  the  use  of  our  arms  and  lights."" 

In  Dil7,  the  Ilurous  weri'  on  tlie  hriuk  of  ruin.  'I'iie  lid(|uois  iiad  pursued  them. 
alter  tlieir  idlianee  with  tlie  Freiieii,  ■\vitii  the  utmost  fury.  Wy  stratagem,  tiie  whole 
disliiei  of  eoinitry,  from  the  Oswego,  (lenesee.  and  Niagara  ri\-ers,  to  the  \ery  s!<irts 
of  .MouIixmI.  was  eoNcnil  iiy  war  [larties,  who  waylaid  e\ery  patli.  Themselve.s  of  the 
lroi|Unis  lineage,  ihey  were  |iursiK'd  with  the  des[ieralion  of  a  family  i(Uarrel.  I'lu're 
■was  no  pily  and  no  merey  in  th  Iroijuois  moile  of  warfare.  They  have  heen  known 
to  travcd  a  thousand  miles,  and  tiieii  conceal  themsidves  near  the  cahiii  of  some  unsus- 

lis  scal|).      During  their  war  wiili   the 


pecli 


liim'  foe.  that  thev  mi'.;lit 


him   of 


Iroi|Uois,  the  .\nila>tes  or  Susi|iiehaiuias,  then  aMe  to  ^einl  1  ■IIMI  warriors  I'rom  tlieir  siiigli 
town,  des[)atclied 


an   emliassN'  to  the  .sliores  ol 


[jake    Huron,  lo  olli'i'  ll 


d  to  t: 


leir 


It  all 


lucient  allies,  iiroiiu 


sing  to  lake  up  arms  wliene\-er  called  upon.     The  infatuated  Uuroiis 
on  their  own  strength,  and  seem  to  have  slighted  the  proferred  itssistance  till  it 


too   late.      .'~>lill.   an   emhassv  was   sent    from    Ilnidiiia.    lnadeil   hv   the   Cliiistia.! 


\\  arrior 
solicited 


Charles  O 


lulaaioiiilion 


I.      In   ten   da\-s.  tlie\    reached   llie   Andaste   t 


own,  am 


mereiv 


the  iiilerveiilion  of  llie  Susiiuehannas.      lie  left  the  Huron  towns  on 


tiie  l.'Uli  of  .\iigust,  and  reached  theiii  a'jaln  on  the  .'iih  of  Ocloher. 

The  Dutch  slill  continued  lo  sirugLile  lor  ihe  Mimpia  or  Siisipiehamia  trade,  from 
which  the  Swedes,  no  less  /.ealously.  eiidea\i)red  to  exclude  them;  imt.  in  Diol.the 
Dutch   purchased  of  tiie  .Miiiipias  all    llie   laud    liclween  the  .Miinpia-kill   and    lioiiities 


Ilo>'k.  ill  the  name  of  tin 


.^iates-(!eueial  and  the  West  India  ('om[)a 


in\-. 


.\t  the  epoch  of  ('alvcrt's  eoloni/alioii.  the  Susipiehaniias  liad   heen   at  -ivar  with  the 


l'i<calaw 


us.    as    well   as   w 


itii    ollii  r   .Mai'slaiid    I 


niies.    am 


1   seem    lo   ha\e   cut   ofl"   a 


niissionar\-  settlciiieii 


t.      In    ICil-J   ll 


ie\-  Were   declared   enemies  ol'  llie   cciloii\',   and 


the\- still   coiitinueil   llii'ir  ra\ageswi 


ih    the  W 


\eomeses.  auil 


app;ireli'.ly.  the  >eiieca> 


Caplain  • 'oriiwallis  was  sent  against  ihem.  and  a  fort  creeled  on  I'aluierV  island,  to 
check  iheir  inroad-  '  The  war  continueil.  |iowi'\i'r.  and  an  elliirt  made  lo  Lriii-  ahout 
a  Conference  in  .May.  Di  I  I.  wilii  a  \  iew  lo  estal)li>hillL;'  peace,  faileil.  The  new  sellle- 
nieiils  of  llie   l'uiilai'<  oil    ihe   Si'Ncrii.   in   the   very  territories  of  llie  Sus((ue]i:iimas, 


'  .>Ii'i;inivs  i.t'  till'  ili-l.irii-;il  .^^n.-irtv  "f  l'rnMsy1v;ii\i;i.  \'.'l    111  .  p.    \'>7. 

«  I'L.w.lra's  Nfw  Alliinii.      .-J..,..  ;,l-i,  l!../.iiiaii's  .Mmi-vImii.I,  \m1.   II,.  |..  l::::. 

'  N.     V       lll-l,    .<nr.    (',,11    ,    \',,1.     II    ,    i    ,    |,       ll'J. 

*  Nl'.siinrv',-   lli-lmv  nf    \|ir\i:in.|,  |.|..  .''I   '.i.       I>u/iii:iii'>  lli-|..r\  ol'   M:ii  \l;iii,|,   \'..        '  ,  pp.  L'l  I    Jlil 


rs*ii!.y 


144 


INDIAN    TRIBES    OF    MARYLAND. 


9.- 


liaviii^  tiivoii  fn^sli  iinihraiiv,  the  frontier  was  ravaged  by  predatory  bands.'  In  1052 
IK'aci'  was  llrnily  established  1)y  a  treaty  signed  at  tlie  river  Severn,  on  the  5th  of  July, 
bv  liichani  IJmnett,  Edward  Lloyd,  William  Fuller,  Leonard  Strong,  and  Thomas 
Marsh,  on  bt'linll' ol'  the  colony;  and  Sawahegch.  Auroghtareuh.  Scarhwhadigh,  Itut- 
ehogah.  and  Is'iitheldianeh,  Suscjuehanna  ''war  captains  and  couneillors"  of  Sus(|ue- 
hanagh.  in  tlie  presence  of  ".lafer  Peter  for  the  Swedes  Governor." 

I>y  t!iis  treaty  all  [last  gricNunces  were  forgiven  on  lioth  sides,  jjcace  was  established, 
ami  ]irovision  made  to  ])revent  future  hostilities.  The  Susqnehainias  thereby  ceded  to 
till-  L'olony  all  the  territory  between  Patnxent  river  and  Palmer's  island,  on  tlie  west, 
and  iVom  (  ho|itank  river  to  the  branch  above  Elk  river,  exceiiting  Palmer'.s  island,  on 
wliicli  both  parties  were  at  libi'rty  to  have  trading  houses. - 

broke    out    between     the    Andastes    and    the     Senecas.    whicli 
as    !('i7">.    for.    in   thi^   still   nnjiublished    Tnanuscript,   Pelation    for 


ii 


1     l(i-)l 


a    war 


continued    as   latr 


-^iul-. 


fill']    llir    follow  in-    remark  of  Father   liamberville :  "Two  Andastoiinei 


taken  by  tlie  lr(M|nois.  wei'e  more  fortunate;  they  received  baptism  innnediately  before 
the  hot  irons  ^ve^e  a|tplied.  One  of  them  ]ia\ing  been  burnt  in  a  cal)in  iluring  the 
iii'iht    I'rom  the  feet  np  to  the  knees,  ja'ayed  with   me   tlu!  next  day.  when   liouml   to  a 


stake  m  tlie  sfpiare  ol   tlie   castle,      i  need  not  repeat   here,  w 


1  not 


i-liat   is   alreaih'  known 


that  the  tortures  intlieted  on  tl 


lisoners  of  war  are  hori'ible.    'J"i 


pat 


leiiee  (It  these 


th 


]Mior  \ietiins  is  ailmirable  :  but  it  is  iiujiossilile  to  behold,  without  horror,  tiieir  tiesh 
roasted  and  ile\oLi)-eil  by  men.  who  act  like  famished  dogs. 

"Passing  one  day  liy  a  plac(>  where  they  u'ere  cutting  up  tli'*  body  of  one  of  tiicse 
victims.  I  could  not  refrain  from  going  up  to  inveigh  against  this  brutality.  One  of 
these  cannibals  was  calling  fjr  a  knife,  to  cut  off  an  arm  :  I  ojiposed  it.  and  threatened, 
it' he  would  not  (le>i>t.  that  ( loil  \V(iulil  soonei' or  later  ])Uiiisli  his  cruelty,  lie  persisted, 
howevei'.  gi\iug  as  his  reason  that  he  Avas  iii\ited  to  a  dream-K'i'.st,  where  nothing  was 
to  be  eaten  but  human  liesli.  brought  by  the  guests  them.-^ehcs.  Two  days  after.  (lod 
pirinitted  Ills  \\\[\'  to  fall  into  the  hands  ol'  the  Audastogues,  who  axcuged  on  her  the 
cruelty  of  liii'  liii-baiid." 

( )f  till'  two  following  years  we  ha\e  no  ilefiiiitt'  ticctiunt,  but.  in  ItiTo,  the  ■•  J'itat 
Pr^'Siiit  of  MniiM'i.;iieiir  lie  St.  \'alier.  l)isIio|i  ot'  (Quebec."  .•~;ieaks  of  the  pride  ol'  the 
L'oipiois,  sinci'  the  defeat  of  the  Amlastes.  When,  or  where  the  deci>ive  battle  was 
fought.  I  ha\i'  been  utterly  unable  to  trac(^;  from  what  can  be  gleauetl  from  the  annals 
of  .MarUaii'l  ainl  \  iruiiiia.  it  seems  nio.»t  probable  that  their  .stronghold  was  taken,  and 
that  the  >iir\i\ois  lied  south. 

Aceordiiiu'  to  ilie  liistorians  of  ."\lar\land   and  \'ir'jiula.''  the   Senecas  had.  in   KiTI. 


t 


i  i     ! 


'  li../iii;Mi,  \  .il.    II  ,  ],.  :;il(,  2  S.'c  tiviily  ill  li..zliKin,  Vnl.   II. .  \<.  l^-'.       .^l  •.'<lirirv.  jj  71. 

^  >r.iiiii.-Tii.t  l!i'l:ili.iii,  jiiTJ-:;.  p.   III. 

'  liniii-iMU'-    lli-t..iT   ..r    111,,    liiit,.,!    ,<t.-,l.'.-,    \'..l.    II,,    _'l."i.       .M'Slu'i-rv'.s    lli-i..rv  nf    M;inl.-iii.|,   p.   !M). 
l!i>tiirv  nl'  \'ir-iiii,i 


INDIAN    TRIIiES    OF    MARYLAND. 


145 


cotKiucri'd  tlio  Siis(|ii('ii;iiiiiiis,  iiiul  drivt'ii  lli(;in  IVoiii  tlu-ir  aliodc,  iit  tin'  lioiul  dl"  tlio 
Clii'siipi'iikf,  lo  tlir  vii'inity  ol"  tin-  l'isc,it;i\v;iys.  TIk?  I'ligitlvcs  liiul  tiikeii  ivfuijc  in  an 
old  liii't  wliicli  liad  liL'loiigiMl  to  llicir  I'ormcr  aiitagonist.s,  and  tliero  resolutidy  dcleiidcd 
tlifinsflvi's  a,^aiiist  tin;  Soiiccas,  who  still  [jursiicd  them,  riivauiiiji  without  iimch 
cuiK'oni.  tiie  lands  of  the  whites.  Some  of  the  colonists  were  actually  cut  olV.  and.  as 
the  Siisquehannas  had.  in  the  oldea  time,  heeu  enemies,  and  wei'e  now  apparently 
invadinu'  the  colonii's,  it  was  aLH'eed  to  send  a  joint  Maryland  anil  Air^inia  ft)r('e  airainst 
theiii.  On  the  lioth  of  Septen-.her,  lG7o,  the  Maryland  troops,  under  Major  'rrueman, 
appeared  before  their  fort,  lie  was  apparently  satisfied  with  their  [irotcstatious  of 
innocence;  hut,  beiiiir  joineil  on  the  i'ollowinjjr  day  by  the  Virginians,  under  Coiontds 
Washiuiiton  and  Mason,  under  the  stronu'  provocations  before  stated,  he  caused  li\c  of 
the  cliiels.  who  came  out  to  treat  with  them,  to  be  seized  and  liouiid.  To  prove  tiirir 
friendship,  they  showed  a  silver  medal,  and  papers  uiven  them  ly  governors  of  Marv- 
land  ;  but,  in  spite  of  all,  they  were,  under  false  impulses,  put  to  death.  Many  fell  in 
the  lii:lit.  the  rest  e\aeuated  the  t()it.  eonuneneed  a  ri'treat.  and  a  war  of  re\-euLre. 
and,  lieinu-  joined  liy  other  tribes,  the  whole  border  was  dehiired  in  blood,  liaeon's 
rebellion,  in  \'iri;iina,  t;i'ew  out  of  this  act  of  treachery,  and  the  war  was  fmally  ended, 
it  would  seem,  by  tlu^  aid  of  the  lro((uois,  who.  joining  the  Maryland  and  N'iriinia 
army,  t()rced  the  survivinir  Susipiehannas  to  return  to  their  former  post,  where  a 
number  of  Iro<piois  were  incor])orated  with  them.' 

The  Susipiehainias  were  finally  I'.xterminated  as  a  nation ;  but  their  name  will  l)e 
perpetuated  by  their  noble  I'iver.  which  is  a  more  enduring  memorial  than  the  peri>h- 
able  moinnnenfs  erected  b\  man. 


.^,v  c,,!,!,. 


Vol.  VI. -10 


..r   Ih..    l-ivr   Nlltiulis.    Vnl.    rt.,   p.    120.       (Ivlilini,  nf    1717  ) 


^Rl 


ViM 


;i1"ii| 


n  1    ' 


:.'M 


I     '■■■  '■!! 


'Uiilteli.^^i.; 


I  "t  I 


tm 


i. 


SECTION    EIGIITIL 


OCriPANCY  OF  NEWYOKK  HVTFTE  KNCLISH, 
AND  SIKU'EI.  TO  THE  INDIAN  WARS  OF 
NEW     ENGLAND. 


Cn AFTER   T. 


*    I 


NEW  NETHERLANDS  SURRENPEKED  TO  THE  ENGLISH,  AND 

NAMED  NKV  VoUK. 


Whilst  a  lorciuni  jjowcr  liild  sw.iy  over  tlic  ontirc  tcrritoiy  honlcrinu-  N 


ow 


l(it)4        Kii^laiul  on  tlio  wost  ami 
ito  that 


lUth.  liu'ilitii's  wiTc  (ilI'iTi'd  lor  the  osciipc  of  In 
(I    tl 


ilian 


nniainlcrs  into  tliat  imivinc'-;  and    tin'  iin|nv>.<i(in  invvailrd.  wIiuIIut  \V( 


ill  Ibuiidcd.  (\'iiinot   lie   dclfiniiiicd.  lliat    sucli 


licrsons   iv((i\rd  coinitcnancie  from   tli 


Dutch  authorities,  or.  at  least,  thai  the  Indians  luidtT  their  iurisd 


junsdietion,  received  and 


sheltered  the  aboriginal  I'upiitives. '      jhit  this  state  of  all'airs  eeased,  after   th 
\\as  takiii   li\-  the  Eiiiilisii.,  in  liidl.  twenty 


le  iiroMiiee 


pi 
years  after   the   elose  of  the    PtMjnot  war. 


war 


The  I)riii>li  Ihe;-  then  \v;;ved  in  triiiniiih  fnun   the   ulniosl  honndaries  of  New  Endand 
to   those  of    Florida.      It    was    an    un(|nestionahl(     fact    that,    when    the    Pe(|not 
terrnin.ated.  in  b'l!  '    nimy  of  this  indomitable  tribe.  ,if: t 
at  Fairtielil.  .M"'.ht  shelter  in  the  territorv  of  the   .Mo] 


tin;-'-  from  the  massaert 


lawks.      Sinie  nidivnluals  of  it, 


II  ,1    of  the  Xanrieokes.  ajJinMr  to  have  been   ineorporuted  with  the  Seohari 


also,  as  we 

band  of  tilt    .Mohawks;   but.  b_\   !'ar  the  v'^'ater  iiiunln 

selves  on  a  branrh  of  the  North  river,  e:,!'-!  Sea-hfieoke.'  in  a  \alley  im|u,i11v  iis  lertilo 


[>e|-Ulitted  to  locate  th 


em- 


a>  it  was  beautifid.  whicli  was  Lir.uued  to  them  bv 


uu 


tlioriti 


.Ml 


lanw 


Tl 


lese 


J 


I  . 


..n.     (l'C,-,ll.iL:!KHiV  Ill~t..rv  of  Nrw  .\ 


Hrn(llirii,|'-  lli-t.iiT  ..(■  Nrw  York.     T 
Vnlc  Muii.srir>  Annuls  uf  AUiany, 


i'lliill;ill(ls. 
i\<  \V"iil  M]i|i(virs  tl.  iiK.ii),  tlie  fir^t  r-tri'.-iin  .'iftfr  iviicliiiii,'  .still  water. 

(14G, 


THE    ENGLISH    OCfiri'Y    NEW    V(HIF\. 


147 


fugitive 


iinioni 


ulioiii  were  sonic  otlior  IViigiiit'iits  of  tlio  scii-coiist  AlfJiOiKiuins.  never 


ivsiinu'd  tlicir  oii;:iiiiil  triliiii  Mpix'lliition,  Imt  ,-  tticd  down  under  tlie  govennnent  of 
tlic  lr(){|ii((is  ('{HittJMs,  who  isheltiied  tlie  remnants  of  the  desi)oiled  and  eonciuercd 
tiilies.  Dclc^iilcs  from  tliese  Indians  iittended  some  of  the  Mohawk  couneils,  but  they 
retained  none  of  their  former  independent  character,  and  were  not  nnieh   resiwcted. 


d'li 


the  estal)lish 


it  of  the  Knjrlish 


York,  tiie  entire 


remacy  in  I 

Scajrhtieoke  hand  |ire(;i[)itately  lied,  and  located  tlicmselves  under  the  [irotection 
ol'  tile  Frencli.  at  Missisijni  Imy,  on  the  northern  waters  of  Lake  Ciiamplain.  To 
tiiis  course  tliey  weri'  imixdled  l)y  one  or  otiier  of  several  reasons;  eitlier  iiei-ause  less 
(Countenance  was  shown  them  I)y  the  New  York  authorities,  on  account  of  tli(>  repi'ated 
complaints  of  tiie  ('onnccticnt  colonists;  or  that  the  whites  infringed  too  much  on  tho 
land  assigned  them  ;  or  that  the  Canadian  anihorities,  who  were  in  communication, 
and  sympathy  with  them,  exercised  a  jiersuasive  iiitluence ;  or,  it  is  more  prohahle, 
that  they  feared  the  New  Yorkers  were  ahout  to  avenge  the  wrongs  inllicted  on  the 
Connecticut  settlers. 

At  the  iicri(id  when  the  Knudish  and  Celtic  elements  of  population  were  introducod  into 
New  York,  liiere  were,  as  there  hail  heeu  previously,  hut  two  Indian  powers  contending 
Jlir  tlie  soN'creiguty  in  tiiis  colony.  tli(>  AluoiKpiin  and  the  Ir(M|U()is.'  Thi'  Ali^'oiupiins, 
di\ideii  into  numerous  hands,  under  local  names,  had.  from  an  early  date,  occupied  the 
valley  of  the  Iluilson.  lu'low  the  site  of  .Vlhaiiy;  and  the  right  hank  of  that  river,  as 
high  up.  at  h'iist.  as  the  inllu\  of  tlu'  Wallkill.  was  occupied  hy  the  second  totcmic 
class  of  the  i,cmio  I,enapees.'  who  hore  the  name  of  Mnnsees,  the  various  tribes  of 
which,  known  as  tin'  I'laiitans.  Sanhikans.  &c..  covered  the  entire  surface  of 
New  .lersey.  On  the  li'iht  banks  of  the  Hudson  were  the  Mohicans  proper,  known 
iindtT  tiie  Iiihid  appellations  of  Wappengers.  Tajiiiensees,  and  Wequa-esgecks,  and 
other  hands  of  tlie  Westchester  .Mgoncpiins.  These  latter  extended  their  possessions 
into  the  boundaries  of  Connecticut.  The  Manhattans  were  the  band  residimr  on  tho 
island  of  the  same  name,  mid  the  T-oiig  Island  tribes,  descriptively  called  Sewan-akii^s,' 
or  shell-land  band-,  were  known  by  the  generic  name  of  Metiiacs.  Nearly  every  prominent 
hav.  island,  or  clKinnel.  ol'whii'h  the  great  bay  ot'  New  York  is  the  recipient,  possessed 
its  local  name.  ili'i'i\ed  often  iVoni  that  of  a  tribe,  and  often  from  geographic.il  leatures. 

Ill  the  middle  and  wi'stern  jiarts  of  th(>  State,  between  the  Tawasciitha  valhy  of 
Albany  county,  and  the  Niagara  river,  resided  the  Troipiois.  consistiii'j  of  the  fi\-c  tribes 
of  the  .Mohawks.  Oneiilas.  Oiionda'-'as.  Cayngas,  and  SiMiccas.  wlm.  ufter  the  f  irmatioii 
of  their  confederacy,  lilled  by  far  {\\o  most  imiiortant  position  in  the  history  of  the 
North  .\merican.  oi\  to  be  more  precise.  Vesperii' '  Indians.  Accordiiig  to  some 
authorities,  this  lea-iie  hail    I n    linnied  but  a  short  time  anterior  to  the  di-i'o\er\  of 


^  t 


iii;i 


■fy. 


fUi 


'  Vi'l''  Kill    l!i's  ,  Vol.  in.  '  Maniv  mni.  I'imui  /•nun,  n  nun.  in'i/ir,  ;i  male. 

'  .\  .•iiiiip.,nn.l.  iVuiii  firiiii,  \vaiii|iiiMi  >-Iirll,  ami  •iiihir,  lain!  '  N'i.l.'  tali     I!.'-  ,  \'m1    \'. 


\% 


,  MI!' 


!1 


I  ! 


\  ,  li- 


148 


TlIK    KNdLFSll    OCCll'Y    NEW    YOllK. 


tin-  Hudson  river.'  Otliors.  iiinoiijj  wlium  is  tlic  liiiiiiiii  iiiiiiiilist,  ( 'iisic.  w  liosc  cliioiiDloLry 
is  not.  liowL'vi'r.  ivliMl)lc.  awv  tlnit  tlio  diiti'  ol'  tin-  conl'iMlrracv  is  I'lir  more  uncicnt.' 
From  111!  iici'oinits,  (lin'inj;-  tiic  lirst  liiilf  ccntnrv  iii'ici-  llic  si'ttlcnicnl  of  \'ir>:iniii,  tliu 
Alfionijnins  witc  llie  most  nnuuTons  in  popnliition  alonj;  tiic  sen  coasts,  and  lor  moiv 
than  ii  t'lMitniT  and  a  liail'.  in  tlic  inti-rioi'.  Tiiis  niinii  rical  siiprcmacv  continncd  initil 
till'  Kmopcan  iH)|mlation,  crossing  tlii'  Allcj^licnirs.  passed  tlie  ;j;roal  lai<e  l)a>ins,  and 
scMltcrfii  iVeely  over  the  Mississii)[)i  \'alley.  AiiTeealiiy  toCoklen.'  tlie  sn|)reniaey  of 
the  Aluon((uins  had.  in  inon;  ancient  times.  l)een  ael<no\vie(lLred.  not  lady  as  Inniter.s 
and  warriors,  hut  also  in  nianiK'i'.s  and  arts.  This  early  de\-elo|imont.  howevci',  had 
evidently  declined  helore  tlie  loot  of  the  white  man  Irod  these  shores;  and  it  is  certain 
that,  so  far  as  it  related  to  pidicy  and  warlike  adnevements.  it  had  passed  away  liel'oro 


tiie  era  of  the  Dutch,  ami    loicj;  l)eli)re   the  Mn-hsl 


1    iiecame   men 


tilled  witil    New  Y 


ol-K 


iisliirw 


'I' 


icse  a-^ser 


tions  are  deducilile  from  the  liu't.  that  tlie  Aii^onipiins.  hoth  of  the 


Hudson  and  of  the  Delaware  rivers,  had  Ix'cn  ciiiKiiiered  li\' tlie  lriM|Uois.  and  were  then 


m   a  >tate  el    \ass:il 


1' 
to   that  conll'deraiy .  eiliier  paying;   ti'ilmte.  ur 


de|iri\cd  of  the 


so\t'i-ei'.:n  ri'jlit  ol'cediui:  lauds. ^  W'iien  tlie  latter  po\ver  was  attem[ited  to  he  e.\ercised, 
some  forty  years  afti'r  tlie  adxcnt  of  I'eiui.  the  unmercifully  >e\ere  and  contemptuous 
rehuke.  and  insolence,  nf  Cauissati'ui)  may  lie  cited,  to  show  that  the  power  of  their 
chill  and  tomahawk  was  ready  to  enforce  their  ancient  poicnc\.' 

.\liout  ten  \ears  pre\ious  to  the  coiupiest  of  New  York  li\  the  KiiLilish.  sa\  in  ICio.'i. 
till'  .'^••neca  li'0'|iioi-<.  w  ith  the  aid  of  the  ollu'r  triln  ■;  of  the  leaiiue.  lie^'an  a  war  auainst 
the  iM'ie^.  a<  well  as  aiiainst  the  neuter  nation  of  the  .NiaL'ara  ri\cr.  and  their  allies,  t'ne 
Aiulastes  of  the  I'lrie  sljoi(>.  When  Lv  Moyne  lirst  visited  ()nonda'.;a  in  Itioo,  this  war 
aLiaiu^l  the  Kries  was  then  in  pro.L'fess.  Ciisie  denominates  them  the  ("at  Nation, 
meaiiiiiL;'  the   wild-cat.  as   the  domestic   animal    was   jirobalily    iinkuowii.      'I'hc\'   were 

I  one  can  peruse  the  wriliiiiis  of  tlu' 


e\  ideiitU  alllliated  ill  l.imiiiaire  with  themselves.  Ni 
mi-sionary  fatlcus.  and  not  jierceix-e  this.  The  folldwiu'j  account  of  the  oi'iiiiii  of  this 
war  a'jaiu>t  the  Neuter  N, at  ion.  is  furnished  liy  Cii-ic  :  DideL:ates  from  ;i  northern  nation, 
with  whom  the  Iroipiois  were  at  war.  haviiiL'  heei,  irccixcil  hv  the  i'iries.  Yn'jdwanea. 
till'  female  rider  of  the  tiihe.  at  Kieuuka.  on  the  N'ia-ar.-i  llidiiv.  hetrnM^d  the  Seneca 
deputation  to  their  coiicealeil  enemies  from  the  nerth.  ly  whom  tlay  were  killed.  .\s 
they  claime(|  to  hold  a  neutral  position  towanls  the  li(dli,uvrant  Irilies.  the  iiievitahle 
result  of  this  treachery  wa-.  ;i.,.i  the  rro(pioi,<  indiuiiantly  Hew  to  arms. 


The  earlv  Freiudi  writers  call  this  tribe  the  Neuter  Nati 


ition.  owiu'.'  to  their  ajipai-entlv 


pacific  (diaractiT,  'i'lii<  name,  however,  is  not  deri\<'d  from  the  Indian,  and  has  oiiU 
serve(l  to  myslily  iiioilerii  inipiirers.  as  no  siudi  nation  lA'  neutiu's  <>an  he  found  in  an\- 
position,  oxcc'iit  sohdy  in  tiie  area  occupied  hy  the  Kries.  on  tin;  Nia^^ira.     The  name 


.\ut.>  nli  til.'    Ir 

rulilrn's  IliMnrv, 


.|ii.i-.  |. 


Kill.  !!<•>.,  Vol.  \-  .  ji.  i;:; 
Ktli.  I!.-.  \.,1    lll.'n    I' 


Ili.-t..rv  uf  till'  f 


i\f  .\at.iins. 


Ii    ;t 


i     ■  I 


!■   iii 


,1m 

"P 

■It 


hi 


I'-'I; 


I    ; 
I 

i 


1; '  t  1 1 

i 

!       1    !; 

TIIK    ENdMSII    OCrri'Y    NKW    YORK'. 


ItH 


!)}•  wliicli  llir  Sciit'CMs  ili'sij^imtu  tlu'  Krics.  is  Kiiln|ii;i.  Tlic  AiuliistcM  occiiiiicd  flio 
^^ll^n'^^  ul'  Liiki'  I'iiic.     As  previously  ilciintcd,  tUvy  wi'i'r  Siis(|ii('liiiiin(privs. 

Tlic  war.  licrv,  sliort,  ami  Mnody.  rcsiilh'il  in  tlir  ovcrtiimw  i<\'  tlif  Kiics  iiiui  tlicir 
allirs.  and  [nudiiccd  their  sulps(M|iieMt  incdrpDi'iitiDn  into  oilier  trii>es.  or  I'xpulsidii  tVoni 
till'  country.  I'Voni  this  tinu',  the  tiilial  nanie  nl'  I'irie,  as.  in  a  |iiii)f  ra>e.  with  the 
J'ei|nols,  disappears  I'roin  history.  .Mr.  K\ans.  in  liis  niii|i  and  inininn,  |tiiMi«ihed  at 
I'hiladelphia.  in  17ou,  avers  that  the  refugee  Kries  took  shell "r  in  the  Ohio  valley, 
uhenee  the^  eventually  erossed  tlu;  Onosiota,'  or  Al!e;;han_\  chain,  to  ri'join  Uindnil 
trilies.  Mr.  .lell'erson  repeats  this  liiet  in  his  Notes  on  \  ir;;inia.  in  1  TSH.  'l"he  e\iilence 
thai  these  I'li^ilive  Kries  are  the  hrave  and  indomitahlu  people  known  to  u.t  as  Caiahas. 
has  lieen  elseW'liere  prodlleeil,- 

To  conciliate  llie  lroquoi>.  who  were  thns  rapidly  raisinii'  tlienisehi  ">  a  position  of 
power  and  inlluenee  anioicj-  the  Indians  of  the  colonies,  hecaiiie  imnii'diately  a  niea^v.ire  of 
Fnulish  policy,  and  !■■  •  this  result,  thi'  most  wise  and  i>riidenl  steps  were  taken. 

Tin'  till  *i'ade.  wliich  1.  mI  been  estahlishetl  npon  a  lirui  and  satisl'actiay  \>:\!-\^  hy  the 
Dutch,  was  continued;  and  the  lionds  ol'  I'riendsliip  with  the  irocpidi.-i  cemented  hy  an 
ollensive  and  delensi\-e  alliance.  Their  enemies  hecame  the  enemies  of  the  Kinilish.  and 
the  I'riends  of  the  i'ormer  the  friends  ol'  the  latter.  Thus,  tln'  lro(|iii)is  were  constituted 
the  dofeiulL'rs  of  the  territory  of  western  New  York,  aiiaiiist  the  {"'rciicli.  If  the  latter 
could  succeed  iu  driving'  thi'iii  from,  or  acipiiriu'j  their  loi'csts,  western  New  York  would 
he  added  to  New  France;  if  they  failed,  it  was  a  ^em  in  the  liiilish  crown.  Who  can 
rend  the  <tetails  of  an  hundred  years'  sanguinary  contests,  without  perceiving  that  it 
WHS  the  undying  vigilance,  the  unerring  accuracy  of  their  geographical  knowledge  of 
the  wilderness,  and  the  manly  hravery  of  the  Iroipiois,  which.  u|i  to  the  year  177"), 
pif.served  western  New  York  to  the  English  crown. 

The  annexed  map.  I'late  VII..  published  at  Amstcrdnm.  in  ICio'.t.  denotes  the  position 
of  the  scvei'iil  tribes,  who  occuiiied  Manhatttuia,  on  the  transfer  of  the  Dutch  authority 
ill  New  York  to  the  Ku'ilish. 


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160 


THE    KNCiLISII    OCCUPY    NEW    YORK. 


ClIAI'TKK    II 


THE    WAR    WITH    THILIP,    OF    POKANOKET. 

Willi  K  iho  iMi^'li-li  wviv  iiiiikinti  tliciiisiKcs  ;ic.|iiMiiitid  with  tlic  clMiniclcr.  pusiiions, 
Mini  \v;mt>  1)1' the  Indians  ot  New  ViPilx.  llic  cMnscs  ol' ijiscord  IicInvi'ii  tlii'  New  Knuliuid 
trilics  and  tlu'  colnni-ts  still  contimiod;  luit,  like  a  sinonldcrin^  liiv,  tlioy  wcro.  as 
imu'li  as  |iiissilili',  cono  iilcd  IVoni  juiliiic  view.  The  sevcritv  witli  ^^llil■h  tin'  PiMiuotH 
Wi'iv  triMtcd.  secured  the  |ii'ace  of  the  e(iiiiitiy  liir  some  tliirt\  xears;  tlioii;rIi  at  no 
time  dinini:-  this  |ierio(|  eiaiid  tlie  colonists  nlax  their  vi-ilanee  for  one  moment.  The 
Avar  hetween  the  MolneMiis  and  Nana-aiisriis.  under  I'ncas  and  Miontoui.iio.  demon- 
strated to  the  tribes  that,  howevei-  li'-reelv  diseord  and  war  miiiht  rauc  amon<;-  tlieiii- 
Kelves.  the  iireat  and  vit.d  olijeets  of  the  eolonists  were  not  ivtarded.  hut  rather 
])r()moted.  hv  the  estiliclion  of  tile  |ielt\    Indian  soxci  ei^nt  ies. 

At  leiiLith.iu  h; To.  those  smolhepd  discords  liiirst  lorth  into  a  llame.  Massachusetts 
liuvimr  heeu.  in  triitl..  ihe  inotlnrof  the  Miilish  colonies  in  the  north,  she  now  became 
the  principal  object  apuiist  wiiieh  the  loiiu'  pent-up  wrath  of  the  aborigines  was 
directed.  The  iiiajoritN  of  her  sea-coast  and  iidand  tribes,  had,  indeed.  \  ielded  to  the 
inlluences  of  ci\  ili/aii(ai  and  Liospel  teachiuLis.  and  had  enjra.iicd  in  the  pursuits  of 
agrieultuR'.  but  in  her  assemblies  ol'  iieoph\tes.  there  were  disciples  of  the  native 
Indian  pri(>sthoiid.  wlio  sometimes  maintained  their  view  of  the  (piestions  at  i.ssue  with 
.-ivat  boldness.  The  larp-r  part  of  the  Indian  jxipulation  of  the  interior,  and  towards 
the  south,  southwest,  and  west,  hated  a  life  of  bdiour.  as  ;dso  tlie   uospel.  iinil  secretlv 

handed  together  to  make  another  ecaiibi 1   ejlbrt  Ibr  the  extinction   and  expulsion  of 

the   Kn-li-b.     'I'bis  combination   was   headed   by   the   I'okanokets.  who.se  council-dres 
bui'ued  on  .Mount  iloiie. 


It  has  l)een  previoiish  stated  tint  this  triiie  had  \-erv  exti 


nsive  afliliations  with  tl 


priiici|ial  Indian  families  of  the  coimtrv.  They  were  the  leadinir  friiie  of  the  I'okaiioket 
Dashabary.  a  kind  of  aliori-inal  hereditary  jiresidency.'  The  benevolent  Massasoit 
lield  this  odice  at  tiie  period  of  the  laiidin-  of  the  Plymouth  coloiiv.  and  both   he  and 


'  'I'hi-  ■ji-Mii),  iippciirs  to  Ii:ivi'  con.M^ti  (1  |ii-lii.i|.,:llv  ■■(  t\h-  l'.iwliicl<c'l<.  .\r)i(insi't(s,  N'HiiMiiliiiiis  Wi 


\m.1i. 


.Vrinllli  1.  N.     I 


lllKMli.lll 


-.   .Vii.i.Mi.K.-,   .\. 


■Mtitiili<.   mil 


.■ilnhnrii'.'iL'*'.   tT 


1-    I'..kniiMli,.|s.    III..   1.1 


liriir.'  tlic  r..iL'niii..'  irilM'.     Tli..  I'..k:iii..lc..|s  Ii:mI  1m.  ti  wrv  riiiiiiiT..us.  l.ul  ih.  ir  |i..|.iil:iii.iii  l^.j  Ihtii  iiiiiiiiii>||,.,l 
\i\  the  jruliir;ti  siikncs.^,  |.ii.jr  (..  tin'  yw  IdL'U. 


TIIK    I'NdlJSlI    OCCI'I'Y    NKW    YoHK 


I.".  I 


his  doHcciidants  were,  ii|)  to  tlif  dose  ol'  the  war.  (Ifcint'il  the  li'^ritiiiiatc  sovcroiL'iiH, 
and  iH)ssossiii);  power  to  alicuiite  liiiid.  Massa>oit,  who,  hy  liis  t'qiiiiniinity  niul 
coiiscrvalivt.'  cliaractcr,  liad   iiiairitaiiifd  a  l;(mh1   uiidi'rstaiidinjr  willi   tlic  colonists,  died 


in 


lOfi-J. 


aiK 


1  wan  Miic'ceedt'd.  ;it  alternate   periods,  hy  Ids  sons  Pop.pdt  and   Metal 


koni 


t)r,   ai't'ordiii'T    to    tlie  researclies    of    Mr.  Dridxe.'    more    eorreetly,   PoiU'takoni.     Tlio 


CO 


loniid 


eonrt,  nt  one  ol"  its  sittinfrs,  i;ave  tiieiii  liie  niuiies  of  Alexander  and  Pliilin,  in 


coniD 


)linient  to  tlieii'  martial  liearin 


Al 


lexander.  wiio  possess 


ed   a   liiuli   spirit,  rnled 


but  a  short  time,  dvint'  of  a  fever  snddenh'  eoiitraeti'd  while  on  a  visit  to  the  I' 


colimv. 


I'onietaUoni,  who  was  better  known  as  F\inu'  I'liilio,  si 


iceeei 


led 


luni. 


lymoiith 
He  was 


a  man  who,  if  we  ean   place  an}'  reliance  on   the   piinls  of  the   time,  inclinecl    to  the 


Idle 


inulUlc  size,  was  not  over  (ivo  li'ct  nine  or  ten  inches;  had  a  lariic  and  fniely-ileveloped 
head,  and  pas.sessed  ^reat  res(dntion,  activity  and  powers  of  endnrance.  He  may  he 
reiiardcd  as  the  trne  representative  of  the  Indian  hnnter.  He  was  familiar  with  e\i'ry 
ft)ot  of  ground  between  Mount  Ho|)e  anil  .Massachusetts  IJay;  had  witnessed  the 
foundation  and  ri.so  of  the  colonies;  was  well  known  to  the  colonists,  and  they  to  him; 
loved  the  independence  of  savajre  life  and  rule;  took  ;;reat  pride  in  his  ancestry;  lo\ed 
the  old  Indian  rites,  and  retained  in  ids  serv 
prophets,  sag 


lee   a   nmneions   u 


lie^tlli 


'  bod 


V  ol 


iimores.  and  powwows;  d!eini)noloi:y  and  idolatry,  maiiic  and  sootli>a\  inn'. 


Ijeing  rejrarded  by  him  as  the  reli,L.'ion  of  h 


He  loxed  hiintimr  and  lishimr. 


and 


I  (K'snised  the  life  of  labor  recommended  lo  him.     He  mav  b 


Id  to  have  detoted 


CIVl 


lizat 


ion  in  al 


am 


1    to   ha\'e   aiihoiTi'd    the   t 


loctl 


if  <  'liristianit' 


At 


the  head  of  his  Hasha'iary,  he  ruled  both  civil  and  priestly  chiefs;  by  his  olli 


he  wa> 


in 


fact,  a  supreme  chief  oi'  td 


ne 


">iudi   appears   to   be   the   meaniuLi'  of   the   term 


13.\SII.\H.\. 


During  twelve  years  Philip  had  been  a  silent  observer  of  the  L'l'owth  of  New  Endand. 
Tui'iity  years  had  elapsi'd  since  the  close  of  the  native  war  lietween  the  Narraiiansetts 
and  Mohicans,  of  which  the  cidonists  had  been  passive.  thon,i:h  deeply  interested, 
s|)ectators.  mertdy  employing  their  inlhience  with  the  tribes  to  keep  them  at  peace  with 
the  colonies  and  with  each  other.  For  sevei'al  years  prior  to  the  breaking  out  of  tl 
Pokanoket  war.  Philip  had  been  regarded  with 


•usiiieiMii.  am 


1  a 


close  e\-e  was 


kept 


le 


on 


his  subtle  political  movements.  It  appeared  evident  that,  in  addition  to  his  authority 
amongst  the  eight  or  ten  tribes  who  aeknowledged  his  supremacy,  his  influence  was 
also  e.xerted  among  the  Narragansetts,  his  immediate  neighbors  on  the  south,  whose 
possessions  extended  northwardly  to  those  of  the  Pennacooks  of  the  river  Merrimac, 
und  of  other  tribes  of  the  Pawt tickets. 

Philip's  plan  for  uniting  all  the  border  Indians  in  a  general  war  against  the  colonies, 
is  suppos(>d  to  have  been  revealed  by  a  friendly  Christian  Indian,  called  Sansaman. 
For  this  act  he  was  maile  to  pay  the  forfeit  of  his  lile,  by  three  enussaries  of  Philip. 


:iM 


im-' 


'  Diako's  liuMk  .if  ll.f  hidiaiis,  ji.  II 


!  J) 


Vi 


!M 


. 


152 


TlIK    KN(_;MSII    uCcrPY    NEW    YORK. 


^\'llill■  fisliiiiir  "11  a  |ioiiil  tlir(iiii;li  jm  oiilici'  in  llic  ice.  lie  wms  ii|i]iri)a('lif(l  witlnmt 
siisjiickm,  liy  liis  loi's.  wlio  Uimcki'd  liiiii  on  llio  lii'ad.and  llirn  tlirusl  liis  lioily  tlnnnuli 
tlu>  opcnin'^'. 

Till'  l'i'i|n()t  war  was  Init  tlic  slniiiiilc  of  a  sinu'li'  trilp(>.  in  wiiicli.  tiiDUL'li  tlic 
syiMiiatliic's  of  other  trilx's  wvw.  more  or  less,  tMilistcd,  tiicy  took  no  nctivc  part,  lint 
till'  [ilot  of  I'liilip  liad  hiMMi  niatnrciy  didilnTiitt'd  npon.  and  liiiii  received  tjie  ^an(•tion 
of  all  tiie  Indian  eouiicils.  bolii  |io!itieal  anil  reliLiious.  in  wiiieli  (lie  native  feeliii'jr  of 
repnjnanee  to  llie  whiles  ))ivvaiie(l.  fnlly  compreliendinir.  as  thiy  did.  tiiat  liie  li'adin;: 
ohjects  of  tlie  colonists  were  to  force  the  arts  of  civili/.alion,  anil  tlie  te;ichiM'_'s  of 
Christianity,  on  the  Indians.  Wherever  the  Indians  were  assenihled  foi-  moral  iiistrnc- 
tion.  eviM'v  ariruinent  was  addnci'd  to  impress  tiiem  with  the  importance  of  the  practice 
ol'  virtne.  industry,  and  temperance;  and  to  inculcate  the  doctrines  of  the  Cliristiaii 
faith.  To  the  nmnher  of  williiiir  listeni'rs.  who  had  heen  irathei'ed  into  ."'epiu'ate  hut 
email  isolated  con'ireu'ations.  nndei'  the  name  of  ■•  iirayiu'i  Indians."  durinir  these  forty 
_\ ears,  no  truths  were  more  acceptahle;  on  the  contrary,  to  the  pa'ian  portion,  who 
were,  hy  I'ar.  the  iaiiiest  nundier  amonir  the  trihes.  these  truths  were  like  so  iiiany 
sharp  piads  to  the  Indian  heart.  The  Indian  powwows  unashed  their  teeth  wuilo 
li.-teniu'^'  to  tlio  Knplisli  preachers  declarin;:  such  truths,  which,  as  it  were,  with  iriLrantic 
Htnui'ith.  overthrew  the  entire  system  of  the  Iniliau  nieda-theology  and  wigwam 
political  necromancy. 

It  is  estimated  that,  in  107:'.  tin-  entire  white  population  of  New  Fuiiland  was  120.000 
fiouls.  of  whom  Ifi.llOO  wei'e  capahle  of  iieariu'j'  arms.'  .Vliout  this  time.  .Massachusett.s 
tilone  mustered  twelve  troops  of  cavaliT.  comprisiii.'  sixty  men  each,  who  were  armed, 
nnd  stationed  at  various  points,  to  puiii>ii  any  sudden  ic^'^ressions.  The  white  popula- 
tion had.  within  forty  years,  spivad  IVom  its  ori^iinal  luicleus  at  Plymouth,  more  than 
100  miles  westward,  and.  in  some  i)Iaces.  the  same  distance  to  the  north.  Hut  owing 
to  this  very  expansion,  it  jiri'sented.  on  every  frontier,  a  !)roken.  unconnected  lino, 
continually  suliject  to  the  depredations  of  the  hostile  Indians.  At  these  exposed  points 
in  the  line  of  the  aihanciui:  settlements,  every  man  was  the  daily  <ruardian  of  hi.s  own 
life.  imtiriuL'  viixilance  beiiui  the  onlv  tiuarantv  of  satetv. 


'  llnvt's    Viitii|U:iri;iii  l{<'.«i>aril 


I 


if  I 


TiiK   i:n(;  liisii   (HMTi'Y   m;\v   VOltK, 


Ida 


ClIAPTKK   111. 

TIIILI?    DTlVKLorES     HIS    PLOT:     HIS    ATTACKS    <IX    TIIK     \\V..\K 
FHONTIEU    LINK    OF    TIIK    NKW    ENOLAND    COLONIKS. 


It  \v!is  these  settleiiieiits,  weakciieil  l)y  their  geofrrapliical  imsitidii.  thoiiL'li  streii.iith- 
eiieil  l)y  the  energy  of  cliaracler  innate  in  their  inliahitants.  tliat  I'hili|(  [liotteil  to 
destroy.  It  was  Wm^  de.'^ijin  tliat  tlie  onslun.trht  shoiiM  liave  laUen  place  on  tlie  saim; 
(hi\'.  anil  tliat  the  war-cry  should  have  heen  siniidtaneoiisly  laiseil.  IVoin  the  shores  of 
the  l*iseatai|na  to  the  steeps  of  .Mount  Hope.  Had  such  a  eoniliiiiation  lieen  elVected  in 
the  days  ol"  Sassaeus.  the  hopes  of  the  New  Knirlaiid  colonies  nn;:ht  have  heeu 
extinjrnishcd  in  hlood.  Ihit  the  revelations  of  Sausanian  ha<i  ])laeed  the  colonists  on 
thidr  fiuard.  IJattles  and  experience  had  made  them  familiar  with  tlie  Indian  mode  of 
warfare,  and  iiad  taui^hl  them  that  sleei)less  watchfulness  and  caution  are  essential  to 
the  pros|ierity  of  settlements  horderinu'  on  Indian  frontiers.  They  numliered  amon^- 
tliem  .several  men,  noted  for  their  skill  and  tact  in  repelling'  the  Indians  in  their  uuerillii 
wai'fare.  'Ivery  settler  was.  in  fact,  on  the  r'.'rt ;  lire-arms  were  kept  in  e\er_\  family. 
Tlie  assumed  trampiil  air.  and  calm  manner,  of  tlie  Indian,  in  his  ordinary  \  isits.  his 
studiefj  seci'esy,  ami  his  deep  dece[)tioii.  were  closely  ohserved,  and  the  horrid  cruelly 
of  the  Indians  was  well  known  to  all.  hoth  youmr  and  old. 

The  Indian  has  lost  America  throndi  di.scord.  procrastination,  and  deliheration,  without 
decision  ;  action  lieini:  postponed  from  time  to  time,  and  period  t<)  [leriod.  until  it  Iiecanie. 
in  eni'd,  a  dream  of  somethinir  to  l)edono.  .xomethin^  that  it  was  pleasinjr  to  tin-  natives 
to  deliherate  upon,  to  think  ahout,  to  powwow  over.  Tiiere  havi'  occurred  a  few  striking 
exceptions  in  the  course  of  their  history,  and  these  are  precisely  the  cases  which 
developed  extraordinary  men.  Two  of  these  exceptions  have  already  heen  mentioned; 
the  one  was  I'licas.  who  determineil  to  ilivide  tlu;  ancient  IV(|Uot  so\-ereiiiiity.  and  to 
ranire  iiimself  mider  the  lianner  of  the  Knudish  ;  the  other  was  Sassaeus,  who.  Ilndin^j; 
his  alVairs  in  a  desperate  condition,  after  the  llower  of  his  forces  had  heen  consumed  1>\- 
what  was.  (dearly,  tiie  nsult  of  ;i  mere  accidi'nt  (.Mason  never  havinir  ])remeditated  that 
trajiical  ami  revoltim:  sacrilice).  determined  instantly  to  forsake  his  country,  and  llee  to 
tin-  wi'st.  .\  thii'd  instance  of  decision,  conjoined  willi  ahility  to  comhiiie  the  powi'rof 
united  action,  and.  jjrolialiiy.  the  most  reinarkahle  of  tlie  three,  in  point  of  inli'llecttial 
viifor,  was  that  ol'  I'oiin  tacom.  wlio^e  ;iet>  \\f  arr  aliout  to  n  urate 
Vol     \  I.        J't 


m 


>; 

.r 


1! 


;   \ 


\ 


u 


ISA 


Til  I-:   i:n ti  I.I s II   <M  (•  I  !•  V   N  i;  w   Vdif  k, 


Til  iilliilll'v  IlilllSfir  litr  lli>  i:rr;il  cllurl  :it;,lill-l  tlic  NiW  Klluliiiul  I'lildllics.  Mini  to 
li  iii'Vc  Ilis  iiH'ii  I'l'i'iii  (|iitiii'.«li('  (MIC".  Ill'  «<'iil  lii>  iiwn  r.miily,  :iii>l  :ili  the  wdiiuii  miiiI 
i-liiMiTii  111  lii>  iMtinii.  iiilii  till'  riPiiiiiiA  i>\  Iii»  riifinl-  ami  in'i'.'iilinr-..  llic  \an':ii;aiiM'U>. 

( 'ailiiliriii'l.   till'  >"ll  i<r    MiiilltuMIIII'i.   will)  lia<l    Imtii   ijir  ri'inllill'.'  >ai'liri:i   >iliri'   llir  ilralll 

111' ilis  lallnT,  liv  tliis  ciiiir^i'  iiiMiUid  iiini-rir  iii'i'|ily  willi  llu- ruliinics,  ami  it  iilliiiialil\ 
(•i»l  liiiii  lii>  lili';  li>r  llir  iiili.iii>l>  I'oiilii  iiiiw  no  ImiLjiT  liuiilil.  liiat  tin'  Narra^iaii.-i'lts 
iii'l  i'iil\  >_\  iii|iallii/ril  i|iT|i|\  willi  l'liiii|i.  lull  liail  arnili'ij  In  lii*  |iian-i.  'riii-y.  tlnTcluii'. 
<iri;aiii/iii  a  -Hhiil:  I'mri'  a.;aiii>t  liii<  trilir.  ami.  alter  tlie  ia|iliiie  nl'  ( 'amuieliei.  in  a 
eiiiillii't.  wliieii  iHiiMTeil  near  Sekiiiik.  til''  tiilie  .-iii'i'iiiiiheij.  aiiil  r.Mimii  a  new  treaiv 
«  ilii  tlieir  ei)m|iier()is.  ( 'amaieliet  liiiii^ell'  was  sent  tn  tin-  Moliiean-.  iiinler  I'lieas,  ami 
liy  them  exeeilted. 

i'l'litiral   wisdinii   is  of  Miy  .slow  l:I'i>\\iIi   ammiu   llie    Iniliaiis.      Iliiviiii.'  mi  reiunls. 

tiailitimi     pel iiinils     il>    i|lll_\      \ery    ili  rii-||\ely  ;    llllli'li     lieiim-    iiil'jiiltell.    (li>lielie\eil.    iir 

iiiiperli'itl_\  nmlerstiMiil ;  ami.  wlii-re  tlie  riilinu  |ia.-.-ii)ii«  are  mi  .-Iimiii;.  as  tlie_\  ai'e  in  all 
the  t lilies,  lliat  lliey  all  take  iiiie  ilireeiimi  uiily.  naiiiel_\-.  iiatreil  to  the  whites,  iniaiiiiiii- 
tii'ii  niilaiiis  liie  iiia-triy  ii\  er  laits,  'I'liesc  iiiliiem-es  reira  I'll  ill'.''  the  I'liei' arc  lid'eeil 
li|">ll  l|s  Ipy  the  liotciiioiis  lact.  that  \i:\-l  e\|ierieiiie  exeieises  liiit  little  illllllelli'e  o\er 
their  lilt  me  ailimis.  ami  in  me  w  haiever  on  tlie  |iiesent  nf  their  iii^lory.     ilad  <  "aiionehet 

r.'ljeeleil  that  the  late  of  his  lather  .Mionluiiiino  iiail  lieeii  the  lesiijl  ol'the  sn|i|H)seil  or 
real  hoslility  111'  the  Nariai;aii-etts  to  the  eoinnisl,-.  he  WouM  iia\e  a\oii|eil  the  olVeiiee 
ol'   allowiiiL:   his   territory   to   lieroiiie  a  siielier  liir  the   lel'iiiiee    i'okanokets :    ami   tin 

lelMPUm-ij   saeliein  nf   tile   latter  llli-llt     lia\e  I'ori'seell   liiat   tile  fate  111'   .s«assai'lls.   ilieillieil 

hy  oiniosiiij:  iiiniseir  openly  to  tiie  euloiiists.  was  likely  to  pfesaue  his  own  liestiny 
'rh**y  knew  nothiiiir.  it    is   true,  of  i'liiiriisii   history,  exeept  what    liail   oieurreil    liefore 

their  own  e_\e.-- ;   ijiit,  liaii   liny  1 n  eoviiisaiit  of  e\  en   iiiiire.  tliey  eoiiiii   iiavf   foriiieil 

no  otiier  eoneliisioii.  than  that  a  elass  of  stern  men.  who  had  ahainloned  tlieir  Imiiies 
and  eniiiitrx.  in  support  of  deejiiy  clieiisiieil  opinions,  woiiiil  iiit  lie  easily  hmled  liaek. 
or  dri\en  into  tlie  Atlantie.  li\'  a  wild  and  midiseipliiied  iiorde  of  savaire  hmiters, 

IMiilip  iiad  endeavored  to  lull  suspicion  hy  keeping  up  his  eoiniimnieations  witii  tiie 
eeiitral  powers  of  tile  I'oionies.  partieulaii\  li\  two  personal  visit.s  to  Flsnioiith.  in  liiiili 
ami  liiTl.  diiriii','  wlileli  lime  he  renewed  ilu'  l'ealt\.  lirsi  piedjed  hy  his  fatiier 
Mas-asiiit,  Alter  tiie  disci, .sure  made  ly  >aiisani,iii.  his  intentions  could  m  iom;er  lie 
comeaiecl  :  and.  when  it  hei-anie  known  tiiat  he  liad  aliamloned  his  ancestral  seat,  at 
.Mount  Hope,  and  sent  tiie  women  ami  i  liiidreii  to  a  place  of  safei  \ .  it  was  supposed, 
ami  with  Iriith.  tliat  he  was  laicjin.:  iiji  and  liown  amoi  ;  liie  inlies.  like  some  eastern 
Moiiuol  ciiief.  in  tlie  eeetral  plains  of  Asia.  aroUsiiiL'  his  followeis.  and  escitiiiL;  in  tliein 
IV  desire  for  war.  IiIocmI.  and  plunder.  The  traLiedy  soon  opened  aloiii:  the  euiiie  line 
of  the  .\ew  Knu'land  frontiers,  and  was.  indeed,  much  the  severest  ordeal  tlie  .New 
p]ii'_dand  colonies  passeii  ilnom.di. 

IMlilip  s  eliel'jie.s  appeali d    to  lie  aiino.st    snpei  imniail.  ti>l    it   was  eltliel    ins  voice  wiiicii 


Till-:  KNci.rsn  orcci'v  ni;\v   y<»I!K. 


1/55 


aniiiiiiti'il.  (II'  lii^  iiiiii'l  vvliii-li  ilin  ric'il  cM'i'v  iitlMclv.     'I'li>'  \v:ii'  cuiniiK'iK'i'il  iirur  Mdiint 

Ilii|M'.  on    tlir    'Jllll    nl'  .llllii'.    Ili7'">.       A    |iiirlv    ul'    |'|lili|i's    Willlinrs,  licilii:    sent,    tn    llic 

I'lii'.'ii.oli  M'lilciiM'iit  ,il  .Miitlii|iiiiM'tt.  Swaii/cv.  tlifv  |(liiiiili'ictl  llic  lidiiM's.  iiml  killiil 
Miiiii- of  the  fiillli'.  In  lliis  |iiia_\ ,  an  Indian  luini;  ^lini.  ihc  (iiiirr-i  rii>lic(l  liirv\aril,  ami 
iiiiir<l('i'<'il  ciirlit  or  iiinr  i<\  iIm'  Kn'.'lisli.  liitclli'jrnci'  ol'  tin'  allVav  was  (|iiickly  >|iri'ail, 
ami  llic  l'l\  iiKiiilli  ami  .Massacliiisi'lts  ciiliiiiii's  iiiiMii'iliat<'|y  mmiI  ti'iiiiii-  iiiln  tlir  llrlil. 
Williiii  limr  iia\s  llinvarifr.  uiic  (■(iiiipanv  nl'  luiix'  ami  Iwn  ol'  iiiriiiili\  were  nn  llic 
>|H)|.  Several  f'kinni>lic's  ensued,  and  ii  tew  Indiaiis.  as  well  as  Knjli-li.  were  killed. 
The  liirce  III' the  laller  liein!/ soon  recruited,  tlirv  iinicecded  tn  Miiiml   l|ii|ic.  w  liirh  wim 

liiillld  tn  lie  deserted,  and  the  elielliy  to  have  lied.  The  draL-'ooiis.  while  recuiiiiiiiterill^ 
the  \  ieinitv.  diseii\cicd  a  small  parly  i>\'  Indian-,  ami  killed  jiuir  nv  li\e  ,,\'  the  niiiiilicr. 

The   triHip.s  then   n ived   orders   to   march   into  the  ccninirv  of  the  .NarraLraiiM'll-.  to 

liriiii;  them  to  an  acconiil.  hut  wi-n  met  witii  many  proti'ssioiis  ol'  a  desire  for  peact'. 
Nc'jotiations  liaviii'j  heeii  o|iciied.  the  .Narra'jaiisetls  si^^iied  a  trcatx.  Mmliiii;  llicinselves 
•■as  I'ar  as  was  in  their  powir.'  to  nppn-.'  i'hilip.  .\l  this  liiiH'.  a  prii'c  was  placi'il  on 
Philip's  head,  delivered  "dead  or  alive.' 

Mi'aiilillli'.  <  linrch  had  pi'llclratcil  I'cicas-ct  Neck,  where  he  liiuilil  and  eli'2a'.;ed  sonio 
stra'j'jliii'-'  parties;  Imt.  not  mectini;'  with  the  snceess  lie  desire(l.  he  «ooii  after  returncil 
to  the  same  locality,  with  lil'lv  men.  I)i\  idiii.'  these,  for  the  |iurpose  of  ni'ire  elfcctiially 
piir-iiiiiu  the  search.  I''ullcr  led  one  parlv  towards  the  open  hay.  while  i'liiinh.  with 
the  other,  pcnelrati'd  the  interior,  where,  eiicounlerin.;  the  enemy  in  liirce.  he  was 
drivi'M  hack.  I'uller  was  also  attackeil  hy  siijierior  iiiimlins.  ,ind.  after  reachiir.;  the 
sliiae.  hoili  parties  Were  (iiily  saved  from  destruction  hy  the  foiiniiate  pro.vimity  of  a 
IJIiiide  l-laml  .-loop.  .\s  siioii  as  tiie  Miii:li>h  I'orci-  could  1m'  eoiiceiitialed.  another 
evpecliiioii  was  sent  to  I'ocas-ct.  and  several  ili'siiltory  eniia.'emeiits  resiilU'(l  in  the! 
killiiii:  of  liiiirteeii  or  lifleen  Indians.  On  the  arrival  of  the  entire  allieil  force.  I'hilip, 
after  some  sli'jhl  skirmishiiii;.  retired  to  that  favurite  natural  liulress  of  the  Indians — a 
s\Viim|i.  With  the  approacli  ol'  iii'rhf.  the  KiCilish  retired  :  hut.  liciic.;  reiiiliirced  tlio 
l'ollov\  iiiir  dav  liv  I  nil  men.  and  oliscrviii'.:  that  I'hilip  occupied  a  narrow  peninsula, 
seven  mile-  in  leii'jth.  haviii'i  an  iinpeiietraMe  -wamp  in  lln'  inierior.  they  ri'solvccl  to 
cut  oil'  his  coiiiiiiuiiicatioiis.  and  starve  him  (Uit.  The  chief,  seeiiu;'  his  critical  jiositicui, 
took  advanlaL:''  of  a  dark  iiiiiht.  and.  constructing;  ralH  of  liniher.  e-cajii'd  across  the 
Assoiiet.or  Taunton  river,  to  his  alli>'S.  the  Nipiuiick-.  an  eiialic  trilie.  whose  seL;ie;:ated 
hands  oi'ciipied  a  larL'e  area  of  territory.  When,  the  followinsr  inornini:'.  il  was 
disi'oveied  that  I'hilip  had  lied,  the  allies  hotly  pursued  him.  and.  tracinu'  his  trail,  hy 
the   aid   of  the   .Mohicans,    tliev    overtook    liiin   at   iii'jht.   and   captured    thirty  of   his 

warriors:   the  wily  chief,  with  the  rest  of  his   force,  siii'i diiei   in    making'  pioil    their 

escape  l'hili|i  had  lli'd  to  the  cpiarter  wiiere  he  had  the  ureati'st  uumlMi- of  allies. 
His  i>laii.  apparently,  was.  if  delisted  in  .New  Kii!.dand.  to  retire  toward  the  territory 
uec  npied  hv  the  IJaroii  de  ( 'a-tine.  an  iiilluential  trader,  or  Indian  factor,  w  ho  iv-ided  in 


tl 
r 

! 


f!     I 


.ih 


l1 


If 

tf: 


I 


il 


i 


l.W 


Tin:    KN<il,lSll    (MCI   I'Y    Ni:\V    YOKK. 


I   'ri' 


ii 


ir  ■■' 


N 


Mnino.  liad  inlciniarriocl  witli  lln-  I'riiolwdls.  mihI  >\iiiii;itlii/.'  iI  with  tlicclVDrt  ol'  I'liilip, 
witli  \\  Ikiiii  III'  is  Miid.  Iiy  till  tlic  aiitluiritics  <>!'  tliut  |ii'i-i(i(l,  (n  lia\<'  lict'ii  iii  K'ulmic.  'I'liriv 
Im  no  (loiilit  ol' his  riiciulshii)  lor.  ami  alliance  with,  the  I'l'nnacuoks.  ami  tln'ir  alliliMlcil 
bands  of  the  .Mcrriniai".  cxtcndini:  norlhwanl  to  the  i'cnoloi'ot.  Canada,  and  AtMili:i, 
when*  an  ailver^e  political  element  existed.  Kranee  was  re'.'ardi'd  liv  the  alH)ri;;iii('s, 
in  all  res[)eets.  as  the  friend  of  the  Inilian  race;  and  the  destrnctioii  of  the  Kn^lisli 
colonies  was  trnly  as  nnich  of  an  olije<'t  to  the  French,  as  it  ever  eonid  lia\<'  U'eii 
consideied  liy  l'hili|).  The  Indians  actini:  niider  I'liilip  had  lieeii.  withont  doniit, 
Mip|ilied  with  fn'e-arnis  and  ainnninition  froni  the  eoninieicial  depot  of  the  Huron  de 
Ciisfine;  and  the  jiowi'rl'iil  ellect  of  this  species  of  aid  and  sympathy,  connected  with 
the  fact,  that  many  yeiifs  had  U'en  spent  hy  Philip  in  niatmin.ir  his  plans,  accords  very 
well  with  the  oiR'r!.'y  of  character,  seoresy  of  purpose,  jind  power  of  coniliinatinii, 
which  all  writers  have  asciibed  to  him.  and  fxoes  far  towards  relie\iii;;  the  war.  in 
which  ho  oiifiagoJ  with  the  colonies,  of  tlie  desperate  character  of  some  of  its  ireiieral 
featuivs. 

In  iil'ti'r  years,  wlien  the  I'l-nnacooks.  and  the  Indians  ufnerally,  of  southern  New 
Hampshire,  tieil  to  the  north,  ami  allied  themselves  with  the  AhinaUies,  it  was  this 
very  French  inlhiencc  npon  which  they  relied.  After  a  few  years  spent  in  various 
employments  in  the  west,  suhseipieiit  to  the  year  lilMi.  Seliastian  l{asle  estalilished 
liiiiLself  at  Norrid^rwock.  on  the  KenneU'c,  when  this  illiiit  connt'ction  with  the  New 
Kni-'land  Indians  became  more  fully  apparent.  The  fiij;iti\c  Indians  were  eiieoui-atred 
in  their  hostility  to  the  En;jlish,  and  became  expert  in  the  use  of  fire-arms,  wliic  h.  at 
that  era,  had  entirely  .superseded  bows  and  arrows.  Heturniiiir  in  detached  parties, 
like  hyenas  in  search  of  l)rey,  they  iell  upon  the  people  of  th»'  nt'W  and  isolated  settle- 
ments, I'rom  whose  precincts  they  had  previously  lied,  with  the  exterminatinir  kniii' 
and  tomahawk,  marking  their  coin'se  with  .scenes  of  arson  ami  mnrdt-r.  which  are 
heart-ronding.  and  horrible  to  conti'mplatt'. 

But.  to  return  to  the  Baron  de  Castine;  it  is  allirmed  that  he  was  a  F'reneii  nobleman 
of  distinction,  a  colonel  in  the  king's  l)t)dy  guard,  and  a  man  lujted  for  his  intrigiu>,  ii,<i 
well  iw  his  enterprise,  who  had  li)rmed  an  alliance  with  the  Abinakies  and  other 
Indians  of  this  |)art  of  the  country,  the  obji'ct  of  which  was  to  imjK'de  the  progress  of 
t'no  colonies  of  I'lyniouth.  Massachusetts,  and  other  jiarts  of  New  FiUgland.  lie  had 
married,  and  had  living  with  him.  at  one  time,  six  Indian  wives.  Several  Roman 
Catholic  priests  also  resided  with  him  in  his  palace,  which  formed  a  sort  of  alM)riginal 
court,  and  was  hjcated  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Penobscot,  near  its  mouth,  where 
the  |ircsent  town  of  ("astine.  in  Maine,  now  stands.  Bytlie.se  means,  as  well  as  by 
his  genius  and  enterprize.  he  had  ac(piired  a  vast  inilnence  over  the  natives;  not  oidy 
l'urni.shing  them  with,  but  al.so  instructing  them  in  the  u.se  of,  fire-arms.  Jle  In-gaii 
his  career  among  the  Penobscots  in  Ibbl,  and  followed  it  up  with  such  success  that, 


Tlir,    KNCMSII    OCCII'Y    N  K  W    YoHK 


IftT 


itl  tlic  nniiim-iicc'iiicnt  nf  IMiiliiis  war.  tlie  knowU'tli^o  of  t\\v  use  of  jriiiiiM)\vil('r  itml 
liiv-ariiis  was  iiiiiviTxal  hiihhi^'  tin-  liidiiiii-'.' 

It  must  iKit,  liowi'vcr,  Iw  loipittcii  iliiit  I'liilip.  imlcptMidciitlv  of  liis  i'X|ii'ctiiti(>iiH 
IViMii  till'  s\riiinitliy  of  tlu'  Fri'iicli,  was  attuatctl  l»y  liis  own  natural  aiitiiiutliioM  in  liis 
attciniit  tu  tlrivu  tlio  Kn;j;lis)i  out  nt'  New  Kni^lanil.  and  tliat,  when  lir  al)an(l(>n('il  Mmnit 
Hope,  Ik-  tliivw  liiinsuir  mnong  his  Indian  l'ri«>Mds  and  allii's,  witii  the  |iur|ii)si'  of  incitinu; 
tlifin  to  make  incrssant  attacks  on  tlic  sotllenu-nts.  To  ilo  tliis  ilU'i'tiiallv,  it  was 
n<'(cssar\  to  surprise  tlioni  in  dotiiil.  IMacos  known  to  Ik-  in  tlio  ocriipancv  ni'  tin' 
niilitiii  Wfii'  avoided,  nnh-ss  wlien  ii  small  foive  conld  Im-  suddenly  attacked  In-  a  larvier 
out.'.  The  Indians  have  seldom  Ix'on  willing  to  meet  u  huge  regnhir  ibree  in  the  Held  ; 
tinv  in-efer  tlu'  frnerilla  systt'm.  which  is  pursued  in  the  same  mnnner  in  Oregon,  at  tin- 
presi'nt  <lay,  as  it  was  iit  New  Kngland  IMI  yi-ars  since. 


'  1 1")  I,  p.  '."!. 


I 


I  I 


I.Vs 


III  I-:    i;m;  Ms  ii   (mci  I'V    n  k  w    vu»  k. 


CnAl»TKI{    IV. 


'Illl.ir  CAItlMKS  'I'lIK  WAK  INTu  Till-;  I' I,  V  M  <»  1  T II  Col.oNV.  IT 
ASSIMl'.S  A  Wll»i;i{  AM)  Mo  UK  SANiil  I  N  A  If  V  A  SI' III  T.  Till: 
N  A  UK  A(iANSi:TTS    A  U  11     INVoLVI.I*     IN     Till:    (ON  S  I' I  U  A  C  V. 


■(!   (i  i  ^ 


AriKU  IMiiliii's  llliilit  IVom  I'ociisM't.  lln'  Wiir  .'issiiincd  ti  licrccr  iliiU'Milcr. 
h'u")  Five  or  >i\  l;ilMiii'r«  wen- \v;i\  I:iiil  Mini  killcil  in  n  lirlij  in  .Mcnilun  :  .Miilillo- 
iKiniiijIi  iin<l  n.irlniiiiilli.  in  llir  i'lv  iiioiitli  |ihiiiiMtiiiiis.  \\i-\<-  .illncki-ii  :  no 
iiui'iciillin'.'il  lalmr  ciiiilil  li  ■  |im'«u('il  ;  cmtv  clninii  hI'  lni^iirs  liiij  ;iii  iniin\.  iinil  cmtv 
Ifiicc  ami  wmII  M'i\fc|  :i>  iiii  ;niil)n-r;i(|c.  'riif  N  i|iinii(k-'  \\\\i>  lunl.  licrctntliii'.  (n-cn|iii'(l 
:i  ilciiilill'nl  |H)-itiiin.  iii>\v  roinmcnci'd  ii|M'n  linstililiis,  siirciKlim.'  tii"  iiliirni  wc-tWMid. 
At  l,;ini':i~ti'r.  ii  niMn  iiiul  iii"  \\il<'  were  killrd  on  I  lie  Lmd'.v  (kiv  :  u  Imv.  tindini;  >lic('|), 
in  M;ii  lliiiiiiu'jli,  \\;i^  liivil  III  ;  nnn-cnnilial.iiil  hnliaii^  were  iiiTrvtcij  mikI  i ciiiiniltcil  for 
Iruil;  :niil  im  liiilian  \\a«  >Mlr.  nr  iVcc  i\n\n  tlif  >u-|iiciiin  nf  ticMilirr\.  iki  inaltrr  how 
'jiiiiij  |ii>  ciinilnct  iiail  |irr\  iiiii~l\  lircii.  f\cc|i|  lliu^c  nl'  llir  cipiiiniiniilii  ~  ul'  jiravinL; 
Indians,  wiin  Wfir  al-n  cluscdy  >\ati'lu'd.  A  .•-liMit  tiiiir  >iiliM'i|ii('nl  In  llii'  iilavin  at 
l<anca>tiT,  ii  di'lacliiiu'iil  ul'  soldii-i's  was  m-iiI  nut  to  make  ifcuniioissiincrs  as  liir  as 
lladlrv. 

I'lir  aiilliniilii  s  at  l!ii~lon.  still  fntcrtaininij  tin'  idra  llial  tlic  Nipniiicks  could  lie 
ic-tiainid  liv  ni'iiotialioii.  the  lattiT  ajrri'fd  In  iiicit  roininis-iniii  r>  at  lironUirM;  Imt  it 
|)iu\('d  lo  l.c  a  UHTr  niM'  (111  till'  |iart  nf  till'  Indians.  Tlic  oiliicis  ^cnt  iIhiIk  r  \\r\o 
accoinjianii'd  li\  t\\rnt\  hnrsrincn.  and  wcic  jnini  d  on  tlir  roiiti'  li_\  a  cun-idciMMi' 
niiiiilirr  oj'  tlic  t.-iti/i'ii  soldiery.  FindiiiL;  iio  liicjians  at  Itroi'kliciij.  iln'v  inaivkcij  I'nur 
or  li\c  iiiik's  liiitlicr.  lo  a  narrow  dclilc.  Ilankcd  li\  a  swanip.  wlicrc  :inn  hhliaiis  rose 
I'i'oiii  an  aiiiliiiscadc,  and  |ioni'cd  ii|>on  tiiciii  a  licaxy  lire.  I']i;jlil  i'I'iIh'  n  en  weie  killcil 
liy  the  tirst  disdiarp',  and  tlie  conmiiiiidci'.  as  well  as  scM'ial  others,  wounded,  'I'hcy 
then  retreated  to  lil'ooklicld.  wliitlicr  they  were  |ilirsill'd  li\  the  Indian-,  who  <et  the 
tiiwii  on  lii'e  in  sc\cral  |i|,iees.  The  inlialiil;iiits  retiiv'd  to  a  lo'jdioiisc.  slitditlv  toriitliil. 
where  they  dcl'eiideij  th'iiisehes,  The  Indians  >uiTouiided  it.  kee|iin'.;  up  an  in(i--,,nt 
lire,  and  allciii|ited  to  hnrn  it  liy  dischnriiiiiL' Ma/ini;  allows  n{ion  it.  and  hy  lhri:>tinL; 
coinhii^tihles  a'jainst  it.  jilaced  on  the  ends  of  Ioiilt  iioles.  Tiny  then  lilleil  a  cart  wilh 
henip.  ami.  setiinu  it  on  lire,  hacked  it  up  to  the  house,  llail  this  cHiirt  siiccecdeil, 
si\eiit\    men.  women,   and  children,  w  ho   were   huiKiled   to'jethcr  w  iihin.  would   luuu 


Til  K   i:n<;  I.I  -  II   IMC  r  rv  n  i;u    voii  k. 


t.".i) 


lii'i'll  I'iiiisIimI  Mlivc;  lint.  r<il'lllllilti'l,\  .  U  >I|ii\M'I'  hI  IMill.  wlllill  IMI  lll  tin-  llxHlirlit, 
V.\lill^lli.>l|i'ii    liir   l|jllli'r<.        Till'    lll'lillll-   Will'    i'\i'lltllilll\    ril^iili'iii'il    nil     l>\     llii'   li  |>iiil<'i| 

urri\iil  111'  iiiiiliiri'i'iMriil-.  wliirli  iIu'.n  >ii|i|iii.-iii  tu  III'  \f\\  lniL'f.  Iiuin  ihiir  liriiij; 
jn'i M'l'ili'il  l>\  A  dioM'  1)1' iVi^iliti'iit'il  i'allk'.  Oiil^  line  iiiiui  wa.-*  killril.  iiml  mu'  wmiliili  il, 
ill  tlii.H  liiiiiiilliiar^v  >ic'ji'. 

'i'iir  iill.iir  wiis  .-raii'i'lv  iiM  r.  wlirii  liiiir  fH'iLiiali'  liuilii'-*  nl  liiiiips.  iiihIit  iliilrii'iil 
('niiiiiiaiiili'r>,  rt'arlii'il  ISriiolvlii'lii  itnl  llu'  Imliiiii'^  liail  llnl  \si>t\\;nil.  rlli  I'tiii^' a  iiiiiuii 
wilii  till'  l'iii'iiitiii'k.'<.  at  IK'i'iHi  III  anil  at  Nnillilii'lil.  iii'lii;^  |mii'mii'iI  in  that  (linrlinii, 
a  liattli'  wa.M  Inii^lit  near  Sii'iar-lual'  Hill,  in  wliiili  ti'ii  I'iiiiili.-li,  ami  l\M'iity->i\  lniliaii.'< 
li'll  ;  till-  \v>[  III'  till'  liiiliaii-  linn  jiiiiiiil  I'liiliii-  liiin*.  ilailli'\  \sa-«  iiuu  uci  iipp  li  ii\' 
till'  lriiii|is.  llif  iiali\i's  ill  till'  \ii'iiiit\  liaviin:  lii'i:nii  to  .'>lin\v  a  Im^lili'  ili>|H>-iiiiin.  .iml 
tu  iiiriiai'r  tlif  ti>\vii>  aliiiM'  it  in  tin'  ('uniiri'lii'iil  valley.  ( >ii  tlir  l>t  nl'  Si'i'ti'iiiKi'i* 
(IliT'i).  tlii'V  attai'kril  Drfiiirjil.  lannril  mm'imI  il\Mlliii'js  to  a.slu-.  ami  kiliiil  mii'  man. 
Niiii' III' till  incii  VM'i'c  killi'il  li\  tlirin  in  lli<'  \miiiiI-.  at  Noi'tliliclil,  tun  nr  lliivr  ilavs 
.snlisi'i|ii('iit  ly.  'I'lii'  ila_\  atlrr  tlu'  laltcr  iicriii  inirr.  a  ifiiirurii'iiiriii  ul  lliii  I  \ -,-ix 
iiiiiiiiilril  iiil'aiitry.  willi  a  i'iiii\n\  nl'  |iiii\  i^imis  jl.r  tlii'  '.:arii.'^iiii  at  Nnitliliiiil.  Iill  iniu 
an  Imliaii  aiiiliii.''^('.'iiir  witliin  I\mi  iiiilr>  nl'  llicir  ili'siinatinii ;  lln  i>,  ilir  rniiniiaiiil'  r, 
willi  si.xtrcii  inrii.  Iiriii'4  kilii'il,  ami  tlic  lia'.:i:.'i::i-   ami  wmimli'il  raptiiri'il  ii\   tin'  riniiiv  . 

On  I  III'   I  ^tli  nl'  .N'|i|inilirr.  a  II  hit  nf  lijiiix    mi'ii.  cnnMiyini;  a  1 1  .liii  nl'  Iimiii~.  Inailnl 

nilli    '.^raiii.  Ii'lt    Di'ialiijil.  tn    pini I    Inllaillry;    iiiit,  w  liili'    jia.-^iii'j    tlirmiuli  a  il'ii-i; 

liii'('-t,  ill  till'  viriiiity  111' a  plai-i'  imu  rallril  .Mmlily  Itnink,  snini>  .scvi'ii  linmlri'il  Imlians, 
will)  liail  lii'i'ii  scri'cni'il  linin  \ii'w  ly  llii'  laislii'.-4  nl'  a  iimra^s,  rii.'^liril  lininii«l\  ii|iiiti 
tlii'iii.  Till'  ti'nn{is,  lii'iii'^  tlii'nwn  iiitn  ('iiiii|i|i't(>  (■niirn.>'inii,  Iii'dIm'  tlii'ii'  ranks,  ami 
atti'in|>t('il  tn  liiilit  till'  riiriiiy.  liniii  lii'liimi  tiro,  ill  tlii'ir  nw  n  ciistmnary  inaiiiirr.  I'mt 
it  w.is  In  III)  piiriinsi' ;  tlii'y  siilli'ii'il  all  litter  ami  iiin.«t  aiipallini;  iliti'at  ;  l,atliin|i  ami 
iiiiH  t\  men.  iiieiiiiliii:^  till'  teamsters,  lieiii;:  slain.  The  liriiii;-  lieiiiL'  lieanl  at  Ueerlii'lil, 
linn-  nr  live  miles  ilistant.  a  I'liiirnri'einent  was  linnieil  Inrwaiil.  lail  iliil  imt  reaeji  tin- 
.sei'iie  until  alter  tlie  eluse  nl'tlle  net  inn.  wlieil  tlie  \  ii'tnl'S  were  eii!:a'.:ei|  in  strilipill'^  llie 
lieail.  ami  iiiaii'.;liiii;'  tlieir  lnnlies.  itiisliiie^  nii  hnliily,  witliniit  litiakiiiir  tlieir  ranks, 
tlie\  ilrnve  tlie  ciieiiiy  I'lniii  the  lielil.  killing  many,  ami  eniiipellim:  tin'  siii\i\iirs  In 
Sick  sal't'tv  in  lli^iht.  The  Inss  nl'  the  Imliaiis.  in  the  si'veral  actiniis  ti)ii:^lit  mi  ihis 
•  lay,  is  repnrteil  tn  have  heeii  i|nite  liea\  s . 

It  is  tn  he  iiili'iTi'il  tiiat.  in  these  systematie  attaeks,  I'hilip  hiiiisell'  was  either  the 
leailer.  nr  tiie  ineitiiiLi  spirit  nl'  the  Imlians.  Thrniinhniit  a  larue  e.xteiit  n['  eninitr\ ,  the 
Imliaiis  were  aetiiateil  h_\  niie  iiiuli\e  ami  mie  pnliey  ;  liir.  like  his  own  I'aiileil  llnlihainnk. 
I'hilip  appearetl  In  he  ii|pii|iiitoiis.  shiltiiiL:  his  positimi  with  iiieniieeivahle  lapiility.  rimn 

nlle  |H)illl  tn  aiintlier.  Finlll  illliil'lliat  inll  snhsei[llenllv  nlitaineil.  he  is  lielieMil  tn  lia\e 
ll'il  theattaek  at  .Mmlily  IJrnnk.  The  rnllnwili:;-  ihlN.he  displaveil  his  fnlees.  in  nimihris. 
nil    the    wesl   hanks   nl'  the   (  niiiu'etieiit.   at    heeilielil,  wliieli    was   uai  i  isniuil    li\    niily 


1 

It 


:^t 


lifflni 


t:ii>'l 


I 


i 


•  !i 


(  . 


I 


I,'! 


I'    '   i 


It 


if 


fl 

'   1 ' 

Hi 

I  til  I 


TIIK    i;N(il.lMI    (H'Cl   I'V     NHW     VoUK. 


l\M'iit\  -■■\i'M   111(11.      'I'lii^  ciicimi^liiiiic  Itil  111  till'  aliaiiilDiiiiK'itt  of  tlnit    |iii^l.  a-  liciiii; 

t'lii  ili-laiit  111  M'lMiii'  |irii|«'r  ^<ll|llllll■l.  iuhI  il  vva?<  fiMiii  al'lrr  ili'-«lrinci|  li\  tin'  I'liniiv. 
Kiiiltiililiiiiil   \i\  llirw  Nin'('i'i*»t'K.  ||ii>  IiuliaiiH,  in  (he  viriiiitv  of  SiniiiirHi'lil.  altarUi'il 

thai    liiNMi.  killi'il  an   olliriT  iiimI   uiic  man,  who  witc  mil    I'l'ruiiiinilrriii'j.  ami    Inirniil 

l\M'iil_\  -tun  il\vrlliii^-liiiii«'f*,  tnL'i'tlii'r  w  itii  a  \iiliialili'  lilnaiv .  a^i  alxi  Iwi'iit  v-IIm'  liani^. 

iiirliiiliiiL.'  tlit'ir  cullt«>llt^4;  ii  Idhh  wliicli  iviliii'«>(l  tlif  inlialiitants  to  fiit'iit  i*ti'ail.-<  iliiiiii.' 

till'  wiiilcr. 

l-'lii>li('il  witli  Ills  ti'iiiiiiiili".  IMiiiiji  asrt'iiiii'il  tlic  \  a1li'\ .  w  iili  llic  ilctrriniiiatiiiii  ol' 
allackiiiL'  llic  l'!ii>iiisli  licailiiuarlci.".  (hi  tlir  lUtli  nf  ( K'lulii'i',  In'  aiiiN'anil,  with  kcscii 
or  ri'jlit  liiiiiili'cd  warriors,  mar  tin'  town  ol'  llatliclil.  ami,  liavin.'  cut  olV  M'Mial 
M'oiitiii'j:  iiai'tics  ill  tlu'  wonils,  niadi'  a  rapiil  iittiu'k  on  ilic  town.  I'lom  Mirimix  i|iiartri's. 

It  wii<4  (Icli'iiilcd  witli  urt'iit  refill  lit  ion.  Iiiiviiii;  ln'cn  rt'inltii'ct'il  a  slioit  tiim'  |iri'\  ioii>. 
aiiil,  ai'li'i'  11  Ki'Mi'i'  I'oiitcst,  I'liiliji  was  ('iiin|ii'll('ii  to  willulraw  lii-i  Inri'i's,  'I'liis  lii« 
I'lli'fii'd  iliiriiii;  tlir  ni;jlit.  not  without  soini'  conl'iision.  as  he  was  ('iii'iiihIk  ri'ij  with  liin 
ili'aij  ami  woiinilcil.  lli-  also  lost  soint>  of  his  l'IIIis  in  t|ii>  livn-.  lie  siu'i'irilnl. 
Ih'Wi'MT.  in  lirin^'  scxcral  ihvcllint's.  which  wiic  consiiini'il,  and  in  dri\  iiii;  oil'  a  iiiiiiilirr 
ol'  cattle  Mild  .sh('('|i  U'lonuiiii;  to  the  colonists. 

.\iitiiiiiii  now  ilrawiiiiT  to  ii  i'losc,  it  U'camc  ncccs.sary  I'or  the  lari:e  mass  ol'  the 
Indians  to  dis|)erse  to  |ilac('s  where  they  could  readily  olitaiii  their  woiiled  >ii|i|iliis. 
I'liili|i  had  (k'leriniiu'd  to  pa-^s  the  winter  with  the  .Naria'.'ansetts ;  Imt.  in  a  shoil  time, 
his  i^iierilla  iiarties  were  kept  l)iis\  mi  the  waters  of  the  ('onneclicut.  Late  in  OcIhIm  r, 
MMiie  unprotected  teams,  near  Northampton,  were  attacked;  three  men  were  killed  in 
a  meadow  Hour  that  town;  and  the  Indians  attempted  to  hiirii  a  mill.  Three  men 
were  also  killed  hetweeii  Spriiiiilii'ld  iind  Westlield.  and  liair  houses  hiiriied  at  the 
latter  place.  Other  deprediitions  were  comniitted  at  liOiiLinieailows.  and.  likewise,  at 
Sprin^Tn'Id. 

While  the  knife,  cinl).  iriin.  and  iiici'ndiar\  hraiid  were  thus  ai'tively  wielded  on  the 
waters  of  the  Coiniectii'iit.  IMiilip't*  warrior.s  were  l)ii.s\  in  the  east  and  south-east.  Two 
.separate  companies  of  militia  marched  from  Moston  and  ('aiiiltridL''e.  to  icpres.s  linliaii 
hostilities  at  Meiidoii.  ( ii-dtiin.  and  other  places.  In  elli'cliiiL''  this,  sixcial  encoimters 
occnricd.  in  one  of  which,  an  ntlicer.  named  ( 'nrtiss.  !iiid  one  soldier  lell.  \  coiisideralile 
(piaiitit\  of  ciirn  was  desiinved.  and  one  poia' captixc  was  released. 

I'rior  to  the  la>l-iiieiiti>iiird  action,  an  all'air  occurred  at  Wreiithaiii.  One  of  the 
colonists.  Iia\iii'_''  one  escniii'.;  discovered  a  party  of  Indians  on  their  march,  .■.ilently 
iMIowcd  their  trail,  and  s.iw  lliem  eiicani|i  near  a  precipice.  Uetiirniii'j.  and  iriviiei' 
iiiimediate  notice  (if  his  (i'is(  r\  alion^.  thirteen  men  accompanied  him  to  ihe  spot,  w  Inii' 
they  ciiiicealed  theiii^i  Ives  until  the  Indians  aro.-e  at  dayhreak,  when  they  lired  upon 
them,  and,  drivinu  tlieni  over  the  precipice,  killed  tweiity-liair.  The  rest  ellected  their 
i'sca[ie. 


Til  !•;   i;N<i  1,1  >  II    inn  i- v    n  i;u    \  >>uh 


ml 


CM  A  I'TKIi    V. 


TIIK    ('o|,t»N  IS  I'S     MA  lit   II     IM    TIIK     iilllJIlh     i>V     I'lIK     lllnNTII.l;^ 
Tlli:V    \VA<ii;    U  All    AdAINST    Till".    N  A  I!  I!  A(i  A  N  S  KI'TS,    \\ll<>     MM! 
DKIKATIll)     IN     A     STItnMil.V     I'o  I!!' II  ill  l»    I'dSITKiN. 


WiTiinir  till'  lirtiiils  JH'inir  ;.'i\i'ii.  it  is  iin|i<i.-«iliK'  lu  rimcfixf  iln'  li;irii>>iiii;  ii;ilm>'  nf 
tills  Will'.  Till'  Kll'jli^ll  WCIT  cM'l'  on  till'  ilicll.  cstT  \i'^ii;ui|.  ;icli\c,  lilMM'.  Mini 
nil('l|irisillL;.  'ri|r\  were  rc'M(l\.ill  M  mcHllclirs  WMIIlillL;'.  In  |iIII~Mc'  tlu'  rinlliv  .  ;illi| 
IrlilliMli'  liix  IlltilfisS  ;  mill.  \\  lirllrMT  llic\    >lll1i'ric  I  ilill'.il .  ||   w  :l<  1 1\\  i  IIJ   In  I  In!  I    illl|Mll-iM' 

lii'ii\('i'_\ .  iiiid  a  (li.<|i<isitiiiii  ii)  iiii'lt'ii'iilc  Mini  (li'sjiiM'  llii'ii'  i'ii>'ii:v.  'I'lii-  iiiiiiii'i'l  tlii'iii 
til  ii'ikIm-  i'm^Ii  iiiii\ rnu'iils.  in  wliicli  llirv  l'i('i|iii-nii\  iicjli'i'iiij  tlir  nriiiiiiux  nil<'>  >i\' 
tiiililiiry  ciiiiliiiii.      lioilii's  III'  iiii'ii  wriv  r^iiiliii'iily  iii'oiisi'il  ninl  iiiiiri'liiil  liulilly  iiil'>   lli'* 

|i)r('>ls  Mllil  ilrlili'-;.  W  il  liulll  Mllijill.;  mil  sn  mt-^  In  ilMiTtilill  I  llr  |iii-ilMi||  ut  llir  fur.  r>r-i'li'S, 
it  ;ll\\:iy<  |ri|llilril  II  1;II'J<'  liili'i'  In  \\;ili'll  M  >lli:iiirr  niir,  wliiii  llif  Litlii'  Wi'ir  Milvlnl 
ill   till'   Wiiuij-.   |i':ii|\    111  Splill'^   U|iiill   liirlll    W  ili'll    ii'list   f\|iri'liMl. 

Imliaii  lii>lnr_\  ili'iiiipii-lairs  thai,  in  lliis  'jiU'iilla  wai  fair,  tin'  aii\  .iiila'ji'  is. 'jrlii  rall\  . 
at  lir^l  nil  llii'  >iili' III'  tlii>  iialisrs.  ulm  air  iiiiiii'  inliiiiatily  ai'i|iiaiii!i'il  willi  tin'  Imil 
g('n'^ra|i|i\-.  as  wi'il  as  willi  (In  natural  rr-niii-i'rs  nl'  a  \\  ililrnir-<  i'niiiiir\,  ami.  .lUn, 
uitli  tlicir  iiwii  rapai'ity  liir  ('iiiliiiaiii  r  :  wiiii'ii  cin'miistaiici's  i;viii'iall\  ilrlriiiiiin'  llnir 
liiniii' nl'  attack  ami  iji'li'iici'.  Snjiil  fniumiis  nl"  iiu'ii,  ('iiciiiiilict'ril  willi  lira\_\  lia.;;ja'.:i' 
ami  a  cniiiinissariat.  wlicii  inarrliiiiir  llirmi'iii  a  Ini'i-  •  iiiiist,  lu'frssarily.  prmrrcss  >i|n\\  1\ . 
'i'lii'V  snnii  lii'cnmr  liitiuiirii.  ami  liaras.-i'ij  li\  liii'ir  riirimilirani'i's.  w  iiili'  llii-  lijlit-lnnicil 
Imiiaiis  liai't  ai'miml  tiii'iii,  ami  lu'l'mr  tliriii.  iiki'  llir  liauk  Inviii'j  wiili  its  {iir\.  iiiilil 
a  siiilaliii'  n|)|inrtiiiiit_v  ni'i'urs  liir  tlii'iii  In  ,-iriki'.  If  il  In-  nu'ii'ly  a  warn!'  skiriiii^lii's 
ami  siir|iiiM's.  {\u'M'  an-  tlifir  I'aMirili'  ami.  i;iiii  rail\ .  siii'i'rssi'iil  nmili's  ni'  altai'k. 
AiintluT  error,  comiiiilti'il  l>y  tin'  wliiti's.  in  this  war.  was  ilm  iiiiiilnynu'iit  nl'  ii 
iii\ilti|ilii'ity  111'  M'parati'  I'nimiiamirrs.  tiriiiicnily  I'Viai'l-iii'.;  ili-rni'ilant  [inwi'is.  ami 
waiiliiiL'  ill  iiiiily  nl'  aitinii. 

'I'lii'  irnnii  st'lisi'  nf  till'  rnmiilissiniii'ls  nl'tlii'  Ni'W  i'lliiilaml  cnlnllii'S.  now  Poilli'iliTati'il 
lor  ili'l'i'iu'c,  coiiv  iiu'ril  till'  I'liiiiitiy  nl'tliis.  Tlu'  warliail  ln'i'ii  in  |irnL;n'ss  si'ai'ci'lx  lliii'i'- 
rnmllis  nl'  a  year.  tliiiiiiL:'  wliieli  liiiu'  many  xaliiaMi'  Tims  Ii:iiI  Ih'i'ii  In-i  li\  linlian 
ainlaisi'ailrs.  ami  a  laiLir  aiiiminl  nl  prn|ii'rly  liail  ln'i-n  ili  <!  inv  nl.  .\liliii'ii:li  ilii< 
.si'ttii'is  wi'i'i'  Ucpl    in  a  <lati'  nl'  |ii'r|)i'tiial   alarm,  nn  i'II'i'i'IIm'   liinw  liail   ini'ii   -liink; 

Vnl      VI.         J I 


ijj, 

M 


H 


^.!i 


i 


.11  !; 


*     I 


TIIK    KN'ILISII    (MTIl'Y    NEW    YORK. 


:     i 


iiiilliiii 


ill  Hid.  liMil  Im'im  iliHic  to  miIhImi'   tlic  iliiriii 


irit  dl'  tilt'   Iniriiins.  mid   tlicir 


entire    llircc  \v,is   .■^till   in    iiiotion.      In   m  coiiiicil    iicid   iit    Hostoii,   it   Wii.s  (k'tiTiniiuMl, 


tlu'l'c|ii|<'.      |i>     ill.l 

t'li.xiiiiii;'  (Miii|i;ii,u 


it   iiKiic  irciii'ral   :inil  cllcctive  nuM-^iiri's  for  llic    prosecution  o 


f   til- 


n. 


.Vurcciiiiiv  to  ii  .sciilo  tlioii  i'st:il)li.-i|ii(l.  Mii.ssiicliiisL'tls  colony  wiis 


(liicctcil   to  I'lirnif^li    ">li7  iiicii ;  I'hiiioutli  coloiiv.    l')S; 


mil  ('oiiiK'cticiit.   \v 


hid 


I  now 


III 


c'liiiii'il  llio  New  IliiVfii  c'oioiiv,  Jil'i;  niukiii;;  ii  totiil  lorco  oi'  1001)  iiu 


■ilition  iiiiiiiiist   tlu'  XiiiTii- 


It  wa.x  .-iiihsciiuciitly  ilftrrniiiu'il  to  lit  out  m  si'|iiirat<' 
•iMiisclts.  >vlii>s('  liostility  to  the  colonics,  anil  coniplicitv  wiili  I'liilii).  conld  no  loni'cr  lie 
doiilitcd.  Tlicy  wcic  dcsiiiiiatcd  as  the  lirst  olijcct  ol'  attack.  One  tlioiisaiid  men  were 
also  nmstered  lor  tliis  siu'vice,  ollicereil  hv  e.xiiericiiccd  captain.'^,  and  placed  under  tlie 
coiiimand   ol  Jo.siah  Wiiislow.     Atlvanced  a.s  tlie  .reason  was.  this  force  was  marched 


arati-   hodi 


tl 


iroii'il 


■^eeivonl' 


d  r 


roviilelici 


and 


oser 


Pat 


llNelit    river    to 


Wi 


(1.  tlie  place  ol'  ri'iide/.voiis.     On  the  route  a  svstem  of  wanton  destruction  of 


person  and  property  was  loliowed  i||i.  it   heiiiLr  their  desii;n   to  niaUe   the 


Ind 


lan.-" 


ll'cl 


the  elli'cts  of  the   war. 


The   latt 


er.  lieiiis: 


iji|)ri/.ed   of  the   movement,  liiniied   I'etti- 


(piaiiscott.    killiiiiT   lifteeii   of   the    iiihaititants,   and   concentrated    their    forces    o 


an 


ele\:if loll.  se\eral    acres    in    extent. 


irromided  on    al 


ides  h\- a  swami)  —  a   positioii 


1" 


located  ill  the  e\istiiiir  towiisiiip  of  South  Kiiii^sti 


Hh 


Isl, 


lIKl 


At  this  place  they  had   fortilied   tliem.selves  hy  a  lormidahle  stnictiire  of  pali.-atles, 
r.'ounded  hy  a  close  hedjre  curtain,  or  rude  ahattis,  leavini;  hut  one  passatie  to  it. 


w 


liicli  led  across  a  liri 


loK,  and  was   loriiieii   ol 


sin'.;le 


li.-. 


I  ted    I 


our  or   tive 


leet 


abovi'  the  siirlac  of  the  water.      At  another  point   of  the  fnitilication  wiis  a  low  i;ap, 
closed   hy  a  lo^  four  or  live   feet   hinh,  which  could  he  scaled.     Close  \>y  was  a  hlock- 

weak   point.      The   whole   work   was   inueiiioiisly 


lioii.se,   to  deli'iid    and   enlilade   th 

coiistriicti'd,  and  well  adapted  to  the  Indian  mode  of  defence.     The  authorities  do  not 


mention  that  I'hilip  was  jireseiit,  ijiit  there  apjiears  to 


le  no  ( 


loiiht   that   he   hi 


liven 


ever\'  au 


1  ill  I 


ll.s  l)OW 


P' 


er  to  his  alii 


It  was  a  death  striii;L:le  Hir  the  Naria'.iaiisi'tts,  and 


their  fate  wiuild  determine  his;  lor  they  were  far  sii|)erior  in  niimhers. 

l>y  tlu!  destruction  of  l'etti(|uaiiscott  and  its  little  pirrison.  the  troojis  eoinposing 
Winslow's  army,  who  had  expected  to  take  up  their  ipiarteis  thi're.  were  deprived  of 
all  shelter.  T!k  y  had  no  tents,  and  were,  con.seqiiciitly,  ohlijred  to  pass  a  very  iincom- 
Ibrtahle  iiitdit  in  tlie  ofien  air.     It  was  late  in  Decemher,  and  hitt 


er  cold,  with  .snow  on 


tl 


10  "rrotiiH 


1.     On  the  no.vt  day  (lUtli)  Win.slow  put  his  army  in  motion  at  an  early 


lio"".  as  they  had  sixteen  miles  to  inarch,  throuirh  deep  snow.  At  one  o'clock  in  tin; 
afternoon.  ,:iuided  hy  an  Indian,  they  reached  the  vicinity  of  the  swamp,  where  a  ])art\- 
ol  the  enemy  had   heen  stationed   as  a  corps  of  ohservatioii.     They  were  immediatelv 

nt.  c()in|')risiiii,'  four  coiiipaiiics.  imiiie- 


attacked.  hut  lied   to   their  citaili 


■tad 


inu 


am 


•ideiitallv  reached  the 


M' 


diately  rushed  tliroujih  the  swamp,  at  a  \eiiti 

which  they  hejiaii  to  scale:  hut  liny  were  compelled  to  fall  liack  hefore  the  destructive 

fire  frniii  the  Indian  hiock-honse.    They  were  reintiu'ced  hy  two  other  com|)aiiies,  when, 


TIIK    KNdLISII    OCCLl'Y    N  K  W    V(»|{K. 


168 


])ri'ssiii<i-  t'lillaiitlv  forwiird,  in  the  fiici'  of  ii  scvctc  lire,  tlicy  scaled  tlic  log  sally-port, 
aiui  I'Mlcivd  tlic  lijit,  inaiiitaiiiin,L'  tlicniM-lscs  in  tlicir  imsitioii  inidor  a  tcrriliU'  liir. 

Wliilc  victory  thus  hung  in  sus|H'nso,  tlio  TLMnaindiT  of  tin-  army  siu'cccded  in  crossing 
the  swainp,  and  cntcrud  tlio  works  at  tlio  saino  gap,  aftor  wliiL'li  tiio  contest  was  nniin- 
taincd  witli  i^rcat  obstinacy,  during  thrco  hours,  'riic  Indians  had  constructed  coverts 
in  such  a  niainicr  tiiat  tlie  place  conld  oidy  lie  taken  in  detail.'  Driven  I'roni  one 
co\'erl  after  another,  the  Indians  ke|)t  up  a  gallinir  lire,  most  lesolutely  contestinjjc  every 
inch  of  groinid.  At  length  they  were  compelled  to  ahamlon  the  I'ort,  and  efl'ect  tiieir 
retreat  In  the  log-gate,  across  tin'  narrow  liridge,  which,  though  well  adaptt'd  to  them, 
linist  have  jirovecl  a  dillicult  feat  to  the  Knglish.  During  the  contest  it  was  ol»served 
that  a  large  hody  of  the  Indians  had  as.seinhled  behind  a  certain  part  of  the  fort, 
whence  tiiey  kept  up  a  most  annoying  lire,  (,'aptain  Church,  the  aid  of  (ieneral 
Winslow.  having  the  command  of  a  volunteer  company,  led  them  out  against  these 
Iniiian   Hankers,   whom   he    silenct'd  or  dispersed,   when,  (diai'ging  again   with    great 


dianti 


h 


f-entered  the  fort  tlirom:h   the  oft -<'on tested  <'i 


p.    <lr!VMlg    tiie 


Ind 


lans 


hii 


lie 


ei 


icountered   them  on   ev<'rv  side,   hunte(l   IVom   their  coverts,  and 


falling  fast   hel'ore   the    English   musketry.      The   Narragansetts   fmally  gave   np  the 
Ktrug'ile  and  lied  into  the  wilderness. 

Six  hnndri'il  lodges  were  found  in  this  I'oitifieil  ciudosm 
!ind  placing  great  reliiuice  on   the  strength   of  their   position,  as  well 


Deing  the  winter  seasi 
on    the   1 


)n. 


Dili!:' 


established  custom  of  suspending  operation.s  during  the  winter  months.  th<'  Narragan- 
setts had  conveyed  their  women  and  children  to  this  place  for  shelter.  It  has  been 
^itated,  and  there  is  no  re.isonable  doubt  of  the  fact,  that  .some  of  the  most  bold.  darinL^ 


kl. 


and  rccKiess  of  the  Knglish  oilicers.  had  been  Ibrinerly  sea-ca[)tains.  ami.  probably, 
buccaneers,  in  the  West  Indies.  Nothing  short  of  the  diabolical  spirit,  innate  in  men 
of  that  class,  conld  have  sng'.'ested  the  cruel  scene  tlnit  IliUowed  the  tiiglit  of  the 
warriors.  The  wigwams,  containing  the  aged  and  superannuated,  the  wounded,  who 
were  nnabl(>  to  e.sca|)e.  and  about  .'500  women  and  children,  weiv  set  on  fire.  The 
ates  ran  shriekinir  in  everv  direction,  as  the  Ihuncs  advanced;  but  there 


iniseral)le  nnn 


leniir  no 


)  chance  for  tlight,  they  were  all  consumed  in  this  inlnnnan  holocan.st 


Tl 


us 


was  not  only  an  act  uf  most  barbarous  cruelty,  in  (Ieneral  Winslow,  but  was  al 
mistaken  policy. 


The  Indians  who  escai)ed  took  shelter  in 


imp,  near  by,  where  they  passed   the 


ni 


;ht  in  the  snow,  and  where  many  of  their  number  died  i'roni  exposure,  and  the  want 
of  both  lire  and  food.  The  Narragansetts  afterwards  asserted  that  they  lost  about  7(10 
warriors  at  the  Ibrt.  besides  ."itlO,  who  snbseipiently  died  of  their  wounds.  The  entire 
number  a.-sembled  at  the  i'ort  has  been  computed  at  400(1 ;  and,  if  we  allow  but  five 
j)ersons  oidy  to  a  lodge,  it  would 


sum 


1)  a  total  of  800  famili 


Tills  reveals  tlie  object  cif  pit.s  and  ditehos  {nsidc  of  our  antii|uariaii  remains  of  lorlilieatioiis  iu  the  West. 


hIi 


IH 


164 


IM »  K  A  N  ( >  K  E  '1'    W  A  1{ . 


U 


'I'lic  I'diitliiLriation  of  tlic  lod^vs,  iit'tiT  tlic  Iiuliiin  warriors  liad  llcil,  was  not  uuM'cly 
iiiint'fosMrw  cnii'l.  imd  iiilniiiiiui.  but  it  was  also  an  unwise  nu'asure  on  the  part  nl' 
(ifiicrai  Wiiislow ;  I'nr  tin-  Indian  wiirwanis  might  have  ailorded  slielter  during  the 
uiLdit  I'or  tiie  woinidod  and  exhausted  soldiery.  Hut  the  iMiglish  were  themselves 
driven  out  1)V  the  llames.  and  were  eoiiipelli'd  to  retrace  their  way  through  ii  severe 
.sMMW  .-torni.  carrying  with  thetn  many  of  their  dead  and  wounded.  The  intensity  of 
the  colli,  added  to  the  pangs  of  hunger,  occa.'^ioued  the  ileath  of  many  of  the  latter, 
wiiiim  oi'iliiKiry  care  niii^ht  have  saved.  Th^y  reached  the  desolate  site  of  Petti- 
(pianiscolt  after  midnight,  and.  the  following  da}',  thirty-four  of  their  nuinl)er  were 
hiuicd  at  lliat  placr.  in  one  grave.  .Many  were  severely  l'rost-l)itten,  and  KK)  were  .xo 
niiuli  di^iililcil  a-i  to  lie  udit  liir  duty.  Had  the  Indians  rallied  and  attacked  them  at 
l'rlli(|uaiUM(>tt.  not  over  lltl)  n['  the  army  coulil  have  handled  a  gun  or  a  swoi'd.  Two 
huiidri'i!  of  the  Knglisii  were  killed  in  the  stormimr  ol'  the  fort,  including  eight  captains 
ami  .'cveral  subalterns. 

This  severe  blow  crippleil  the  power  of  the  Narragan.setts,  but  did  not  humblo  them. 
On  tin  cmitrary.  the  survivors  cherished  the  most  intense  hatred  against  the  Knglish. 
from  tliis  period  becomim:'  the  open  and  fearless  allies  of  I'hilip;  and  the  majority  of 
theui.  imdi'r  ( "anonchet.  a  short  time  subseipieutly.  joineil  tlu'  N'ipmucks,  and  Philip's 
allies,  near  Deerlield  and  Northlield.  Driven  I'rom  their  villages  ami  their  country,  thev 
turned  their  backs  on  their  once  iiapjiy  homes,  with  a  leeling  akin  to  that  which  had, 
at  a  jirior  period,  animati'd  Sassacus.  It  might  naturally  be  supposed  that  manv  of 
them  nnist  have  sull'ered  greatly  iVom  want  of  I'ood  ;  but  the  forests  were  still  tilled 
A\ith  game,  and  they  also  iVec|iiently  seized  the  cattle  whii'h  were  straying  about,  on  th(! 
borders  ol"  the  settlements.  Ivirly  in  Keliruarv.  they  maile  a  descent  upon  liancaster, 
and  iMpturi'd  t'orty-two  persons;  ;ind  a  short  tiiue  thereafter,  they  killed  twenty  of  tiie 
inhaliitants  of  .Medford.  at  thi'  same  time  burning  half  the  town.  Seven  or  eight 
buildings  shared  the  same  fate  in  Weymouth.  On  the  J.'ltli  of  .March,  four  fortilied 
lious(»s  were  rediiceil  to  ashes  in  Grotoii ;  a  lew  days  later,  Warwick,  in  Hliode  Islaud, 
was  burned:  and.  before  the  clo.se  of  the  month,  the  largest  portion  of  tlie  town  of 
MarlboroUiih  was  liki'wise  cousiuuetl. 

The  Indians  had  been  taught  the  ellicaev  of  lire  by  their  bitter  e.v|)erieuc(!  at 
Kingston  fort,  and  they  soon  became  expert  in  using  it  airainst  the  Km;lish.  The  torch 
was  now  their  most  |)otent  weapon.  This  iioncI  mode  of  warfare  create(l  such  a  panic, 
that  a  larger  tbrce  was  kept  on  the  alert,  lK)th  day  anil  niuht.  IJefore  the  depredations 
cniilil  be  check'ed  in  one  diri'ction.  tliey  were  duplicated  at  another,  and.  frcipientiv, 
distant  [loint.  Captain  I'leice.  of  Scituate,  anil  lifty  men,  together  with  twenty  <'ape 
Ctxl  Indians,  were  suddenly  attacked  on  the  Patuxent,  and  almost  entirely  annihilated. 
Two  days  subseipiently.  forty  dwellin'.'  houses  and  thirty  barns  wei'e  burned  at 
Rehoboth.  Rhode  Island.  Kleven  persons  were  killed,  and  their  bodies  consumed,  in 
till'  ll.imes  of  one  house,  at  Plymouth,    t'helmsford,  Andover.  and  .Marlborough  sulKered 


POKANOKKT    WAR. 


lor. 


by  tlio  torch  early  in  April,  ami  SiuUnny  oxporioiiccd  the  next  visitation.     On  this 
occasion  a  (jurty  of  colonists,  who  pursued  the  Indians,  were  all  waylaid  and  killed. 

The  Indian  army  which  connnitted  tiiese  depredations  nnnil)ered  some  live  hundred 
men.     Finding  that  they  were  not  closely  pursued,  alter  their  attack  niion  Sudhury, 
they  encami)ed   in   the  neighboring    forest.     Meantime,  a  force  of   lifty  men,  under 
Captain  Wadsworth,  who  were  mandiing  to  protect  other  towns,  learning  that  a  liody 
of  Indians  was  concealed  in  the  woods  near  Sudbury,  determined  to  find  them.     Seeing 
a  snudl  number  of  the  enemy  returning,  they  instantly  started  in  pursuit  of  them,  and 
were  thus  led  into  an  ambush,  from  which  the  entire  iurce  of  the  Indians  issued,  and 
conunenced  a  tierce  attack.      Flight   being  out   of   the  (piestion,   the  English   fought 
bravely,  and  (inally  gained  an  eminence.     Ihit  nothing  could  withstand  such  numerical 
odds,  and  Watlsworth  and  all  his  command   were  killed,  not  a  man  i'si;aping.     Tlio 
same  day.  a  provision-train  was   attacked   in    IJrooktield,  and    threi-  men   killed,  or 
captured.     The  ire  of  the  Indians  was  next  directed  against  the  old  Plymouth  colony, 
which  they  probably  hated  on  account  of  its  having  been  the  nucleus  of  tlie  colonists. 
Nineteen    buildings  were  burned  at   Scituate.  seventeen  at  Hridgewater,  and  eleven 
houses  and  live  bams  in  Plyiimnth  itself.     A  siiort  time  subsecpiently,  several  buildinirs 
were  consumed  at  Namansket,  in  old  Middleliorough.     Very  lew  persons  were  killed 
in  these  de})redations ;  but  the  Indian  (Ire-liraud  was  constantly  in  operation  against 
every    isolated    house,    or    unguarded    village.      Their   marauding    parties    stealthily 
traver.«ed  miles  of  territory  every  night ;  and  no  man  could  step  out  into  his  field  to 
look  at  his  farm  or  stock,  without  incurring  the  danger  of  being  ])iereed  by  the  swift- 
winged  arrow,  or  the  unerring  ball  of  a  savage  foe.     Tlie  hills  and  valle\s  of  New 
England  resounded  anew  with  the  terrible  war-whoop. 


' 


I  m 


166 


I'OKANOKKT    UAH, 


:^l 


I  ., 


;!)j 


CHAPTER  VI. 

CAPTURE  AND  DEATH  OF  CANONCIIET.   OVERTHROW  OF  THE 

NARRAGANSETTS. 

Wiiii.K  the  oastorn  townsliips  prcsi'iitcil  a  scciio  of  iiiiivoraal  dovastiitioii,  thu 


1670       Ei.'iilisli  iiilial)itaiits  on  tlio  westcni  liordcrs  oxiicri 


CIII'IM 


1  liiit  little  (iistiirhaiice 


from  till'  Indians.  IJiit,  when  the  latter  wore  driven  iVoni  tlio  eauturn  section, 
they  ootnnieneed  a  series  of  attacks,  liy  niudit  and  hy  day,  on  the  scattered  s.'i'lenients 
of  the  west.  To  repress  these  outrages,  Massachusetts  and  I'lyniouth  sent  a  co.isiderahlo 
force  into  that  quarter. 

After  the  storniing  of  his  princnpal  fort,  in  the  swauii)  t)f  South  Kingston,  Canonchet, 
the  reigning  chieftain  of  the  N'arragan.setts,  lied  to  another  intricate  jxi.-itioii ;  hut  there 
is  no  evidence  that  defeat  hail  hund)led  him.  His  grandfather,  Canonicus,  had  lieeii 
the  ruling  chief  of  his  trilx',  and  ha<l  sold  A(juiduec,  now  Rhode  Island,  to  the  Knglish. 
His  son,  Miontonimo,  equally  noted  for  his  politic  character  and  personal  hravery,  had 
acted  a  distinguished  part  in  the  war  which  loUowed  the  overthrow  of  the  i'eqiiots. 
Canonicus.  himself,  could  look  hack  to  no  period  of  the  Xarragaiisett  history,  which  did 
not  allbrd  liiin  cause  for  pride.     Though  the   Xarragansetts  may  not  have  defeated  the 


tiiljes  of  the  Dighton  Kock  League,'  who  hail,  at  an  eai'ly  | 


lei'ioij,  occnuiei 


jtarts 


sew 


Kngland,  prohahly  Maine,  they  hail,  at  least,  been  conii'derated  with  the  great  magician 
and  warrior,  Mong,"  who  drove  them  from  the  hanks  of  the  Assonet.  Wiiatever  cour,«e 
the  reflections  of  Canonchet  took,  he  a])pears  only  to  have  heen  hardened  in  feel 


niL' 


anil  more  man  c 


th 


ner  incited  to  hatred  of  the  KuLdish,  hv  the  contest  with  Winsli 


As  spring  advanced,  he  issued  from   his  place  of  retreat,  and. 


accompameii 


d   1. 


party,  came  to  Seekonk  to  procure  .seed-corn  for  planting     This  movement  was  re\ealed 


hv  two  Indian  females  who  wei 


ipturt 


and  who  also  informed   the  colonists  that 


his  place  of  refuiie  was  on  IJlack  river.  The  army  of  Aiassachusetts.  which  happeni'd 
to  he  in  the  vicinity  at  the  time,  jiroceeded  to  make  .si-arch  for  him.  anil  succeeded  in 
finding  some  of  his  party.  They  then  immediately  scattered,  with  the  view  of  inter- 
cepting him.  each  sipiad  taking  different  routes.  Canonchet  had  adopted  a  similar 
policy,  dividing  his  followers  into  separate   parties.     Ili'  was  accidentally  seen   hy  a 


■i 


'm 


i\\' 


'  SraiiiliiiMN  i.iii  liMclitiMii .      \'ii|i>  Anlii|.  Aiiirr. 

»  Vili.'   tllMliptinll.    Kill.    I!c>..    V.il.  I.,    I'lair  X.WVI., 


Ill   ;   iil>u  Vul.  IV.,  I'laU'  XIV.,  p.  120. 


I.  I 


P  < »  K  A  X  (J  K  K  r    W  A  R . 


167 


person  who  n'coL'iiisod  him,  nn  '  liotly  piirsiicil.  Tlu'  siirhcin,  in  order  to  pxju'dite  his 
liitilit.  tiircw  od'  his  hicod  coat  and  wampum  holt,  and  would  have  escaped,  luid  he  not 
made  a  IUIm'  step  and  fell  into  the  water,  wetting  his  gun.  A  swift-footed  Pcquot,  who 
was  in  the  iunglish  army,  immediately  seized  and  held  him.  until  some  of  tlie  soldiers 
arrived,  lie  was  desired  to  indicate  ids  submission,  hut  refu.sed,  maintaining,  lioth  in 
his  iiir  and  manner,  a  proud,  nnconquered  aspect,  and  disdaining  to  make  any  answers 
comprumising  his  honor. 

lie  was  taken,  under  a  strong  guard,  to  Stonington,  where  he  was  allowed  the 
formality  of  a  trial.  This  local  triliunal  condemned  him  to  he  shot,  which  sentence 
was  e.\ecuted  hy  the  Mohicans  and  IVquots. 

With  Cauiinehet  the  Narrng.'inseft  power  in  reality  e.\pired.  The  Narragansett 
nation  had,  doid)tless,  produced  greater  chiefs  than  the  last  named,  hut  none  who  had 
possessed  a  higher  or  a  firmer  .sense  of  his  jiower  and  authority,  or  who  had  entertained 
a  greater  ri'pugnanee  to  the  iidlux  of  the  Knglish  race.  C'anonicus  dreaded  the 
approach  of  the  loreign  race ;  hut  he  saw  some  advantages  in  that  commerce,  which 
supplied  a  market  foi-  what  the  natives  could  most  easily  procure,  and  furnished  them 
witli  articles  of  which  they  stiuHl  in  great  need.  These  circumstances,  coupled  with 
the  intiueiice  of  IJoger  Williams,  induced  him  to  adopt  a  conservative  course,  and  to 
prevent  his  trihe  from  eounnitting  hostile  acts.  His  son,  Miontonimo,  was  greatly  his 
superior,  both  in  mental  and  personal  endowments;  hut  he  possessed  a  fiery,  inigovern- 
ahle  spirit.  Impatient  under  the  pressure  of  wrongs  he  could  not  redress,  he  was  too 
eager  to  avenge  injuries  receiveil  from  his  kinsmen,  the  Mohicans,  hy  a  sudden, 
im|)ulsive  movement,  tiie  ohject  of  which  might  have  been  attained  by  more  <lelibera- 
tion.  His  nnjustifiabie  death,  on  ."^aehem's  IMain.  is  not  so  remarkable  as  an  act  of 
savage  cruelly,  as  it  is  of  Knglish  casuistry.  An  Indian  hand  was  made  to  strike  the 
executionary  blow,  which  Indian  clemi^ncy.  or  diplomacy,  had  withluld.  Canunchet, 
also,  fell  by  the  same  ((Uistionalili'  system. 


s  !l 


11  I  ,1  M 

i 


4 


^ 


J.I 


ii 


B 


I   ; 


IN 


h 


11-.  , 


1 


i;i 


ItIS 


rOKANOKET    WAU. 


CirAPTEH    VIT. 

PHILIP  RENEWS  THE  WAU  WITH  SIJCOESS,  BUT  IS  FINALLY 
I'OUCEI)  TO  TAKE  SHELTER  WITH  HIS  CIIIEE  CAPTAIN. 
ANNAWON.  IN  AN  OASIS  OF  A  MOHASS.  IN  POCASSET. 
FINAL    OVERTHROW    OF    THE    RASHARARY    OF    POKANOKET. 

WiXTKR  is  not  iisuiilh'  a  scasiui  of  warfare  aiiioiij:  the  forest  Indians,  who  can  he 
traet'd  in  tiie  snow,  and  cannot  eainp  without  (ires;  hut  wliere  llie  plinider  of  hariis 
and  cattle  is  at  hand  to  alVord  them  sustenaiiee.  the  rule  is  violated.  Phili|)  resolved 
tJiat  neither  eold  nor  liunger  shoidd  stav  his  onset ;  he  had  i'n;:au('d  in  a  deatli-strn^'gle 
with  New  England,  and,  it  may  truly  he  said,  that  she  never  had  so  energetic  and 
desperate  an  Indian  oueniy  to  coih'  with. 

After  the  capture  of  ("anonchot,  the  party  wliich  had  heen  led  1)\-  liim  lied  in  tliu 
direction  of  Deeifield  and  Northfield.  in  wiiicli  vicinity  l'hiii|)'s  Indians  had  heen,  for 
some  time,  collected,  connnitting  de[iredations  on  the  inhaliitants.  Philip  made  this 
j)art  of  the  country  his  iieail-(piarters,  and.  agreea!il\'  to  accounts  thin  current,  lie  had 
received  countenance  from  the  French  in  Canada,  who  had  sent,  and  continueil  to  send, 
Indian  marauding  parties  into  this  part  of  the  Connecticut  \alley.  Ik'  liad,  himself, 
visiteil  Canada,  and  he  ])urposed,  in  case  of  linal  deti'at.  to  retire  into  that  pro\ince. 
A  Natic  Indian  who  liad  het'u  sent  out  as  a  spy.  reported  that  Philip  had  visited 
Alliany.  to  ohtain  assistance  from  the  Mohawks.  1"h(>  Mohawks  might  Iiasc  heen 
inclined  to  aid  him.  hut  liir  a  piece  of  treachery  which  unexpectedly  came  to  light. 
Pliilip's  men  had  killed  a  l\-w  Mohawk  hunters,  on  their  hunting-grolnids  in  the  Con- 
necticut valU'y.  mill  the  chief  had  adi'oitl\-  laid  the  hlame  on  the  Kuglish.  Hut,  one 
of  the  men,  supposed  to  lie  dead,  hail  recovered,  and  re\ealed  the  tru(>  state  of  the  case. 

It  soon  hecame  evident  that  I'liili])  entertained  no  idea  of  gi\ing  up  the  contest,  but 
was  jjreparing  to  carry  on  the  campaign  of  I(i7(')  with  renewed  vigor.  As  the  spring 
advanced,  his  central  position  appeared  to  he  at.  or  about  Turner's  Falls,  on  tlic 
Connecticut ;  a  noted  loralit\'  for  the  catchiui;'  of  shad,  and  other  species  offish  ahoundimr 
in  this  river.  At  Longmeadow.  on  the  HCith  of  March,  an  armed  cavalcade,  wliilo 
j)roceedii)g  to  church,  was  attacked,  jind  two  men  killed  and  a  nnmher  wounded.  On 
another  similar  occasion,  two  women  and  their  children  hecame  so  nnich  IVightened 
that    they  fell   from   their   horses.  :mil    were  dragged   hy  the    Indians  into  a  swamp. 


iMiK  A  N(iK  i;t  w  \n. 


lt'.0 


1'liosi',  :iiiil  iiiiiny  dtlicr  iill'airs  nl'  a  siiiiiliir  cliiiracti'r.  in  wliicli  men  witc  Ivillcil  on 
liotli  sides,  renileicil  it  clear  tliat  I'liilips  main  I'orec  liarimrcil  in  tlii.s  vicinity,  ami 
lliitlier,  tlicrclorc,  the  Kmilisli  tmnps  were  mai'clicil.  cdips  alter  corps,  hotli  linrse  ami 
I'diit.  uniiei'  apiiroNed  Icadei's.  until  tlie  lorce  swelled  tn  a  ciMisideiaiile  luinilnr.  'I'lic 
Jn<iians  were  camped  ainnnd  the  I'alls  un  lioth  hanks,  in  detachrd  hodies,  and  wci-e  al-n 
(.i,iii_rf,.Mjitcd  (in  its  clill's  anil  un  the  iieighhorint^  islanils.  As  the  Kni;lish  iiiree  in  this 
(piai'tef  was  not.  at  this  time,  ^(•^y  lunnei'ous,  the  Indians  were  iml  in  mneh  tear,  and 
ciinseipiently  hecame  careli'ss.  Two  eapti\es,  who  iiad  escaped,  reported  this  supineness 
and  descriiied  tlieir  position.  Ahoni  ItiU  moinited  nnn  inarehed  lor  the  tails  imder 
Captain  'I'nriier.  whose  ^laliantry  was  eonnnenioraled  liy  L:i\in'j-  to  them  his  name 
They  were  ioi lied  hy  militia  rrom  Spriii^dieid  and  .Northampton,  and  iheii  led  hy  ^kiliiil 
guides  to  within  iialt'  a  mile  of  the  sjiot,  where  Turner  dismoiinted  his  men  and 
I'astt'iied  his  lioiM's.  k'a\  iiiii' a  small  iiiiard  to  protect  them.  IhisiuL;'  iieeii  previously 
joined  hy  jiarties  under  the  command  ol'  IJolyoke  and  l,yiiian.  the  whoh'  Iiiree 
pi'oceedeil  with  silence  and  caution  toward  the  Indian  camp.  Daylight  hail  iml  yet 
dawned,  and  the  eiioiuy,  deeiiiiiiir  tiieniselves  secure,  ke[it  no  wateii.  'J'hey  were  \et 
asleep,  and  scattered  arcjiind  at  several  points,  mostly  alio\(!  the  I'alls,  where  the  ri\er 
jioiired,  at  one  leap.  .>V"r  a  precipice  of  Jiirly  leet.  A  well-directed  lii-e  'jaNc  them  the 
first  indication  that  i!(,  detested  l\n-lish  —  shoutiieu'  Mohawks'  —  were  upon  iheiii. 
iSei/iiiL:'  their  arms,  they  tiiULiiil  distraeleilly.  A  lar;je  nuinlii'i'  ol'  them  liniied  inti) 
their  eanoes  to  cross  tlu'  ii\er;  some  ol'  whiidi.  lia\inii  no  jiaddles.  were  soon  swept 
over  the  falls,  and  all  who  were  in  them,  with  one  exeeption.  drowned.  It  is  estimated 
that  the  entire  loss  of  the  Indians  was  '1(10  warriors.  One  hundivd  and  I'lirly  were 
swept  oNcr  the  TalN.  liut  one  ol'  whom  was  sa\iid.  Thos(^  who  succeeded  in  escapinn 
across  the  ri\er.  joined  the  others  in  their  lliuht.  It  was  a  I'omplete  sur|iiise  ami 
a  disastrous  deli'at.  The  slauLihter  was  so  i:real.  that  UlH  dead  were  counted  on 
the  Held. 

After  their  llij^ht.  the  Indians  ai^aiii  rallied.  cios>eil  heiow  the  I'alls,  and  allarked  the 
guard  which  had  been  left  witii  the  horses.  An  Indian  eaiitive  reported  thai  IMiiliii 
had  arrived  with  a  reinforcement  of  101)0  men.  This  news  produced  a  jiaiiie.  and  a 
soi)aration  of  the  Knglish  forces.  A  thiekly-woodeil  morass  Hanked  the  left  hanks  of 
tile  falls,  extendinj;-  nearly  to  Green  river.  Those  who  retreated  by  this  route  were 
f<uhject(>d  to  repeated  att;icks.  and  one  of  the  jiartie^i.  whicii  attempted  to  cross  it.  was 
cntirelv  cut  oil",  tlie  men  taken  prisoners,  ami  Imrnt  at  the  stake.  Turner  lieal  hack 
the  pi!''ty  which  attacked  his  camp,  remounted  his  iiorses  and  vigorously  pursued  the 
onemy,  who,  dividing  as  he  advanced,  closed  in  Ijehiiid,  and  pursued  liim  in  turn.  lie 
fell,  pierced  In'  a  bullet,  while  crossing  (Ireeii  river,  ilolyoke.  who  had  killed  live  men 
uith  his  own  hand,  now  assumed  the  eommaud.  and  crossing  the  plains  and  iKcrlield 


;r^*v'»i: 


Ifivt.  |i.  l-.M'. 


Vol..  \'l—ll 


I 


li 


? 


170 


•OK    \  N  II  k  1.1'     W    \  U 


I'iviV.    Ill'    rtllillll     lIlMl      luWII.   clllsi'lv    |lll"-^lll      li\     llli-     lllllllUIM.         Ill     lIlJH     ll'll.'lll      III'     lust 
llill  U   ri"lll    inrll. 

'\'\[\<  ililinll.  IhiWi'M  r.  \\:l'i  llir  llirilill'  |'.iilll  nl'  llir  WAV.  Till'  llliliilM-J,  \\llii  Will' 
IImiit  (III'  IMinilirr  kI  IIh'II  ;i^--:iiI:IM|-^.  IiuI  ImiM  |iO'.|ril  III  :i  riilllill'\  wliiii'  llii'\  rmilil 
i>li|;lUI  li';lil\  ^-llli'-i'-lrlli'r.  ;llli|  lM'r|i  lln'  ■.lirriillllilni"  liTI  llmv  Ml  mIiiiiii  Ii\  llirif  nirl 
:ll(:irKs  Itrlli'X  ill"  I  Ih'lii-ii'l  \  I'-i  illV  ilirililr.  ll|i'\  li  I'l  .ll  I  l^-l  In  rnmr  r:l  li  If'^i.  Mini.  W  lull 
llir\  l>';r-l  rsprrliil  i(.  li:iil  Ini'ii  'iii|iri..  i|  li\  :l  i'.>lll|i;ll  .ll  l\  ri  \  .-ill. ill  lini'i'.  M  l.ir"i' 
inillllii  r  Kill  I'll.  .11  111  I  lir  iv  I  ili--|ii'i  Til  Tll'\  li  I'l  Ihm  r  In  1.  nr  iV|H'i  M  urn!  mi  i  liTlilii  I 
Mil  i>\  rrl  lllii\\  .  mill,  nut  W  ll  ll'^lilllillll'  llir\  l;illlii|  .llnl  l.'ll'lll  ili".|'ri  .ilrlx  .  I  In'  ilir:|i|.i| 
culiiliiiiMl  ion  W.I',  lii.'krii  ii|>.  ami  w  ;r^  mcm  r  :illi  rwMiili  ir  lniiinij 

.Vlirr  lliis  iill.iir.  riiili|>.  will"  liad  iliiiiii:'  iii.iiiv  lii.nilli.  iii.-idr  llu.  |i!,n'''  In-:  lir.iil 
ijiiaili  1^.  ilrlrnniih 'I,  il  .ippiMr  ■,  l.<  rrtrral  low. nil-  iIh'  iiiiilli  Tlii'-i  rliirl.  llif  \.iiiiiii-- 
;iiitlii>iil  ii's  stale,  ii.iil  kipl  liiiiiv,.|r  ^nmrw  lial  in  ii'lin  iiiriil  allrr  a  piiri'  liail  linn 
|il;n'i'il  n|imi  lii-^  lirai!  In  l  In' inin  ^r  nl  a  li'w  m-.ii-.  lir  liail  rrii  S.i'^-.ii'ii'i.  M  iiinliiniiiiii. 
mill  ( 'annnrlirl.  I.ill.  irilamh  llir  Ivnh  I.Tinir.  willimil  inanirr'-l  iii"  iiinrli  n\  iii|i.il  li  \  Inr 
tlirir  I'ali'.  iliaiviii"   llii'iii  lln'  aiil  wlnrli  In'  imw    nrr.lril    liini-rir       lli'  lia>l  al -n  '.rrii  lln' 


I'lili'iui"*    --pri' 


ll.    iu^trail    oi' 


ilninni^li 


Wlii'll 


iiT    111'    nnilil.il'il    llii'    ]irai'l  iraliilil  \     nl 


stnkiu":  anolhiT   Mi'w  .ii    lln 
ll 


■I  lliiuriil^,  alli'i     llii'    ai'lii'ii    al    'riniiri'-;    l''alU.  nr  li.nl 


irliliiiill'-liril  llir  iilra  ol  a   I'lll'i'al    lot    iliaila.  llui'ii'li   llir  liiiilnrv 


>r  ll ival    ll 


naliiMi.  .auii    aiTii^-^    I  In'  w  ah'i  ■■ 


llii\\  r\  rr.  all.linril   111  llii'   I'liWiM' 


111    I.:i1m'    C 

ll.      1,.„1     IMI 


laniiilain.  i'~    iinl    Liinw  ii 


111 


in-viT    a", nil. 


i|.  ami    lii'^    liii  I  mil'    .nnl    nillinan 


nplii'MV  li>  lia\  I'  liriii-rliii  ill   iliMalril    liliii 


r.iit.  tlimi'li    I 


I1-.  uarliki'    pill-  111  rl'-   ami    In- 


all'  well'    nnw    lioi 


lioiirli"i'-l\   i>lwi 


inril.  Ill'   \\a'<   nnl    -.^rii^i 


Ml'    nl'   ll.  ami     111'    ili'lrrniiliril     ti 


't. lli, III'  llii'  a^^.iiill  wliirli  liail  ori  .i--ii'iiril  linn  --ii  Mim'li  l''-^.  ami   »!•  :iL    lii^  \i'li -iMli 


'11  llii'  M'tl  li'iiirnl'^ ;    --i  \i  r.i!  Iiiimiivil  w.iniiir--  linn"  --lill  .il   lii^  iMinniaii 


Till'  ai'tiiMi  al    Tinnri  -^  I'" 


111-  in'i'in  Ti'i 


I  nn  ill.'   I  ^lli  nl'  Ma\      (111  llii'  .".iiili  ,.r  ll 


lui'iilli.    I'Oi'    Imliaiis    alia.  Ivi'.l     llallirlil    wilh    "ir.il     liiiv.    liinnril     l\\r|\i'    lnnl.liii.'s, 
:\s-ar.lli'il  -r\i'ral  pali-.i.!.  .1  ihwllin— -.  ami  kill.'il  .i  ninnl'i'r  nl'  lln'  inli.il'il.iiil-- ;    Iml    tin 


latti  r   I'l'in":   vi-int'i'ri'r.l    I'riiin    I  la 


.11. '\.    --ni'i'i'i 


ili'il  ill  saxin"  till'  Inwn  rrmn  r.iiii|ililr 
di'sinu'tioil.  .111.1  in  iIiimiu;  llin  Imlian-  nut  nl  il  Tin'  In—  nl'  llm  i'i>lii|ii-.ts  w  a-  lixn 
mm.  ami  llal  nl'  tin'  Iitilian>i  1\\ .  nl  \  li\  n.  Tlin  lallnr.  in  llirir  rrlrral.  ilrn\i'  nil'  a 
larci'  luimbi'v  i'\'  -hrrp  anil  I'altli' 

V.:\r]\   iMi  llir  lunniim:  nl'  llu'  I'Jlii  nl"  .liiiii'.  llm  Imlian'^  a-^-.inlU'il   llailli'v  with  tlinir 
nitiiv  Ini'i'i'.  n'pnrli'.l  al  Tin'  >\  arri.ir-i.       .\n  ainlm-r.i.li'  wa-    rnniu'il    li\    llimn.  at  ni'.'lil. 


at    nno   on 


1   o\   till'   ti 


■\\\1.    llltn    will 


•ll    ll 


li'\     nnili'av  nVn 


I    to   ilri'ii\'  till'    iiili.iliitaiils    ill 


^''nlll^\\  iiii:  ilay.  N.M  >n 'o.'oiliiii:  in  llii>.  tlii'\  sri'inTil  |Hw<i'ssiiiii  nl'  a  linnsi'.  wliinli 
atVnriicil  tluin  .>^lu'lti'r  limine:  tlm  a--aiilt.  ami  alsn  liri'il  a  I'arii.  Tlmy  wi'ic.  al  li'ipjlli. 
ivjMilsod  witli  iMit  lilllo  lns<.  In  thi-  lutinii  tin'  cnm'i'alcd  n'L^iiiil.'.  (ii'inral  (InlV. 
npp(':in'»l  aiimn^-  tlin  I'nli'nists  likn  an  aiinaiilimi.  niar-hallin'j;  tlin  I'nri'i";   in    tin-   lioltn.-t 


^f  t!u'  conllii';.  ami.  .li'tiT  it 


a.-;  n\cr.  a;:ain  rilirnl  to  his  [ilaci'  nt'  I'diiccahm'iit. 


I 


I' OK   \  N  (»  K  li'l'     W    \  I! 


171 


riillin   ll<   vl    lilllir<|    III  :  ;ill<  iili.iii     Id     \'\\ I  ll .   I  lir    i  >li  I     I  Inil'll    W  lii<  li     I;|||M<'||     ill    lllH 


I, ,1111  'I',,     ||,|.     ,ii|.ill<'l'     lie     IvliMlvl      ipi'l    ■iii.lIU       :ll      ill"     Ik  .!<!     Ill'     .1      l.li     •       liinr,     ;i||i 


llll,,      ..Mill'      III hIiii"    ;cllli|l|c'lll  .     Ii\     III        IMill.llliilM"     allilcks.    lull     1   Ilii'Icil     IIDlllill'j; 


i|     llll  l«  'I  l.llli'i 


ll      ||;lil     llll'     rllil'l.    lloUi'M 


ll     iliijllrill  "     llll-    I'liliilii-I  .    Id    ,-rllil     llc.-ll 


I p.  mill  llll'  lirjil.  ulni  wi'ii'  iiiiiiii.ili'il   Willi  llll'  u.iiiin 


~l    /i:il    ii'Miii-l    ll 


nil    I'liiiiiiniil 


III    llll  'lll-l|l'i|    MIIHIII"    llll'    I',    \\;l       llll'    Vl'll'l.lll    <'.l|il.llll      I'll   llillllill     t'lillll'll.    wli 


;l<    il|i|i'lilli!':il>i>'    ill    '  I'lilll  ill"      llir     I'Miiiiliv,    I 


li'slniN  III''     llll'     Iml".'.     Ill     llll'      llliliillis. 


riiiliu  III  '   lliiir  wiiliii'ii  ;iliil  I 


liililii'ii.  ;iiiil  Killiii"  llii'ii'  \\;iiiiiii-.  Ill'  |.iv,iil  llll'  ll  rmr 
,1  lil^  niiiiii'  r.M'  :iHil  \\u\i'  'Till'  llillllill  li:i  li:ili:i  :iiii|  -inliiiii.  iiillii.nli  lii'  li:iil  mm 
,,li"i'|'  ;i    liM'il    hiiiiil    ;il    wlilrli    111  I'liliM'IH'     III     I'liillli'll.   ami   rniilii    liul    I'nlllil    ll|iiill   ;i    |i|jri' 


W  lii'iv   Ills   |iii>iill   Willi 


111   111'  s:ili'.  Hill    iiiiiiiihinii'il   :i   li;iil"lil 


\    iiinii.  ami  r\  im  1  i|  iiu  .-i"iis 


ll'    ,s|lllllll>-.|iill,    lilll.    nil    llll'  I Ilill\.   a    |M'IM'\i'rill'.'    S|illll    111     l|ii'lllll_\    Illlil    IllllH'il. 

Wliilr  ( 'liiiii  ll  w  ,1     III   llliiiili'   llaml,   riiiiiitiiKnlii  w.i'   ilii\iii    iVinii    lii'^   iumiI   IiIm'  :i 

ihi'll.   allil    ntlnl-    111'  III-    ||<lll-i'l|ii|i|,   ln'ill"    Mll'|ll  l:-i'l|    Ml|i|    kllliil. 


Illlllll 


ll  limi  .  Iii'^  w  ill'.  I'll 


Till'  rlinl'  liiiii  ill.    Iiii\\r\i'r.  i'i'a|ii'il.  ami 


111)    liiiiii 


ai'i'    In    iilai 


Al    llll  "III.  Ill 


llll, . I' I, r  an    Imliaii  w  liiiiii    riiili|i    lia<l    iiiiin-llv    killiil.  Imni  "lil    iiiti'lli"i'm'i'    llial 


Hu- 


ll'   mi'K. 


|i.iii'|il\     i'liKaimki  I     liail    laki'll    ivlii'i'    in    a    .-uaiii|i.    Inraliil    mi    Mniiiil     llii| 
Clinirli  |iiiii'i  iiliil  111  llll'  |ii'ninMila  willi  a  ilii  r  nl'  \  nliiiilii  r-.  ami  a  |i:iil_\  nf  I'liiiii 


Iml 


llll-.    "llll 


Inl     liv      ll 


\      llir     lllliil'llli'l' 


'11 


|r\     iT.i    -I'l 


I      llll'     T  llillllill.     Ill' 


.\     -i.lH'l 


I  1\  11.     Ill 


iiirlirl    ,'~r('|i'S\  .  anil   ivarliiil    llii'    M\  .ilii|i  alliT    iii"liir,ill.      ('liini'li   tlnii   rnllinii  lii-linli 

III    .-r    iiii'iil-^    III'  a  iiirji'.  ill  ii|ii'ii  iinli  I.  ami  iiiariln  i|    IIh'Iii    ii|iiin    llii'    ,~uaiii|i,  a.-'    lailii 

I,,    ,1    iTiihi'.       Il.niii"    |il,uiil    a    liii-mlls    linlian.  altii  naii'l  \  .  m-M    I'lawliili-  man.  Iii' 

i..-iiri|  iinli'i-     111  lir I  aii\    |ii  r-mi  wlin  al  li'iii|ili'ii  In  i'.-ra|ii'  I  liinii'_'li    ( 


11'  lln-lll'.'    CI  I  I'll 


T 


■\    waili'il    Inl'  ila\  lirraK    in    i 


|iarl\.    llll 


iili'ii  1'    aii\iil\   ami    |iinliiiiiii|    mIiiiii'.       .\  ■-iiiall    ^ijirl 

llll'    i'nkannki'l    llll.  I'. 


lir  (Inliliii'.    was    ili'tailril    In   aiKaiii'i'    ami    miiM'    ii|i 


Wliiii'    llir  1'    ariam'i'im'ii 


Is    ui M'    liriirj    jH'i'li  rli'd,    ami 


llll'    allai'kiii"    jiai'ly    uil-'    'till 


lii'liiml.  M  .-Iml   w 


Ili>tlril    iiMT  <  'Imrrli's    Inail.  Inllnw 


111     ll\     a    \  nl|i'\  .llll 


i\   a    nail  \ 


mil. Ills   r-i'lll    nu 


t  |,v    IMiilili.     l>.i\li"lil  liail   imw  a|i|ii'ari'il.     Tin'  n  |iiirl  nr'jnii-  alliai'liil 


llll'    alli'iilinii    ni    llll'   cliii'l.  an 


ll.  .SI  i/,iir_ 


Ills    III /hi//, 


/ll  iiiiil.-.    |i 


iwili'i'linin.  ami    'jnii.  Iin  staili 


linnii'ilia 


lil\    In  sii-l.iin  Ins 


i|\  amiil  ii.irl  \ .      An    I'iii'jlisl 


iliiaii.  iinl    kmiw  ilrj    tin'    man. 


ll    llllll   nil   a    M'llllll 


liirr.  lull   il  niissi'il  Hit.     'I'lir  imliaiis  I'lillnwi'il   1' 


li'M'lll'il    111-    |lii 

ill    lili's,       'I'lii'   s:imr    111,111    avail!    ill  rliai'ji'il    liis    iiiiiski't    al    liiiii.    si'iiiliii'j    lun   li.iil- 

lli-   linilv.   ami    la\illL'    him   ilrail   mi   liir  s|int.        i^nnraill    nl'   llir   I'alr  nf   till'  clliil', 


tlii'iiii'Ji 

an   Imliaii  \niri'  was  lira 


111.  lliiimli'iiiiv  llirnii.vli  till'  swaiiiji 


■hinln.h  :    Iniil,,.!,  :     Ol 


I  wan 


Oiiwanl  .     w  Imai  i  r\   luni'ii 


ill  ll  I'lniii  ,\nna\\iiii.  i'liiliji's  |ii'im'i|ial  war  ('a|ilaiii.  who 


iiruiii'-',  111"^  11" 


n  In  niainlani    llini'  ,i;iniiml 


'I'lii'    iTsiilt   was  a   lilooiiv    rnllllnl,  ill   wlli'll 


III. 


Imlians  I'nii'.'lil  liUc  li:;i'rs.      Cliiui'li  lin.illN   iiiailr  a  ilrlcriniiicil   cliari;"   llirmi'jli  tl 


111.  ll   iiihl   MM  ilirilli'  s:ir 


ill 


:i 

r 

;1 

i, 

Jk 

ik 

'■■I 


'  ^J 


I 


<  I 


■  :i 


;«'.! 


■I 


\r4{ 


ii 


I'oK  A  N'MK  KT    U  A  |{ , 


<>ii-!s.  wltli  ;i||  lii.H  I'oivr.  Uillili-    l.;il    liii'll;    liiil    A 


llllMWnll.'   with    iiImiiiI    .siviv  iMIowiTH. 


.■MM|1' 


Th.'  il.Mili  ,,!■  I'hi 


\\>  Wns.   in  ,.|i;.c|.  III,.    IrllllillMtiull    nf  a  \v:,r  uliirh     I,M,|     llliv;,|,.|,(.,l 


ia< 


I    Ipc'I'II   I 


til."  vnv  ,.Ni>t.'lic,.  .,r  tlif  iMildiiiis;    i;.r.  illlliolljli    III..    I'.ikiiiinkctM    I 
iiistiniildi-*  (if  it.  III..  |M,w..iriil   trilic  ..r  III..    NaiT;i,i;iiiis,.i|s,  nii.l   ..iImt  Muyil 
ari.Tni...lli..r.  Iiii.l  j„in...l  tl„.  I.'n-ii.. ;  aii.l.  alllioiidi  ^'iircdv  two  v..ais  Ii,„|  ,. laps,  ,1 

''"'  ''"I" ""11'  "I'  111'-  w.ir.  tlio  ..iiiiiv    lii.liaii   |.,,w..r..f  lli,.',.,,iiiit 

sirntl.v  ..ii!i>|,..!  ,,ii  i|„.  <i,i,,  ,,r  ,!„.  .M,,|,|„  ||„|„.  ,;„.|,„,„_     \„m.itl,,Htaii'.l 
liiitiv.l  .i|'  III,,  uhii.s.  aii.i  ..1'  111.,  wh.)!..  H.|ifiii..  .ifcivil 


I  In.'  |irmic 
iarics.  Olio 


HIICl 


rv  was  op.'iilv  .ir 
I. ..I 


III'.''     Ills      I'OII 


izatiuii,  il  ..anil. it  1...  iloiilii.'d  ||i;ki 


li,'  was  a  Ilia 


II  nil.)  t.iols  a  coiiiiuvIii.iisiM.  vi.'w  of  lii.s  iiosiiion.  am!  of  tl 


till'  .\..vv  Kii-lainl  liili,.s;  iiiii|.||  |,.vs 


K-   il.sliiu   of 


an  it  1...  .|ii,sti.)ii(.(l  that  lie  |)oss(.,ss('»l  ;rr.at 


. '11.. ILIA' 


"I   <'lKiia..|,.r.  |Misna-iv,.  |„.w..rs  s„it,.,|   |„  ,.,i|isti„.,.  ih,.  sviiipatliy  of  ll„.    Imliaiis.  ami 


very  .■..ii-i,l,'ial 
( 


ill  plaiiiiinj-.  as  w.ll  as  ilariii'j  in  ..an 


ini^'  Ins  |irii|(.(|s  ini,,  (.|lir|. 


>nnkiu  calls  iiiiM  -a  |„.,>nM  ..ro,,.,,!  iiii,l..rstaii,liii,-  an.!  kii.iwi.Ml.j..  in  ||„.  |„.,|  || 
Wi.    iiia\    laiiLiit    that    sml 


IIIlL 


ivs|i(.ct  fill-  ih,.  man  w  li,i.  iIkhuIi 
ill.'  >lak(..  an. I   civili/.d   Imt.m's  i.i   tli 
caiiliiiiiim  all  tin-  militar; 
till!  coloi 


I   (.|i('ri:i..s   \sr\r  7iiisa|i|,li.',|.    hiit   w..   .•aiiiiot    willili..|.| 


our 


uii'.'  th.'   motives   that  I.. a. I   Cliiist 


iuiiniii.'iil    .|,'a,ii\   hi.'a.'h 


tivii'jili   an. I   [loliiical  wi-d.an   oj' 


Ills    ( 


lies  111  .l.'ci'lcilly  lhi.  i;r..alcst   pi-iil  || 


laii   iiiailM's   to 
was  \vt  (.a|ialil(.  oC 
"iiiilry.  an. I  jila.'iiiL,' 


ir.iii'^h  whi.'li  lli.'y  cv.T  [lassci]. 


'  'i'llis  illi,!'  win  ill,'  lllirli'  ,,l'    I' 
nil, I  lir.);„i  waiii|.iiiii  ln'ltJ.      S,f  |l| 
'Mas...  Cul.,  Vnj.   I.,  ,,.  liuo. 


lilij'.  :.i,.l,  wli.i.  ,'ai,l,iiv,|,  ,unciul,R,|   liis  warlike   paiiitx,  scurii.t  lijaiikct 


■I 


i 


'i 


•^ 


\i 


.  ] 

m 

1        i 

1 

1 

1^    ■: 

1  f 

:    U    ■  1 

'  M 

ft  ^B 

1 

1 

Uh 


I  1 


m^i 


yi'H 


1 1 


S  1 


h'i- 


" 

1 

i 

•'; 

1 

I 

1 

i  1 

if 

? 

«'5 

1 

AlHNAKl    WAR. 


173 


CHAPTEK  VTTI. 

THE    MERRIMAC    VALLEY,    AND    ABINAKI    TRIBES. 

At  tlio  period  ul'  tlio  first  ,«ettlonient  of  New  TmilMuikI  hy  tlio  Eiiiilisli,  tlic  priiicipnl 
Iiidiiui  jwwtM's  l(jciite(l  in  that  territory,  wuro,  tiio  Poiviiuokt'ts,  iiiidcr  Massasoit;  tin; 
Narra^aiisotts,  iiiuU'r  Caiioiiicns ;  tiic  Pof|iiot-Alj:()ii((iiiiis  of  (.'omu'cticut ;  and  tiio 
McriiiMack.oi'Pi'iuiacook,  Ijasliabary  of  Ainoskciii;'.  I'lacii  ol'  these  comprised  seM'ral 
siihordinatc;  trilies,  beariim'  se[)arate  names,  and,  ahiiuutiii  hound,  hy  hotii  hnn'ual  and 
trihai  alHnities,  to  tin;  central  trihal  novernnient.  yet  yieldinu'  ohedience  to  it  in  liu^ 
ordinary  loose  manner  of  tiie  hicai  Iniiian  triljcs.  Each  of  these  tiilial  circles  was 
ruled  hy  its  particular  chief,  wlu).  altiiuu;^!!  he  arrogated  to  himself  tlu;  powers  and 
iininnnities  ol'  hereditary  descent,  yet  exercised  no  ahsohito  controllin..'  inlincnco,  hcyond 
what  the  [xipidar  voicit  aiinwi'd  iiini.  The  colonists  were  not  long  in  ascertaining  who 
were  the  principal  rulers,  nor  in  taking  the  necessary  ineasui-es  to  conciliate  them. 

Their  mode  of  treating  with  the  Indians  was.  to  assert  that  the  sovert'ignty  and  fee 
simple  of  the  soil  were  vested  in  the  English  crown;  hut  yet  to  acknowledge  the 
possessory  I'ight  of  the  ahoriglnes.  hy  presents,  or  hy  i)in'chast',  in  order  to  conciliate 
the  local  chiefs.  When  collisions  were  occasioned  hy  disputed  houndaries.  or  iiy  ((ues- 
tions  of  trade,  they  were  adjusted  in  councils  of  both  jjarties.  No  dilliculties  oi'  any 
gcnenil  moment  occurred  until  the  origination  of  the  lV(pi()t  war.  The  bloody  lend 
between  the  Mohicans,  undi'r  Uncas.  and  the  Narragausetts,  under  Miijntonimo,  was  a 
consequence  of  the  lV([Uot  outbreak.  The  colonies  endeavoreil.  as  nundi  as  possible, 
to  abstain  from  any  participation  in  this  struggle  ;  but  in  a  very  short  time  they  became 
involved  in  oi)en  warfare  with  the  Narragausetts.  It  couUl  not  he  supposed  that  the 
Pokanokets  or  Wanipanoags,  who,  inider  the  benevolent  Massasoit,  had  li\ed  in  amity 
W'itli  th(^  English  for  such  a  lengthy  period,  could  sit  calndy  by,  and  se(!  a  foreign 
people,  whose  manners,  customs,  and  o[iinions  ilillered  so  widely  fmni  their  own.  attain 
the  possession  of  power,  and  spread  o\er  their  i  ounlry,  without  experiencing  feelings 
of  jealousy  anil  animosits.  The  impatient  spirit  which  Alexander  evinced  during  his 
short  reign,  and  the  more  delil)erate.  secret,  and  crafty  policy  of  Philip,  developed  this 
latent  Indian  feeling,     'i'hese  events  have,  however,  been  [irevlonsly  n'hited  in  detail. 


I    ■■ 


I 


'!•'! 


ii    i: 


1!!^  'W\ 


\   Wji 


i; 


rjl 


"1. 


]l 


-  ii, 

^1f 


f^ 


i 


11 


!.  n 


-^^ 


174 


A  B  1  X  A  K  I     W  A  J{ 


Tlio  .Arcrriinack  trili.  s.  iiiiioii-  wlioiu  ili.'  I'miiacooks  appear  to  liavo  hold  tiie  liii:host 


IwsUioii. 


iiaM    loca 


led    thr    scat   of  tl 


ir  aiivcniiiu'iit  at  tlic   Aiuoskca!'  Falls,  a 


denotiiiL;  llio  aljiindaiico  til"  Iiimn cr  on  that  slivaiii.     Tlio  rul 


iiaiiii,' 


iiii;'  saclu'iu  was  Pi 


issat'oiia- 


wa 


y,  a  CL'li'Id-alod  majiciaii.  a  disliii-iiislicd  war  captain,  an  oloipicnt  spuakrr.  and  a 
wise  I'ldcr.  l-Vw  aljmi,Liinal  finds  ever  MU-passud  liini  in  iiiontal  or  niauistciial 
qualidcaliuns.  Fnv  a  lung  pcriud,  lie  piiulcntly  niaintainod  iricndiy  ivlations  with  the 
Massacluisctts  and    \cw    llaiiipsiiiiv   .■(iloniLs;    and   his   intcrviL'W.s   with  Jolm  Eliut 

donotu  tiiat  he  possessed  a  niimk  capal.le  of -r.ispini:-  and  ( ipiviiendin.u'  tlie  trnths  of 

religion.  It  is  numilbst  that  his  most  earnest  desires  weie.  to  nndu'  the  vicinil\  of  ids 
beloved  Anioskeag  his  home  in  old  a-e.  and  liiat  his  hones  shonld  be  deposited  on  one 
of  tiie  beautiliii  is!  nds  in  tiie  MeiTimack.  lint  tlie  spirit  of  aggression  IViistnited  his 
wisjies.  Tlieie  wa-^  a  stron-  pi-ejndiiv  in  tlie  Knglish  mind  against  the  natives,  whieli 
bronght  the  colonists  and  the  Merrimacks  into  collision  in  inan_\-  dillerent  wavs. 
Injni y  was  ivtaliate.l  l.y  injnry.  and  blood  was  avenged  \<y  blood.  Murders  were 
followed  by  wars,  in  which  the  Knglish  were  invariably  sii.rcssfni.  anil,  fniallv, 
Passaeonaway  and  his  Pemiacooks  were  driven  from  their  homes.  New  JIainpshire 
and  .Maine,  from  the  Merrimack  to  the  Penobscot,  were  drenched  with  Indian,  as  well 
a.s  Knglish  blood.  The  time  will  arrive,  when  the  history  of  these  sangninary  strifes 
will  become  a  frnitfnl  theme  for  the  pen  of  the  author,  and  the  pencil  of  the  artist; 
and  then  the  fold  and  heroic  men.  wlu.se  lot  it  was  to  a.(  the  part  of  their  countrv's 
deleiider<  in  these'  perdoii>  seeiies.  will  receive  their  due  meed  of  praise.  The  deeds  of 
valor  c'nacted  at  Kenne'rc.  .Vorrid-ewock.  ( 'astiiu'.  .Moidiagan.  and  Sagadehock.  and 
on  tlu'  lofty  ■\Vambec.'  will  tbencef ath  con-tilnte  siibj.cl^  to  interest  the  mind  of  the 
reader,  and  excite  bis  nnaiiination. 

'J'he  Abinaipii  trihe  abo  acte.l  an  iniiH.rtant  part  in  the  Indian  history  of  .Maine  and 
>ew  Hamp.diire.  This  word  i.-  of  Krenrh  origin,  and  is  too  vague  lor  any  (.'thnological 
purpose,  being  tiic  mere  translation  of  the  Indian  term  f.r  Kasilander.'  The  lan-iiaue 
of  this  people  de.-^igiiates  their  Al-ompiin  linea,:;e,  the  latter  being  distinguished  by 
some  orthograpidcal  piculiariti.'s.  the  pi-ineiple  of  which  is  the  use  of  the  letter  r. 
The  early  colonists  called  them  Tarranieens ;  ••  Init.  among  the  JnjijUoi.s,  they  were 
known  liy  the  name  of  ( )na'.;un-a.' 

About  ir.'.ii'.  \\hile  the  coloines  were  contending  with  tli<'   refractory  tribes  on   their 
western  borders.  S'bastian  Ibisle.  a  J(>snit  nii>>ionary  from  (,>iiebee.  who  had  previously 
visited  ,-onie  of  the  Western   trihes.  made   his  appearance  among   the  Abinakies.      lie 
orrid-ewock.  and    earnestly  d.'voted    his   alleiition    to  the  task  of 


located   himself  at    X 

teaching  them   tlie  truths  of  ('hri>ti 


initv.      it  must   b"  reii 


■mheivd.  that  the  French 


A  iiiinir  CmimIi.'  WhUv  M, 


iiiii(:iin<. — .!/'.  ii'.<  IVn,i,iiphi/. 


•  folll    ir.ihui' 


til.'  r;|.|,    ,,!•  |,I,|,-,.  ,,f    thivli'jllt,   IIIhI   <(./,■' 


C.  ]!,  I'nttrr's  sWl.Il,   V(,l.   V. 


-Mi 


\V.«,,rs  N.u-  |-:ii_:l;in.l  I'l'M-iMrt. 


;il'lli,  111'  hiiiil. 
Ciil.li'i 


■^* 


AIIINAKI     WAR. 


175 


vcsidi'iifs  in  Ciiiiiulii  aimed  to  tvjiistnict  an  cniiiiro  in  America,  hy  obtaining  influence 
!xnion,i:>t  tlio  Indian  tribes,  east,  west,  noiUi,  and  south,  wliich  might  bo  turned  to 
political  account  in  tlio  hour  of  emergency.  To  a  jireat  extent,  the  new  system  of 
instruction,  introduced  by  liasle.  had  nut  only  a  ndi'^ious  cliaracter,  l)ut  also  a  powerful 
political  tendency.  The  people  of  New  i]niilaud  and  Xew  York,  nay,  of  all  the 
colonies,  deemed  it  such;  and  numerous  and  protractcil  ue^otiations  between  the 
colonists  and  the  tribes,  as  well  as  between  the  respective  authorities  of  the  two 
countries,  wi'ro  the  conse(picnce.  Every  movement  was.  either  in  reality,  or  was 
conceived  to  be,  the  result  of  Canadian  jealnu>y  of  the  British  colonies,  or  of  I'ritish 
animosity  a;j;ainst  Canada.  If  the  Indians  committed  a  murder,  or  per|)etrateil  a 
massacri',  it  was  allci^ed  that  the  French  autliorities  had  inciteil  tiiem  to  the  act,  or 
countenanced  them  in  its  perlbrmance.  Sipiadroiis  of  ^hi[ls  saili'd  from  Kni^land  to 
avenue  these  reported  injuries,  iind,  for  a  long  period,  the  ct)untry,  from  the  mouth  of 
the  St.  Lawrence  to  that  of  the  Mississippi,  was  the  battle-ground  of  the  contending 
nations. 

This  position  of  aflairs  caused  Rasle  to  be  regarded  by  the  colonists  as  a  partisan. 
Throughout  Xew  England,  his  lal)ors  were  deemed  to  be  directed  toward  iiervertiug  tlie 
Indians,  and  implanting  in  their  minds  the  >erds  of  error,  and  of  hatred  to  the  cnloni(>s. 
He  was  cited  beliire  the  autliorities  of  liustdu;  but  the  negotiations  oidy  resulted  in 
mutnal  misa|>prehension.  ami  ended  in  vituprration.  The  Catiiolics  and  Protestants 
were  so  directly  at  variance  with  each  other,  and  so  many  wiathy  men  and  women  had 
been  slain  liy  the  tomahawk  and  the  scalping-knife,  that  the  colonies  determined,  by  a 
coup  de  main,  to  riil  themselves  of  what  they  considered  the  grand  exciting  cause  of  all 
their  evils.  With  the  caution  and  celerity,  resulting  from  long  practice^  in  Indian  wars. 
tlu'V  ni;irched  a  body  of  troops  to  the  site  of  Norriduewock,  and  made  a  descent  upon 
the  village.  Tiie  Indians  were  roughly  handled  in  an  engagement,  which  took  [ilaco 
on  the  greiMi,  were  driven  tlu'nce  to  tluir  wigwams,  and  cut  down  wherever  tliscovt'red. 
Among  the  rest,  Rasle  was  slain,  while  boldly  defending  his  Hock.  His  chapel  was 
burned,  and  the  village  entirely  destroyeel. 


SECTION    NINTH. 

LEXNO     LENAPI     OF     PEN  XSV 1. YANIA,     AND 
CHICOIIA    TIUBES    OE    THE    CAEOLINAS. 


i  ;i;;' 


CITAPTKR    T. 

THE  COLONY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA  IS  LOCATED  IN  TlIM  TEHUITOHV 
OF    THE    LENNO    LENAI'l.       TIIEIK    lIlSToJlY. 


^ !  .i 


m 


Hii 


1% 


f'^^^'i 


Tkadition  assijrns  to  tliis  pooplo  an  orrrnni/ntidii  aiitonor  to  that  of  most  oi'tlic!  otlitT 
Tndinii  tribes.  Mr.  Ileckewelder'  informs  us  that  llu'y  came  IVoni  tlic  ucsl.  and  tliat, 
from  their  ancient  traditions,  it  is  fratliered  tiiat  thcv  crossed  tlie  .Mississiiipi  river,  in 
their  miLTation  to  the  cast.  Antliors  have  atteinpteil  to  prove  that  tlieiroA^  inn/iDii  lias 
reference  to  a  very  ancient  migration  from  foreiirn  countries.  But  tliese  are  merely 
ordinary  pietographs,  denoting  a  simple  niod(;  of  ideograpliic  comuHinieatiou.  whicli  is 
connnon  among  the  entire  Algonquin  I'amily,  of  which  the  Lenno  Lenapi  assert  they 
were  the  head. 

It  is  mentioned  that,  after  crossing  tin'  Mississippi  livei'.  they  were  opjiosed  l)y  the 
AUegans,  or  Allegewi.  who  occupied  the  })rineipal  ranges  of  the  Alleghany  mountains. 
At  this  epoch,  tiie  tradition  adds,  they  discovered  the  Iro(|uois,  their  apparent  precursors, 
towards  the  north,  who  became  their  allies,  and  aided  tiiem  in  driving  the  Allegans 
out  of  the  Oliio  valley  towanls  the  south. ■  The  \-estiges  of  triiiai  strife,  still  extant  in 
that  valley,  are  the  evidences  of  this  ancient  war.'  If  the  term  dtii/,  in  the  word 
Allegany,  denote  a  stream  or  i'i\xv,  as  it  a])pears  to  do,  and  the  river  has  prior  right  to 
the  name  over  the  mountains,  then  it  tnay  be  said  the  Yoghag'n*//,  in  which  tiio  same 


Am,  lli>tniii';il  Tniiis  ,  \'i.l.  ]. 


Vi.lo  Kill.  Uv^.  Vul,  v..  ji.  |s| 


.\..t('.--  nil  till'  lnii|iiii 

(ITG) 


LENNO  LENAPI  TKIHE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 


word  fur  .stroani  is  cinployi'il,  is  iilso  ii  tunii  ol'  Allogowi  oriuiii. 

tlio  only  words  of  that  laiiguago  Nvliicli  have  Hiivvivcd  tlio  lapse  of  timo. 


Tlioso  niinoar  to  1. 


ppon 


1)0 


Tho  name  of  this  tril)e  lias  i)fen  said  to  imply  '•original  men;"  but  the  orthoiiraiiliy 


Iocs  no 


t  sustain  this  assertion.     Ijcnno  is  the  same  as  //////(  in  the  iiUnese,  and  uniini 


in  tiic  (.'iiippewa;  the  letters  /  and  n,  and  tlie  vowi'ls  o  and  /,  heinj:  interchanjicaiile  in 
the  Algonipiiii.  Leiiapi  (ee)  is  in  the  same  language,  and,  under  tiie  same  rule,  the 
ecpiivalent  of  umln  and  'nil>i,  a  male.  The  true  meaning  is  '•  manly  ini-n  ;"'  a  harmless 
boast  to  be  made  l)y  a  savage  tribe,  and  whieii,  in  tiie  history  ol'  Kurope,  lias  the; 
sauetion  of  more  advanced  races.'  No  reliable  philt)logioal  or  ethnoiogieal  proofs  can 
l)e  produced  in  this  direction.    Tiiere  is  no  tribal 


name,  m 


tiie  V 


esperie  group  e 


ftrib 


which  has  the  least  reference  to  their  origin.     Tiie  Irocpiois,  by  the  term  oni/irr  h 


'Kill  ire. 


only  declared  themselves  to  be  superior  men.  To  I)e  men  was,  syudiolicaliy,  to  Iji; 
brave;  and  bravery  was  the  glory  to  which  tiie}'  all  iispired. 

Wo  must  rest  satislied  witli  the  Indian  traditions,  liari'  as  they  are  of  details.  E\-en 
this  mudi  is  an  important  contriijiition  to  tiieir  ancient  history,  wliicli  we  sliould 
carefully  eiierish,  and  (or  which  we  are  indebted  to  tlie  meritorious  labors  of  a  pious 
follower  of  Zinzt'iidorf,  wlio  thought  far  more  of  .'^aviiig  their  souls,  than  of  recording 
the  history  of  this  peo[)le. 

IJut,  wherever  the  Leiiaj>i  originated,  and  whatever  were  the  details  of  the  history  of 
tiieir  mig'  ion  irom  the  Mississipjii  eastward,  they  were  found,  at  the  earliest  dates,  to  be 
located  ii.  ..le  valley  of  the  Delaware.  In  a  revised  map,  puijlished  at  Amsterdam,  in 
lOo'J  (I'late  herewith),  they  are  represented  as  occupying  that  valley,  from  its  source 
to  its  mouth,  extending  westward  to  the  MiiKpia,  or  SusnuehannocUs,  and  to  the 
sources  of  the  rivers  llowing  into  the  Delaware,  which  se|)arate  them  from  the  latter; 


nn( 


1    eastward,    under    the    names    of    various    local    and    totemic    dai 


IS, 


across 


th 


entire  area  of  Xew  .lersey,  to  the  Hudson.  The  Dutcli.  who  entered  the  Hudson 
in  K'lO'.',  found  allili;ited  tribes  of  their  stoclc  along  both  banks  of  that  river,  to 
near  the  pi)int  of  iiillux  of  the  Tawasentha.  When  they  exteuiled  their  settlements  to 
the  waters  of  the  Delaware,  they  discovered  themselves  to  be  in  the  central  position  of 
the  original  stock.     The  fact  of  their  aboriginal  occupancy  was  known  to  thv  Swedes, 


kho  first  entered  the  Delware  river  in  llU: 


The  e\ents  attendiii'j;  these  colonial 


extensions  into  the  domains  of  the  Delawares.  furnish  no  incidents  of  history  which 
jiresent  new  traits  in  the  character  of  this  tribe,  warranting  any  lengthy  detail  in  this 

'  Till'  pliil«iliiL'i>t,  liuwi'ViT,  will  ]u'ri'i'ivo  the  an:ilnL;y  wliicli  r.'ii>ts  lictwooii  tlu'  loriii  niiy  ami  tlio  iiilli'clii.n-i 
(ui'uh  Mini  liiimin, h,  iiwaiiinir  I'iviT,  in  tlio  (•oiii|iiiiiiiil  WMnl-i,  Siis((iir/(r;»»i,/-/,-  ami  U;ippa/i/i»;/or/-.  If,  tin  rrt'. iit, 
part  lit'  llir  Allr'.'.ni^  itik-imI  tu  tin'  waliTs  nf  tin'  ( 'liosapi-aki',  anil  Wri'i'  ilrivrli  tlii'lii'i'  tiiwai'iN  I  in'  .-niitli  hv 
tin'  liiMiiiii  l.i'iiapi  ami  Iruiniuis,  tlirsi'  wnrds,  nriiriiiallv  in  tlio  trilial  list,  wuiilil  soom  tu  lioliiiiir,  as  a  piini; 
ol'  Imlian  liistnrv,  ul'  siivrL-'ostivo  iiiipni'tam-o,  to  tin'  Siisi|iuliaiiniiL'ks,  ami  to  tlio  IViwliataiiio  family,  bntli 
(itVslini.ts  iVum  tlio  motlior  Ali_'iini|uin. 

'  Tai'iliis.      Tin'  liorniaiiio  ti'ilios  oalloil  tliomsolvrs  Mi-niinin.  iir  "all  liu'll." 

■' ('ampaniiis  ;    Hist.  Suo.  I'oiin^vlvaiiia,  N'ul.   Ill  ,  |iart  I.,  p    7". 

Vol..  VI.  — -j:; 


;  f 


'     I 


1 


M 


m 


It  ■, 
m 


K 


i\ 


W' 


178 


LENNO  LENAPI  TRIBE  OF  1' KXNS  Y  1,  V  A  N  I  A. 


place.  Eiimponn  ooloni/.atioii  opened  io  tlieiii  a  cominerco  in  tlie  skins  of  animals, 
stinnilatinjr  tiieni  to  unusual  i'xci'lii)ni»,  whieii.  however,  exposed  them  to  tlie  perils  of 
luxury  and  indulironoe.  It  furnished  them  with  the  new  and  superior  products  of  arts 
and  manufactures,  which  at  once  took  tlu;  place  of  their  former  imperfect  implements 
and  utensils  of  wood,  bono,  clav.  and  Hint.  It  taught  them  the  use  of  gunpowder,  the 
ilreloek,  and  the  steel-trap,  by  which  the  jjrowe.ss  of  their  young  men  on  the  war-i)atli 
was  made  more  severe  and  destructive,  and  the  species  of  fur-i)earing  animals  were  more 
speedily  annihilated.  Depopulation,  which  had  long  pre\iousJy  lieguu  to  midermine 
tiie  ]iros[)(U'ity  of  the  Indian  trilx's,  was  greatly  accelerated  by  tlie  ad\ent  of  the 
Europeans.  This  was  the  position  of  alfairs  when  'William  Peim  landed  on  the  short's 
of  the  Delaware,  in  ItiSli.  The  idea  of  forming  acolony  of  refuge  in  America  for  the  poor, 
sull'ering.  and  oppressed  people  of  some  ])arts  of  Europe,  hail  been  broached  at  an  early 
day.  The  Puritan  refugees  from  the  exactions  of  an  English  hierarchy,  were  the  iirst, 
in  KVJd,  to  open  the  way  to  the  wilderness,  where  savages  stood  ready  to  assail  them. 
A  similar  necessity  for  a  land  of  refuge  was  Iclt  by  the  Catholics,  who  emigrated  to 
Maryland  under  the  guidance  of  Lord  Daltiniore.  in  lil-'U.  In  ItiSi'.  IVnn  i)rovided  a 
like  iiaveu  of  salety  li)r  tlu;  persecuted  (.^hiakers.  who  came  thither,  professing  principles 
of  ]iiM('e  and  love  towards  men  of  every  hue.  He  was  I'spi'cially  desirous  to  jirotect 
the  Indian  race,  and  to  treat  them  with  tlie  most  eidarged  philanthropy  and  charit}'. 
In  the  hands  of  William  I'enn,  civilization  was  rendered  mild  and  enticing.  Christianity, 
as  taught  by  those  who  understand  its  precejjts.  has  ever  been  a  law  of  good  will  toward 
all  mankind.  I'enn  did  not  altemiit  any  rude  interference  with  the  piiuciples  and 
l)raetiees  (jf  the  natives.  Persuasion  and  exami)lo  were  his  only  weapons;  and  strict 
Justice  in  all  transactions  with  them,  was  his  cardinal  rule.  Indian  Females,  as  well  as 
males,  were  taught  the  \  irtne  of  household  inilustry.  Time  was  deemed  to  be  necessary, 
to  enable  the  principles  of  the  new  system  to  take  root  in  such  dark  and  bewildered 
minds.  lie  aiiproacheil  tiie  natives  in  their  councils,  as  at  their  hidge-llres,  in  an  open, 
simple,  straightforward  manner,  which  gained  him  their  conlidenee,  and  made  them 
receive  him  as  a  Fkidnd  indeed. 


.       'f 


i  • 


i 


\U 


ii' 


;'i, 


hi. 


il, 


V5 


i 


K''l 


^^ 


r.? 


CUU'ORA    TllllJE    Ol<"    THE    CAItOLlNAH. 


m 


(11  Al»TKH    I  1 


THE    TlilllAI<    UELATIONS     OF    THE    CAROLINA    INDIANS    T(»    THE 
LEADING    ETHNOUUAl'HIC    I-'AMILIES    OF    THE    COUNTUV. 

SiUTii  (Jakoi.is'A  wiiH  ()C('ii|ii(Ml,  ill  1(170,  ten  yc^iirs  bcf'oro  Pcniisvlvaniii.  Nortli 
Carolimi  (liitt's  from  tlio  year  ItKit.  Hclori?  Iji-inuiii^  to  ii  closi'  our  iiiirralivc  of  llic 
trnnsiictioiis  wliidi  oi^cuitlmI  diirinjj;  tlio  Hovontcoiitli  century,  it  will  bo  iiiiportnnt  to 
tiikf  iv  t'ursory  ^laiico  at  tlio  iaiiiiiic'.s  of  Indian  tiilics  liuMtud  alonir  tin?  .^oa-coasts, 
and  in  tlic;  interior  of  the  Cai'oliiias.  Tlio  Indians  infipinu'il  the  Spaniards  wlio  visiti'(l 
tlic'ir  slioros  early  in  tlio  sixteenth  ecntiiry,  tliat  tlic?  iiaiiie  of  the  country  was  Cliicora, 
whence  their  visitors  called  them  ( 'iiieoreans,  at  pri'seiit  supposed  to  have  been  identical 
with  the  peo[)le  now  known  as  Corees,  (.'atawbas,  &c.  Of  the  ancient  existence  of  the 
elements  of  such  a  f;roup,  wo  have,  however,  but  little  evidence  beyond  their 
geographical  names.  The  most  important  of  the  tribes  who  resided  in  South  Carolina, 
at  the  time  of  its  settlement,  were  tlie  (Jatawbas,  and  the  Cherokees.  The  Catawbas 
could  muster  nearly  loUU  warriors,  iiulicating  a  population  of  alioiit  7")(lO  souls.  They 
were  a  fierce,  wuljtli',  warlike,  and  brave  people,  and  comprised  twenty-eight  Hiiliordinnto 
tribes  :  the  Westoes,  Stonoes,  Coosaws,  Sewees,  Yamasees,  Santees,  Congarees,  &,('.  The 
('herokees  occupied  tlie  upper  parts  of  tlio  State,  extending  their  possessions  to  tiie  iiead 
Avaters  of  the  Savannah,  Consahatchec,  Alabama,  Tennessee,  and  Cumberland.' 

North  Carolina  was  included  in  tlio  general,  but  nndelinod  area  of  Virginia,  which 
was  ih'st  discovered  by  the  parti(.'s  sent  out  under  the  grant  made  to  Kaleigh  in  loSll, 
and  may,  at  an  earlier  period,  have  contained  some  jiortions  of  the  adventurous  poi)nla- 
tion  of  .southern  Virginia,  who,  it  is  conjectured,  might  have  retired  thither  after  its 
Huccessful  colonization.  But  the  Indian  residents  of  the  Carolinas  appear  to  have  lieeii 
regarded  as  little  more  than  incnnibranees  upon  the  land,  to  Ijo  evicted  as  easily  and  as 
speedily  as  possible.  The  earliest  accounts'  scarce  make  any  mention  of  them,  which 
may  be,  in  some  measure,  attributeil  to  the  fact,  that  in  those  historical  sketches 
published  in  London,  with  the  view  of  directing  attention  to  emigration,  the  inducements 
for  it  would  not  have  been  enhanced  by  tlio  introduction  of  such  a  topic.     The  age  of 

'  CaiTdll's  South  Carolina  Hist.  Coll.,  Vol.  I.,  p.  1SS.      Nuto. 

'  iliituiiual  Colli.'cliuiis  of  fcloutli  CaioliiKi.  h\  l\.  1\.  Carroll,  -  voli,  Svu.  :  Xiw  Vurk,  ISliG. 


i  ; 


h   ,t 


IHO 


ClIICoUA     I'lllltl';    <»r    TlIK    (A  UOI.I  N  AS. 


:;l 


1J!f 


Iiliil:iii!liii)|iv   liir 


iHiri'.'in 


il   or  wi\ii;ji'   tiilii'i.   ill   any   part  nf   lli 


(I   liar<ll\ 


\t'l  ai'i'ivcil.  At  any  rate,  luil  littli'  ran  lie  ^ItaiH'd  I'khii  tlii>  tlclails  oi'  tlic  |iiilitii'al  ami 
I'tiiiiiiii'ivial  |)|uiis  (jf  ciiliiiii/atiiiii  ol'  tin'  iiciiiid. 

'I'Ih'  Cariiliiiii  tiilics  »'ai;('iiy  availi'il  tliciii.-'i'lvi'H  of  tlii'  (•iiiivt'itii'iH'c^,  IiiMirit-*.  iiiul 
iiiiliilni'iu'c.".  ihti'i>i|iii'i'(l  iVdiii  l']iir()|>f ;  ami  in  an  alimi>t  iiicriililily  ^il(l|'t  time,  (In-  iitllf 
I'laiiM  ami  ('liii'l'laiii.slii|H.  wliicii  .xIri'tcliiMl  aitnii:  tlic  .-liorcn,  licfanii'  rvtiiict, 

\h\  ili'wit.  an  early  lii>lcii'iaii.  rciiiarks  that.  attciii|its  wen-  inaili'  tn  fliiclil  lliciii 
ajraiiist  iinjii.xt  I'lKTuacliimiil-^,  ami  In  iirntcil  tlu'ir  rijilil.-.'     lie  ilui-  wiili-;  "  I'laiis  nl' 

li'iiily  Wfic,  witli  ic'.-| t  to  tlioM'  liiiliaii  tril"'",  likewise  ail<>[itt'<l  Ky  ^cpvcrimiiMit.  ami 

I'Vtry  |)o<>il)lt'  pri'caiilioM  was  lakcii  to  ^iianl  llwiii  aiiaiii^t  (([iia'cfsioii,  ami  [urM'tit  any 


nilitlll't'  Willi   tlirlii 


Mxpciic'iici'  liail  >lin\Mi  tlial  ri'jonais  nifasiiics.  !*iii'li  as   liiiinlilii 


tlifiii  Ky  loi'i'i'  oi'  anus,  wnc  not  only  very  ('\|)fii>i\(>  and  li|ood_\.  lait  disa^irrcalilc  lo 
a  liiiniaiu'  and  .uvncnais  naticii,  and  xcldoin  accoiniianicd  witli  any  piod  cilt'cls.  Such 
ill  tivutinciit  ri'iidiTcil  tlic  savaui's  cruel.  Mispicioiis  and  distnistl'iil,  and  prepared  llieni 
lor  ri'nowiii,!^  Iiosliliiies.  by  keepinj;  alive  their  ferocious  and  warlike  spirit.  'I'lieir 
extirpation.  e\en  tliiniLili  it  could  easily  lie  eoinpleteil.  would  lie  a  cruel  act.  ami  all  the 
\\liile  the  LMowtli  ami  pros|ieiily  of  the  seideinenls  would  lie  iiincli  retarded  liy  the 
attempt.  Whereas,  hy  treatinu'  Indians  with  irentleness  and  huinanity.  it  was  tlioiiuht 
they  wiiidd  hy  deui'ei's  lose  their  sasaj;i'  s|iirit.  and  heconie  more  harmless  and  civilized. 
It  was  hopeil  tliat,  hy  estahlishintf  a  lair  and  free  trade  with  tliein.  their  iinle  temper 


iild   in   till 


le    lie   so 


I'tened.  their   manni'i's  altered,  and   their  wants   increa^id  ;  and. 


insteail  of  implacahle  enemies,  ever  heiit  on  dot  ruction,  tlu'V  miiiht  he  rendered  jrc.od 
allies,  both  useful  and  henelicial  to  the  trade  of  the  nation. 

••  It  has  lieeii  ri'inarked,  that  those  Indians  on  the  continent  of  Aineiiea.  who  were, 
at  the  time  of  its  discoviry,  a  numerous  and  Ibrmidahle  people,  have,  since  that  |M'riod. 
hceii  constantly  decreasinir,  .ind  meltinu'  away  like  snow  ii|ion  the  mountains.  I''or  this 
rapid  depopulation  many  reasons  ha\e  been  a.ssinned.  It  is  well  known,  that  population 
everywhere  keeps  [lace  with  tlu;  means  of  suhsisteiiee.  Even  vejit'tahles  sprin,;;  and 
grow  in  proportion  to  the  richness  of  the  soil  in  which  they  are  planted,  and  to  the 
supiilies  they  receive  from  the  nourishimr  rains  ami  dews  of  heaven  ;  tuiimals  llomish 
or  decay  accordiii,i;  as  the  means  of  subsistence'  abiiund  or  fail;  and.  as  all  mankind 
partake  of  tiie  nature  of  both,  they  also  mnlti|ily  or  decrease  as  they  are  fed.  or  have 
provision  in  plenty,  luxury  excluded.  The  Indians  beinir  driven  from  their  possessions 
near  the  sea,  as  the  .settlements  multiplied,  wore  robbed  of  many  necessaries  of  life, 
particularly  of  oysters,  crabs,  and  lish.  with  which  the  maritinu!  parts  furnished  them 

as  is  apparent 
Tiic  women  are  not 


in  great  abundance,  and  on  which  they  must  have  considerably  subsisted. 

from  a  view  of  their  camps,  still  remaining  near  the  sea  shore 

only  much  Uisrogarded  and  despised,  but  also  naturally  less  prolific  among  mile  than 


Ili»turir.'il  .\cciiiiiit  iif  t]i(' Itiso  mill   I'ru'.'vcsa  of  llio  Coljiiiis  of  .Sijutli  Carnlina  aiij  Gior^ia  :   LmiJu 


ITT'K     C 


iiiilli  (' 


la  (\ill(  tticiii.-^,  |s;j(j. 


(11  h'oi;  A    rii  I  hi;   kI'  tii  k  ca  itui.i  n  a 


IHI 


ili^liril   ll.ltioli".       Till'    III 


ill'.''  iil'ii  II  iiIiiiiikI.  ill  liiiiiliii'i  >>i'  will',  ii'^ririilliiri',  wliicli 


in  till'  I'liii'l'  iiii'aii>i  nl'  Mili.'-i:<liMii')>  iiiiiiiiil;  ii  ciMJi/i'il  |ii'ii[i|(',  is  I'lilii'i'lv  iii''^li'i'|i'i|  hy 
tlit'iii,  uiiil  liHiki'il  ii|iiiii  iiH  Mil  iM'cii|iiiiiuii  wiii'tliv  Hilly  (if  WDiiicii  or  .«lu\r.«.  'I'iiiit 
ikli>tiii('tir('  mill  liiti'.'iH'.  ^\lli^ll  llif  iiK'ii  I'liiiiii'c  ill  tlii'ir  ili>tiiiil  i'\i'iir>iiiiiH.  iiml  tliiit 
j.'liittiiiiy  iiml  vmiiriiiiiMiH'?'"*  in  wliiili  tlicy  iiniiilL'i'  tliciiiscKr.'*  in  tin-  tiiiu'S  dl'  pii'iilv', 
iir<*  ('i|iiiill_\  liiirll'iil  to  llic  niii>titMti<iii,  iiikI  |iriiiliii'tivt'  nl'  iIIm'iim's  uI'  (lilliTi'iit  l\iiiilH. 
Now  tliiit  liiiir  icniliiiicsiiri'  ciriMini.xi  rihcil  liy  narrnwcrlpuinulM.  (lie  nit'iui.H  Dt'Mili.Mistciici', 
(li'ri\i'(l  I'vcii  rnmi  ^iimic  is  l('^'^  iilc'iitii'iil.  Iiiiii'ctl.  M'liiily  ami  liiiiiird  me  tin-  |iri>\i>i(iiis 
1ln'\'  I'iiist'  \i\  iilaiiliipj,  even  in  tlir  lii'-l  M'a.-niis ;  Itiil,  in  ca-'f  nfii  liiiiiirc  ol' linir  ci'up.s, 
tir  of  tlii'ir  lirjils  ln'inj;  dcslroM'il  Ity  ciicniirs.  tlicy  in'ri.-li  in  iminlpi'rs  hy  I'ainiiic. 
'riicir  iialiiial  pa-sinii  Tor  war  tlic  lir«t  l'!iii(>|iriin  ccttli'is  i^imii  iliM'iiM'rnl,  ami.  llirri'- 
I'lirc.  iiirni'^1  tlio  I'liry  ol'  uiil-  trilio  iipiiiiNl  iinutlicr,  with  ii  view  to  savi'  tliciiisi'lvfs. 
Wlu-n  rnuaiiril  in  iKisiiliiics.  tiicy  aiwiiy*  iiui.iilil.  not  so  nuicli  to  liiinilili'  anil  t'nm|  ;cr, 


as  to  cxlrriiiiiialc  am 


I  <l.  M 


|c)\  . 


'i'lif  lii'iti>ii.  till'  Ki'ciirli.  ami  Siiaiii.»li  mitiun^.  liaviii'' 


|>liiiit<'<l  cnluiiii'.s  in  tlicir  m'i'jiiljorliiiiHl,  a  i'i\ai^lii|i  jiir  |iii\M'r  over  tliiiii  limk  |>lai'i'.  ami 
cacii   nation   lia\iii''  its  allu's  aiiioim-   tlu'   mimil:!"^,  was   /caloiis  ami    iiiilcliiti'^alili'   in 


iii>lii.'aliii^'  tlii'in   iii:aiii>t    tlic  ailit's  oj'   iis  i 


ll'I'^llllO 


I'.      Ilciii'o  II  .Hci'ii's  of  l)l(Hii|\-   ami 


(listnii'iixc  wars  lias  luin  cairii'il  on  iiiiioii^u;  iIil'm'  nnlc  trilK's,  with  all  tlie  raut-  ami 
raiu'or  of  iiii|ila('iilili'  I'liriiiic-^. 


lint  h 


It  laiiiim'  ami  war.  howrxi  r  i 


(Ir>|rU('li 


i\i'.  wrii'  lint  the  oiilv  causes  III   ilicir  rapi 


I 


ili'cay.  'riic  siiiall-|»i\  lia\  iiit:  inokcn  out  aiiioiiu  llii'Ui,  jirovcil  fxccciliniily  i'atal.  liotli 
(in  act'oimt  of  tiic  coiila'^ioiis  natiii'i'  ol'  the  (listciniicr,  ami  tlicir  liarsli  and  iiijmlicioiis 
atlciii[its  to  cine  it.  I>y  |iliiii'^iii,L'  tiiciiischcs  into  cold  ii\crs  diiriin:  tlic  most  \iolcnt 
stiiLics  ol'  llic  liisoidci'.  'I'lic  |ii',>tii(iii'c  liiiikc  out  aiiioiiir  sonic  nations,  |iarticiiiaiiy 
ainoiij.'  the  I'ciiiJilicds  ill  Nortli  Carolina,  and  alniosl  >\M'|it  a\va\  tlic  whole  trihc,  '{'he 
Jiracticc  of  ciilraii|piii,;:  llicin.  which  was  ciicoinajicd  hy  the  (irst  settlers  in  Carolina,  and 
si'lliii;;'  tlicin  liir  slaves  to  the  West  India  planters,  helped  greatly  to  thin  their  nations, 
lint,  of  all  other  canscs,  tin*  introduction  of  spirituous  liipiors  ainonu'  tlu'iii,  for  which 
tlic\  disciucrcd  an  aimr/.injj;  lonilncss.  has  proved  this  most  (K'striicti\i'.  K.\cess  and 
iiilcmperance  not  oiil}'  iindermiiU'd  their  constitutions,  Init  also  created  imiiiy  (jiiarrcls, 
and  siilpjcctcd  tliein  to  a  niinieroiis  list  of  fatal  diseases,  to  which,  in  I'oriner  times,  they 
uerc  pel  li'i't  straii;:ei's.  JJcsidcs.  iIiom'  Knropcans  ciiiiaiicd  in  coniiiiercial  hiisiiu'ss  with 
them,  ucnerally  spcakinir,  have  heeii  so  far  I'roin  rcHirinimi  ihcin,  hy  exaniiiles  of  \  irtiie 
ami  piirilN  of  manners,  th, it   they  iMlher  sci'\ed   to  corrupt    their  morals,  and   render 

lase,  and   dehanched,  than   they  were   hcl'orc  this 
nropean   asiirico  and  iiinliition   have  not  oiiK- 


tl 


iciii  more 


trcaclierons,  distrustful,  1 


intcrcoiirsi'  coinincncci 


(k 


1.      I 


n   shoi 


t,    1- 


d   tl 


(leliascil   the  orniiiia 


1  nature  ami  stern  \irtiie  of  that  savai:o  race,  so  that   those  lew 
Indians  tliat  now  remain,  lia\i'  lost,  in  a  j;reat  nu'iisiire,  their  priinili\i'  character;   hut 


E 


nropean  \ice  and  hnropt'an  diseases,  the  consei|m'iices  of  \  ice.  have  cxtirmin 


ited  th 


K'onle,  insoninch  that  inanv  nations.  lormcrU-  populous,  are  totallv  extinct,  and   their 


F"l 

names  entirelv  tlir'jotton 


lU  ii 


\m 


!'  P 


:-T 


182 


CllICOKA    T1U15E    OF    THE    OAUOLINAS. 


^■;i|; 


l;; 


t]i^b 


:    P  I      'i 


The  South  Ciiroliuii  tribos  have  left  but  lew  tnices  or  luonuinents  of  tiieir  existence, 
except  tiie  heaps  of  oyster  siiells,  wliieh  iire  still  ohservaI)le  along  the  alluvial  margins 
of  the  ri\eis.  From  thoir  ancient  places  of  sepulture,  the  remains  of  stone  Jiipes, 
amulets,  and  other  relics  of  the  arts  peculiar  to  a  hunter  age,  are,  from  time  to  time, 
disinterred.  There  are  some  mounds  still  existing  on  the  waters  of  the  Coosahatchee, 
as  at  Poki'taligo,  and  on  some  other  streams,  which  have  been  but  little  examined,  or 
the  researches  have  dexclDju'd  nothing  of  a  new  character.  On  the  alluvial  banks  of 
tlie  Congarce.  ."Mr.  Howe  has  discovered  some  curious  evidences  of  ancient  inetallurgic 
operations,  which  were,  a[)par(>ntly,  carried  on  bv  the  ancient  Indians,  who  also  appear 
to  have  deposited  the  bones  and  ashes  of  thi'ir  dead  in  vases.'  Jlr.  Lawson,  in  his  Travels 
1 1700),  notices  some  of  the  rite.s  and  customs,  manners  and  opinions,  ccjininon  to  the 
Santees.  anil  otlirr  bauds,  winch  convince  us  lliat  thi'ir  beliefs  and  su[)erstitions  were 
sinular  to  those  of  the  more  advanced  tribes.  We  are  indebted  to  the  same  gentleman, 
also,  lor  our  most  complete  \'ocabularv  of  their  languages.  Their  history,  however, 
gives  no  evidence  that  they  dill(.'red  from  tla;  leading  \'esperic  groups,  except  in  their 
names,  and  in  some  peculiarities  of  their  dialect,  which  may  be  more  readily  observed 
in  the  geograpincal  tcrnnuolo'jy. 

New  and  interesting  details  of  the  history  of  the  Tatawbas,  have  been  lurnislicd  in 
a  preceding  volmue.'  which  furnish  evidence  of  our,  as  yet.  imperfect  acipiaintance 
with  llu>  jiast  emigrations,  and  interchanges  of  position  among  our  leading  tribes. 

AVhen  Xiirth  t'aroiina  was  lirst  settled  by  the  whites,  there  were  many  small  tribes 
located  ailing  the  coasts,  who  nundiered.  collectively  10,000  souls.'  The  Tuscaroras 
]iriucipally  occupied  the  valley  of  the  Neuse,  extending  from  the  sea  to  the  mountains. 
The  unfortunate  attempt  they  made,  at  a  subsequent  period,  to  annihilate  the  colony 
by  a  simultaneous  rising,  l()rms  one  of  the  most  thrilling  chapters  in  North  Carolina 
liistory.  This  bold,  cruel,  and  partially  unsuccessful,  movement,  appears  to  have  been 
a  renewal  of  the  jiroject  originated  by  Opechanganough,  of  Virginia,  in  IG'J2;  and  one 
cannot  help  teeliuii'  that  it  w;»s  but  a  rehearsal  of  the  same  tragedy  enacted  in  l')!K>, 
of  which  the  nidortunate.  but  lost,  colony  left  at  Cape  Ilatteras,  were  the  victims;  the 
proximity  of  the  Tuscaroras  to  that  locati(ai,  giving  additional  countenance  to  the 
su'.'gestion.  Cusic.  in  his  traditiouid  sketches  of  the  lr()<|Uois,  which  indicate  his  pro- 
found ignorance  of  chronology,  appears  to  allude  to  this,  or  possibly  to  sona;  jirior 
ev'Mit.  which  oci'urvcd  in  the  aite-historical  period  of  .Vtnerican  Idstory,  wherein  a 
Manteo  and  his  English  compainons,  or  a  Madoc  and  his  Cambrian  followers,  ma}  be 
.«ymboli/.ed.^ 

The  archa'ological  remains  on  Mr.  Calhoun's  plantation,  at  Fort  Hill,  in  I'eudletoti 
District,  and  also  those  of  J'ort  Kiennka,  attest  the  power  of  the  ancient  Iro(|uois  in 
this  quarter,  and  are  yet.  probably,  in  a  condition  to  admit  of  .satisfactory  exannnatiim. 


Kill.  Itfs..  \ol.  IV..  TV  I'l.'). 
Williamson's  HisMirv  of  Nortli  Carr.lina 


'  Vol.  IIT.,  p.  -JdS. 

«  Kth   R.s.  Vol    V  .  p  (Wl 


m  ' 


SECTION   TEXTII 


PKOGRESSIVE  I  NT  E  IICO  U  USE  WITH  THE 
TRIBES,  DUHTXd  THE  EPOCH,  EROM  1700 
TO    17  no. 


I 


CHAPTEK   T. 

IMniESSIONS    OF   THE    RACE,   AFTER   THE    LAPSE   OF   A   CENTURY 
FROM    THE    FIRST    LANDING    IN    VIRGINIA. 

ExfiLAXD  fittainod  at  once  tlie  acmo  of  both  lior  jiolitical  and  litcvarv  fuiiio, 
diirins  tlio  roijrn  of  Qiicon  Anno;  wliilo  licr  Aniorican  oolonit-*,  uilliin  tlio       1700 
gloomy  shiidows  of  a  distant  and  savauro  uildcrnoss.  wore  di'iondinir  tlKMiisclvr:^ 
from  tlic  liori'of.s  of  impending  starvation  on  the  one  hand,  and  •alioiiijinal  tri'achery 
on   tlie  other. 

Kiiropean  intcrconrse  ^vitIl  th(>  Indians'  ha(h  (hninir  a  jiei'iod  of  om^  htnidred  years, 
pro(hiei'd  no  ajipreeiahle  good  eileets  on  tlieir  general  nininiers.  (i])iiiions.  and  modes  of 
hie.  The  tribes  located  nearest  the  settlcmmls  dress(Ml  in  blankets  and  stmiids. 
instead  of  skins;  nsed  nu'tallie  cooking-vessels,  instead  ol'  tlic  ehnnsy  clay  <il:ti]:.- 
implements  of  iron  and  steel,  instead  of  stone  and  iionc;  and  the  Knropean  fne-loek. 
instead  of  the  Hint  arrow.  The  fur  tiade  was.  in  their  imagination,  the  great  lienelit 
whicli  had  resulted  from  th"  inthix  of  ei\iii/.ed  races.  They  hnnted  deer  and  licaver 
with  increased  vigor.  in(hdging  in  luxuries  of  which  tlnMr  fathers  liad  ne\('r  even 
thdULdit.  and  more  particularly  in  the  use  of  intoxicating  lifpiors.  They  did  mil. 
however,  in  reality  appreciate  anything  else  wliich  canio  fi'oin  Europe,  'i'hey  still 
<leti'sti'd  and  discoura'i-e(l  the  introduction  of  f^ciiools,  letters,  labor  and  the  gospid, 
preferring  to  live,  as  tiieir  ftirefathei's  had  previously  done,  by  the  cliasc,  and  not  by 


'  I'l'tnilt  wiis  cstalilislii'd  :is  n  pnst  liy  tin!  I'n'iicli,  in  1701  ;  Viiici'iiiirs  in  171". 


'  .V  ( Icinir-piit. 


m 


4l;i 


il 


184 


1 X T i: i! ( ' ( ) r H s K  w IT II  'r 1 1 k  'I' ii i be s 


it 

'  5"!. 


<  ! 


IJ 


I 


ngrii'iiltiii'o.     flimio  was  still  pli'iity ;   tlii'ir  hiintiiiir-iinimuls  boiny;  so  vast,  that  tlioy 
appeared  as  if  of  ainmst  illimitable  extent;  ami  tin;  trilies  from  .Maine  to  Georjiia.  and 


from  llie  (Inif  of  Jlexieo  to  the  borders  of  tli 


■at  lakes,  feasted,  daneed  and  sun^r, 


rioted  and  warred  witli   eaeh  otlie''.  ])recisely  as   tlii'ir  ancestors   bad  done  a  eentniy 


irevioiis. 


Wl 


len   more   sombre  views  of  tbeir  e\istin;i  condition  were  lorei'd   npon 


tliem,  wlien  the  ])low  of  tlie  white  Man  encroaehed  so  rapidly  on  their  wiiiwams  and 
huntiiiL''-L;ronnds  that  dillienlties  resnlted.  they  plotted  at:ainst  the  si'ttlers,  making 
sndileii  attacks  npon  them,  or  entieinir  them  into  and)uscailes.  'riies(>  litfid  elUirts 
wert>  sneceoded  by  a  relapse  into  their  ])riniitivi'  state  of  idleness  and  inaction,  wilhont 
havinir  derived,  from  their  spasmoilic  etlbrt.  any  pernninent  advantage  to  themselves, 
or  liavinu'  inllicted  any  permanent  injnry  npon  the  settlements. 

Dnrimjr  the  establisinnent  of  the  colonies,  the  impressions  created  bv  tiiis  feverish 


am 


1  chanjii'fnl  policy  ol'  the  natives,  were  md'avorable  to  their  sincerity  of  character. 
Wherever  atteni]its  had  bt'eii  made  to  introdnce  odncation  and  the  gospcd,  and  to  L'raft 
it.  as  it  were,  on  the  original  stock,  they  had  submitted  to  it,  as  if  in  expectation  of 


derivin;:'  therefrom  ulterior  advantatros.  with  such  mildness  of 


manner,  accompanied  Ijy 


snch  deep  (hijilicity,  as  to  deceive  the  ,>:nileiess  settlers;  lint,  in  the  end.  their  real 
niitnre  develojjed  itself  in  the  commission  of  crnel  and  troacherons  acts.  Snch  were 
the  results  of  colonial  experience  in  Viririnia,  between  tlie  period  of  the  earliest 
successful  e-;tablishment  of  the  settlement  at  Jamestown,  and  the  per[)etration,  in  ltil!li. 
of  that  terrible  massacre,  under  Oix'clian.  or  (^iiechan^anouiih,  when  over  4(1(1  persons 
were  killed  in  one  day;  amoUL'  whom,  the  first  \  ictims  were  those  who,  with  the  aiil 
artbrded  them  by  the  benevolent  in  England,  had  labored  most  zealously  and  eiliciently 
to  teach  the  Indians,  and  to  found  a  seminary  of  education  for  the  tuition  of  the 
youth.  Almost  efpially  horrilic  was  the  plot  concocted  and  successfully  executed,  in 
I'hnsetts,  in  IdTo,  by  Pometacom.  alter  more  than  thirty  years  had  been  spent  bv 


ui   /ealous 


ani 


I  ell'ective   teachiiiir  of  the   trib 


Mi 

Kliot.  and  his  missionary  compeei 

These  repulsive  traits  in  the  Indian  character,  did  nuich  towards  re[)ellin'j;,  and.  for  a 

time,  may  be  said  to  liave  extinguisln'd  that  benevolent  and  liumane  s[)irit  with  which 

they  had  been  previously  regarded.    In  \'irginia,  as  in  the  entire  South,  these  acts  may 

be  said  to  have   originated  a  thorough  detestation  of  the  whole  Indian  race.     Indeed, 

the  details  of  these  early  deeds  of  sanguinary  treachery,  iuiving  been  widely  s|)read, 

throughout  America  and   Kurope.   by  means  of  newspapers  and  nnigazines,  exercised 

an  adveise  inllncnce,  which  is  felt,  even  at  the  present  day.     It  has  been  fre{iueutly 

asked,  Who  shall  benefit  such  a  people,  and  what  good  can  arise  tiicrefrom?     L'naided 


lunnan  reason  tacitly  acknowledges  its  inability  to  .solve  the  problem;  the  gospel  aloi 
I'urnishes  a  motive  lor  tiie  elllirts  of  the  philanthropist. 


le 


Thus  far,  twelve  of  tlie  original  thirteen  colonies  had  been  established;  Georgia, 
the  thirteenth,  being  delayed  liir  some  time  longer.  Events,  which  Ibllowed  each  other 
in  rapid  suoecssi  m.  furnished  us  with  a  knowledge  of  Indian  character,  besides  becoming 


FIJOM    170i»    TO    IT.'.o. 


18.-1 


llic  iiiiiiii  iiiiliicciiuMit  I'or  tliL"  cstiiblisliinciit  of  (nir  iiitiTcoiirsc  witli.  and  the  tlovolopmoiit 
1)1'  our  iiolicy  lowiirils,  the  entire  L;r()ii[t  of  tribes,  located  in  the  east,  west,  north,  and 
.south.  The  hejiinninLi-  of  the  eijihteenth  century  was  marked  hy  throo  events  in  the 
liistory  of  tiio  eolonies,  wliieii  exercised  an  important  inlhieuce  on  the  Indian  policy. 
1.  I'enn,  wiio  had  entered  []w  Delaware  in  IllS'J.  selected  a  site  for  the  capital  of  his 
eoiouy.  in  the  heart  of  the  lienuo  Lenapi  territories,  and,  in  ITHl,  laid  out  the  city 
of  I'hiladelplda.  2.  Frontenac,  the  (loveruor-Goneral  of  New  France,  to  the  eha,i;rin 
of  the  Inxpiois.'  directed  a  post  to  he  established  in  the  country  of  tlie  Wyandots  and 
their  allies,  in  the  vicinit}-  of  the  lal<es.  iM.  de  la  Motte  (.'adillac,  who  was  entrusted 
with  this  duty,  arrived,  witii  a  military  force,  at  the  straits  between  lakes  Krie  ami 
Huron,  in  . I ul}- of  the  same  year,  and  founded  Detroit,  that  ci'Utral  point  of  Indian 
intluence,  whose  baU'ful  ell'ects  were  felt  ujion  the  wi'sti'rn  frontiers,  durinj:'  that  louij,' 
and  bloody  period  of  sixty  years,  marked  by  cajitivities  and  uuu'ders.  previous  to  the  fall 
of  (.i>uel)ee.  o.  The  Ibnndiuj:' of  [.ouisiana.  'J'iie  tlrst  settlement  was  madi-,  in  ID'.M),  at 
l?olixi,  in  the  country  of  the  Clioctaws;  but  tiie  province  was  not  ceded  to  ('ro/;it  until 
1712;  nor  was  New  Orleans  fonndeil  until  ITlH.  It  was  the  ])oii(y  of  the  French  to 
establish  trading  and  mission.ary  posts  lirst.  aiiii.  subsecpiently.  cities.  .Micliiliuuickinae, 
the  earliest  point  of  fixed  occupanc}-  in  .MicluLian.  was  the  central  i)o,-ition  of  the 
western  AlgoiKpiins  in  lii(i2;  as  was  also  Kaskaskia.  in  the  same  generic  group  of 
families,  at  liMst  from  the  fu'st  \isits  of  tlie  priests  ol'  [^a  Salle,  in  IdS'l.  A'inceinies, 
in  Indiana,  tiie  -Vu  Post  ol'  early  writers,  was  lirst  occupied  in  llilO.-  Tlie  primary 
impidses  were  thus  given  to  that  Franco-Indian  power,  which,  like  a  uigantic  serpent, 
coiled  its  folds  around,  and.  l\>v  a  period,  tlireatened  to  crush  the  British  colonies. 

Meantinu>.  the  Indians,  true  to  their  instincts,  did  not  al)andon  their  system  of 
massacre.  The  o[ieniug  of  tlie  century  was  characterized  l)y  tiie  South  (Jarolina  war 
with  the  Creeks  or  Appalachians;  the  daring  and  successfid  expedition  of  (,'olonol 
Moore  against  tliem.  within  the  Spanish  territories,  in  17(11;  the  wide-spread  and 
startling  massacre  of  the  Tuscaroras,  in  North  Carolina,  in  1712;  and  the  Vamasee 
massacre,  in  \~\'). 

Tiu>  Vamasees  were  a  portion  of  some  twenty-i'iglit  small  tribes,  of  the  group  (jf 
(Jlii(,'oras.  who  occupied  the  coasts  ami  ishunls.  as  well  as  the  banks  of  the  rivers,  of 
kSouth  Carolina,  and  of  whom  the  Catawiias  api)i'ar  to  l)e  the  only  remaining,  but  ra[iidlv 
diminishing  tribe.  It  was  the  Yamasees,  reputed  for  their  gentle  manners.  Ijut  bitti'rlv 
re\-engeful  disposition,  who  liad  encountered  the  earl\'  S[)anish  visitors  to  this  coast 
with  sncii  intrepidity,  retorting  treacliery  liy  treachery.  TIk'  Tuscaroras  belonged  to 
the  Iro(|Uois  uroup;  a  fact  tiiat  would  cieai'ly  appear  from  philologw  were  it  not  also 


nil 


Irnied  b\-  their  traditions.^  and  bv  the  fact  that,  after  their  iimd  defeiit  at  Kienuka, 


I  list. I 


I'frlii 


.1'  Mi 


lli-(.i 


Disc 


(   ll.-lc 


Ktll.    Krs.,   \-nl.    V. 


Vol..  VI.  — 21 


i    if 


I 


im 


m 


m 


Ihi! 


INTKUCOURSK    WITH    THE    TRIBES 


ii' 


I.. 


tlicv  Ik'il  to  tlioir  kiiKlrod,  the  Five  Nations,  of  western  New  York,  and  were  udniitted 
as  the  sixtli  eanton.' 

Up  to  this  period,  there  iiad  l)een  no  attempt  made  at  roloni/.ation  in  tlie  eonntry 
occnpied  by  tlie  coiitcMlcracy  of  the  Cri'eUs.  or  Mnseoiiiducs.'  Tiiis  peo|)le,  a^reeal)ly  to 
their  tra(htions.  having  immigrated  from  tiie  west,  crossed  the  Mississippi,  tiie  Ahihama, 
tlie  Cliattahootehe,  and  the  Appalaoliieola,  extending  tliemselves  towards  the  east, 
north,  west,  and  sonth.  At  the  earliest  iieriod  of  their  settlement,  and  kindling  of  a 
conneil  iire,  or  establishment  of  a  government,  they  were  loeated  on  the  river  Altamalia. 
There  is  no  doubt  that  they  conquered,  and  either  killed.  incorp(U'ated  with  themselvis, 
or  ejected,  the  prior  aboriginal  inhabitants.  Jlawkins  inliirms  us.  that  tlie_\  compicrcd 
and  carried  the  Uchees.  as  prist)ui'rs.  from  the  southern  part  of  South  Carolina. 
Ogelthorpe,  who  originated  the  jilan  of  the  Georgia  colony,  about  the  year  17-'!0, 
estal)lished  it  in  the  Creek  territory,  lying  between  the  Savannah  and  Altamalia. 
Like  those  of  the  Puritans,  the  .Marylandei's,  and  tin;  followers  of  Penn.  the  Georgia 
colony  was  designcul  lor,  and  became,  a  refuge  for  t)ppresseil  or  needy  Europeans.  The 
plan  followed  was,  as  had  been  the  case  in  ail  previous  instances  of  colonization,  to  bestow 
lands  upon,  and  aflbrd  employment  to.  the  colonists,  to  enable  them  to  improve  their 
condition,  and,  also,  to  sustain  their  high  anticipations;  always,  however,  paying  a  due 
regard  to  the  rights  and  condition  of  the  idjorigines.  The  sovereignty  and  the  fee 
simple  of  the  territory  was  helil  to  be  vested  in  the  crown  ;  but  the  right  to  their  usufruct, 
until  settled  by  presents,  or  l)y  actual  purchase,  was  absolutely  held  by  the  lutlians. 
The  ([uestion  was  reserved  as  one  lor  settlement  by  the  administration,  through  the 
usual  medium  of  treaty,  as  all  the  colonies  had  previously  done.  All  had  promised 
them  justice,  kindness,  fair  dealing;  and  all  had  urged  u[)on  them  the  lieneiits  to  be 
derived  I'rom  the  promotion  of  agriculture,  arts,  letters,  temperance,  and  every  other 
adjunct  of  civilization.  Ogelthorpe  offered  the  Indians  similar  tei'uis  to  those  tenderetl 
tlicm  liy  the  Pilgrims  of  New  England;  by  the  Duke  of  York  in  New  York  and  New 
Jersey;  by  Lord  Baltimore  in  Maryland;  and  by  Penn  in  Pennsyhania.  The  rewards 
arising  from  a  life  oi'  labor  and  virtue,  and  the  evils  attendant  ujion  error,  were,  in 
their  estimation,  in  the  hands  of  the  Indians  themsehcs.  If  the  natives  ])r('li'rrcd 
idleness,  inebriation,  and  vice;  it',  through  neglinit.  thi'y  became  the  victims  of 
disease,  death,  and  (le[)opidation,  it  must  be  c.onsider'.'d  part  of  tiiat  great  physical  and 
moral  law,  which  entails  the  j>unisliment  as  a  sequel  to  the  olli'uce.  Good  men  could 
but  regret  it.  If  an  Indian  would  hunt  deer,  insti.'ad  of  gui  ling  the  plow;  if  \\r. 
preferred  alcohol  to  water  as  a  beverage;  and  to  idle  away  his  time,  instead  of  improving 
it.  the  ])olitical  economist  regretted,  without  having  the  [lower  to  deter  him  from 
pursuing  his  erroneous  coiu'se.  'J'lie  moral  and  industrial  law  proclaimed  to  the 
Lidians  their  mistaken  policy,  announcing  to  them,  in  accents  of  niomenlous   poteian, 


rip|<lrli'>   lli.-iul-v  111'   ll,c   \'\y.-   NutiiillH. 


'  l!.ir(i-.iii]. 


FllOM     ITOit    To    ITr.O. 


1st 


tlip  ordiiiury  iniixims  wliu'li  Lidvcni  society.  "  Liilior  imd  tlirivc ;  lie  idlo  and  dissolute, 
nnd  die.  "  '•  In  the  sweiit  of  lliy  liicc  slialt  tlioii  eat  Ijread."'  Tlie  l're(|ueiit  errors 
and  deliii(|iieii<'ies  of  the  liuliaiis  did  not,  however,  dry  up  the  springs  of  human  eharity 
ami  lienevoU'nco.  Every  di'eade  had  its  philanthropists;  and  their  bonclicont  deeds 
.shine  hrijihtly,  even  at  the  present  day. 

Each  new  colony  established  in  America  gave  to  the  Indian  the  same  lesson  whicli 
had  been  taught  him  l)y  its  predocus.sors.  At  tho  outset,  civilization  had  apprized  him 
of  its  riMpiirements,  and.  though  the  Indian  learned  its  knsons  slowly,  jet  it  was  hoped 
that  he  d'nl  learn,  and  that  he  made  some  progress  in  the  right  direction.  Hope  induced 
perseverance,  furnished  an  apology  for  ignorance,  and  forgave  repeated  injury.  The 
bajitism  of  Manteo,  which  was  performed  in  Virginia,  in  1-j80,  may  be  regarded  as 
indicating  the  outpouring  of  light  at  Cresswicks,  in  1744.  Such  was  the  state  of  the 
Indians  when  the  Anglo-Saxons  iirst  Ibund  them,  and  located  on  their  borders. 


tJum^is  iii.  Ui. 


y 


iu 


ISS 


INTKIirof  IISK    WITH    Till':    TIMI'.KS 


C'HA  I'TEH    11, 


THE    AQUINO^IllOXl,    Oil    llJOQlOtS. 


!,   I 


,  I 


^1 


^ 


i 


'   1 


i    > 


TiiK  I'loso  ol'tlK'  scvciitcriilli  ('('nlury  apjicars  to  lie  ii  siiitMlilo  opportunity  lor  tuUiti'^ 
SOUR'  iiotico  of  ii  ])fopk'.  wlioso  jiowcr  li;iil  tlii'ii  (Miliiiiiiiituil.  There  were  lint  two 
ti'ihes  of  tliose  wliieli  raiiucil  tlie  land  I'ast  of  tlie  Missis:<ippi.  nmlli  of  tlie  Clierokees, 
and  east  of  tlie  t'liijipewas  of  Jiake  Supeiior.  o\ei'  whom  they  did  not,  at  this  early 
day,  exercise  a  pritnary  or  a  secondary  inlhienei' ;  and,  even  of  these  excepted  trihes.  one 
was  seated  KtlHI  miles  to  tlie  nortli-west,  ami  the  othi'r  1(1110  miles  to  tin' sonth-west 
of  their  council-lire  at  Onondaiia.  The  name  of  .Viininoshioni.  under  tlie  liiinre  of  a 
Ion;:  house,  or  council  lodg",  is  indicati\e  of  their  confederate  eiiaracti'r.  'J'radition 
refers  the  oriiiin  ol'  their  nationality  and  advancement  to  Tarenyawaiidii.  a  divinity, 
Avlio.  in  his  social  state,  while  on  earth,  assumed  the  name  of  Hiawatha,  and  taught 
them  the  knowledge  of  all  thiiii^s  essential  to  their  prosperity.'  IJy  a  hyperliole,  they 
are  also  called  OiiLiwi  lloiiwi.  or  a  peo|)le  sui'iiassinu'  others.'  'i'lie  l'"i-ench,  a^reealily 
to  their  .system,  i; a ve  them  the  name  of  Iroipiois,  a  term  f  uiiided  on  two  Indian  radicals, 
witli  the  Ciallic  tt'rniinal.  o/s.  sullixed.' 

We  are  informed  liy  Coldeii,  who  wrote  their  history  to  the  period  of  tli(>  conclusion 
of  the  peace  of  Ryswiek  (iCi'.'T),  that  the  tribes  composing-  this  confederacy  were  not 
oriiirinalh'  deemed  superior  to  their  neii^hhois.  IIi'  commences  their  history  at  the 
epoch  of  the  se'tlement  of  Canada  (IliUS);  at  which  time,  he  depicts  them  as  heiiig 
inferior  to  the  Adirondacks,  or  Algon(|uins.  They  did  not  eipial  the  northern  group 
of  tribes,  either  in  hunting,  war,  or  forest  arts,  though  they  posses.sed  an  element  of 
subsistence  in  the  cultivation  of  the  /.ea  niai/e.  B_\'  ceasing  to  war  against  each  other, 
and  confederating  for  their  common  defence,  they  laid  the  corner-stone  of  their  national 
cstalilisliineiit.  They  first  successfully  tried  their  united  strength  against  the  Satanas,^ 
a  cni(d  people,  located  on  their  borders,  which  so  raised  their  spirits,  that  they,  at 
length,  went  to  war  against  the  Adirondacks,  who  liad  been,  primarily,  their  tutors  in 
forest  arts.  After  some  reverses,  they  iiroved  themselves  an  ovenn;itch  for  the  latter 
in  stratagcin,  and.  liually,  obtained  decisive  victories  o\er  them  in  the  St.  f/.iwrence 
vallev. 


m 


1^1  M 


s 


Kill.  II.vv,  \'..l.  v..  u.  tVM\. 


(.'mMc-m's   Jli>tor)-  nf    till'    I'ivr   .\lltil. 


^  Cliarli'voi.'i'.s  liCtturs. 


!W 


I'KiiM     I  TDD    '!'(»    IT.-.i». 


1H!» 


Mr.  Ciilili'ii  I'liniislics  us  tlic  liislmv  nf  tin'  Irniiuois  iliirin;;  tlii'  [n'lioil  nl'  uliout  ii 
ri'iitiiry  ;liiir,i  ti>  lil'.^T),  in  !^t)  ik'iii'  ami  [irccisi'  ;i  iiiamu'i',  tliiit  our  oiilv  icirct  is.  (liiit 
lie  cariics  it  no  liirtlicr.  lie  |M'r('L'i\os  in  tliis  in'opK'  a  love  of  libiTtv.  iini!  ii  sjiirit  (if 
inili'H'Mdcncc,  wliicli  inirtii'nlai'ly  mark  tlii'in ;  liut  is  at  a  loss  wliit'li  ni()>l  to  ailniiic, 
tlii'ii'  military  anlur,  tlirir  political  iiolicy,  or  tlirir  cloiincni'c  in  coinicil.  Tlio  iniion 
of  till'  cantons,  <'acli  posscssinj;-  i'i|nal  [lowt-is,  in  one  council,  was  tin'  cause  of  their 
triiMuiili  anionj:'  hunters  in  the  t'ast.  west,  ami  north,  who  acknowled.uvil  no  jrovennm'nt 
liut  that  of  o|)inion,  ami  followed  no  policy  1ml  that  aetuatt'd  1)\  revenLie,  or  nmlelinahle 
impulse.  All  the  weighty  concerns  of  tlu;  IrcKpiois  were  tlie  suhjecl  of  full  deliheration. 
in  ojien  council ;  ami  their  di[ilomatic  negotiations  wei'e  manacled  with  consunnnate 
!<l\ill.  When  the  (|nestion  of  peace  or  war  was  decided,  the  counsellors  nniti'd  in 
chantinL';  hyunis  of  [)raise,  or  warlike  choruses,  which,  at  the  same  time,  L'uve  expression 
to  the  pnl)li(^  feelini;.  iuid  imparted  a  kind  of  natural  sanctity  to  the  act.  Thi'  majority 
of  those  who  ha\e  j:i\en  their  attention  to  li'cxpiois  history,  have  rccoiinised,  in  their 
])ul)lic  acts,  the  germs  of  u  national  policy,  wliicii  was  suitnl  to  conct'Utrale  in  tiieir 
hands  an  imperial  sway,  which  would  have  b<'eii  characterized  liy  greater  sulitlety  ami 
stri'nglh,  than  that  of  the  Aztecs  nnder  Moiiteziuna,  or  of  the  I'eruviaiis  under 
Atahualpa. 

Their  tribal  relations  being  conducted  according  to  fixed  principles,  so  also  were  their 
comnierciiil  allUirs,  and  under  a  system  e((ually  slalile.  A  siiort  time  subsequently  to 
the  arrival  of  Ilu(lsoii,  and  the  building  of  I'^ort  Oraui^e,  they  formed  a  cjosi-  alliance 
with  the  Dutch,  who  regaiiled  the  gains  o^'counnerce  as  the  most  decided  advantage  to 
be  deri\ed  irom  their  colony.  They  furnislu'd  the  Indian  warriors  with  guns,  powder, 
Hints,  shrouds,  blankets,  hatchets,  kni\es.  pi^x's,  and  all  other  articles  necessar\-  lor  tin," 
successful  prosecution  of  the  fur  trade,  which  was  conducted  on  a  basis  so  advantageous 
to  both,  that  the  nnitual  friendship  then  contracted  was  never  broken.  With  the  river 
Indians,  of  the  Algon(|uin  tyi)e,  who  lived  in  the  same  .state  of  discoi'd  and  anarchy  as 
the  other  tribes,  there  occurred  several,  and  some  very  serious,  (|uai'rels;  but  the  union 
of  the  Iroipiuis  and  Dutch  was  intimate,  and  nevermore  so  than  when  the  ju'ovinee  was 
surrendered  to  the  Duke  of  York,  in  lljt)l.  IJy  the  terms  of  this  surrender,  the  good 
■will  of  the  Ircxjuois  was  secured  to  the  Kuglish.  The  trade  with  the  Indians  was 
.vhoUy  in  the  hands  of  Dutch  merchants  and  traders,  and  their  interpreters,  who 
continned  to  I'onduct  it.  They  had  extended  this  trallie  througii  wi'stern  New 
York  to  the  .stvcalled  '•  I'ar  Indians,"  at  Detroit.  Saganaw  and  Michiliniaekinac,  where 
there  are  still  some  of  their  descendants.'  As  the  Iroquois  had,  foi'  a  long  period, 
lield  the  balance  of  power  in  America,  this  inlluenee  hecamc?  xcry  important  to  tho 
Knglish,  ami  was  analogous  to  the  Algonquin  alliance  with  the  French,  which,  after  the 
fall  of  (,luebi'c.  was  also  transferred  to  the  Kuglish. 


I  i 


'  In   thesis   disl;iiit    hiculilios,  we  still   lii'ar  nf  siifli    iiiiiin'S  m   Haiici',  Itili'v.  Tru;is,  'IVii  Kyck,  (iravii'DiI, 
l''isli('r,  W:mii)i.  Villi,  1111(1  Wiser. 


11)0 


1  NTi;  l!(Ol    ItSK    W  ITII    Til  K    'I' I!  I  ItIsS 


'   « 


I  : 


'     !«' 


n 


■1. 1 


i't 


fi  ',n 


'{"he  allMrlimciii  nl'  llii'  lr.M|iiiiis  III  ilii>   Mii';lisli.  MJiiiii'  s,i\ril  wi'-lmi    Nrw   York   iVoiii 

lli'i'oliiillL;-  ;i  I'Vi'lli'll  culiillX.  {•'idlM  liii'  lillli'  (if  lili'  MCtiuii  \\i|||  Cli.l  III  |  ililill,  lIlMt 
ciiiiiiiMinlcr  li:i\  iiij-  sii|i|ilii' 1  liis  liiiJiMll  iillics  w  illi  'iilli'<.  llii-  liMi|Uiiis  li;iil  lici'ii  pl'ijll- 
(lil'i'il  ;i.L.'Mill.-<t  llic  I'Vi'llcIl  II, Ililill.  Al  Mll|i|r_\'  |irri(ii|s  llirv  rr|H'i|cil  llic  iii\  usiolis  dl'  lill 
HaiTc.  IK'MiPiiv  illc.  Miiil  I'Voiitciiiic.  mill,  iiisn,  resisted  the  e;  tiililisiinu'iit  of  missiuns  iit 
Oneidii.  OiiiiiKJii-M.  iuiil  Oiitiirici.  'I'lieif  delcirales  ri'e(|iiciitl_V  stood  in  tin-  presence  ol" 
tlie  (io\('nic>r-(  ieiin-il  at  <  >iielite,  willi  wilv  dexterity  coiinleiMctiii'.:'  |plot  jiy  eoiiiilei'-piot. 
[ii  truth,  they  deti'iided  the  ten'itcii'v  till  the  KiiLrlish  etiloiiies  lieeaiiie  sti'unu'  (.'iioiiuh  to 
protet't  it  ihelllseUes. 

'I'iie  l''reii(|i  hail  Iniiiid  themselves  so  sexcrely  taxed  to  resist  the  lioi|iiois.  tliat  the 
eoiiehi>ioii  111'  llie  [leaee  ol'  Ityswick  was  most  Welcome  news  at  the  castle  of  St.  Louis. 
<'iili|eii  oli'<el\e>;.  that  tile  I'lelicll  eollimissioiiers  wilo  coiiseycd  the  ilitelliiieiice  of  this 
peace  to  liie  ( )noiida;;;i,  coiiiili'y.  and.  I>y  neuotiiition.  secnreil  their  a.ssi'iit  to  it.  liivcwise 
estei'iiH'd  il  a  hli-s-iiiL;'.  To  the  l''rencli,  heaven  could  not  have  sent  a  ui'eater.  "  For 
iiothiiiii."  it  is  remarked,  ••  eoiild  Ih:  more  leniMe  lo<'anaihi  than  the  last  war  wilii  tiie 
Five  Nations.  While  this  war  lasted,  the  inhaliitants  ate  their  hread  with  fear  and 
trcmliiiiiL;'.  No  man  was  sure,  when  out  of  his  house,  of  ever  returnim;'  to  it  iiLiain. 
While  they  lalioled  in  liie  fields,  they  Wel'e  under  perpetual  apprehensions  of  lieiliU" 
seized,  or  killeij.  or  carried  to  the  Indian  country,  there  to  end  tiieir  days  in  cruel 
torments.  They,  niaiiv  times,  were  I'orced  to  ncjlect  hotli  si'cd-tiine  and  harvest.  The 
landlord  ofien  saw  ail  his  land  plii  iered.  his  lioiiscs  Iniriied.  ami  the  whole  country 
ruined,  while  they  tlioiiiilil  their  pi'rsons  not  safe  in  tlii'ir  lortilications.  In  short,  all 
trade  and  liiisiiu'ss  was  often  at  an  entiri-  stand,  while  fear,  despair,  and  misery  appeared 
on  tiie  face  of  the  poor  iniiaiiitants." ' 

(loveinor  Ciiiiton  calls  the  iroipiois  the  Uoiiiaus  of  the  West."  Charlevoix,  v\  Jui 
visited  the  shores  of  !,ake  Ontario,  in  1721.  says,  that  he  perceiveil  a  (ircel;  eU'inent  in 
their  lanunaiie. '  While  formim:'  some  Iroijiiois  vocahularics.  in  western  New  York,  in 
IMTi,  1  ioiniil  it  to  possess  ii  ihial. 

'  CuMfii,  J).  -O'J.  •  l'i<i'i'ursi'  l)i'l'iiri'  ili'^t.,  Litrniry,  mihI  IMiilns.  Scu-ii'lv,  \.  V.  ■'  .luuniiif 


i  1    .  ! 


i!;l':» 


I'KO.M    17011    Tt»    I7..0. 


iin 


(11  A  I'lMII    I  1  I 


TIIK    INDIAN    'I'Kllil'.S.     NoHTII     ANM    Sdl  Til,    SI,(»\VI,V    A  I!  I!  I  \  K    A 'I 

AN  A  I' I' A  iir.Ni'i.v  (i  i:ni:i:\i.  i'uNci.i  sioN,  that  tii  i;v  I'(i,-<i:s,- 

TlIK    I'OWKJ!    to   <'|;ISII    TIM'.    Cn  l.o  N  I  KS. 


At  till'  lime  of  tlir  sctllciiu'iit  (il  (Irnr'jia.  not  uiilv   IkhI  nil  iIm'  coldiiii's  of  ijir  cKiwii 


)l"    (Irctit     lirililill    lircM    I'stilhlisliiMl.    hut 


<".fr\     clrliK'Ul.    Imtli      liiicii;!!     illnl     (loIIK'Stic, 


lifi-cssiirv  to  liicir  I'liiuii'  cNpiuisioii.  Iiml  hccii  iiitiodiiccd.  'I'iuis.  tiic  power  iiinl  ciu'i'iiics 
(l('V('lo|M'i|  siil)-('(|ii('iitly  ill  the  States  (if  rioriilii.  Aliiliiiiiia.  fiOiiisiaiia.  .Mississijijii, 
Teiiiie.-see.  Keiiluck  V.  <  )liio.  Miejii'jaii.  llliiinis.  Indiana.  Wi.-consin.  .Mis^oufi.  .\rkan-as. 
'IV.xii.x.  Iowa.  (';ilii;i|-nia.  .Minnesota,  and  ()i'e'.;uii.  as,  also,  in  New  l'',ii.:land.  of  \'erinont 
and  .Maine,  were  then  ail  shadowed  liirlli  in  the  rntiirc.  'I'liese  Stales  diil  not  ,'^|)iin;i 
into  existence  iinlil  decades  of  veai's  siilise(|iiently  ;    Imt  when  they  did   cnlininate   anil 


])nt  lorlli  streni;tli.  ihey  eliiniiialed  no  new   |ainci|)les  liir  ado|iiion  hy  the  Indian  t 


rihe; 


W  I 


Indi 


thill    their   res|iecti\e    lioniid.'iries.      .\s    colony    alter  colony    was    in('or|iorated.    lln 


ins  were    mice. .-ill 


:l\    m-i'd    t 


o   iimlale   till'    nsa'. 


and    manners,  of    Knroiiean 


H)ciel\'.    to    iiiai 


tise  the  duties  ol'  men.  to  aliaiidoii  the  nnceitaiii  jinr.-uil  of  llu- 
chasi'.  io  renonnce  the  sediiclions  of  indiili;eni'e.  and  to  turn  a  deaf  ear  to  tiie  dolefnl 
rites  and  enidianlmeiits  of  the  snotiisayeis.  jossakeeds.  and  jiiL-^iilers.  'J'liei'e  was  one 
exception  on  their  jiart.  to  tiieir  lack  of  \i.;oi-  in   that  typical  appreciiitioii,  leipiired  liy 


no  sM 


ndl  part  •  f  the  early  teaciiiiiiis  of  the  ecclesiastics  in  tile  colonii's;  and   that 


W;iS 


till'  syinholical  ii'li.uion  iiitrodnced  by  the  Catholic,  conimnnities.  fonnded  hy  Spain  and 
France.  The  use  of  siuns  jind  .symhols  was  ([iiite  in  accunhuice  with  the  ideas  of  the 
natives,  who  rejiarded  the  snn  and  moon  as  the  .syniliols  of  the  Deity,  and  lepreseiited 
person  and  passions  hy  types  of  liirds  and  animals,  wliicli  incliided  the  entire  iain;e  of 
t<p('cies  in  the  f2reat  classes  of  animated  nature.  JJiil  snhseipient  ohservers  iiave  i'cen 
uiialile  to  discover  that  any  vei-y  pernnineMt  moral  impressions,  as  to  pei>i)iial  acconnt- 
ahilit}'.  were  made  on  the  Indian  minds. 

The  Kreiich   peasantry,  who  were  in  const;int   interconi'se  \\\l\\  the  Indiiins,  did   not, 
tlieinsi'Ives.  profess  or  ])ractice  a  very  hiuli   .--tandard   of  morality,  and  \sere.  ther(d()i'e. 


m: 


? 


fS 


ii^if 


'M  p 


M   . 


4'     ' 


I    llH 


rN 


111    .  ii  ■ 


I'.H 


I  NT  III!  cor  I!  SK    WITH    Till',    TIIIUKS 


till'  iiiiiri'  ii(Vi^|it;ilili'  111  till'  ii:ili\i'-.  wlni-r  i'ii«|iiiii-i,  iii;tiiiiii  •*,  Mini  ii|iiiiiiiii-.  IIu'V  mI  niicc 
iiiltijitiil.  'I'liiv  iifvcr  I'hliiiilril  llit'ir  ri'liiiiniis  ritf,'*.  ninl  \'\vi'\\  mIicIiiI  llnir  wisfs 
IVdiii  till'  trilii's  iiinuiin  wlioiii  tlit'V  iniriiii'il  tlii'ir  xiiciilioii.  iis  lMi:ilmiii,  "  iiifii'luiiit 
viuauiMir.x."  mill  I'limicrs  to  I'lilU'ct  cri'ilits  in  (lie  I'lir  tnuli'. 

Til"  run,-!' r  i/ii  huts  aiiil  tlif  Iiiiliiiiis  ri'^Tinlilril  caili  ntluT  in  a  iliuiisaiiil  liiiU- 
iinliiiiis.  ivuariiinu'  tapirs,  liiinl,  ami  ili'r>s.  Tin'  {''iviii'liiiiaii  diil  iint  tliiiiK  liif  \wj\\aiii 
ii  iliilv  III' a  ili>'^ii-tiiiu  |ila('i' ;  lu' Wriit  In  ua/c  w  illi  riiiii|ilai'i'iii  .  ut  llir  Iniliaiis'  walicini 
ami  iiirilii'iiii'  ilimccf.  I  If  was  nut  miii'  tliat  ni'd'uinaiicy  iinil  .-^[liiit  \viirslii|)  wcii' 
allo'ji'tliiT  wnuiji':  ii'aililv  Ifarnril  tin'  Imlian  lauiiiMLfi' ;  lUlnicatril  I'amii's  nl' tlic  liiir>t 
|ialti'rn  ;  l>rraim'  a  |>rrlri't  ailrjit  in  tlir-^i'  ails;  ami  xmn  ai'i|iiin'il  a  i'('{iiilaliiin.  sii|ii'riMi' 
III  till'  Imliaiis.  liir  iia\  iiatiiiL;  llicsi'  ll'jlit  ami  liraiilil'iil  ncsx'Is.  lie  simikiil  tin- 
iiiciili.ma.  till'  Imlian'M  most  sai'i'cil  wi't'tl.  as  tlicy  Muciiilly  travt-llcil  touvtln'r ;  ami  the 
native.  nmliT  tin-  uiiiilanci'  of  lils  lioiii'j;c'ois.  cliaiitcd  oiit-  of  tlic  Kn  iiriiinaii's  miy 
siinus  witli  till'  livi'lii'st  I'liiotiuii.  In  liis  social  cliats  lie  ri'iifcsi'iitcil  tin-  "(Iramlc 
.M(iiiari|iir'"  as  sii|ifri(ir  to  all  soMTriuiis.  ami  I'onlra^lril  tin'  iijalivi'  [kiwit  oI'  tlir  kiii'js 
of  l']iiLilaml  ami  I'Vanci'.  witii  a  |iartialily  thai  |iia(i'il  tlir  lalliT  alioNc  all  i'oiii|Kiri:-on. 
To  iiifcrcst  anil  alli'ct  tlu'  Imliaii,  coiivi'isatioii  iiiiisl  he  plain.  siin[ili'.  ami  ailaplid  t.i 
his  I'oniiiri'lirnsioii ;  and  in  tlicsc  cliai'acti'i-istii's  no  class  of  persons  have  evei' siiipasscil, 
or  e\en  eipialleil,  tin-  l'"ii'iic]i. 

Tile  social  teacliini:s  ami  niamiers  ol'  liie  I'Vencli.  so  oppo>ile  to  tliose  ol'  tiie  I'lic^li^li. 
furnisli  a  true  means  ol'  estimatiicj,  tlie  ielati\e  p.isitioiis  held  hy  liie  two  li'adiiiz  races 
of  Kurope  who  were  so  lon'^'  opposed  to  each  other  on  this  contiiienl.  ami  aie  in  some 
measiiic  an  apoloL;y  lor  ihe  imliini.  They  are  helieved,  also,  to  hase  e\eiteil  a  siroiiu' 
intlnenc(?  on  the  conrse  ol'  the  Imliaiis.  in  liie  i.'real  contest  a;jaiii,~t  the  AiiLilo-Saxoii 
race.  Another  apolo;i\  may  he  niade  I'er  th<'  pirt  whiidi  the  Indians  tonk  in  the  wars 
so  lonir  L'.xistin.i:  hi'tween  the  European  races.  Il  would  lia\e  reipiircd  >iroii'j  presence 
111'  miiiil  and  irieat  rorecast,  to  have  resisted  the  iidhiences  and  seductions  which.  Ironi 
time  to  time,  inilnced  them  to  enter  the  lielil  as  anxiliaries.  lir^t  on  this  .-ide.  tjn^n  on 
the  opposite.  Those  who  eonld  exert  the  stroiiLii'st  powers  (if  per>iijsion.  and  most 
deeph  interest  the  sa\a'.:es.  were  most  sure  of  their  services.  It  was  the  darl\  aiie  of 
Imlian  history.  The  Imlian  was  not  the  only  uiie  who  lacked  moral  jjowers;  the 
unciiiith  fri>ntier--nian.  as  well  as  the  imu'e  Imyer  and  seller  of  lieasi'i'  and  musk-rat, 
were  not  overstocked  with  it.  Had  the  ahoriLiiiies  alwavslieeii  lam;hi  ihat.  lielweeii 
nation  and  iKilion.as  lietween  man  and  man.  duplicity  was  wionL;' ;  liiiesse  and  trickery, 
contemptilili' ;  decr|iii(in.  di.-lioiioraMe ;  and  treachery,  aliominahle  :  theiv  minht  have 
heiii  hetti'i' results.  With  him.  war  was  a  passion  :  he  loved  to  see  hlood  llow.  Hut 
when  lie  warred  for  others,  he  did  so  liir  nolhim:  :  a  dupe  at  the  outset,  he  was  doiihlv 
a  dupe  at  the  close. 

Ho  eniharkeil  in  these  liirei'^n  contests  with  an  entire  hlindiiess  to  his  true  interests. 


'i 


:  (     < 


, 


FROM    I  Too    TO    I7.".0. 


VM\ 


(l;:liliii':  iinl  liir  liiriiM'ir.  Iml  liir  ut  Inr-^.  Whiihrr  l.uiiis  nr  (Ji'iiivi'  prcNiiilcd.  wiis  nut 
till'  true  i|iit'sliiiii.  Ollii'i-  idiild  hiiiuli.  Iiiit  ln'  Milli'ii'd,  wIhi'Ih'MT  |i;irly  Miccfcclril. 
'I'likc  ii|)  lii.x  iiii'liiiii'linlv  lii-lmv  litr  tlir  hair  cciitin'x  «c  lnwc  iimlrr  ri'vicw.  miy.  lor  ii 
mIiiiIi'  i'<'iiliir\',  mill  liicrt'  nn'  ton  nuiiiy  cviiirncrM  tlmt  lie  pLiyi'il  |||i-  |p,iit  nl'  a  tn'il.  a 
ilniiik;iii|.  HI  ii  iiiailiiiaii.  Tlnir  \vii-<  \n>  lialllf  iiiwiiii'ii  Ijc  \mi-<  i'||m;i  .('(I  ;f  a  ll.iiik 
auxiliary,  iii  wliicli  lin  tliil  imt  Insr  ini'ii  ;  Imt.  for  cM'ry  nni'  kiJliil  in  iiciinii.  lie  lii.«t  li'ii 
liy  fam|i  ili>i'aM'.-i.  liy  Iiai'ilsliiiis.  miil  liy  liic  mi^killiil  incdii'il  iriMlini'iii  ol'  his  iiiii-i/,i. 
/i'iiiiiirt.'  '•  Will  thi'M-  |ialtry  |irc.-('iit.x  pay."  nn'nl  tin'  vriiciiiMc  \Val.i>|ia,  •' I'tir  tin-  lives 
\\i-  iia\i'  l(i>t  ill  liatlli'.  and  riU'mir  warriors  who  died  on  the  road','"' 

'riir  N'aiiiaM'i's  and  tin;  'I'nscanaas  in  tin'  Soiitji  were  iiul  ihr  ciily  Irilics  w  hie  li, 
alioiil  till'  lii';iiiiniii,;i  of  the  scNcnlfcnlh  I'cntiiry,  i\  inci'd  a  s|iii  ii  of  hostility,  ami  nun- 
iiR'iicc'd  II  ffrics  ol'  iiiassMorrH,  and  ii  war  of  cNtciiiiiiintion  luaiiist  tin'  whili-i.  I'artial 
ns  till'  Indians  were  to  the  French,  there  weic  iwn  naiioiis  whom  (he  latter  eoiijil  not 

control.       'riiesi-  wrl'e   the    |roi|niiis.  iilnl    liie  (  lllla'jainies.  Ill'    l''o\es. 

Who  the  Oiita'.'aniies  were  is  mil  Uiiowii.  and   their  early  history  is  t\  Mank.      It  Ikis 

I n   inierred.  IVoiii   their  laii'.^iiai.'^e,  that   they  weie  AI'joii(|iiins.  who  n-cd   the    l.eniio 

Tjenapi  |iroiiiincialion.  in  which  an  /  is  -iiii^tilnled  lor  //.  'jisini:'  to  their  speech  ii  imae 
rKpiid  llow.  They  appear,  at  an  early  diy.  to  ha\e  heen  cieeled  I'mni.  or  lursakeii  \>\\ 
tlio  Al;j:()iiipiiii  laiiiily  and  p.  'ilieal  or'.raiii/.aliiin.  Tlieir  tiaiiiiions  ivler  to  a  priniiliNc 
residence  at  the  site  of  ( 'atarai|ui.  uliere.  it  may  he  Mipnnsed.  they  rorined  an  inliiniiey 
uith  the  Iroijiiois;  and.  11'  .so,  that  they  were  one  ol'  the  Neiiu'el'iil  instniiiients  of 
tliosc  iiimieiise  jiilus  of  hoiii's,  and  j.'iirantic  o.ssiinricM,  spri'ad  over  the  interior  of 
Upper  Canada. 

in  ITl'J.  this  trilie.  swayed  prolniMy  li.  the  Iioi|nois  inllneiice.  alteinpled  to  destrov 
J)elr(iit.  and.  :is  in  all  siniiliir  cases,  their  inovenii'iits  were  secret,  and  the  attack 
hudileii.  There  wrie  then  hill  twenty  soldiers  in  the  |lat.  ruder  various  pretences 
lliev  frathered  in  that  vicinity:  hut  the  plot  was  revealed  in  time  lo  save  the  fort.  'J'lie 
nssaiilt  was  made  on  the  I'llh  of  May.  hut.  on  the  same  day.  the  cenimaiidant  was 
preeted  hy  the  voices  of  a  numerous  party  of  friendly  Wyandols.  Ottowas.  and  I'otta- 
wattamies,  who  routed  the  assailants.  The  Outa'jamies  then  retri'ated  to  an  entrenched 
camp,  near  iit  hand,  hut.  hecominu  linally  straitened  for  limd  and  water,  tiii'y  were 
forced  to  sully  out  and  take  possession  of  a  house  nearer  the  fort,  whence  they 
discliarired  a  most  destruclivc  shower  of  li'jhted  arrows,  which  set  lire  to  tjje  houses 
within  the  works.  FiVentiially  deteated,  they  retired  to  a  peninsula  jnttinL:'  out  into 
Lake   St.  ("lair,  where  they  repelled  a  furious  asssuilt  of  tlio  French  and  their  savauo 


VIi'Mii'illi'-lllrll. 

I'ui'  till'  wliiili'  111'  lliii^  iiiilili-  s]irfi-!i.  villi'  Hi>tiirii'iil  Ski'lclus  ol'  MicliiL;-iii.  p.  1(1(1  :    ncln.it.  1*>.'1 
Villi'  OiiiMitii,  p.  KMl. 

Vol..  VI.  — -Jo 


V  m 


i:i| 


INTKlU'oriJSK    WITH    Til  K    TRIBES 


iiii 


! 


,n' 


% 


1 1 


IMK 


allies.  Al'lor  M'voi'al  days'  prcparat'iDii,  iliiriiii!'  wliicli  artillery  was  hrou.iilit  iVoiu  tlio 
tint,  tlioir  position  was  stornifil,  voi'v  many  killed,  and  tin-  rest  t'oived  to  tiee  to  the 
upper  lakt^.  and  locate  tlieinsidvcs  on  i'"o\"  river.  Ilowini:  into  (ireen  Hay.  Here  the 
seipiel  of  their  history  I'nlly  accords  with  the  aci'ount  iiiven  by  the  ]''rcnch,  ol'  their 
eiuiiiiiiti'  and  perfidious  character.  They  harassed  tradiMs  at  all  the  portaires  le;ulini:'  to 
the  Mississip|)i  river,  and  spread  war  and  alarm  in  all  tlirections.  as  I'ai'  as  Lake  Su[)erior; 
hut.  lu'inir  at  lenjith  hcsieued  hy  the  French  conunander,  De  fionviune}',  with  a  com- 
]ietent  I'orce.  at  a  selected  jiosiiion.  since  called,  on  account  of  this  eNciit.  Ihitti!  di's 
Morts.  or  Hill  of  the  Dead,  tluy  wcrt"  ovei'i'ome,  and  sullercd  iimnense  shuiLihter.  al'ier 
which,  till'  snrvivt)rs  Ik'd  to  the  hanks  of  the  Wisi'onsin.  They  were  nciirly  desti'oyed, 
and  received  no  further  notice  in  our  Indian  history,  until  within  the  nineteenth 
century. 

In  1712.  at  the  tinu'  of  the  Fox  assault  on  the  fort  of  Detroit,  the  Iroquois  nation 
com]irise(l  live  trilies.  or  cantons ;  namely,  the  Mohawks,  Oneidas.  ()noudaj;;as,  CayuLias, 
and  Seneeas.  The  same  year  they  were  jt)ined  hy  the  Tusciiroras  from  North  Carolina, 
nndsiuLi  the  sixth  canton.  The  latter,  once  a  powerful  trihe.  hiid  heen  nearly  annihi- 
lated In-  the  North  Ciii'olina  forces,  assisted  by  a  chivalrous  liody  of  men  under  Colonel 
liaruWv'U  of  South  Carolina.  The  accession  of  th<>  Tuscaroras.  howe\-cr  it  miiilit  liiiv(? 
ideased  the  cantonal  goverinnent.  could  havt'  added  l)ut  little  to  the  elliciency  of  a 
people,  who  had.  from  the  earliest  times,  jjeen  the  terror  of  the  Indian  tribes.  Colden 
informs  us  that  the  Iro((Uois  cantons  had  (irst  attained  jiower  by  their  confederation,' 
their  wisdom  in  council,  their  policy  in  the  adoption  of  compiercd  trilies.  and  their 
su[)eri(ir  bravery  in  war."  (iovernor  Clinton  tells  us  that  their  acipiisition  of  ]iower 
was  nuicli  facilitated  by  their  advantau'cous  locition  in  western  New  York,  in  a  reiiion 
abouudiuu'  in  iiame,  of  unsiu'passed  fertility  of  soil,  and  situated  at  the  lu'ad  of  nnniy 
larire  and  leading;-  streams,  down  which  they  could  suddeul}'  make  their  forays,  after 
the  successful  execution  of  which  they  nii'zht  return  by  land.' 

All  tin'  trilies  in  an  east  and  wot  line,  betwi'en  I-ake  Champlain,  the  Connecticut, 
and  the  Illinois,  acknowledi^ed  the  supremacy  of  the  lro(piois.  Noi'lh  and  south  their 
sway  extended  from  the  UKJUths  of  the  llmlson.  the  Delaware,  and  the  Susi|uelianua, 
to  the  ^reat  laki's;  tlu'nce.  n<n'thwardly  to  tiie  Outawis.  or  Crand  riNcr.  of  Canada,  to 
.Micliilimarkiiiac.  and  to  the  entrance  of  l^ake  Superior.  in  iCidS.  uniler  the  nana- 
of  Masawonuicks,  they  weri'  the  terror  of  the  l*owliatanic  tribe  nf  \'iri:inia ;  as 
MiuLM)es,  they  sjiread  their  ilomiuiou  o\'er  Ohio;  and.  as  Nado-wassies.  tiie\-  were  the 
foes  of  all  the  .Mm)n([uin.  or  Adirondai'k  races.     At  periods  anterior  to  the  arrival  of 


'  Till-  1"  ri'"l   I'i   till'   InniWliill   nl'   this  lulll'nlrl-MiT   is   linri'rluill. 

-  C.M.'n's  lli-i.in  nf  ill..  I'iv  N:iiinii~. 

■'  |li>n.lir>r  .IrFiM  ;v,|  |„r,,|r  llir  NrW    Vulk    bill  ncrv  .■mil    i'ililnMi|illi.-,-|l  S..|.irly. 


I!(>M     ITii"    'I'O     IT'iil. 


105 


till"  oiilmiists.  tiu'v  liMil  |iri<\niliil  <i\('r  tlu'  muM!  proml  iiiid  pDwoiTiil  Lenno  TiCiiiipi, 
and  |il;u'('(i  tlicni  xitli  ./",'/".  'I'lifv  tlirciitcnrd  tlic  \vy\  I'xi.stciict'  ol'  ('an.'idii.  'I'riln's, 
wlidiH  tlicy  foidd  not  ^ild|jl'^■t  to  tln'ir  stent  pnlicv,  wiTc  I'xtcrmiiKitcd  liy  the  clnl)  and 
tilt'  tomaliaw  I;. 

It  liccanu'  a  part  of  liic  imlicy  ol"  all  tlic  colonics  to  C(jnciliatc  siicii  a  ]K'opk> ; 
consci|iicnll\.  tlicy  were  in  fact  |)i;i'tics  to  all  iniportiiut  Indian  treaties  Ibrnied  dm'ini;,- 
the  period  of  our  early  history,  and,  until  the  colonies  linally  assumed  their  inde- 
pendence. In  every  neiiotiation  invoK  inu  the  question  of  honndaries.  or  the  termination 
of  a  war.  the  iirst  demand  was,  What  will  the  Iroquois  doV  They  still,  in  reality, 
held  the  halaiice  of  power. 


f '■  I 

i- 


t;»ri 


;M; 


m 


'A\l 


!    \ 


if 


Pi' 

■  i  *  11 

I  ill 


i  Ml 


^H 


!: 


J'? 


I 
i! 


Hi.'! 


r.i    ■  ■■) 


1 1 

!  ■ 


ilM 


'  ;J  i  i 


f^l 


I  '■  i 


,i  I 


Pit* 


I'jt; 


1 N  '1'  i:  i:  (;  < )  r  u  s  !•;   w  i  'i'  ii  'i"  1 1  k  t  k  i  d  k  s 


CHAPTER    FV. 


IN  TIIK  CONTEST  FOR  THE  INDIAN  POWEK,  BETWEEN  i'l!AN('E 
AND  ENOLAND.  THE  rOSSESSI  ON  OF  T  H  E  M  1  S  S  I  SS  1  P  IM  V.\I,I,KV 
AND  OF  THE  CHEAT  ],AKE  15AS1NS  liECAMH.  IN  TIIK  KND.  TIIH 
IMUZE    CONTENDED    FOU. 


Tin:  ol(jso  of  (lie  se\ciiteoiitli  ceiitiirv  was  imirkt'd  \>y  ovoiits  wliicii  excite  in  us  ii 
more  tliau  iisuiil  ilei:ree  ul'  interest  in  the  al)Oi'i,i,'inal  poliev.  The  settKnicnts  niaile  at 
IJoiixi,  uiul  on  otiier  parts  of  the  open  sliores  of  tlie  (iuif  of  .Mexico,  ihirinu'  the  iatlcr 
Years  of  tliis  century,  were  I'oiiowcil  ]>y  the  location  of  otiicis  in  tiie  .Mississippi  valley. 
Xew  Orleans  was  foinuieil  in  \~W.  \m  Salle.  l>y  his  disecncry  of  tln'  .Missis>ippi  ri\-er. 
hail  (levclopcii  an  important  fact  in  North  American  p'oiri'aphy.  Such  a  ri\ir.  ami 
such  a  valley,  could  only  he  paralleled,  in  the  in>lory  of  the  Old  World.  In  the  Nile 
and  the  Ni'jcr:  and.  in  the  .New.  nnly  liy  the  .Vma/.on.  the  l,a  I'iatle.  and  the  Orinoco, 
of  South  America.  l>ut.  indii';i'  those  streams,  allhuuuh  ]ia>simr  tlir(inL;h  a  r("jiiin 
piissessinLT  an  e(|ually  Icrliie  soil,  ihe  climate  anil  sanitary  advantages  df  the  cnuiitry  in 
its  vieinaw  far  transcended  thciii. 

The  I'oitudaliiin  of  the  city  (if  .New  (Orleans  I'urni-hnl  a  depnt  tor  ihc  jiroducts  ol"  a 
rt'Liiiin.  wliDse  extent  and  rc-iuirces  euuld  scarccU-  h  ■  c-iiniaini.  'I'iiis  entire  territory, 
extending!-  to  the  sources  ol'  tin.'  Arkansas,  tlic  nhin.  :iiid  ihe  .Mi--.uiii.  a~  wi-U  a-;  In  the 
iin.'al  chain  of  lakes,  was  tilled  with  Indians.  ol'\ariows  nanie-^  and  families,  wlm  ro\-ed 
in  wild  indeiiendeiK'c  o\-er  its  phuns  and  thronuli  its  forots.  contiiliutiic.;'  to  a  new  and 
most  altiacll\e  hranch  of  commerce,  the  fur  trade.  To  wield  pniitical  iiilliicnce 
amoiiLi'.-t  tiiein  was.  in  I'act.  t'l  secure  the  mo-t  diii  et  means  (if  |ii(ini(iiiii,i-  cdl'iiial 
success.  The  line  syUan  connlry  ol'  the  Illinois  had.  from  the  pi  rind  of  it-  lirst 
discovery,  ht'cn  the  imiviM>al  theme  of  admiration.  At  an  early  day.  posts  wero 
estahlished.  not  oidy  at  Kasl^a.-kia  and  Cidiokia.  but.  liavinLT  hccome  the  lie,;d(piarters 
of  mild  ecclc-iastical  and  commercial  l'nnctionari(.'s.  they  weiv  conliniU'd  up  the  Waha'^h, 
the  Ohio,  the  Illinois,  aial  tlai  ^Visl•nn^in.  where  tlie\'  \".  ere  met  liy  similar  cstaMish- 
meiit^.  diver-in.ir  fi'om  <,Uieliec  and  .Montreal.  \''<>\:\  ihi^  period  may  lie  dated  the 
leiieweil  pro>pi'i'ity  of  New   l-'ranie. 

l-'oi  t  Niagara,  which  commanded  the  Imipiois  Imrders.  had  heen  Innnded  a-^  early  a.s 
Ji'iTs:     .Michilimackinae.   mi    il,,.    peiiin--nla.    was   ei'ecled    in    l•'l(■|^:    l''ort   O^wcl'o.    tli(? 


ri.'iiM     iTiH)    •]'(»     17.">ii. 


107 


nnoiont  (Iliunn.  \\;is  Imill  in 


I7'J7:    Detroit  in  ITnl  ;   Nincoiinos  in  l"i  10;  and,  a  short 


tiiiic  siil)s('([nciitly.  a  scries  of  minor  |ins(s.  < 


xteiiilin:^  alonu'  tlie  lai<e  si 


lores.  iVom  (ireeii 


>av  ami 


St.  .loseiiirs   to   till'    Miami  nC  tlic   Lakes,  and   the   San 


resfUle   Isle,  oi 


I-ake  Krie.     An 


(liisl\\-.  ami   iheiKVi  to 
the  Indian  trihos  inliahitiii^'  these  I'cLiioiis,  tho 

with 


I""i'(Mich  killer,  French  powei'  and  liheraiity.  iind  Krench   inaiiin'i-s,  were  sjiokon  ol 
jiraise,  and  iT".jai'ded  with  admiration. 

Such  was  the  i)ro,uivss  made  hy  the  now  ecclesiastical  estahlisliinents,  that  a  coniniis- 


SlolK 


r,  of  liiiih   sacerdotal  stan 


iliiii:'.  was 


depnteil  hy  the  ('(  nrt  of  i-'rmce  to  visit  the 
western  posts  and  trihes.  ( 'harle\oi\-.  who  perrorined  this  task,  and,  whose  journal  and 
histor\rnrnisii  proofs  ol'  the  /eal  ami  learniii'^'  he  ilisplayi'd.  joiirneyed  IVoin  (^lelii'c, 
tliroii'-ih  the  chain  of  lakes,  to  tile  .Mi-;^issippi,  \vhi(di.  in  IT'JI.  lie  desi'ended  to  New 
Orleans,  lie  made  many  valnalile  ini[niries  respectiiii;-  the  history  and  condition  of  tli(! 
tribes,  the  I'esnlts  of  which  he  reported  to  his  lioviM'innent.      In  his  era.  the  worship  of 


III 


I  eternal  lire,  the  ^riMt  di 


thi^  Gliehir  s\stt'in.  was  still   limiid  to  exi^t   anions 


the    Natchez,    or    ('lii'j'antnalL.'a    Imli.ins,   who    accompanied    its    riles   with    in 


niosiiiLT 


ceivmonie 


The  iiossessioii  ol' the  .Mis>is~ipiii  \alley  was.  in  reality,  the  pri/e  lor  which  all  these 
<>xertions  were  made;  and  the  Jiritish  colonies  soon  became  aware,  that  a  chain  of 
niilitar\'  posts,  extendim:'  from  New  (>rleans  to  (>ueliec.  wa.>  about  to  environ  them. 


In  Jl'iST,  the  Can; 


idian   ;inlliorities.  with   ureal    lorinalily.  repi 


-sed    theins(d\'es  of 


lliu  Straits  of  Detroit,  (•oinmeinoratinij:  the  event  hy  the  issiu'  oi' a  protiu'ol.'      Jn  17  (H. 
the  (iovi'i'iior-deneral  of  Canada  caused  leaden  plates,  beariiej:  suitahle  inscriiitions.  to 


lie  nailed  to  Ire 


am 


1    also  others  to  lie  luiried  beneath   the  earth,  in  the  Ohio  \- 


Ulev. 


as  a    testimony  ol    the   rc'-occnpaiicy  o 


f  that    vail. 


the    I- 


reiicli. 


T 


ie\    aimed,  at 


least,  to  make  the  recoi'il  stroini.'      lint  a  fractiini  ()\er  fifty  years  elapsed,  when  these 
]iosts  were  extended  np  the  Ohio  to  iis  source,  nt  the  junction  of  liie  Monoivjahela  and 


AUeudianv.   where    l'"ort    Dii   <>n 


esile    was     hiiilt.    ill 


r 


T 


le    (vnnprehensive    and 


viiiorons  movements  of  the  Freni'h  si'ciired  the  inlluence  of  the  tribes,  whom  thev 
su'-plied  with  u'oods.  wares  mid  nieichandi^e  at  all  the  po.--ts.  \'ir-iiiia.  the  Caroiinas, 
Ponns\  Ivania.  and  .Mar\laiid.  were  the  first    to  take  the  alarm.     Tl 


le  I'reiicli   assnineil 


the  soverei'iiity  of  the  country  by  ii;.dit  of  its  disco\ery  by  La  Salle,  and  a  loiiir  period 
had  not  idaiised  wlnai  the  western  tribis  attackeil  the  southern  and  western  frontiers, 
with  a  \i.:or  wliiidi  threatened  the  annihilation  of  the  colonies. 

In    17'J^.    the   Shawiiees   and    Delawaics.   pressed   by   the    Iitupiois.  and   feelinj;'  tho 
encroachmeiils  of  the  adxaiiciiiL''  sellleinenls.  lied   across  the  .VllcLihanies  to  the  Ohio 


vallev. 


The    Iroiplois    pi 


had 


onu'   pr<'\ion>ly  ( 


Iriven   the   T/enno    L 


enapi   in   the 


ime  direction. 
In  17.'ili.  the  French  local   aulhorilies   reported  to  their  home  'joverninent.  In  Pari 


Oii.'Mt.i,  1..  |iii! 


U'rllM'  Allli'OiMM:! 


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I  N  it;  itco  r  i!s  !•;   w  I'l'  ii   t  ii  i:  t  k  i  i;k> 


lliMl  lli('\  cxi'ici^cil  :i  cpiiIimI  ii\i'I'  Ih-'i  I  iIIm'-:.  ci  itii|iri.^in;;'  ii  Iniiil  of  I  li.  Id.'!  warrior.-', 
rr|iri'>riiiiii_;  :i  |iii|iiilal  inn  nf  Ml.llMll  Minis,'  Ii  III!  liiM;.'i'r  ailmillrd  ula  (Icpiiiil.  tlial  llic 
(ilijci'l  III'  llic  I'Vriu'li  was.  liy  ih'awiim  liii^  liiir  aiuiinil  llic  cnliiiiics,  to  |iii'\cnl  llu'iii 
liiiiii  (Alciiilin'j  llirii'  iiiissi's.-idiis  1(1  liir  wislwanl  liruiiiil  till'  Miiiniiils  (iT  llic  Alli';,:iiany 
iMiiiinlaiiis.  SiU'ii.  iiiilrcii,  was  iju'  iina.-l  df  .snini'  ni'  tin'  Icailinu'  liidiaii  cliicrs,  wlio 
rr;:arilril  llii'  KiiLilisli  as  tin'  nation  wliicli  dcsiLtncil  lo  inlrin'jc  on  tlicir  linrst  domains, 
111  iin|msr  npon  tlirm  llu'  yoki'  of  lalior  and  li'llcis.  and  lo  Mead  onl  liirir  Sfi'v  cxisU'ni'i'.' 
'I'lir  sanLininaiy  inroads  of  llic  l'"r('iu'li  ami  tlicii"  sa\aL;c  allies  on  tlio  iVoiilicrs,  lir.st 
Iiioiil:1iI  iIii'  MUillirnl  Wasliiimlon  into  llu-  llt'ld.  lie  was  linl  .sixteen  years  oi'  ai;e 
\\lien.  ill  1 7  I  >.  lie  maile  his  lirsl  e\|ilorat'iry  tri|i  in  liial  ilireelion.'  I''i\('  year.s 
siiliMi|iieiitl\ .  lie  miderlool;  liis  perilous  ollieial  joniiiey  In  the  Kreiieh  post  on  Lake 
Krie.  thus  (ililainiiii;-  his  first  kiio\vledL;('  ol'  the  liahits  ol'  a  siilitle  t'oe.  whose  instaliilily 
ol'  purpose,  and  enielly  ol'  eharaeter,  reipiireil  perpetual  \  iuilanee. 

\\'ilh  respeel  to  llie  L;reat  iaUc  liasins.  they  wei'e.  at  an  early  dale,  in  po.ssession  of 
the  l-"remli.  i.,ike  ()ntai-io  w  a.s  eonnnandi  d  liy  l''orts  Calaraipii.  NiiiLiara.  and  Oswclio; 
lu'ie  was  seemed  li\  ilie  location  of  l''orl  I  .e  Now.  on  the  ,'<iraits  of  Detroit,  and  Lako 
Huron  li\-  l'"orl  St.  .losejili  (the  >ile  of  the  nioileni  (iralioi  I.  siliiated  at  the  head  of  llu; 
riser  Si.  Clair,  as  also  li\  the  i<ld  peiiiii^nlar  fori  of  .Miehdiin.iekinae.  iiake  ."siipeiior 
was  oxei'looked  hy  the  I'orl  ol'  .'"^t.  Mark's,  on  the  straits  of  ."-^i.  Marv.  and  hy  that  ol" 
Madaline.  at  ( 'heLinimeLioii  :  Miehiuaiihya  l-'oii  on  (ireen  l>.i\ .  another  at  the  month  ol' 
the  SL.Iiweph's  ri\er.  and  li\  the  |iijs|  ;ii  ('liieaL;o.  Small  vessels  Iransported  arms  and 
siipjilies  to  the  \aiioiis  pu-is.  and  ihe  liea\y  hatteaiix  ol'  the  l''reneh.  or  the  li^ht 
.Vl'joiiipiin  eaiioe.  kept  up  a  ronstaiit  interiMiirsi'  lietweeii  ihe  pos|s  and  Tiiissions.  Iioth 
liy  niiilit  and  da_\ .  Ihe  laiLilish  eoloiiial  ;^o\eri,ois.  aeeiistomed  to  tin-  dilatorv  mo\c- 
nieiits  ut'  their  own  reLiiilai'  soldiers  and  sailors,  eoiild  .seari'ely  eiiiieei\e  with  what 
etderit\   iiitelliuenee  wa.s  eoniininiie.ited. 


'  Ktli.  Ki'.-.  \m1.  Ill  .  ,,  .■..•.:;. 
•"  Irvine's  I. ill'  lit'  \V.i-liiii'_'lMii. 


•  lli.-tiirK':il  ami  .'^I'li'iililii-  SkiU'lii'.s  n(  Mii-liiu'aii. 


SUCTION    KLKVKMII. 


(     I' 


MOMKXTOrs     PKUIOI)    OF     INDIAN     lllsroKV. 
PKKCKDINC    TIIK   CONlilKST   OK   CANADA. 


("II  A  I'TKII     I. 
Tin:   I'liKNcii    POLICY   i!i;(;ai:iiin<;    tiik   tiiii'.al.   oi;    intki!- 

NATIoNAI.,     M()V1:MKNTS    o  K    TIIK     INDIANS. 

'I'm:  jriilciiisy  luul  li;ilr<'il  exist  in ;:;  hctwccii  tlir  trilics,  iii'i'vcntnl  ('\U'ii>i\r  linstilc  cuni- 
liiiiMliiiils  ;i;j:iiiist  llic  I'ini^lisii.  Mini  |irii\cci  llic  s;ilv;ili(iii  ul'  tlic  riilmiics.  |]\ci_\  Lulc 
trilie.  iVdin  till'  era  ul'  the  setllriiiiMit  III'  \'irL:iuia,  tn  that  nl'i  Icuri^la.  lii-ciiiril  ilsrll'  >ii|iii  ini- 
til  all  iilhi'i's.  \  a  III!  In  I  111'  its  |iri)ur>s,  anil  ilr>|ii-ril  its  rnriuirs,  \Vini;ina.  I'uw  hatan.  aipl 
( )|)ri'hiint;ani)iii;li,  wi'ie  hut  iirotut ypi's  of  Sassai'u-,  I'Diiii'tariini.  ami  Allakullakilia. 
The  oontinent  liail  hern  hmti'mii  hy  prrilatiiry  hamls  lun'j  lu'tiiir  its  iliMnxn'y  hy 
]Miri)|ii'iuis,  ami,  at  that  pr  'ml.  the  ti'ihes  \\i  re  li\iim-  in  a  state  nf  inte>tiiie  anarrhy, 
anil  onlwanl  wai'.  When  the  colonists  hunleil  ami  heLiaii  to  Imlil  inteieourse  with 
them.  e\ery  little  tfihe  exereiseil  an  imleiiemlent  sovereignty.  snM  lamls,  ami  |ifoseriii(  il 
wars.  Of  the  several  stoeks  wlio  chiinu'il  to  live  in  ;i  slate  nl'  assoeiation  or  eonleijera- 
lion.  till'  lroi|llois  alone  possesseil  ailNthillLT  like  a  i'wrd  svstelll.  'I'he  MllseoL;ees.  oi' 
Creeks,  assiiineil  to  he  ii  i'iinfeilerae\  ofs'ven  trihes.  hut  their  assiieiatimi  was  so  lo'isely 
orLiani/.eil.  so  ilestitiite  of  L;o\i'i'mni'iilal  power,  that  it  conlil  not  make  levies,  proriire 
voliniteers,  meet  out  |)iiiiislimeiits,  or  tirant  rewanls.  The  .Miionipiins  assiniilaleil  in 
their  trihal  eliaraeter  ami  peculiar  eiistonis.  hut  esery  trihe  acteil  as  it  pleased,  wiihuiit, 
respect  to  any  liovernniental  rule.  The  scm'u  trihes  of  tln'  Dakolas  slyleil  themselv  is 
a  iiniteil  people;  the  I'ukauokets  went  to  w  ar.  sin'ile-liaiiil"i.l.  a'laiiisl  all  ."'ew  KiiL^laml  ; 
the  TuscaroiMs  (letermineil  to  ilestroy  North  Carolina,  at  a  hlow  :  the  ^'amasees  uiiiler- 

(I'.nt) 


IP 

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ti 

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« 


•200 


M().Mi;XT(»r.<    I'KUKM)    OK    INDIAN    IIISTOKY. 


ttiiik  III  lir;i\i'.  il"  not  111  i'i)|ii'  willi.  Suitli  ( ';iriilin;i  :  ami  the  trihc  nf  tin'  Foxes 
iiisnl('iitl\  r('<iil\c(l,  willuMit  iiiiy  iiiixiliiirics  Inil  the  Saiilss.  av  (irininal  occupants  of 
.Saiiiiiiaw,'  1(1  ilrivo  tlio  Krciicli  out  oi'  Mic!iii;aii. 

Tiu'  rcCractory  trilics  of  New  Kiinlaiid.  wlio  Inul  citlicr  siilnnittcd  to  tin-  colonists,  or 
liad  liccn  con(|iicri'iI  liy  tln'iu  and  lied,  derived  s\in|Kitliy  and  ellicient  aid  from  the 
(.'aiiadian  antliorities.  'I'lie  l'e(|not  reliiLKH's  wlio  liad  I'ound  slieiler  IVoni  tlie  Moliawks. 
and  been  perniilled  to  settle  on  a  tributary  of  the  North  ri\er.  inider  the  name  of 
Seauticokes.  fmally  tied  to  liower  ( 'anada.  The  entire  canton  ol'  St.  IJeuis  orijiinally 
comprised  rel'up'cs  of  the  Iroipiois.  who  ha<l  eithei-  rel'used  to  submit  to  the  religious 
ti'achiniis.  or  to  the  political  inlluence  of  the  lMiiiii>h. 

'I'he  tribal  and  internalional  mo\-ements.  ihronjlioiit  the  entire  country,  were 
controlled,  with  the  sole  exception  ot"  thoso  of  llie  im])ortant  canlons  of  the  Iro(piois, 
by  the  i^euei'al  policy  ami  inlhieiice  of  the  French,  and  tendi'il  to  the  furthei'Tmce  of 
the  French  <'olonial  interests.  it  was  observed  at  an  early  day  by  the  Kmilisli 
j:'o\ernors.  and  by  the  commander^  on  the  frontier-^,  that  a  cordon  of  tribes,  friendly  to 
the  Freiicli.  occu|iied  the  whole  of  the  inunense  line  exteudiu'^-  from  (^Miebec  to  New 
()rli;ins:  and  e\-ery  decade  of  the  existence  of  the  J{riti^h  colonies  appeared  to  increase 
the  apprehensions  ol'  evil  imiieudinir  from  this  (piarter.  This  policy  of  the  French 
was  not  a  recent  one.  but  can  be  iraceil  back  to  liie  eariii'st  times.  Fi-oni  the  period 
when  Uonnaeniuia  was  taken  to  i-'rance.  and  Aiiahonn;!  'jreeted  as  the  forest  momirch 
of  ilochelaiia.  it  had  been  a  [irimary  policy  of  the  (iallic  authorities,  to  >ecure  the 
intlueiice  of  the  Indian  tribes.  'l"wo  ureal  stocks  of  tribes  constituted  the  Icadinji' 
executors  of  the  Fn'nch  policy. 

Along  the  north  shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  from  the  Three  IJiNcrs  as  far  as  tiie 
entrance  of  the  (ireat  Otawa  liver,  the  coast  was  occupied  by  trilu's  of  the  li'enerie 
sto(d<.  to  whom  was  given  the  name  of  .Muompiins.-  The  southern,  as  widl  as  the 
northern,  shores  of  the  St.  Lawrenci'.  below  the  point  denoted,  as  far  down  as  (iaspe 
Ray.  including  Tadousac  and  the  island  of  ( li'leans.  were  coven'd  by  parties  of  the 
lro(piois  of  the  Wyandot  branch.  The  licu  ernmi'utal  seat,  and  comicil-lii'e  of  this 
triln'  were  locali'il  on  tli''  mountain  i-land  of  ilochelaja.  to  which  Carti-r  g.i\e  tin- 
name  of  Montreal.  A  close  alliance  was  firmcii  wiih  the  Algoinpiin  tril)es.  and  also 
with  the  Wyandots.  or  JIurons.  a  Freiicli  soubri(pi't  fn-  this  tribe,  The  Wyandots 
allirm  thesnseh'es  to  have  been  the  parent  tribe  of  the  Imipioi-.  and.  althon'.;h  they  do 
not  appear  to  have  Ijeen  a  niendier  of  the  conli'deracv  of  the  Five  Nations,  they  were, 
then,  on  the  most  amir.abli'  terms  with  them.  Tlieirolliiici-  against  the  Fi\e  Nations  was, 
that  they  had   not   only  oH'itimI   their  ;iid   to   the    French.  luit   iilso  to  the  .\l:;on(|uins, 

'  Till'  iilndirn  .S:i:.'Mr];iw<  arr  nni-aiirs  niid  rcl'uL'i'i.'.s   iVuiii    tin:  ( 'liij.i.i'Wa  stufk,  wIim  llrd  tn,  and  re-uccilliicd 
till'  (•riL'inal  town,  atiaiidi)iird  Ijv  tin'  ."«:ail;-. 
'  Eth.  Res.,  \o\.  I.  p  :>i.i(j. 


PUECl-:i)IN(i    TilK    CONOrKST    *)V    CANADA, 


201 


tlioir  ciKMiiics.     As  soon  us  this  alliuiici'  with   the    l''ii'iich   wiis  iiiiilcrstnoil.  thi'   Fiv(i 
Nations,  lit  lirst  inoilcrati'lv.  hiit  al'tfrwai'ds  iicrciuiitdi'iiy  ami  \iiilciitlv.  oi'ilcrrd   them 


to  U'avc  the  ishiiul  of  Iloclii'hiiiii,  ami  rciiio\c  to  New  V 


'I'lic  \V\aml(.t->  liaviii"; 


rcfiiscil  to  olicv  tliis  iiiamhito.  tho  li'o([iiiiis  iiiaiii'  war  iipnii  thfiii.  ami  so  harassnl  them 


that  they  were  coiniirllcd   to  seek  shelter  iiniler   the  ;^uiis  of  (> 


ilcliec;    111 


which  ]ila('0 


even,  they  were  not  safe,  hut  were  linally  i'\|iellei|  IVolll  the  Milleyol'tlie  St.  liawrelice. 
The  Flench  tiicinseK'es  were  lierccly  attai'l<e(l.  and  at  oiu-  time  iicHMine  sei'iiiii>ly  alVaid 
that  they  would  lie  drivt'ii  IVoni  tli(!  country." 

Tlie  lli,i;ht  of  the  Wyandots  from  tlie  St.  fiawreiu'e  valley,  in  H'i-"^i'.t.  iJinduced  a  iireat 
displacement  of  trilies.  'I"  .  ;  parsed  up  the  ureal  Oiitawas  river,  and  acro>s  f.alstr 
Ni'i)issinfr,  to  the  Mniiatoiu..  chain  of  islands,  of  Odawa  lake,  which  thence  received 
the  iippcdlation  of  Huron,  their  French  nomme  de  unerre.  I»ut  the  .\e\v  York 
Inxpiois  haviiiL:'  pursued  them  thither,  they  lied  to  the  ro(d\y  island  of  'riedoudoroua. 
called  Miciiiliinackinno  liy  the  .Muomiuins.  witli  whom  they  were  in  (dosi'  alliance,  as 
tlioy  had  orij^inally  heen  in  Lower  Canada.  Heinarkahle  evidences  of  their  residence 
ill  tiiu  interior  of  this  island,  and  also  of  their  aiiricultiiral  lial)ils.  may  still  he  traced 
in  the  larj^o  space;  wiiich  were  cultivated,  luul  which  ;\vi'.  yet  very  conspicuous.  Of 
those,  tho  area  called  hy  the  French.  I-e  Cirand  .lardin.  and  the  nromul  ahont  Suirar 
Loaf,  and  Arched  Hocks,  will  amjily  repay  a  visit  from  the  curious.  l>ut.  heinu'  also 
followed  hither  hy  the  lro(|uois.  they  took  shelter  on  Lake  Superior.  Tursuinu' them 
io  that  retreat,  they  wt'ic  delisted  hy  the  Aluics  at  Point  Iroipiois  in  the  ('liipi)ewa 
eonntry.  A  saiii;uinary  hattle.  followed  hy  a  massacre,  was  fouulit  on  the  cape  at  the 
loft-hand  entranco  into  that  lake,  wliicli  has  siiu.'o  heon  called  I'oint  iro(jiiois. 


Soi'    LcttiTS  111'    1.1'  .IcUlli' 


Vol..  VI.  — 20 


:i 


If 


Ktfif 


!i  ll-  i. 


■M 


\i. 


'JOi 


MoMKNTorS    I' Kill  0  1)    OK    INDIAN    HISTORY, 


.i-'i 


i  •    i 


);  ! 


n 


(•  MATT  Kit    II. 

INTKK-KI'OCIIAL    IIIST(il!Y    OF    THE    T.AKK    TiUnKS,    AND    OK    TilK 
KXI'ILSION  OK  INDIANS  WHO  rilKCKDED  THK  ALGONQUINS. 

I'mou  to  till'  tliirlit  i^i'  tlio  Wviimlots  iVoin  tlio  St.  riiiwronco,  a  nation,  of  Alfj;on(Hiin 
liiu'ag(>.  calliHl  liy  olil  writers  rtiiwawiis.  mid  Atawiiwas.  ami  hy  modern  oiu's.  Odawas, 
and  Ottawas.  ivsidi-il  on  tlio  cliain  ol'  islands,  in  fjakc  Huron,  calli'd  Manatoiilinos.  or 
Islands  of  llio  (Jri'at  Spirit.  Portions  ol'  this  nation  i)artii'i[)at('(l  in  tlic  oarlv  wars  in 
Lower  Canada,  and  were  tauiilit  tin-  truths  of  the  Christian  religion  hy  the  missionaries. 
'I'h(>  parent  trihe  had,  lor  a  \ou\x  period,  dwelt  on  the  islands  of  tin  (!reat  Spirit,  and 
the  lake  itself  was.  in  eonseipienee.  called  Odawa,  laJii'.  At  tli(>  same  period,  another 
leaiVuvj;  trihe.  ot'  adverse  lineaue.  called  the  Asseunn.  or  Hone.  Indians,  ri'sideil  on  the 
ujiper  part.s  of  the  lake.  Tlu'ir  council  lire  and  triii;d  .<eat  were  estahli.slied  on  the 
island  of -Michilimackiuac.  They  occupied  I'oiut  St.  li^nace,  and  also  thi'  north  sliores 
of  the  lake,  as  low  down  as  the  inllu\  of  the  St.  .Mary's  river;  and  they  likewise 
extended  their  po.>-sessions  westward  and  noitliward  along  the  .shores  and  islands  of 
fiako  Michigan. 

To  their  position  on  the  Manitoulines,  the  Ottawas  refer,  as  the  oldest  traditional 
point  iu  their  history.  Personal  liravcry.  united  with  the  power  of  performing 
niiraculou.s  or  extr.iordinary  feats,  through  the  inlliienco  of  necronnnicy,  were 
the  great  ohjccts  of  attainment,  and  formed  a  theme  for  boasting  among  their 
lu'roes.  The  origin  of  the  trihe  they  attriimte  to  a  renowned  per.sonago,  whom  they 
called  Sagima.  .^agima  had  hcen  celehrated.  during  his  prime,  for  deeds  of  j)rowesrt 
and  wisdom,  and  for  his  great  spirit u.il  power.  Mut  he  was  now  tott'.ring  under  the 
weight  of  accumulated  years;  his  hrethi'en  had  classed  iiiin  as  an  Akiwa/i,  or  one  long 
ahovt'  ground;  and  he  was  soon  destined  to  take  his  long  anticipated  jonrnev  to  the 
.symholical  land  of  the  di'ad,  or  Indian  paradise.  Sagima  resided  with  his  wile,  and 
had  lour  .sons,  namely,  Wau-he-nace.  Wanha.  (.litchey  Wedau.  and  the  yoimgcst.  naincil 
after  himself.  S.igima.  It  is  of  the  feats  of  the  lattci-.  who  w;is  the  favorite  son,  that 
tradition  speaks;  for  he  was  not  only  the  pride  of  his  parents,  hut  was  .also  endowed 
with  all  the  intrepidity,  wisdom,  and  magical  power  of  his  father.  In  his  youth,  ho 
was  noteil  for  his  eccentricities,  and  fool-iiard\'  exploits:  when  he  reached  the  |)eriod 
of  manhood,  he  evinced  gival  powers  of  endurance,  fri'ipicntly  fasting  ten  days,  imJ^ 


i  I       t- 


\l 


I'll  KCKDI  Ni;    Til  K    ("ONQlllST    (»!•'    CANADA. 


20S 


iit'lcr  tiistiiii;'  ii  lilllc  I'niiil,  iigaiii  rcncwint:  liis  last;  iiiid,  wIiimi  liis  I'litiiri'  •j^iianliaii  »<i)irit 
was  rrvcaictl  to  liiiii.  it  wan  tiic  dnnl  ,Si  rji'iil,  or  (iiti'iiic  Kinaliik,  who  livoH  iiiidiT  tlio 
)jr<)iiii<l  and  irnti  r. 

At  this  tiiiu',  tlic  Assi'i^iiiis  hc^'aii  to  trt'spass  on  tho  territory  of  tlio  Miuiatouliiics, 
and  killed  .some  of  tlii-ir  pcoph'.  A  war  with  this  triho  was  tho  n-siilt.  Atroiiipanvin^ 
tlio  warriors,  at  Ih'st  as  a  yoiiiifi  vohmti'or,  and  coiK'calinir  tlic  <rroat  powers  lie  t'clt 
coiiseioiiH  ol'  posscssihLr,  Saj^iina  pi-rllirnifil  I'cats  whicii  drew  all  cyi's  upon  him.  Ih* 
Hoon  becaint^  an  I'llicicnt  warrior,  and,  in  tla-  end.  the  tli'iivcrcr  ol' his  country.  In  this 
contest,  the  Manatonlines  were  aiiled  hy  tlie  <  ►djihwas,  or  ilhippewas  of  I'lniilisli  history. 
The  fh'st  great  liattie  with  the  JJone  Indians,  was  foiii;ht  on  the  peninsula,  ealleij 
liy  tlio  French,  Detour.  Saginia  then  jjursued  his  enemies  westward  to  their  entreneh- 
inents,  on  the  nortii  nhore,  near  some  mounds  and  hivoiuick.s,  tlie  remains  of  wliieli  are 
Htill  to  he  seen,  northwai'd  of  St.  luiuK'e.  b'rom  this  position  he  dislodired  tliem,  and 
tot»k  possession  of  the  territor\'  up  to  I'oint  Si.  iLMuice.  wliere  the  war  terminated,  and 
the  As.xeijjuns,  erossing  the  strait  to  the  headland,  ealli'd  I'iipitinonji'.  the  locality  where 
old  Fort  Mieliilimuckinae  was  suhseipiently  built  hy  tlu?  Krencli.  there  foi-nied  a  village. 
Having  conquered  the  country  of  St.  Ignace,  the;  Odawas  gradually  withdrew  from  the 
Manatoulines,  and  located  their  trii)al  seal  at  St.  Ignace.  The  following  spring,  the 
Asseguns  cros.setl  over  and  killed  an  Ottawa  woman,  who  was  [)lanting  corn.  Sagiina 
raised  a,  war  party,  and  crossed  the  strait  to  the  Assegun  village,  which  was  found  to 
contain  only  old  men,  women,  and  children,  the  warriors  having  gone  up  the  Shehoigan, 
a  river  ten  miles  to  the  eastward.  Sagima  followed  their  trail,  discovered  their  canoes 
hid  in  tiie  overhanging  hushes,  and  waylaid  tluMn  in  a  .shallow,  .sandy  hay.  The 
returning  As.seguns  were  attacked  at  a  disadvantage,  and  a  dreadful  massacre  followed. 

After  this  defeat,  the  Asseguns  tied  to  the  eastern  shores  of  Lake  Michigan;  hut  they 
■were  fundly  ))nrsued  .south  to  the  hanks  of  the  Wa.shtenau,  called  hy  the  French,  Grand 
river.  This  formed  the  limit  of  the  Ottawa  confpiests,  and  thence  they  returneil  to 
their  tribal  .seat  at  St.  Ignace.  The  Chippewas,  who  liad  been  their  confederates  in 
this  war.  .settled  on  Orand  Traverst'  Hay.  and  at  some  other  locations  to  the  westward, 
where  the  two  tribes  still  reside  in  intercalated  villages. 

During  tiie  prosecution  of  thi.s  war,  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Michigan,  the  Ottawas  and 
Chippewas  became  involved  in  arpiarrel  with  a  tribe  called,  by  early  writer.s.  Mascoutin.s, 
a  term,  apparently,  derived  from  the  phrase  Mush-co-dain.s-ug,  ov  Little  I'rairie  Indians. 
These  Indians  appear  to  have  allied  themselves  with  the  ]5ono  Indians.  Chnsco,  an 
nged  Ottawa,  conversant  with  their  traditions,  attributes  to  them  the  old  cleared  lields, 
and  the  mounds  on  the  Michigan  coast,  particularly  those  on  (irand  river.'  From  this 
p(>riod  the  Asseguns  and  Mascoutins  were  confederates.  The  Ottawas  and  Chippewas, 
as  .soon  as  practicable,  pursued  them  beyond  Washtenau  river  to  Chicago,  whence  they 


'  Memoirs  nt'  T..irty  Years. 


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204 


MnMKXTOIS    PKUIOD    OK    INDIAN    IIISToKV, 


llcil  towiird-i  till-  .-until  imd  wot ;  lifUfi',  no  I'uillicr  tnuv  d'  llifiii  van  lie  ruiiml  in 
till-  Imliiii  tr;iiiitii>iis.' 

Ill  ;iii  nlliciiil  i'f|Hirt  111'  till'  Indian  trilics.  iiiiidi'  to  the  uuNcniiiuiit  (if  ('iinada.  in 
IT.lii,  tilt'  .Mascimtins  arc  dt'siiiiiatcd  as  ocriiiiviiiu'  tliu  lucalily  SDiitli  (if  (ii'i'di  I5av.  iind 
are  rated  at  fii:lity  warriors,  wliicli  wiaild  indicate  a  popnlatioii  nf  ll)(l  souls.  r»on(|iu't 
and  llutcliins,  ill  tlicir  tallies.  I'ornicd  in  17(11.  rcjiort  tlieiii  as  occiipvini;  tlio  same 
locality,  and  statu  llirir  nniiiliers  iit  odd.'  ^lodeni  e-liinates  inaUe  no  nu'iition  ol'  tli(< 
trilie.  Ill  traits  and  lialiits.  tlie  .Mascoutins  clo.sely  re.soiiibled  tlio  KieUiijioos.  and  they 
may  iios.-ilily  have  heeii  ali-orlied  in  that  very  nomadic,  prairie-lovinj  trilie. 

UciiardiiiLi;  the  .Vssnjnns,  rel'errcd  to  in  their  trailitioiis,  as  tiie  [ircdccessors  of  the 
.\lL'()ii<|niiis  on  the  upper  waters  of  Lake  Huron,  it  would  he  ha/.urdiin.s  to  oiler  any 
eonjeetiire.  e.\ce|it  it  lie  lonnded  on  philology,  their  name  aiipearinu:  to  assimilate  with 
the  French  term.  Osagi's.  and  they  iM-ing  evidently  of  the  Dakotah  or  Iroquois  stock. 

To  the  events  precediiii.'  the  Asseiiim  wars,  we  can  add  no  ciironoloj^y.  It  seems 
(ertiiin  that  they  occnried  prior  to  the  lliirht  of  the  Wyandots  to  the  lakes,  in  1(1  lO; 
I'or  when,  in  this  year,  liie  latter  reached  the  Manatonline  group,  they  I'oiiiui  it 
\acateil  liy  the  ((ttawa-.  and  located  their  residence  on  it;  hence,  as  hel'ore  mentioned, 
the  lake  received  the  name  ot'  Huron,  llaviiiir  heeii  allies  of  the  Ottawas,  and  other 
.Mgompiiiis  in  the  St.  Lawrence  valley,  they  were  welcomed  as  friends.  Their  resilience 
on  till'  inland  of  .Michilimackinac.  under  .Vdario.  in  ItiS,^.  is  meiilioiu  il  hy  all  the  early 
writers;  and.  altlioii::h  th^y  were  oliliu'ed.  I'or  a  time,  to  t.'ike  shelter  among  tiu! 
('Iii[ipe\vas  of  Lake  Siiii'Mior.  the  growth  of  the  French  colony  of  Detroit  enahled  tiiu 
hitter  to  iii\ite  them  to  locate  themselvos  hi  that  vicinity,  where,  for  so  long  a  period, 
tlu'N'  have  occujiit'd  a  conspicuous  place,  as  the  umpire  tiiljo. 

]?y  this  transfer  of  the  \V\andots  to  the  Lakes,  (he  Algonquin  trilies  were,  in  reality, 
strengthened  ;  for  they  came  thither  as  friends.  My  the  ]irior  I'xpulsion  of  the  Assegiins 
and  Mascoiitins.  the  wide  lake  basins  had  been  cleared  of  all  trilies  who  were  ad\erso 
to  their  rule;  and  they  had  secured  the  free  ns(!  ol'  tiieir  lakes,  as  well  as  of  their 
hunting  grounds.  They  now  began  fearlessly  to  cross  the  broad  waters  in  tln'ir  canoes, 
and  .-ooii  fell  tliem-ehes  established  in  the  ma.inilicent  geographical  I'lnpire  of  the 
great  lakes,  from  the  northern  limits  of  Lake  liiiion.  through  the  straits  of  St.  iMary 
U)  Lake  Superior,  and  from  .Michiliniackiiiac.  around  tiie  far-spreading  shores  of  Lakes 
Huron  and  .Michigan,  thence,  easlwardly  to  Detroit,  and  .'southwardly  to  the  Ohio,  there 
were  no  languages  spoken  but  tho.se  wliiidi  were  derived,  more  or  less  receiith'.  from 
the  Algonquin.  This  generic  language  was  of  mild  and  oa.«y  utterance,  and  possessed 
a  full  vocabulary,  containing  but  few  .sounds  not  readily  enunciated  by  either  the  French 
or  the  English.     The  nienibers  of  these  tribes  were  people  of  gcjod  stature,  and  pleasing 


'  .^IllIUl.<(^illt  .Null-  nil  Inilian  lILstory  aud  Aiiticiuiliu.-,  \u\.  If,  iin/,is, 

■'  Kill.  It,.-..  VmI.  Ill ,  ],.  r..M 


I'll  Kti:i)iN(i 


IIK    OONQIKST    oK    (;  ANA  DA. 


sjori 


iiianiu'i's,  wild  rciiililv  mlopti'd  KiiropiMin  inntli's  "f  (•iniiluctiii'i  tlnir  triill'ic,  lunl  lA' 
trimsiictiii'i  Itiisincss.  'I'licv  liorrowi'il  Iroin  tin-  Kiciicli  tlic  I'oiiiiiliim'Mlary  term,  llmi 
J iin\  on  ini'i'tiii!,'.  liavinjr.  in  tlicir  own  liinj:uiii;(>,  no  ('i|ui\iil('nt  lor  lliat  of  good-iiiiv, 
ir  we  considfr  tlu"  Algon((nin  jiroup,  wliicli  extended  south  IVoni  the  site  of  ChieuL'o 
to  KasUasUiii,  and  tlie  jinittion  of  the  Ohio,  and  north  to  tin'  Crces,  or  Kelist<'no-<, 
of  the  liake  of  tlie  Woods,  we  liml  a  sin.iiidar  africenient  of  cliaiacler.  There  was 
no  trihe,  in  all  the  hroail  expanse  of  country  ininied,  which  ilid  not,  with  e(|ual  iinlor, 
recognise  the  Fienidi  manners  lis  the  type  of  civili/ution  and  religion. 


i; 


m 


ii-ii 


iri  '  ::;i 


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ni 


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1^:; 


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y  > 


I '  m 


L'nd 


ISlDMKNTOl'vS    I'KlthH)    OK    INDIAN    IIIHTOUY, 


('II  A  PTKIf    III. 

TMK  .\T,(jo\Qri\s  sini:  with  tiik  viniN'rii  in  tiik  (JHK at 

STKr(H;i,F,    I'oll    Sri'KKMACV. 

Tin:  Fri'iu'li  now  ntli'inptcd.  in-  taUiii'/  formal  possessioii  nl'tln'  Oliii)  viilicy,  to  iiiiito 
ilitM'strtim'  liouiuliirii's  ol  New  Kiiinci'.  ami  |ii'c\('iit  tliccNtriisioii  ol'tlic  KniiliMli  culouii's, 

'I'll!'  t'\|tiil><ioii  ol'  llic  A ■•■^I'iiuns,  nv  iliiiii'  liiili.iiis.  mimI  of  llic    MiiscouliiiH.  I'imih   ilio 

I.ilkc  ICi^ioii.  in  :ill  |iriili;|liilil  V clirrcii  lidiiri'  the  clnsc  of  lln'  fiflrriilll  (•(■iitll|-\.  licilliT 

prior,  at  least,  to  tlic  liiM  lamliiii;'  of  Iviroipcaiis.  .Nii  iiotici'  of  it  can  lie  found  in  tlio 
Avorks  of  tin-  fai'lii'st  writiTs;  tin-  ll'/'./'X.vAir".'  a  tail,  lioM,  tuiiiuifnt  triiu'.  wlio  may  1)0 
tlmipj-jit  to  concsiMind  in  <'liarai'tiT  w  itii  tliiit  pcoiiic.  lii'inu.  at  a  priiiii'val  pcrioii.  locati'il 
in  tii>'  nortii.  I)nl.  alter  tiieir  lii'^iit  to  the  .<oiitli.  always  on  an  ulllnent  of  tlie  .Missouri. 
'I'lieir  trailitioiis  fuinisli  notliini:  imt  an  alleiroiy.  repi'esentim;  tliat  their  (ai'jiii  \vasdi'ri\i'(l 
from  a  iieaver  and  a  slieil.  if  these  he  svndiois,  tla'V  denote  that  they  lived  in  u 
region  ahoundini:'  in  trees  (the  hark  of  whieh  was  their  food),  and  iish  ;  and  that 
tiieir  stati'  of  life  was  liirtuitoiis  and  feelile.  from  natural,  ami  not  I'roiii  iiistorieal  eaiises. 

It  is  uncertain  at  iiow  early  a  period  the  l-'icnch  \i>ited  Lake  lliiroii.  and  the  uppe!' 
lakes,  liiit  their  liisl  journey  tlnlher  proiiahiy  oc(  urivil  lietweeii  the  _\ear  iiid^.  and 
('haiii[)lain's  surrender  ol"  Qiieliee  to  Kirk,  in  it'pli'.i.  Whatever  the  |ieriod  was.  the 
Al-'iuipiiiis  appear  to  have  then  ext'icised  dominion  in  the  country.  The  .Mascoiitins, 
who.  liy  the  name,  appear  to  have  lieeii  ol'  .Miioiupiiii  lineiiiic.  \\r\r  then  located  in 
that  territory.  The  lllinese  oi'cupied  the  \alley  of  the  Illinois,  and  als{)  tlie  let't  l)anl\S 
of  tlie  .Mississippi,  from  it.s  outlet  to  the  iiitiiix  of  tiu'  Uliio.  The  .Miamies  were  seated 
in  the  St.  Jo^epii's.  or  (irand  rivi'r.  valley  of  Michiiraii,  and  tlie  \arious  ijands  called 
-Michiiiamies,'  on  the  shores  of  Lake  .Michiiran.  Tlie  ."\Ienonionees  occupied  the 
northern  .-hoivs  ol'  (ii'eeu  iJay.  and.  even  as  t'ariy  as  |(i;)(i.  the  .'Ma-coutiiis  had  i)oeii 
driven  to  the  country  lyiii'-:'  south  of  tlie  hanks  ol'  Vox  river.  The  only  at'kiiovvledvicd 
traiis-Mississippiaii  Lidian  trihe  residimi'oii  Gret'ii  IJay  was  that  of  tlii'  \Viniiel)aL''oes, 
whicli.  altliouuli  ol'  Dakotali  orijiin.  had  an  AlL'oiKaiiii   name,  and  lived  in  amitv  with 


the  AlgoiKpii 


11 


'(ri 


i  ■    ! 


It  limy,  ]iiTii:i|is,  Iji.'  tliniiirlit  tliiit   (hiujis  i.s  a  term  ilcrivativc  I'mru  lIVi.oisx.s- ;   it"  .■in,  lllllc  >triss  can  Ijr  hiij 


on  till'  Nnpii'psi'il  I- iiriiili'n. 

'  i:ili    I!,-..  \:\.  \  .  1,   :;i 


IImiI,  V..1    v..  ]!    I!'l 


li 


i 


K 


I'lt  KC  i;i»l  NC    Till',    CONfjrKST    UK    CANAKA, 


WT 


Tliaf   llic   l''r«'ii(;li  miivcimIi'iI  in  iiniiv  iii^' tin-  iiiimciDiis  and  -catlcivil  trilif^  of  tl 


in 


Al'. 


iiiuuiiis  au'iiiii^t 


Kii'^li.«Ii  culuiiifr',  is  well  known   lo  cmtv  ri'ailii'  of  Aini'rii'o- 


Iniliaii  liistoiy.  iMtcicoinx-  and  lialiitM  niadi-  tlit'Mi  one  in  li'diny  and  jiolicv.  AllliouLiii 
it  Inis  lii'i'ii  .-'UL'v't'stcil  that  tin-  Indian  trilics  a|>|i«>ari'd  to  lie!  a  -I'li-c  of  tlicir  aMlitv  to 
t'lMicli  \\u'  |iiiniilivt'  Knuli.xli  colonir.x.  \i't  tlicy  lacked  tin'  power  of  coniliinalion.  to  niai^c 
nny  j:fn"ial  inoscim-nt  fur  tliat  |pin|io<^('.  At  wcry  |)lia>i.s  of  tlirir  iiisiory,  lIu'V  t-'lt 
tlu'  iii'iT.sHity  of  liavinj:  a  l']nio|iian  lia.iis  of  power  upon  wliiili  to  lean.  In  other 
words,  tln'v  soii]i;lit  to  lio  allifs.  and  not  principals,  in  liic  ^jivnii  conlots  with  the 
colonies;  and  were,  in  reality,  liu'  (jankers,  and  rarel\.or  ne\cr.  the  main  liod\  of 
(if^litinji  nit'H.  Kroni  this  preference  for  the  French  hy  the  AlL'ontpiin  fainils  ol  liu- 
Lenno  Lenapi,  the  oldest  tnend)er  of  it.  aureeahly  to  some  authorities,  nniy  he  escepied 
prior  to  ITI'J,  In  ii  pidilic  conncil  held  at  Lancaster,  dnrin'.;'  this  yi-ar.  they  wen- 
ordered  hy  the  lro<iuois.  ill  ii  't'ly  harsh  Manner,  to  remove  iVom  the  land  they 
occnpiod.  hecanse  the\  iiid  sold  thi'in  'o  I'enn,  or  to  other  pei>ons,  without  havin.;' 
received  autlioritv.  They  were  directs'  to  take  up  their  residence  in  IIk^  we>i.  and 
frtini  this  date  thi'  IKdiiwures  were,  i>  id  luivi  heeii,  re  M'ded  as  hciiiL'  under  Kivnch 
iiilluence.  Such  ivports  mid  suspicions  <,'atliore'  •.treiii^'tii  I'lciii  year  to  year,  ami  tiiis 
inllueiice  l.ijlowcd  tlieiii  \ve  tward.  until  they ''<\.iiii''  residents  of  the  Mnskiu.iriim  nver, 
wIkmv  the  (Christian  converts  were  at  leiii;lh    aassacred. 

It  was  the  early  tievclopecl  polii  ,  ..•  New  France,  >^  employ  acainst  the  frontier 
settlements  the  Indian  liirces  at  t  ;eir  <  iimand ;  a  power  so  eminently  calculati^il  to 
iiinioy  anil  harass,  and.  witiiout  u  hirh  it  does  not  seem  prohaljlc  ti.  •,  "ould  have  .-o 
lont;  inaiutaiiK'd  their  ^n'ound  af:ain>t  the  Hritish  colonies.  Indian  warfare  is  conducted 
hy  a  species  of  jiuerilla  force,  wdiidi,  in  ellicacy.  e\ceeils  all  others,  not  only  ou  ac<'ouiit 
of  its  sauiininary  diaracter.  hut  also  the  siiddeuiie.ss  tA'  its  attacks,  its  i-ntire  freedom 
from  the  annoyances  of  ImL'naKe,  and  die  alacrity  with  whidi  the  warriors  chari:v  and 
disperse.  Tiiere  is  no  military  arm  which  can  at  all  cope  with,  or  succes-iidK  eheclv, 
these  jtuerillii  parties,  as  it  is  their  [lolicy  never  to  risk  an  open  hattle;  coii.-ei|iiently. 
when  tin'  clumsy  infantry  and  draudon  .-'oldier  is  sent  into  rhe  woods  to  cope  with  Midi 
a  supple,  and  nearly  invisihle  enemy,  he  ap|H'ars  to  be  little  more  than  a  taruct  lor  a 
hall  or  an  arrow. 

A  re\iew  of  the  1  .• '■  ii  colonial  policy.  I'rom  the  days  of  <  li  iiiiplain  to  those  i>i' 
.Montcalm,  devdojis  tli<'  fact  that  the  Imlian  i>owi'r  was  one  of  llwir  iiio-f  dVectivo 
lueaus  of  otfeiice.  The  L;real  conllids  on  land  and  ocean  did  not  iirmlnci'  the  most 
intense  results,  ior.  dnrint;'  all  this  period,  evteiiding  over  l"i(l  years.'  it  was  the 
Indian  war  p.'i'ties  and  marandinir  expeditious,  which  infested  the  fiMutieis  fioiu 
ViiL:iuia  to  the  Mnall  towns  of  New  Kn,i:laiid,  that  committed  deeds  thriUinu:  up.  ^n  ilie 
senses,   and    lrei]neiitl\'    inakinir    tlu'   heart   sick.      Men,   women,    ainl    children,    --eiit 


nulK'iali 


led 


into  eteriiit\-.   at   midiii'iht.   liv  tl 


le  war-( 


\     l>    ITilK  I,,  174:1 


111! 


)  aiK 


I   scal|)inLf-kiiil(' ;    iiia/iiiii' 


i        I 


ii  |i' 


«%: 


W 


(tr 


•20S 


MOMKNTOI'S    I'KlMon    OF    INDIAN    IITSTORY, 


II     t 


i  r 


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$1- 


il  I      !,. 


ttiiciiinits.  ciiH'l  and  luolongeil  caiJtivitios,  doatli  at  tlic  stake,  and  iniirdiT  in  its  most 
lionid  roniis,  fDiistitiitcd  the  main  incidents  of  this  ejioeli. 

An  Indian  considers  100  miles  l)nt  a  short  distance,  and  1000  miles  as  not  a  lonjj; 
one  to  march,  when  the  purpose  he  has  in  view  is  to  j;lnt  his  venireance.  or  I'ratil'y 
hiiiiscll".  lie  is  no!^  a  man  who  pines  for  the  enjovments  of  home,  there  is  not  nnich  to 
attach  hii:i  to  it ;  to  camp  in  the  woods  is  his  deliiiht.  and  the  wildi'rnoss  is,  com|)ara- 
tisciy.  liis  dwcliini;'.  Time  passi-s  lightly  with  him.  its  pace  n(>vi'r  wearies  him:  and 
anxtiiini;'  ^v!lich  eiieats  him  of  the  vi'ry  idea  of  its  ])assaiie.  is  ])leasant.  lie  is  al\va\s 
at  leisure,  and  death  itself  receives  a  rather  friendly  welcome.  To  journey  to  l-'ort 
|)u  (.luesne.  Krie.  Osweuo.  Niagara,  or  (.^lehi'c,  li)r  tiie  trillinu'  present  of  a  iinn.  a 
lilaidvct.  tu'  a  iveltie.  a  pound  of  powder,  a  uoruet.  or  a  llau'.  was.  in  point  of  enteriirise, 
consideri'd  as  nothing  for  an  Imlian  chief.  To  him.  to  whom  time  is  nothing,  and 
wandering  a  pleasure,  the  t.iil  is  ten  times  overpaid  liy  the  reward.  Il(>  natm'ally 
esteems  gifts,  and  haliituaily  lo\cs  the  giver.  France  was.  to  the  Indian,  the  heau 
ideal  of  ;ill  that  was  admiraliie  in  a  foreign  power.  cond)iuing  generosity  with  amiable 
mainu>rs  and  kindness  of  demeanor. 

The  Freiicii.  1)\-  multiplying  forts  on  the  frontiers,  most  stn-ely  extended  their  influence. 
The\'  had,  from  an  early  ])eriod.  occupied  positions  on  every  imjiortant  western  river 
or  lake;  and.  hy  taking  formal  possession  of  the  Ohio  valley,  in  \~'>-),  thoy  <'onsnm- 
nniteil  a  long  cherished  scheme,  and  en\ironed  the  western  colonies  with  a  <'ineture  of 
,scor|)ions.  Western  \'irginia  and  Pennsylvania  groaned  under  thi'  new  inllictions  of 
savage  vcnwance ;  and.  from  this  time,  the  Indian  forays  on  the  western  frontier.'^ 
became  incessant,  being  perfectly  unexampled  in  our  history  for  their  fre(piency.  and  the 
cruelty,  or.  ratliei'.  barbarous  inhumanity  which  eharacteri/ed  them;  nnn-ders,  and)us- 
cadcs.  and  tortnrt^s.  becoming  the  terror  of  the  settlers.  Not  the  least  important 
feature  in  the  policy  which  directed  these  Indian  wars,  was  tlu'  countenance  that  tiiey 
receivi'd  from  the  French  ollicials  at  \'incennes,  Kaskaskia,  Fort  Chartres,  Detroit, 
Miami.  Sandusky,  and  other  minor  posts.  It  was  tlieso  depredations,  and  tiie  policy 
which  directed  them,  that  lirst  l)rouglil  Washington  into  the  field. 

Tiie  (lallic  '•.,,.!  .\nglo-Saxo..  powers  were  now  fairly  pitted  against  eacli  other,  and 
it  was  e\  ideut  that  this  new  pliasis  of  French  aggression  7nnst  soon  lead  to  a  general 
conflict.  France  or  Fuglnnd  nuist  rule  .Vmerica.  The  IJrii  -h  ministry  had.  in  some 
measure,  prepared  fni-  this  stru'j'jle.  The  local  comnierc(>  had  necessitated  tin-  (lection 
nf  Fort  liondou.  in  tiie  valley  of  \'irginia.  I"'ort  Cumberland  had  been  pre\iously 
built  on  the  I'ofomai'.  Fort  Staiiwi\  at  the  head  of  the  ."Mohawk.  Forts  ,\nne  and 
Kdward  on  the  sources  of  tin'  UmNon.  and  Fort  Williiim  Henry  on  Lake  (ieorge. 
Thes(>  formed  the  chief  deleiiees  in  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century;  ami,  from  the 
close  iA'  (^'ueen  .Viine's  War.  tliey  we'e  supported  by  (iccasiimal  iletachments  of  \-eter;iii 
ti-iKips.  who  had  served  under  the  Duke  of  .Marlborough,  and  other  di-tinguisheil  officers. 
Tlie>e  forts  M'lved  as  delenei's  to  the  tVontici's.  enabling  the  colonics  to  preserve  their 
e\i>ienee;    liiii  ilie\   were  U' it  >uflieieiiil\   powerful  to  roll  back  the  tide  of  auiire.-sioii. 


,-. 


i  J 


ii 


rilKCKDING    THE    CONQUEST    OF    CANADA. 


209 


CHAPTER   IV. 


THE    TROQUOIS    ADHERE    TO    THE    ENGLISH. 

To  couiitoi'iU't  tliis  policy,  the  Kiiirlisli  loimd  it  nccessan-  to  cull  in  tlio  aid  of  tlu? 
Iroquois  cantons.  'I'lic  Indian  is  more  irratillcd  with  a  present  ol' ten  (k)llais' wortli  of 
inereliandise.  tliMii  if  he  had  received  twenty  times  tlie  value  in  money,  as  a  permanent 
annnity.  Karly  partakers  of  the  henefits  resulting  from  Anulo-Saxon  proximity  of 
settlement  and  eonnneree.  tliey  hecame  (inn  friends  to  all  who  l)eloni:'ed  to  that  race. 
The  warlike  .Mohawks  were  the  most  prominent  trihe  in  the  eonlederacy,  at  tiie  time 
of  the  discovery  oi'tiie  Ilndson.  They  llmiid  a  very  i^ood  mnrki't  for  their  furs,  wliiidi 
rendered  them  alliuent  in  every  comfort  of  Indian  life;  and  the}- adiiered  to  tiieir 
early  relations  with  a  perfectly  nnaliated  and  unehani:;imr  steadiness.  After  heim; 
furnished  with  ,i;uns.  the  .Mohawks  re\  isited  Lake  riiamplain.  where  they  eneomitereil 

da,  and.  in  n,  short  time,  induced  all  the  cantons  to  join 


tlie   renewed   ener'.;u 


■s  of  (' 


th 


lem. 


Another  ureal   aiKantati- 


:e  accrued  to  them,  at   this  jieriod.  in  the  eiui)loyment 
of  (ire-arms  airainsi  their  enemies  at  the  south  and  west.    The  introduction  of  gnn[)owder 
to  America  re\olutioni/.ed  the  entire  Indian  mod(>  of  life.     The  expeditions  hecame 


in 


not  onh'  more 


■11 


;lhv.  hut 


iilso  characteri/ed  liy  i^i-eater  fre([uency;  and,  in  a 


short 


time,  no  trihe  could  withstand   them,      .\ndiition  stinnilated  ever\'  canton,  and,  hefon 


the  surrender  of  the   province  to  the  Knulish,  in  l(i(i 


th 


ncil  lire,  at  Onondau'; 


burned  still  hriuiiter  and  more  lierc(dy.  I'naided  hy  this  inlhience.  New  York,  as  w(dl 
as  tiie  northern  and  central  IJritish  colonies,  could  not  have  protected  so  wide  a  frontier 
without  any  extraneous  aid.  They  frustrate(l  tlu>  plan  for  estahlishinji  a  mission  at 
the  old  French  fudds,  in  Madison  count\.'  as  also  at  Onondaiia.'  in  western  New  York. 


Thev  lil 


se  defeated  the  arnnes  of  Frontemic,  and  of  Di'minv 


ille 


An  ;i,uency  was  also  estahlislu'd  in  the  Irocpiois  country,  which,  from  little  hecinniniis, 
at  len,!j;tii  systematically  controlled  this  power  for  the  protection  and  furthi'rauce  of 
the  interests  of  the  Kuiilish  colonies.  This  was  the  one  wliich  became  so  celebrated 
under  the  maniijiement  of  Sir  William  .lohnson.  .lohnsou  emiirrated  to  .AiniM-ica  in 
17."i4,  and,  havinii  undertaken  the  manairement  of  an  estate  in  the  Moliawk  valle\'.  for 


Vol,    VI, 


Notes  on  till'  Iroquoin. 


i     ■■' 


:io 


MOMENTOUS    PERIOD    OF    INDIAN    HISTORY, 


I  H 


li'' 


Sir  Peter  Warren,  embarked  in  the  fur  trade,  and  learned  the  Indian  languaj;;c.  Tie 
frequently  accompanied  the  Iroquois  delegates,  who  went  to  Albany  to  transact  business 
witii  the  government;  and  therein  evinced  so  much  tact,  and  such  an  intimate  knowledge 
of  the  Indian  dialects,  that,  in  a  few  years,  the  superintendency  of  tliis  department  of 
government  in  the  British  colonies  was  committed  to  his  care.  The  Iroquois  had  been 
constantly  gaining  in  power  during  the  previous  century,  and  the  authority  whicli  tliey 
now  exercised  over  the  tril)es  in  the  north,  south,  and  west,  enabled  Johnson,  through 
their  means,  to  exert  a  controlling  influence.  lie  combined  within  iiimself  the  faculties 
of  close  observation,  great  i)rudence,  judgment,  decision,  energy,  and  courage.  By  ids 
judicious  management  of  atfnirs  and  of  a  largi-  i)rivate  estate,  he  acquired  a  just  appre- 
ciation of  Indian  character,  and  great  popularity  with  the  Iroquois.  His  Indian  i)oiicy 
imitated,  and  even  surpa.s.'^ed  in  elliciency,  that  of  the  Krencii.  He  paid  tiie  utmost 
deleivnce  to  their  ancient  ceremonial,  not  to  say  oriental,  niode  of  transacting 
pul)lic  business.  He  received  their  delegates  and  foreign  ambassadors  with  great 
<'erein()ny,  listened  to  them  patiently,  and  answered  them  carefully;  made  tiiem  liberal 
and  judicious  presents;  and  ordered  every  attention  to  be  paid  to  their  personal  wants. 
No  Indian  who  came  to  him,  ever  went  away  hungry,  or  in  want,  from  his  agency  ;  and 
no  one  ever  complained  that  he  had  not  received  an  audience.  The  Indian  is  alwavs 
greatly  intbienced  by  the  respect  with  which  he  is  received;  no  European  can  be  more 
N».  He  has  a  high  opinion  of  himself,  of  his  position,  and  of  his  destiny;  he  does  not 
know  that  he  is  a  savage;  he  does  not  feel  the  want  of  our  know-ledge.  our  letters,  our 
ivligion  ;  he  is  a  patient,  courteous,  dignilied  listener;  he  regards  the  features  and 
expression  of  a  man  with  great  attention,  and  is  a  good  judge  of  general  ciuiracter;  he 
is  prone  to  approbativeness,  values  approval,  appreciates  kinilness,  and  is  altogether 
reliable  .as  a  personal  friend. 

Such  were  the  materials  of  the  power  which  Johnson  midertook  to  control.  He 
regarded  the  proud,  nol)le,  but  untutored  Mohawk,  Oneida,  Onondaga,  Cayuga,  and 
Seneca  sachems,  with  their  principle  of  cantonal  representation,  and  ci>nl(L>derate  unity, 
as.  in  some  measure,  a  reproduction  of  the  Amphyctionic  council.  He  sent  formal 
messages  to  them,  desiring  their  attendance,  whenever  occasion  required  it.  This 
careful  attention  greatly  pleased  them,  and,  if  it  was  ever  delayed,  they  refused  to  obev 
it.  Distance  wa.-^  iuiiiiaterial  to  him,  as  he  found  it  was  nothing  to  them.  Meetinu; 
to-'ether  in  council.  tiii'V  transmitted  the  message  to  the  most  distant  places.  Undi>r 
the  lion(jred  title  vi'  Mingoes,  portions  of  tlie  Iroquois  stock  resided  in  the  Obit)  vallev, 
and  seived  as  diplomatic  agents,  to  communicate  intelligence.  Tiie  most  distant 
\allevs  of  the  west,  and  the  ri'ii  'test  lakes  of  the  north,  were  tlius  made  accessible; 
and  the  relations  of  tlie  Illinois,  and  of  the  tribes  of  Michilimackinac,  Detroit.  Niagara, 
and  (_)swi  go,  were  as  well  understood  at  his  nominal  seat,  on  Tribes'  Hill,  in  (lio 
Mohawk  valley,  as  tiiose  of  Genesee.  Albany,  and  the  Caiioatatea.  Tiie  high  rank 
whicii   he   held  in  the  .\ew  York   militia,  caused   liim  to  be  employed   on   some  of  the 


TRECEDING    TJIE    CONQUEST    OF    CANADA. 


211 


most  iiiiportitnt  .sorviws,  and  lie  acliicvcd  sovonil  momentous  victories  in  the  war  witli 
tic  FroiiL'li.  No  one  can  poruso  llu>  histoi'}-  of  Now  York,  Ponnsjlvania,  Maryland, 
or  Vjrginiii,  iia}-,  oven  of  the  States  further  south,  from  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth 
century  to  the  era  of  the  Revolutionary  War,  without  observing  how  intimately  the 
Indian  policy  of  these  colonies  was  connected  witii  the  Iroquois  supremacy,  and  liow 
com})letely  Sir  William  controlled  it,  through  a  well-established  system  of  subordinates. 
Governors  of  States  thought  it  no  derogation  from  their  dignity  to  meet  the  delegated 
Iroquois  sachems  in  general  council,  and  their  sanction  was  deemed  essential  to  all 
])urchasos  of  land,  and  questions  of  boundary,  even  to  the  utmost  limits  of  Virginia 
and  Kentucky. 


■s  i 

'5:i 


m 


m 


•2M 


MOMENTOUS    PERIOD    OF    INDIAN    HISTORY, 


Mi 


■h 


CHAPTER  V. 

THE    WESTERN    INDIANS    UNITE    TO    SUSTAIN    FRANCE    IN    THE 
POSSESSION    OF    THE    OHIO    A'ALLEY. 

TiiK  Indians  nevor  umlorstooil  tlio  IxMiofit  of  coiuljitiatiou  siidlcioiitly  to  resist,  alone 
and  in  tlu-ir  own  strungth.  tlu!  iin'oiids  of  tlio  Kuropcan  powers;  altiiotijrii,  in  all  the 
early  opoclis,  they  held  the  halance  of  power  lietween  them.  The  struggle  which  was 
at  this  jieriod  brewing  on  the  western  frontiers,  was  not  only  for  the  possession  of 
supremacy  on  the  Ohio,  but,  in  fact,  as  became  ap[)arent  in  a  few  years.  i()i'  the  control 
of  the  entirt'  Mississipj)!  valley.  It  was  a  contest  which  would  decide  whether  France 
or  England  should  govi'rn  in  America.  The  Indians  were  so  far  a  party  to  the  contest, 
that  it  was  necessary  i'or  each  nation  to  pay  their  court  to  them,  and  there  was  no 
surer  method  of  acquiring  their  good  will  than  by  respecting  their  ancient  mod(^  of 
holding  councils,  and  paying  due  reverence  to  their  ceremonial  rites  and  customs.  To 
smoke  a  national  Itijie.  to  deliv(>r  a  belt  of  wampum  beads,  to  present  a  chief  with  a 
medal  or  a  flag,  were,  in  their  eyes,  acts  of  the  most  momentous  importance.  To  do 
nothing  in  a  hurry,  to  deliberate  slowly,  to  measure,  as  it  were,  the  importatice  of  ev<'nts 
by  the  time  devoted  to  the  perlormance  of  their  ceremonies,  were  to  the  Indians  very 
pleasing  evidences  of  capacity  for  negotiation.  When  an  Indian  orator  arose  and 
pointed  to  the  zenith,  to  the  nadir,  to  the  ))laee  of  the  sun  and  moon,  and  to  the  cardinal 
points,  he  fiincied  himself  to  be  sui'rounded  by  a  pantheon  of  supernal  and  spiritual 
influences.  He  loved  this  pomp  nl'  <'eremonies,  and  he  felt  comiilimented  ti>  ,><ee  an 
"  ->'  ■  -  'cm.      Trilles  lead  to  success. 


ipe: 


-pec 


Litdit  talk  and   frivolous  manners  never  failed  to  be  estimated  b\-  the  old  Ind 


lan 


sages  at  their  true  worth.  They  are  considered  as  evidences  of  the  want  of  sol)er 
tliought  and  fixed  purpose.  It  has  been  mentioned  that  the  inroads  of  the  Indians, 
which  either  preceded,  or  succeedi  il  the  occupation  of  the  Ohio  valley  by  the  French, 
had  the  eftect  to  bring  Washington  into  that  Held  of  adventurous  action.  We  are 
informed  that  he  was  b;it  si.xteen.  wluMi  lie  lii-st  began  his  e\|)Iorations  on  tiie  Alleghany 

and  e.\perii-nce  in  the  lile  of  woodcralt.  surveving, 


ch 


nin. 


Five  vears  of  manlv  e.xerci.- 


und  exploration,  had  given  him  a  shrewd  insight  into  Indian  character,  and  prepared 


■i   J! 


Irviii^r-  bill'  "I'  W 'i-liiivjlnii.  |>.  :!.">. 


H 


'  I 


( 


rilK  CEDING    Tin-:    (MiN  quest    of    CANADA. 


2 1  a 


him  fur  fiirtlicr  tiiid  iiioro  iiiii)ortiint.  trusts  in  ii  (Ifpiirtiiifiit  of  s(;rvici',  requirin;.',  iiIjuvc 
all  otlu'i's.  pei'in'tuiil  viiiiliinct'  aiici  iii'ciMutioii.  And  if,  in  tliu  t'siiniiition  ol"  tlie  Imlians 
iind  tiu;  pioneers,  lie  sui'[)iissc'd  tiie  others  engaged  with  iuni,  it  was  doubtless  owing  lo 
tlu!  Indians'  appreciation  ol"  the  solidity  ol' his  chiinictor.  Tanacharisson.  wiio  was  the 
lioiid  saelieni  of  the  Mingo-Irocpiois  of  the  Ohio  valley,  was  the  jiresiding  chief  in  the 
ilrst  council,  or  consultation,  in  which  \Va>hiMgton  took  i>art.  In  fact,  ho  was  well 
known  iiuiong  the  tribes,  and  ])url()rnied.  at  the  [ilace  of  his  residence,  the  duties  of  a 
(Jluirge  d'Aflairs  in  modern  diplomacy,  as  the  half  king,  Scarooyadi,  did  on  the  Juniata, 
iind  iSkilelamo  on  the  Sus(iui;luinua.  Favorably  impressed,  from  the  lirst,  the  Indian 
remained  a  firm  IVieiid  of  the  enterprising  Virginian  to  the  day  of  his  death. 

The  double  interest  created  by  the  line  soil  and  climate  of  Ohio,  and  by  apjn'e- 
liension  of  the  hostility  of  its  .lative  tribes,  Mtrongly  directed  tiie  nnnds  of  \'irginians 
to  that  quarter,  and.  at  sundry  times,  they  despatched  asrents  to  visit  the  country,  and 
jcport  its  posilion.  resources,  and  the  feelings  of  the  Indians.  Among  these  recou- 
iioissauces,  those  of  Croglian,  (iist,  and  Trent,  constituti^  marki  d  epoch  'n  the  history 
of  Indian  policy  and  sentiments.  The  result  of  tiiese  missions,  which  e.. tended  to  the 
Wal)ash  and  the  Scioto,  denoted  that  French  iniluenee  was  ])redonunaut ;  and  that  the 
Algoucpun  tribes  gtuieraliy,  were  in  close  alliance  with  that  jiower,  while  the  Mingoes 
»'.\pressed  friendly  opinions  of  tlie  lOiiglish.  From  a  icmark  nuide  iiy  a  Delaware 
.sachem  to  one  of  their  agents,  it  ap|HMred  to  be  a  (pieslion,  not  whether  Indians 
possessed,  or  wished  to  occupy  any  part  ol' the  country,  but  simply  wlietlier  the  l''rench 
or  English  should  ha\i'  |iosses.--ion  of  it.'  \  year  or  two  passed  in  rather  fruitless 
efH)rts  to  obtain  a  belter  knowledge  ol'  Indian  alVairs  in  the  Ohio,  ami  in  endeavors  to 
adjust  matters  on  a  better  l()oting.  Governor  Dinwiddie.  at  length  decnnng  it  proper 
to  send  an  agent  to  the  French  authorities  at  the  post  of  Presqne  Isle,  on  Lake  F'.rie, 
connnitled  t!ie  trust  to  Washington,  whose  experience  on  that  frontier,  togeth(>r  with 
hi.s  judgment  and  discretion,  well  (lualilied  him  for  the  task.  .Vccompanied  by  a  French 
interi)reter,  Washington  left  Williamsburg,  the  seat  of  go\ernment.  on  the  30th  of 
October,  1  "•"):).  He  rode  on  horseback  across  the  Alleghanies.  At  Cumberland,  Mi-, 
(list  joined  him  as  Indian  interpreter,  and,  at  aiiotli(^r  point,  a  second  interpreter  and 
four  experienced  woodsmen  were  addeil  to  his  cavalcade.  All  the  rivers  were  so 
swidlen,  that  he  was  com[)ellixl  to  swim  the  hoises  across.  He  reached  tlu^  junction 
of  the  Monongahela  and  .VUeghany  rivers  (now  the  site  of  Pittsburg")  without  accident, 
and  pointed  out  that  spot  as  a  suitable  and  desirable  location  for  a  fort.  In  that  vicinity 
lie  I'ound  a  Delaware  sachem,  named  Shingiss,  who  gave  him  diit'ctions  fur  finding 
Logstown.  the  residence  of  Tanacharisson,  the  half  king.  He  readied  that  jilace  after 
sunset  in  the  evening,  hut  the  chief  was  absent.  He  immediately  sent  runners  to 
invite  him  lo  an  interview,  and  the  chief  arrived   at  his  lodLie  the   next  da\.      He  dis- 


,if.'  uf    W 


I'^lllML't"!!.    II. 


Ill 

I" 


f 


214 


MOMKNTorS    PEllIon    OF    INDIAN    HISTORY, 


lU    ! 


<1    ll 


il'  his  icnitdrial  i'i^lil> 


ll< 


covoicii  iiim  to  be  intclliuoiit.  iiatriotic.  ami  tciiacioiis  (U  iiis  U'riiuir 
reci'ivi'd  liiiii  with  ('(luilcsy,  and  ili'spatchi  il  iiu'ssciii^iis  to  soiiif  ol'  thi-  other  cliii'lH  to 
invite  tiicni  to  a  i-oimcil.  Thcv  arrived  liu-  lliilowintr  dav,  when  Ik^  hiid  hcforo  them 
the  |)iir|)i)rt  ul'  his  instrnetiuns  I'roni  tiie  jroveinor  of  N'iriiinia,  and  ri'(( nested  gnides  to 
conduct  him  to  tiio  French  |)o.sts,  and  a  sale  couthict  on  tiie  way.  A  pause  then  ensued. 
The  council  htivinj;  deliberated  Rn'niallyon  the  matter,  the  iiaH'-kiniX  arose,  assumed  aa 
oratorical  attitude,  and  pave  his  assent,  declaring  tluit  the  Knulish  and  themse'v  ■  were 
one  jieoplo,  and  that  he  intended  to  reiurii  the  Frencli  belts;  thus,  in  the  usual  I'orm 
of  Indian  dijilomacy.  rejectin,u'  their  overtures.  A  diday  of  three  days  was  required  to 
siunmon  the  Indians  from  their  camps,  and  secure  their  compliance,  after  which 
Washinj^ton  was  I'urnished  with  the  required  guides  and  aids.  IIo  was  accompanied, 
also,  by  the  liall-Uing,  by  Jeskakake,  a  Shawnee,  and  by  another  chief,  named  the 
IJflt-ki'cjier.  or  White  Thunder.  They  reached  the  post  of  W'uango,  a  distanci'  of 
.seventy  miles,  in  luur  days.  This  was  but  an  out,  -^t  of  the  fortress  near  Presque  Isle. 
After  witnessinj;;  .some  of  tiie  peculiar  maud-uvrings  anil  intrigues  of  lioth  French  and 
Indian  diiilomacy,  Washington  proceeded  lo  tiie  latter,  wliere  he  was  recei\i'd  witii 
ceremonious  iiolitene.ss  by  the  coinmandaiit.  St.  I'icrre.  The  purport  of  the.^e  details 
is  merely  to  demonstrate  Iiow  the  Indian  character  lluctuated,  imder  the  operation  of 
two  diverse  sets  of  counsels.  Tanaciiarisson.  tiie  Mingo  sachem,  remained  faitiiful  to 
his  professions,  and  inlbrined  Washington  of  the  rt'suit  of  a  secret  council  with  St. 
Pierre,  in  wliicli  it  was  decided  that  a  present  ol'  goods  siiould  bo  .sent  to  secure  the 
good  will  of  ins  village  at  L(jgstown.  Tlie  entire  journey  was  frauglit  witli  unusual 
peril  and  hardsliip.  being  iierfornied  amid  the  severity  of  winter;  and  its  results  I'urnish 
us  witii  a  gooil  view  of  Indian  cliaracter.  as  swayed  liy  tiio  alternating  euKjtions  of  liope 
and  fear,  and  by  tiic  oi)eratioii  of  niotivi's  of  self-interest  on  the  Indian  mind.  The 
result  of  tiie  mission  was,  iiowi'ver.  unsuccessful.  Early  in  the  spring  of  1754  the 
F'reiich  took  [xi.s.scssion  of  tiie  point  at  tiie  junction  of  the  Ailogliany  and  Monongahela 
rivers,  dislodging  a  party  of  men  engaged  in  the  same  work,  under  Captain  Trent,  of 
the  Virginia  militia,  and  erected  Fort  Du  Qiiesne.  The  English  liad  been  overrei—hed, 
and  a  fi.xed  jioint  establislied.  whence  to  control  .idian  action.  The  spirits  of  the 
Indian  allies  of  the  Frencii  had  Ix-en  raised  to  the  highest  pitch,  and  the  power  of  the 
English  colonists  defied. 


]'11J:CEI)ING    THE    CONQUEST    OF    CANADA. 


n:> 


CllAl'TEU   VI. 


NATIONALITY    OF    THE    INDIANS    IN    IJllADDOCK'S    DEFEAT. 


Civilized  coiniminitios  reL^aril  ^^noccss  as  the  result  ol'  .suiiciior  jiidfiiiu'ut ;  hut,  with 
the  liidiiuis,  it  iH  the  elliK't  of  an  iini)ulsive,  iri'e.-<istil)U'  iiuiveiiu'iit,  under  tlie  (ipei-iitioii 
ol'  whieli  judgment  gives  ])iiice  to  hope,  and  tliev  are  iueited  to  such  iururiate 
a(\tion  as  to  pnxhice  confusion  in  tlie  rani<s  of  tiie  eneiuy-  l""oi't  l)u  Quesne 
had  no  sooner  heen  estahlislied.  tiuin  it  liecauie  a  (■(  iilre  for  the  direction  of  Indian 
inovcnients  in  the  west.  Far  and  near  tiiey  resorted  to  it.  Feasts,  (hiiices,  and  the 
distribution  of  presents,  were  tiie  order  of  tiie  dav,  and  tiie  vicinity  ivsoiuided  witli 
siiouts  and  songs.  Tiie  frontiers  of  tlie  i'lnglish  colonies  were  s[)eedily  suhjected  to 
Indian  inroads  and  attacks.  Dinwiddie,  hy  his  tardy  nioveinents.  had  lost  his  vantaijie- 
ground.  and  Virginia  enterprise,  though  directed  hy  its  best  men,  failed  to  recover  its 
itn'iner  position.  The  } car  1  To  I  was  characteri/ed  by  alarms,  murde.s,  ai)preliension.  the 
ibrination  of  plans,  and  their  failure.  There  was  no  .security  on  the  frontiers,  from 
(!arolina  to  Pennsylvania,  nor  in  Avestern  New  York.  The  Catawbas  and  Cherokees 
liad  not  been  employed  to  counteract  the  movements  of  the  we-tern  Indians;  this 
measure  was  not  thought  of  in  the  zeal  of  the  Oiiio  company  to  elfect  settlenicnts,  or 
in  the  eil'orts  of  the  local  military  forces  to  dislodge  the  French.  AVashington  di'tcateil 
•lumonville  by  a  brisk  movement,  displaying  great  euter[)risi,'  and  decision;  l.)Ut  he  was 
himself  comiielled  to  surrender  to  a  vastly  superior  force,  at  Fort  Necessity. 

The  year  175o  alVorded  but  a  gloomy  prospect  for  tiie  cause  of  the  colonies.  XeviU" 
before,  perhaps,  had  they  been  .so  boldly  threatened  by  the  combined  power  of  the 
Indians  and  the  French.  The  Alleghanies  were  the  natural  biirriers  between  the  east 
and  the  west.  To  retrieve  their  position  in  the  west,  and  to  open  the  way  for  future 
emigration  beyond  the  Alleghanies,  where  there  are,  at  present,  fifteen  new  States,  tlie 
Ih'ilisli  cabinet  sent  out  two  regiments  of  veteran  troops,  under  the  command  of  CJeueral 
Uraddock,  who  was  a  proud,  liigli-disci[)lined  soldier,  despising  the  very  name  of  an 
Indian,  and  deeming  him  incapable  of  making  any  impr(>ssion  on  tlie  solid  ci)himiis  of 
u  regular  army.  IJraddock  had  learned  the  art  of  war  on  the  battle-fields  of  Europe, 
and  di.<daiiied  all  skulking  and  dodging,  which  is  th(>  real  art  of  Indian  warfare,  lie 
iiiiderrati'd  the  colonial  troops  and  frontiersmen,  not  only  because  tiiey  were  not  lii-Jdy 
disci|)lined,  but  because  the}'  liad,  to  some  extent,  adopted  the  hunter  mode  of  warfare. 
His  landing  at  Alexandria,  the  glitter  and  parade  of  war  which  [lervaded  his  movements, 


\m 


II,!:. 


|i  ■;  ^ 


fni 


■*1  if 


21t) 


MUMKNTOLS    I'KUlOl)    OK    INDIAN    HISTORY, 


it 


•if 


liis  couiii'ils  wllli  till'  culiiiiiiil  moviTiiors.  luiil  tlic  wido-spicad  fiiiiii'  of  tlio  I'Xpi'dition, 
wliicli  \\:is  ilcsii^'iii'il  h)  I ■ni.'^s  tlic  Alli'iiliaiiirs.  filled  tilt'  c'litiiv  cuiiiitry.  Bradduck  was 
ciotlii'd  witli  till'  rnllc.-t  [lowers  liy  tlic  kin:.'.  Colonial  govonioi'M  waited  upon  hitn,  and 
expeet.ilioii  had  readied  tlie  lii^hesl  piteli  ol  exeiti'iiient.  At  no  previous  [X'riod  had 
such  an  army  lieen  landed  in  America.  .Vmong  tlui^e  who  waited  on  him  at  Alexandria, 
was  (ieiieral  William  .lolmson.  ehaiLi'ed  Ky  the  Xew  Voi'k  eolonial  ,i;o\ernment  with  tho 
eoiitrol  of  fiidian  aifair.-*  in  the  Mohawk  \aliey.  and  ainoii;^-  the  Iroipiois.  IJraddoek 
aiipointed  him  .Sii|)erintendent-rieneral  of  Indian  all'airs  in  Aiiu'iiea.  clothed  iiiin  with 
ample  |)owers,  and  pro\ideil  him  with  I'lmds.'  Uraddock  completed  his  arranjicments. 
Filling  u[)  his  reuimeiils  witii  the  liest  ri'cruits,  lia\  inn  fi"  ample  military  chest,  a  well- 
arraiijred  t|nartermaster's  departiiK'nt.  the  most  experienced  i^nides  and  pioiieei's,  and 
Washiii,i;ton  himself  as  an  aid  in  his  personal  stall',  it  is  not  strange  that  he  eompiered 
every  delay,  and  ."•uiiiionnted  dilliciilties  of  a  semi-AlpiiU'  cliaraeter.  in  eonveyinu'  his 
troops  and  cannon  o\er  the  intricate  pa.sses  of  the  AUeniiaiiy  raiiLie.  and  in  reachinj; 
the  dark  and  tiirhid.  yet  [ilaeid  watei's  ol'  tin'  .MononLrahi'la.  IJnt  it  /.v  woiiderfnl  that, 
after  this  loiii;'  and  laborious  marcii.  dtiriii;:'  wliieli  a  passage  for  his  platoons  had  been 
cnt  throiiiih  forests  of  thick  trees,  tangled  with  hriishwood.  and  the  arlillery  had  heen 
sometimes  lowered  over  steep  precipices  hy  sailors,  with  ropes;  and.  although  lie  was 
awiire  that  a  wild.  .Vrah-like  enemy  was  shoutiim  around  iiim  ;  it  is  wonderful  that, 
under  these  eircuin>taiices.  he  should  not  ha\e  proposed  to  meet  this  siilitle  liie  in  tile 
manner  best  calculated  to  defeat  tliein.  and  that  he  turned  a  deaf  ear  to  all  the  counsels 
of  experience,  rp  to  the  fatal  '.>th  t)f  July,  tlio  army  marched  thronuii  a  narrow  vista, 
twelve  feet  w  iile.  cut  tliroiiixh  a  dense  forest,  into  which  the  I'yu  could  scarce  [lenctrate. 
But.  in  Mich  a  forest,  it  W(Mild  have  been  stranjre,  if  eiiiht  lumdred  warriors,  led  by 
French  commanders,  and  concealed  iieliiiul  trees,  from  the  sliidter  of  which  they  took 
sure  iiiid  steady  aim.  >hoMld  not.  in  a  short  time,  shoot  down  every  ollicer.  wiiose  cockade 
and  sword  were  distincti\e  marks,  and  also  (jnickly  annihilate  the  common  .'soldier.'^. 
This  was.  indeed,  tencinu  against  Hails,  and  liiihtinjr  aj;ainst  hope.  The  forest  itself 
seemed  to  be  armed;  •■  Birnam  wood"  was  advaneiiiLr,  and  tilled  with  hostile  I'oes.  In 
an  almost  incredibly  short  time,  "Kit  men  .and  their  i)IIicers  lay  dead  on  the  field;  the 
advanced  columns,  panic-stnick,  commenced  a  tliuht,  which  nothii'ir  could  check ;  the 
General  Inmself  fell,  and  that  proud  army  which,  in  early  morniiiL''  had  crossed  the 
Mononjrahela  in  L'ldlant  array,  with  drums  bcatinu  and  colors  tlyiiiL',  lied  like  sheep 
before  wolves,  abaiidoniiifi  their  cannon,  their  annnunition,  and  their  wounded  to  their 
implacable  foes.  Washington,  who  became  tiie  jiuai'diaii  iuisrel  of  the  I'emnant  of  the 
trcops  left  on  the  field,  had  two  hor.ses  shot  under  him,  and  four  bullets  driven  through 
his  clothes.     This  deleat  wa.s   effected   hy  the  western    and    northern    Indians,  the 


^ 


li  ;;!l>: 


'  .Icilinson  rptuniril  Ih  .New  Vorl;,  and  lirtran  In  :ii(  ihkIit  liis  new  ooiumissum  in  .M;i_v,  ls,:i."). — Jjarnnini/ti 
X    y.   Ciliiuiiil  ll:.l..n/:    A11..I11.V.   f^.'ill,  Vnl.   VII..  p.  ■.']. 


IMlKCi;  l>l  N"!    TIIK    COMjl   i:ST    oK    CANADA. 


217 


Cliippowna,  OttivwiiH,  Pottiiwiittuinios,  iiiul  Wyjiiidots.  who  were  cliiclly  of  Aljionqiiiii 
liiioagi!.  Tiio  Frciifli  Indians,  iVoiii  tin-  liikcs,  wen-  prcsont  in  irivat  Ihrce ;  and  it  liaM 
been  .surmised  that  I'ontiao  liinisclf  was  tiicir  Icidcr.  TIk'  li()i|iiois  wi-rc  not  on  tiitf 
field  ill  their  triijal  character,  altliouf^h  sonic  Miiigucs'  and  Senccas  were  pivscnt. 
.Tolnison  had  nrged  the  necessity  of  sending  tiic  warriors  with  l«i-ndd(ici<,  hut  tliey 
declined.'  Tiie  ntmost  result  of  his  ellorts  was,  that  they  prDiiiised  not  to  oppose 
him. 

It  is  an  error  to  suppose  that  IJraddock  was  the  only  one  who  placed  no  I'aith  in  tho 
eiUcicnc.y  of  Indian  guerilla  warfare.  Kdiiciited  military  men.  in  all  ages  of  our  histurv, 
h:i\('  been  prone  to  undervalue  the  Indian  system;  and  these  opinions  are  held  hy 
oilieers  at  the  present  day.  If  the  battle  is  not  always  to  the  strong,  it  cannot  bo 
e.xpeoted  that  David,  with  his  sling,  will  always  kill  (loliah ;  but  well-drilled  armies 
must  be  eflieiently  protected  on  their  Hanks,  and  an  accm-ate  adaptation  of  means  to 
ends  nmst  ever  be  preserved  in  the  tangled  forest,  which  camiot  be  penetrated,  as  will 
ns  on  the  level  plain,  where  the  view  is  uninterrupted.  The  heavy,  camii-fed.  elum.-y- 
footed  soldier  is  never  a  match,  in  the  forest,  lor  tin?  light,  active  Indian  warrior.  A 
review  of  our  Indian  hi.-^tory.  I'rom  Braildock's  da\-  to  the  present  era.  proves  that  a 
.simiU  Indian  force  in  ambuscade,  is  an  ecpiivalent  Hir,  or  will  overniiitch.  ten  times  itn 
number  of  regidar  troops,  who  adhere  to  tlie  system  of  lighting  in  platoons.  The  regulars 
an^  cither  thrown  into  confusion,  become  panic-struck,  are  slaughtered  in  large  nundjcr.s, 
or  are  totally  defeated.  Such  was  the  result  of  Colonel  Ilarmer's  attempt  to  ford  tho 
.Miami,  and  of  St.  Clair's  to  penetrate  the  Wabash  woods,  (ieneral  Wayne,  who  was 
like  a  lion,  where  there  was  an  opportunity  to  light,  as  at  Stony  Point,  was  obliged  to 
abandon  the  ground  on  which  l-'ort  Recovery  was  sui)senueiitly  i)uilt.  Duriiii;  two 
entire  years  he  contendeil  against  tribes  of  active  warriors,  who.-;e  fithers,  nay,  some 
among  themselves,  liad  Ibught  against  Uraddock.  It  was  not  until  caution  had  niado 
him  wise,  and  he  attained  a  true  knowledge  of  Indian  wood-craft,  that  he  llually 
prevailed  against  them,  on  the  Miami  of  tho  Lakes.  It  was  there  that  he  met  the 
Miamis,  I'iankashaws.  and  Weas.  luider  liittle  Turtle,  and  the  .same  leaders  who  had 
opposed  Ilarmer  and  St.  Clair.  They  were  leagued  with  the  Chippewas,  Ottawas, 
I'ottawattamie.s,  Delawares.  Shawnees,  and  other  Algonquin  tribes,  who.  with  the 
Wvandots,  had  overthrown  Uraddock.  It  is  not,  however,  certain  that,  if  tho 
ambuscade  .so  successfully  and  warily  constructed,  in  a  wide  lield  of  heavy  grass,  at 
the  Miami  rapid.s,  had  been  laid  in  a  dense  forest,  where  horses  would  have  been  useless, 
tbe  result  would  not  have  been  very  difierent. 

W'hat,  but  the  neglect  of  caution,  or  temerity  in   underrating  Indian  prowess  and 


'  Mimiii-r  i.s  tin'  I)('l;nv;ii'o   I'm-  irii([Uijis.      The  Kn;_'iisli  proiiouiici'd  it  Miiii/o,  the  IHiteli,  .ynipni. —  /.it.  diiil 
JJisl.   dm.,  nil.  Jlifl.   Sm:,  \'.>1.  I.,  ]>.  '^'-K 

'  Uoc.  New  York  Colonial  History,  Vol.  VII.,  p.  -4. 

Vol..  VI,  — -JS 


II 


I  • 


i 


.li  ■  i 

li 


ill' 

>'r| 


i 

% 

!  I     r  (J 


1 1 


S18 


MO.MKNTOUS    l'Rll[(>I>    (»!•'    INIHAN     IIISToRY, 


nlinrijiiiiiil  l.icliis.  cim  Iio  iissijfiicd  for  the  occiirn'nce  of  the  Uiviiclfiil  iniiHsacio  of  iMajor 

Diidc  unci  liif^  commaiiil,  hy  llio  SfmiiKili'w'' 

It  Ims  liii'ii  iisscrti'il,'  that  tlii-iv  wore  hut  (i.lT  [iidiaiis  eiij;ii;;('il  ii)  thi'  action  which 
ic-iiltril  ill  llriiddocU's  dcfcMt,  Thc.-ic  coii.si^lcd  principally  <if  Ottiiwas,  Odjihwan, 
mid  I'dttawattaiiiics.  iVoiii  Michigan;  Shawiiccf,  I'idiii  (u'avc  Creek  and  ihc  rivor 
.Mii.skiii}riin» ;  Dclawaiv.s  from  thu  Siisinichaiina ;  AhinaUis  and  Canjihiiawajras  from 
(  .iiiada;  and  llnrons.  or  Wyiindots,  from  the  iiiissiim  of  Lincttc  and  tiic  Montreal  falln, 
niiiler  Alhanase,  a  Canadian.  The  whole  weii'  coiiiniaiided  hy  tlii'  popular  Ueanjeaii, 
who  was  killed  caii\  in  the  action.  This  force,  iiicliidiii;;  the  recreant  Ahinakis.  was, 
ax  u\:\y  lie  seen,  eiitiridy  of  tiie  Al>:on(|niii  family,  witli  the  exct'ption  of  the  lliirons, 
II  segregated  Iroquois  trihe.  who  had  always  sided  with  the  Kirncli,  and  a  lew  ••scattered 
warritirs  I'rom  th"  Six  Nations."  To  this  force  were  added  I  hi  Canadian  militia,  and 
7-  iTiiiilar  troops,  who  t'oHiiiit  acconling  to  the  Indian  iiKule.  it  is  inipossil>l(>  tlnit  such 
a  liefat  conid  have  occnrri'd  under  ordinary  circiinistanccs :  ami  the  fact  conclii.-i\('ly 
attest-;  the  elllracy  iil'  an  Indian  auxiliary  force  iis  a  vanuiianl  tn  ivirular  troops,  in  a 
w  ild  liiic-t  ciiiinii  \ .  where  iliey  can  screen  themseht's  Irom  cilisiT\jitiiiii.  and  hid  (lelianco 
to  llie  (Icath-dealiii;:'  arlillny,  or  the  attacks  of  dragoons.  No  event  in  .Vmiiican 
niiiilary  annals  cast  such  a  iilight  on  .American  hopes,  as  this  defeat,  .\fter  the  lapse 
of  a  full  ci'iitiiry.  a  thrill  of  horror  still  creeps  through  the  veins  at  the  recital.' 


;.ir:.nl'~  lii.-ti.i'y  nl'   I!r;i,M.M'l,'s  I'lxii.,  p.  '_':.':!:    I'liila.,  I^.").'). 


-•  Ibi.I. 


i:ja 


riMlCKDI  N(i    TIIK    CONQUEST    OF    CANADA. 


:i!) 


CllAl'TKU    VII. 


THK    IIIOQUOIS    POLICY    FAVOllS    THE    ENGhlSH. 


'I'liK  .siiclicin  coiMiiiisMioiior,  TiiiiucliiiriHson,  niul  liin  siKicossoi',  ScarnoviKli,  liiul  <'\  iiiccd 
a  firm  (riciiilslii[i  Inr  tlic  luijilisli  on  the  Ohio  liorilcr,  in  coiirorinity  witii  tlic  ,i;i'in'r;il 
policy  of  till'  New  Yorlv  Iniqiiois  tribes,  wliilo  tliry  at  tlii>  siiriic  time  iVfcly  (■oiiilciniird 
tile  Kiiirli.-^Ii  lor  tlit'ir  tiiiily  iiiowiiit'iits,  iiiul  tlioir  non-adoption  of  tlic  Imliiin  nioili'  of 
wiirfiiiv. 

The  ultimutc  ('onsi'ijMi'nocs  of  tin;  ilefeat  on  tlio  iMononL'iilicla  were  tMo>it  ili>asti'oiis. 
]{uinor  rapidly  disseminated  the  news  in  every  direction.  an>l  all  the;  colonii's  Idt  tlie 
elU'cts  of  till'  hlow.  The  dread  of  Indian  niassaiM'cs  distnrheil  the  (|niet  of  every 
IniMilet ;  nor  was  their  alarm  without  due  foniidation.  A  hand  of  Ifilt  savaues  crosM'd 
the  Alleudianies.  and  ravaired  the  frontiers  of  \'irf.nnia  and  Maryland.  Formiost  in 
these  forays  were  the  Delawares,  under  Shiiif^iss,  whose  ire  appeared  to  liavi!  received 
an  additional  stinnihis  from  tlie  recent  triiniiph  of  the  (Jallie-liidiaii  forces.  Tlio 
Delawares  liad  lonj;-  felt  the  wroii^'  which  they  siilfered  in  hein.u'  driven  from  the  hanks 
of  the  Delaware  and  the  Sn.s(|nelianna.  althoiii;h  it  was  iirimarily  owinu'  to  their  ancient 
enemies  and  eonijiierors.  the  Irocpiois,  whose  policy  had  (n'er  been  a  word  and  a  iilow. 
The  Shawiiees,  friends  and  relatives  of  the  Delawares,  had  heen,  from  tiie  first,  a 
reveie.,a'fnl.  warlike,  rovinii  people.  Oriirinatiiifj;  in  the  e.xtreme  south,  they  had  llitted 
over  half  the  continent.  fi;,ditini.'  witii  every  trihe  they  encountered,  until  they  reached 
the  extreme  shores  ol'  Fiake  Krie.  where,  under  the  ominous  name  of  Sh/iuki-s,'  thev 
■were  deleated  by  the  lro((Uois.  and  theiKH'  lied  to  the  Delaware,  and  subse(|nently  to 
the  Ohio  valley.  From  an  early  perio<l  they  were  avowed  enemies  of  the  cohjiiies,  and 
this  enmity  never  ceased,  until  after  the  overthrow,  in  iSlt.of  the  wide-spread  con- 
spiracy of  Tecumseh.  Hoth  tribes,  i>i  liiieai^e.  as  well  as  in  languaire,  were  Al^oiuiuins, 
and  ado[)ted  their  policy;  from  first  to  last  being  I'ruel  enemies  in  war,  in  peace, 
treacherous  friends. 

While  the  gloom  caused  by  the  ilefeat  of  Hraddock,  and  the  evidences  of  riidian 
ho.stility,  which  assumed  a  tangible  .shape  during  the  autumn  and  winter  of  I7-j.'5,  still 


'  Colilcn.     This  tribe,  uml  tliis  war,  must  uut  be  euiituundt-d  with  that  wiigeil  ajjainut  tlio  Kriis,  wliieh 
occurred  in  \QM 


■)■':' 


I  ;!' 


;'■*■■■ 


i  i 


•2i(i 


MoMKNTdl'S    I'KlllOK    (» 1'    INIM.VN     Mt-TOUV 


1 1'" 


*; 


liimv  liki'  iii'loiiii  nil  llif  wi'ftlcni  rnmlicr,  iiii  aii?<|)ici(iiix  fi;?ii  apj"  md  m  tlic  Kii!»t.  'I'lic 
ln"|ii(iis  threw  tln'  wciirlif  of  llirir  inlliicncf  in  llio  Kiinliwli  nvtiU>.  It  lii;  inu  Imcn  ;i 
part  III'  tiic  tiii^iiiiil  pliiii  dl'  till-  ('iiiii|mi^M  tr)  tiikc  Crown  Point,  on  fiiiki'  ('liain|iliiiii, 
tlii.-<  I'MtiTpri.Ht'  wn«  »'ntiu.xtiil  to  (iciii'i':il  Williiiin  .lulinsim.  an  nllici'r  oC  the  New  York 
militia,  whose*  scttli'ini-nt  in  the  Mohawk  valK-v,  ami  inlhicnci-  with  tlic  liniianr*,  htivo 
Imtu  prcvioiislv  incntiont'd.  .Inhnson  wan  pliiccd  in  coininand  of  ')(l()0  or  (i()(M(  N«'W 
Vurk  and  New  I'lniiland  inililia,  and  a  chosen  liodv  ol'  Mohawk  warriors  nnder 
Soien^iarahta,  liieail\  called  Kin.L'  llenilrick.  Alter  lavinu'  the  lonndations  of  Fori 
Kilward.  he  iiroceeded  tn  the  southern  shores  ol"  Lake  Siicraniciito.  which  he  renamed 
Lake  (jeorge,  in  coinjiliment  to  the  niirnini:  Iioum-  of  ilanovi'r.  lie  there  located  his 
camii  in  such  ii  maimer  as  to  iia\e  tlie  lake  in  his  rear,  a  hicastwork  of  felled  trei-s  in 
front,  and  some  impassable  low  Lrronnds,  or  swain[)s,  on  liis  tianks.  In  the  intervals  of 
his  hastily-constrncted  hreastworks.  h"  planted  some  heavv  pieces  of  ordnance.  Tho 
Connt  lie  Deiskaii,  who  opposed  hiiu.  was  a  hrave,  dashini:'  ollici'r,  |)ossessing  ixreat 
spirit  and  streni;th  of  purpose,  wlm.  had  he  led  men  of  similar  metal,  would  ha\'u 
readily  taken  the  Kniilish  camii.  lie  had  lel't  Crown  I'oint  to  attack  tlu'  new  foit, 
Kdward,  with  oOlHI  men,  of  whom  -0(1  were  drilled  jrrenadiers.  and  800  (,'anndians. 
lie  had  also  some  700  Aljronipiin  Indians,  of  various  tribes.  IJeinj;  appi'ised  by  his 
scouts,  that  the  enemy  was  w  itliin  the  ilistance  of  a  few  miles,  .Johnson  dispatched 
Colonel  Williams,  with  .'500  men,  to  recoinioitre.  This  brought  on  an  action;  tho 
militia  I'l'lreatiiiL:.  pursued  iiy  the  entire  I'orce  of  howling  Indians;  and,  in  theii'  rear, 
Deiskau  appeared  at  the  head  of  his  compact  and  disciplined  troops.  Tin'  action  was, 
at  first,  carried  on  at  long'  range,  and  confined  to  rattling  volleys  of  small  arms. 
Deiskau  then  advanced  with  his  grenadiers,  and  maintained  a  bra\e,  but  fruitless 
contest;  the  Kngli.sh  artillery  made  such  great  havoc  in  his  raidis,  that  (hially  the  firo 
III'  the  French  began  to  slacken,  and  they  fled  in  confusion.  Deiskau  was  wounded, 
and  killed,  during  tho  retreat.  Soiengarahta,  who,  with  lii.s  Mohawks,  had  fought 
•\aliantly  outside  the  works,  also  fell.  Soiengarahta  wa.s  a  chief  of  high  standing 
among  the  Mohawk.s,  of  approved  wi.sdoin.  nndoid)ted  intrepidity,  and  a  firm  friend 
of  the  Knglisli.  He  had  vi.-ited  Lngland.  and  had  been  presented  at  court,  where  thu 
uuneNi'd  portrait  of  him  was  taken.  He  united  great  amenity  of  nuuiner.«,  dignity 
of  l)earing,  and  mild  leattu'cs,  to  the  most  deteiinined  coiu'age  and  energ}-.  He  led 
liOO  .Mohawk.^,  who  are  desciibed  by  the  gazettes  of  the  day,  to  have,  on  this  occasion, 
"  fought  like  lions."'  This  victory  arou.sed  the  spirits  of  the  colonies,  and  occasioned  a 
feeling  of  joy  far  aliove  its  real  merits  or  importance.  Johnson  was  created  a  knight 
baronet,  and  voted  .C'lOOO  by  the  English  Parliament.  lie  was,  however,  censured  for 
not  pursuing  the  enemy  and  capturing  Crown  Point;  but  he  contented  himself  with 
buililiiig  Fort  William  Henry,  on  the  site  of  his  camp. 


Notes  on  til.'  FrofjUoiR,  p   413 


iMiiiHw;- 


](!■  »«■ 


g'       I 


'!  I 


;: 

i 

',>; 

,! 

>■  t 

V 

^1: 

■  ^. 

i 

it 

.1 

1  '      ' 
1 

\:''  ^ 

\ 

r 

a 

3 

1 

I 


«!■■ 


i^    Mf 


■I'  Mi 


If 


U 


1    KN    'VA   RAi!  TA 


K  I  N  i  • 


\  ?  H  i 


i     !\ 


111   I 


l'^ 


-    [00  *")     0  '1 


i;hk"  '(« 


rRKCKI)IN(i    TIIK    CONOrEST    OF    CANADA. 


CHAPTER   VTU. 

TAK1N(}  OF  FORT  WILLIAM  HENRY,  ON  LAKE  GEORGE,  AND  THE 
PLUNDER  AND  xMUR'  ^E  OF  PRISONERS  BY  THE  FRKNCII 
INDIANS,    CONTRARY    TO    THE    TERMS    OF    CAPITULATION. 

A  SLIGHT  review  of  events  will  enable  us  to  appreciiite  the  existing  position  of 
afliiirs.  Tlie  colonists  struiziiied  on,  through  periods  of  terror  whieh  followed  in  close 
succession.  Tlie  deli'at  of  Uriuldock,  hy  an  Indian  anihnseade,  was  still  fresh  in  the 
memory  of  all,  not  a  twelvemonth  having  elajised,  when  the  announcement  of  the 
disastrous  capture  of  Fort  William  Henry  rang  through  the  colonies  witii  startling 
etlect.  In  1757,  Montcalin.  the  active  Governor-General  of  Canada,  crossed  Lake 
Champlain,  the  Andiatora  of  the  lro(pU)is,'  with  a  reputed  i()rce  of  KHIU  or  oOOO  men, 
accompanied  l)y  a  very  largo  body  of  diverse  trilu's  of  northern  and  western  Indians, 
of  the  Algonquin  lamiiy,  ei)llecte  1  iVom  the  great  lakes,  and  from  the  valley  of  tne 
St.  Lawrence.  A  j)er.son  present  when  this  force  approaeiied  the  fort,  represents  Ijake 
George  to  have  been  entirely  covered  with  batteaux  and  canoes,  whieh,  conil)ined  with 
their  banners  and  nuisic.  fonned  a  scene  of  military  display  and  magnihcenee, 
heightened  by  the  wild  and  [)i('tures(|uc  brilliance  of  the  Indian  costume,  that  has 
seldom  been  equalled. 

The  soldiers  anxiously  gazed  over  the  walls  of  the  fort  at  the  approaching  force,  as 
at  a  panorama.  During  five  days  the  fort  was  defended  with  intrepidity,  by  Cohniel 
Munro,  who  had  a  garrison  of  oOO  regular  troops,  support(>d  by  a  body  of  provincials. 
It  was  el(jsel\-  besiegi'd,  while  tbi'  Indians,  encamped  on  the  siu'rounding  helds,  nuide 
the  forest  ring  with  their  shouts  and  war  songs,  and  illuminated  the  obscurity  of  night 
with  their  innnerous  I'amp-lircs.  .Miout  .'JOOd  provincials,  who  were  encamped  outside 
the  fort,  took  I't'lngc  witiiiu  the  worlds,  as  soon  as  ijie  enemy  arriveil.-  The  siege  was 
stoutlv  maintaini'd.  a  iioi"'  bciui;  entertained  tiiat  reinforcements,  whi(di  had  been 
demanded,  would  airive  from  Fort  Kdward.  lUit.  unlbrtunateiy-  a  letter  from  General 
Weljb.  tiie  connnandant  of  the  latter  i)ost.  apprising  Mnnro  that  no  reinl()rcement 
could  be  .■^ent.  and  ailvising  him  to  surrender,  fell  into  the  hands  of  Montcalm's  Indians; 
and,  with  this  letter  in  his  possession.  Montt:aliu  summoned   the  garrison  to  surrender. 


Tlii.s  iiiicii''it  MiHMc  t'lir  ('liaiii]iluiii,  iii;i_v  be  louiul  in  the  Now  Vurk  His'   ..c/il  I'lxMiii'.riits 
Nrw  York  Cul    l).K-  ,  V.;l.  VII 


m 


I  if 

:!■  liHil'  !; 


m 

^  tt-  (L        r    '  l1 


ti' ,' 


iii  'I 


'  si 


1"!: 


kl 


*ii 


d 


m 


MOMENTOUS    PERIOD    OF    INDIAN    HISTORY, 


One  of  the  terms  of  the  capitulation  was,  that  the  army  should  march  out  with  tlicir 
arms,  but  without  auimunition,  and,  with  all  the  camp  followers,  should  have  a  safe- 
conduct  to  Fort  Edward.  Fatal  error !  The  wolves  were  to  behold  their  prey  and 
not  gloat. 

Circumstances  would  ssoem  to  indicate,  tiuit  not  only  Braddock,  but  the  British 
olhcers  generally,  were  slow  in  obtaining  a  knowledge  of  the  character  of  the  Indians 
in  tinu'  of  war;  when  they  are  governed  by  hopes  of  plunder  and  impulse ;  the  desii-e  to 
obtain  .scalps  and  booty  licing  the  groat  and  only  motive  which  ever  induces  them  to 
accompany  JMn'opean  armies,  and  force  alone  exercising  any  restraint  upon  their  (ieudi.-ih 
instincts.  No  sooner  had  the  Englisli  columns  marched  out  of  the  gates,  and  reached 
tlic  plain,  tlian  the  Indians  began  to  plunder  them  of  their  effects,  and,  finally,  to  strip 
both  oflicers  and  men  of  their  clotliing.  Resistance  was  followed  by  blows,  and  many, 
stark  naked,  were  glad  to  escape  with  their  lives.  In  vain  did  the  troops,  destitute  of 
ammunition,  claim  protection  from  this  outrage.  Colonel  Munro,  after  the  pillage 
commenced,  took  shelter  in  the  fort,  ami  demanded  that  the  terms  of  the  capitulation 
!»liould  Ije  enforced.  But  the  French,  who  were  powerless,  have  been  blamed,  perhaps 
justly,  for  not  efliciently  complying  with  their  engagements;  yet,  it  is  no  easy  nuitter 
to  restrain  marautling  Indians.  It  has  been  estimated,  that  a  large  numlier  of  the  force 
which  surrendered  on  this  occasion,  perished  subseipiently ; '  although  it  is  probable, 
that  the  fears  of  an  officer,  who  narrowly  escaped  from  this  scene  of  pillage,  far 
e.xceeded  his  capacity  of  cool  judgment.  His  statements  of  the  ('arnage  are,  certainly, 
not  sustained  by  any  historical  authority  to  which  wo  have  had  acces.s. 

Lieutenant-Governor  De  Lancey,  in  a  letter,  written  August  24,  1.7o7,  observes:  — 
•■  Montcalm,  under  his  own  eyes,  and  in  the  face  of  about  .'500(1  regular  troops,  suffered 
the  Indians  to  rob  and  strip  them,  officers  as  well  as  men,  of  all  they  had,  and  left 
most  of  them  naked."' 

To  strip  the  clothes  from  a  man's  back,  and  not  to  cleave  his  head  with  the  tomahawk, 
was  remarkable  Ibrbcarance  on  the  p.-irt  of  the  Indians. 

The  nation  that  emplo\s  Indians  in  war,  places  it.self  in  the  position  of  a  person  who 
ta[)s  a  broad  lake,  leading  the  waters,  by  a  little  stream,  through  a  sand-bank.  When 
the  current  swells,  he  cannot  control  it,  and  the  augmented  flood  sweeps  everything 
before  it. 


is 


Cnrvor.  p.  211. 


'  N.  Y.  Cnl.  Due, ;    .\Ibany,  l«.5r.,  Vol.  VIl  ,  p.  271. 


;     I- 


THKCK  1)1  N»i    THE    CONQUEST    OF    CANADA. 


•2-28 


CHAPTER   IX. 

STATE  OF  INDIAN  AFFAIRS  TN  THE  INTERIOR,  DURINC  THE 
PERIOD  BETWEEN  THE  DEFEAT  OF  DEISKAU.  AND  THE 
CAPTURE    OF    FORT    DU    QUESXE. 


After  the  defeat  of  Uraddock,  the  Hritisli  interest  with  the  Indians  rapidly  declined. 
As  Indians  judge  alone  from  appearances,  it  Mas  not  an  easy  task  to  convince  tlR-ni 
that  the  Englisii  power  had  not  p(>rniancnt]3'  I'ailcd.  Johnson,  wlio  liad,  in  the  spring 
of  1755.  heen  appointed  by  Braddock  the  .Sui)erintendent-General  of  British  Indian 
affairs,  hetran  his  new  duties  as  soon  as  he  reached  New  York,  and  labored  earnestly  to 
restore  confidence  among  the  Inxpiois  and  Algonquin  trilies.  No  one  can  carefidly 
examine  the  records  of  his  proceedings  without  being  convinced  tlnit  he  laboied 
zealously.  He  was  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  ■  cography  of  the  country,  as  also 
with  the  Indian  power  and  resources  in  America,  from  north  to  south,  and  as  intimately 
conversant  with  the  true  character  of  the  aliorigines.  In  his  speeches,  he  strippinl 
tliem  of  their  guises,  laid  I)are  their  secret  impulses,  and  pointed  out  to  them  their 
interests  in  clear  and  bold  terms.'  During  sixty  years,  connnencing  witli  the  foundation 
of  New  Orleans,  in  irili',1,  the  Fiencli  inllnencc  among  the  Indians  had  been  on  the 
increase.  The  noble  enterprise  of  La  Salle,  and  his  (ollowers,  who  passed  through  the 
great  lakes,  and  down  the  Mississippi,  singing  as  tlu'y  went ;  the  gay  and  sprightly 
Minnners  of  the  f^'runcdi ;  their  ready  adaptiveness  to  a  nomailie  course  of  life,  replete 
with  novelty  and  li'.i'athing  tlie  spirit  of  personal  independence;  together  with  their 
entire  political  iiud  religious  policy,  impressed  the  Indians  with  almost  indelible 
emotions  of  pkasnri  und  apjirobation.  The  French  recpiired  no  cessions  of  land,  built 
no  factories,  traded  with  tlicm  in  a  free  an<l  easy  way,  and  did  not  fill  the  Indian 
mind  with  the  id"a  ol  the  coming  of  a  people  who,  by  tiie  progress!-,  e  inroads  of  hii)or 
and  letters,  would  eventually  sweep  them  from  the  earth.  Whatever  was  the  cause, 
certainly  no  other  European  nation  ever  acquired  such  an  ample  and  wide-spread 
iidlucnce  over  them.' 

ImnicdiateK-  after  retinming  iVom  Alexandria,  Sir  William -Tohnson  asscmliK'il  a  \er\- 


I 


lllili 


'  .V,  V"   Hist.  D.,0.,  Vol.  V[T.,  p.  lit.     C.l.mial  IWuments,  Albany,  IS.^tl,  V.,1.  VI 1. 
'  One  iif  tiic  .Icsuit  priests  ri'inarks  —  tluit  "  tlie  French  did  nut  convert  the   Indians,  Imt  tiirntd  Indians 
themselves." —  Ihillcil. 


'iw  lii,'S''; 


^.!1  ! 


r: 


y-'* 


224 


M(niENT(>l\s    I'KKIOD    oF    1M)?AN    IIISTOllY, 


large  iiiiinbtr  nl"  Imliiiiis,  .some  accounts  si\  llltlO,  at  liis  jilace  on  tlic  Moliawk,  to 
wliom  lit:  coiiuniiiiicatcd  the  liict  of  his  new  aiiixMntineiit.  Jle  made  them  olleis  in 
this  assenil)]}',  lor  the  piirpo^e  of  restoring  their  lost  eoiilideiico  in  the  Knglisii,  and 
detach  tiieni  from  the  French  interests,  to  inspire  tiieni  w'th  a  Just  estimation  of  the 
power  of  IJritain.  and  to  interest  tliem  in  tiie  Jiritish  cause  —  t)hjects  in  which  he,  hy 
jierseveraui'e.  succeeilcd.  lie  eloiinently  plead  for  their  assent  to  his  [)roposal  to  send 
a  Injiiy  of  warriors  with  General  I5ra(kloei<.  Iiut  in  this  ho  was  unsuccessful.  Got)d 
di|)loniatists  at  all  times,  they  met  him  hy  a  declaration  that  tiie  governor  of  Virginia, 
who  was  not  a  favoriti-,  had,  as  in  the  I'ase  of  tlie  Ohio  comjiany,  intruded  on  their 
lands  in  tlio  Ohio  •alley,  where  their  sachem,  Tanacharisson.  resided;  and  that  it  was 
a  snddenl\'  originated  proposal,  wliich  required  deliheration.  They  also,  for  re;»sons 
statiil,  (K'ciined  accompanying  General  Shirley,  to  Oswego;  but  agreed  to  assist  him  in 
tlu>  coiitrmplatvd  attack  on  Crown  Point,  to  the  command  of  the  forces  detailed  for 
■v'liich  pur[)ose  he  had  been  ap[iointed.  The  latter  [iromise  was  promptly  I'uUilli'il,  and, 
at  the  defeat  of  Deiskau,  on  the  banks  of  Lake  (Jcorge,  the  M<''i.iwks,  under  llendi'ick, 
i.'ipMtted  themselves  in  such  a  manner  as  to  gain  a.  high  reputation.' 

rhe  victory  at  Tiake  George  was  the  turning  point  in  tiie  ascendency  of  the  Hritish 
i.diueuco  with  the  Iroipiois  and  their  allies,  which  had  been  at  a  very  low  ebb  at  the 
commencement  of  the  French  wai',  in  1711.  The  fume  which  followed  this  victory 
u\l^^^■^  greatly  in  raising  .lohnson  in  the  estimation  of  the  rnilians.  and  from  this  date 
tiic  Indian  political  bori/.on  began  to  brigiiM'u.  fn  a  lett.r  to  the  [iOrds  of  Trade, 
dated  Septemlier  28,  17-")7.  Johnson  ])oint-.  out  tiieir  uue  policy,  while  he  warns  thiiu 
of  the  deei)-roote(l  dislike  which  the  Indians  entertained  against  the  reckless  conduct 
of  the  colonial  patentees,  who  had  made  the  I'nrroachments  on  their  lands,  of  whicii 
the  Indians  <'oinpiain.  "  By  jiresents  and  management,  we  ma}'  he  able  to  keep  som(> 
litth'  interest  yet  aliv'-.  and  induce  some  nations  to  a  course  of  neutrality;  but  I  am 
(ipprehensi\-e  that  more  expen.se,  spei.'clies  and  pronnses  (so  often  repi'ated  and  so  little 
I'cgarded),  will  never  be  al)1e  to  eO'ect  a  favoralile  revolution  in  om-  Indian  interests, 
and  depri\-e  the  French  of  tlu>  advantages  they  have  over  us  by  their  Indian  alliances. 
1  would  be  understo'jd.  my  Lords,  that  theiv;  is  no  alternati\e,  by  which  we  may 
possibly  a\ail  ourst  Ui's,  so  as  to  keep  an  e\-en  hand  with  the  Indians. —  1!i;t  i;i:i)U('i.\g 

TIIK    FkKXCH    to   oCK    TEUM.'^,    WOfl.li    K.VAHI.i;    IS   TO   GiVi:    I..\W    TO    TIU)    L\r)I.\.\S." ' 

This  beca:'"    the  liritish  policy,    belts  and  speeches  were  inade(piate   to  the  result. 
It  was  a  ceiitest  between  Kngland  and  France,  which  must  be  settled,  and   the  nation 


tliat 


(1  it  would  control  tlb'  !nd 


lai- 


'I' 


le  Iru 


Soicngarahta  lo>t 


llle, 


seehM'i 


1  1< 


pre.-.(L;e  events 


uuph  at  F/ake  George,  in  which  action 
which  were  soon  to  transpin 


Th 


i 

II 
i 


Had  it  not  liii'Q  lor  tlu:  joiiIdu.sv  "f  (iiiierul  Sliirloy,  and  his  (•(miitcrai'liiiir  (.'nuiisols  witli  tlu'  Si.\  Xati^ 
the  fnr<c'  in  tliis  Ijattlc  Wnulil  have  licin  Miu<ii  ;.;Ratt'r,  —  A'.   }'.  IJist.  ('"I.  Due,  Vnl.  VII.  p.  -I. 
•  New  York  Hist.  Cc.l    Doc-.,  VmI.  VII  .  p.  -JTO. 


m-:  \-M^ 


rRRCKDINd    TIIK    COXQrHST    <)F    CAXADA. 


Qsr. 


tiikiii'^'  of  Kort  Williiiiii  IIciir\-,  and  tin'  ciiiuliict  ol\M()iilcalm.  onlv  'javo  a  new  impulno 


M 


to  til 


itli  wliicli  I'lii'jli 


(1 


he  vianr  with  wliicli  I'iii'jlaiiil  prcpaivd  >i,  contest  tlic  .supremacy. 
No  one  iiii(lci'st()oil  licttcr  tliaii  .lolmsoii  tlin  ])osirKiii  of  tlio  two  partios  couteiuliiig 
for  till'   Iiulian  swa\-.  and,  in  a  \ciy  f^i'in'val  coiincil.  convened  at  liis  ITall  o'".  tlio 
MoliawU,  April  1'.',  17(17,  at  wliicli  the  Sliawnecs,  and  otliei'  Al'jon([uin  trihos,  as  well 
as  tlie  Inupiois,  won?  present,  lie  handled  tlio  Kreiich  without  irloves. 

"  Brethren,  listen,  and  I  will  tell  you  the  diflcrence  hetwcen  the  Mnulish  ami  French. 
'I'lio  .Enjrlish  desire  and  lahor  to  nnito  all   Indians  into  oiio  L'eiieral   bond   of  hrotheiiy 
lov(>  and  national  intei'cst.     The   Ki-ench  cndeaAur  to  divide   the    Indians  and   stii-  up 
will-  and  contention  ainoUL'st  them.    Those  who  intend  to  destroy  or  enshue  any  people 
or  Uiilion,  will  (irst  (Midoavor  to  divide  them.      This  you  and  all  the  Indians  upon    tins 
continent  know  has  alway.s  been,  and  continues  to  he.  the  endeavors  of  the    Kreiuh. 
l?ut   thouLdi  this   is  a  fact  whicli  1  think   all   tiie   Indians  must  certainly  see.  yet   the? 
French  have  found  means,  somehow  or  other,  so  to  hewitch  their  niiderstandinas,  as  to 
irinke  many  of  them  helieve  they  love  tlie  Indians,  and  mean  w(dl  towanls  them.    "J' is 
\cvy  straiiLTc.  iirethren.  that  any  one  man,  niucli   more  any  mmilier  of  men,  who  are 
not  either  mad  or  drunk,  can  helieve  that  stirrinu'  up  hretlii-'n  to  spill  each  other's 
hlood,  dividini;;  them  from  one  another,  and  makim:'  ]):irties  amoim'  them,  are  proofs  of 
love,  and    marks    of   friendly  desiL^i   towards    them.      Not    less    nnacconutiilili'    is    it, 
hrethren.  tliiit  the  French  should  lie  ahle  to  persuade  tli(>  Indians,  that  liuildin;:-  forl^  in 
till'  middle  of  their  country  and  huntinu-'_''rounds.  is   for  tlwir  interest   and    proleclioii. 
I  tell  \()U.  hrethren.  ami  I  warn  j'ou,  that  whatever  u'ood  words  the   French  m;iy  ;iivi> 
you,  how  nnu'li  s(j(.'ver  they  may  now  smile  u]ion  yon.  whatever  presents   they  nny 
now  make  you.  your  chains  are  in  their  pockets,  and  wdien  their  desiuns  arc?  ripe  for 
execution,  they  will  take  tln'  a\e  out   of  their   lio<om   juid   strike  it   into  your  heads. 
Ihit  this  they  know  they  cannot  do  until  you  hn\i'  hrokeii    the  Covenant  Chain  with 
your  hrethren,  the  Kniilish,  and  taken  up  the  axe  airainst  them.     "I' is  liir  this  ri^a<on 
the   French   are  always  endeavorinL^  hy  lies,  hy  presents,   hy  ]iromises.   to  stir  np  ;ill 
Imliaiis  to  fall  u|)on  the  Fii'-dish  settlements,  and  destroy  their  hest  friends  and  faithful 
liretliveii  :  and  iiiaiiy  Indians  have  heen  so  wicked  uml  so  foolish,  as.  in  spili'  of  treaties 
and  ancient  friendship.  ti>  oecome  the  dons  nl'  tli<'    b'reneli.  and  come  and   uii  as  they 
eoiiimande(l  them. 

••  I'.rethreii.  if  the  Indians  ilo  not  return  to  their  senses,  they  will  see  and  feel  when 
it  is  too  late,  that  they  have  ruined  themselves.  I'lishurd  their  posterity  and  lost  their 
roinitry.  They  will  iind  their  country  tiirtilled  liy  the  l-'tvneh.  not  :ej-ainst  the  Kn-li-li. 
Iiut  M'jainst  the  Indians  tlienis(d\i's. 

■•  ih-etliieii.  what   I  h;ive  said,  and  am  u'oin^-  to  say.  I  say  not  to  you  onlv.  luit  to  all 
Indians;   and  I  desire  you  will,  with  tliis  helt.  make  it  known   amouiist  nil  the  nat 
you  li:i\<'  any  acipiaintance  or  eonnections  with. 

'•Tell  them,  from  me.  to  look  at   the    French  fort  .  h;iilt.  and   huildintr  Ihrouah  tlr 
\.>i,.  VI.  — -J',! 


ions 


m 


'II  i, 


i^r- 


1) 


lift 


MMii 


;   ii; 


ml 


>M 


MuMEiNTors    I'KIUol)    oT    INDIAN    HISTORY 


luldill.'  (if  llnir  coiitilry.  iiiid  on  tlicii'  hi'st  IiiiiitiiiL;'  liiids.  iii't  tlicni  limk  at  tlic  Kri'iicli 
llaLjs.  living:  ill  llicir  lolls  at  all  the  ^Tcat  liiUf.-*,  aioiij:'  tin-  uroat  rivor.-^.  in  order  to  oblige 
tiii'm  to  tradt.'  witli  tlu'  Fivnch  only,  soil  tlicir  skins,  and  ta!<o  uoods  for  tlicm  at  wliat 
juii'i's  tlif  Kri'iicli  pleaso  to  put  on  tliein.  And  it  is  a.  tiling'  well  known  to  all  Indians, 
that  tlio  Froni'li  cannot  sell  llii'in  goods  near  as  clioap  ns  the  English  can,  nor  in  hnch 
assoitiiii'iits  and  iilcnty." 

To  renew  the  attempt  of  Uraddock  Inul  lioeii  the  ori'.'^iiial  plan  of  ricneral  Shirley, 
liiit  the  lollowiiiii'  year  elapsed  in  iiiercdy  concert inu'  measures.  T'le  plan  ol'  the 
campaign  of  I  T'iS.  conteiiiplated  the  reduction  of  Crown  I'oint.  on  liake  ('liainplniii, 
and  of  I"'(jrt  l)ii  (^hiesne.  on  the  Ohio,  (ieneral  Ahercromhie.  who  iinderlook  tlu? 
Itiiiiier.  aided  Iiy  a  laruc  army.  sulH'icd  a  repulse.  Fiord  Howe  lidl  while  leading'  an 
iiltack.  niid  when,  in  a  lt«w  days,  it  was  renewed  .iLiainst  an  iniprefinal.le  lireast\V(U'k  of 
jiori/ontal  tn-es.  they  were  compelled  to  retreat  to  Fort  Edward.  The  Mohawks  who 
Were  present  at  this  assault,  looked  on  with  aniazeinent  at  this  exhihition  of  heroic  hut 


iiiiuil:;  I'Uis  i)ra\erv. 


an   episode   to    this   sieL'e.  ( 'oloiiel    Uradst 


reet    lirocecded  l)\    a 


uddeii  iuai(di  toOswciio.  with   the   iiXKiuois  in   his   train,  and   crossiiiL;-   Lake  (>iitario 


111  hatteaux.  sur[irise( 


1  anil  took    F(jrt  Front 


eiiac.  captuiiiiL;  a  laiLre  amount,  of  supplies, 


as  well  a> 


arms,  and  returned  triuni|iliantl\ . 


'i'he  nductiuu  of  Fort  l)u  (^lesue  was   intrusted   to  (ieneral    l-'orhes.      lie  inarched 


from  I'l 


iiladidphia.  witli   an  army  ol   -i 


^110  rc-ul: 


lis  and   pi'oN  incials.  and  a  cniiimissary 


ami  ijuai 


lei'iiiMsler"s  force  of  1  (KM)  w  aiidiiers.     \Vashin,irt(jn  joined  him  at  I''ort  ( 'iimln'r- 


aml.  with    Ins  I'eLinncn 


t   of  V 


Iranians 


At   I'aystown.  Forin's  sent   Colonel   lioiupu 


liiiuard  with  "JOdd  men  ;   !>ut.  in  a  spirit  of  coiilidence.  iiouqiiet  dispalchcd  SHI)  of  tl 


foi 


ce.  IIIHUU' 


Colonel  (iraiit.  to  make  ohserval 


ions  III  ai 


Ivaiiee.      '{'he   latter  cominand( 


d  on  1 


I-  sur[>nse(l  on  lulls  o\eri(ioi\ini 
d  ai 


the  liirt.  Ii\-  M.  .Xnhr.'v.  with  TOO  or  SdO  French! 


lien. 


mil  an  uiiiiui 


mhered  liirce  of  Indians,  hi-;  troops  defeated   and   dreadfully  slanuhtercd. 
lietrealinu  to  JJoufpiul's  positiuii,  with  the  haiiLrajre.  tlie  camp  was  iillacked  witli   .rreat 


lur\  anil  o 


listinacv.  hut  l>v  a  ruse  th 


■r  sustained   himself,  and   retreated   sncoess- 


lull\    wi 
( liani's 


ill   his   li)vces.  after  much    si'\ere    fiiihtimr   and   manv  casuallie 


Th 


at 


iiiimei'ically   iireater   in    proportion    to   those   eu^aLi'd.   than    was 


-uslamed  a 


1  r.iai 


taken   li\ 


the    ll 


ThirtN 
d 


ill 


\-n\e  ollicers  ucre 


killed   or  wiiuildeil.      The    iiri 


pri'^oners 


ndiaiis.  served,  as   it  were,  to  surfeit   their  harliaritx'   and   crueltw  and 


deter  them  i'roiii  )iroceedinji'  further,  for.  after  reachini;'  Du  (^nesne.  they  s  mui  dispersed. 


iiiiii  I 


lescrted  the  fort.     ( )u  the  arrival  of  (Ieneral  Follies,  the  coiuliined  liirce  inovcd 


on 


hirit 


with  rc'iii 


learhcij.  am 


\'.  exciting;  an 


ppreiieiiMon  am 


I  nl; 


irm. 


On  the  L'lth  of  Xoveinlier.  the  armv 


1  eiic'impi'd  at.  Turtle  Creelc,  within  twelve  mil 


es  ol    tlie  lo 


rt. 


No  Indians  were  di'scrii'd  hy  the  scouts,  and  the  iiiiiht   parsed   away  without   alarm. 
(In  till'  ll'ilh.  at  an  early  hour,  the  army  was  put  in  motion,  and.  as  the  aihaiii'e-L'iiiird 


iidachi'd   the 


ition   of  the   liirt.   thev  ohsorved   larue  columns  of  smol' 


il^TMils.  heard  heavy  ex| 


iliisiiin-- 


lie   indications  could  imt  he  mi-taken. 


Tl, 


d.  at 
'  flit 


rit  KCIini  N(i    TIIK    CONQUEST    OK    CANADA. 


1-n 


liiiil  lii'i'M  iil)iin(l()iUMl  iil'tcr  liiiii^'  fill  (111  lire  —  its  artillery  iifiiii.'  ciiiiiarUcil  I'wr  tlio 
Illinois,  mill  its  iiiCuiitry  I'di'  Lnko  I'lric  Tin'  ildl'iit  of  (iriuit,  uihI  tlio  prisoners 
ciiptiiivil,  liiiil  ^)^ove(l  im  I'scape  viilve  tor  Iniliaii  Imrhiirit}-.  Alter  iiriictisiii'i  the  most 
iiiliiiiiian  tui'lures  n|)on  tlie  iii'isoners.  wiiuse  hleaeliod  skeletons  lini'd  the  a[)|iroa(.'li  to 
the  liirl.  and  al'ter  riotiiiir  in  deliaiieh,  they  had,  with  their  usual  iinpatieiiee,  ri'tiiined 
to  liieir  liirest  homes,  leiiving  (iiMR'nil  Forbes  to  iidvance  iiniiiolested.  and  aliandonin.; 
l)e  l,i"^iieris.  the  French  comiiianiler.  On  the  "Joth,  tin-  colinnii  adsanecd  in  tliree.  and 
the  |{iili.-h  llai;  was  triiiinphantly  planted  on  the  lint  liy  (ieiu'ral  Koihcs,  who  IicsIowimI 
upon  it  the  iianie  of  the  celeliriited  liritish  minister.  I'itt.  The  weslern  line  of  llic 
colonial  Irontiers  was  thus  advanced  to  the  river  Ohio.'  From  this  iiuriod.  Imlian 
warliire  found  its  principal  lield  of  development  west  of.  aim  lieyoiid  that  liordcr,  truly 
called  the  Kivor  of  the  IJeautil'iil,  by  tliu  Indian  tribes. 


'  Tlir   cii'lnirits  (if  tills   Wdi-il    iiro   tin'    lri«|iiiiis   I'xcl.'iiuiiliiiil,  uA,   lUnl    /",  ii   >iili<l;iMlivc'   liriiiiiiMtinii    ul'  tlio 
f'xi'laiuatiiiii  I'ur  tin'  lirMiilil'iil  in  m'uiici')-.      It  is  llic  Miiiii'  tiriii  liciinl  In  tlic  W'Miinldt  wnnl,  llMtai'-l.i. 


;ii:| 


i:l   m  I 


Mo.M  KNTol'S    l'j;illol>    or    INIMAN    IllSToliY 


CM  ATTKU    X. 


THE    IlloQUOIS     AllANDON    TUKIH    NKITIIAI,    POSITION     IN     TlIK 
WAR    BETWEEN    Till:    ENUMSJI    AND    I'KENCII. 


']'' 


:  ii 


At  tlic  victiifv  (ilitiiiiii'(l  un  I,iikf  ncoriic.  in  17")").  ii  vciiv  .-^o  disusti'oiis  to  tlio  British 
army,  tlu'  MoiiiiwUs  aioiu'.  of  tin-  «i.\  Iroipiois  ciintoiis,  wcio  present,  with  .Tolinson, 
tlieir  l)elnv<Ml  WarriiL'iii\iii;iiy.  and  two  hundred  vaniors,  lieaded  i)y  the  .uroat  Soienua- 
raiita.  A  far  j;reatt'r  force  liad  lucn  expected  from,  and  promised  hy,  the  Oneidas, 
( )Moiii|ML:as.  Cayuuas,  'I'lisearoras.  and  Senecas ;  hnl.  owin^;  to  tiie  inliui'ni'e  of  (lencral 
.Siiirley.  whose  act  apjiears  to  iiave  licon  dii'tated  hy  no  iiitriier  motive  tlian  personal 
envy  of  .lohnson's  rising'  |i()w<'rwith  tliat  peoph-,  these  tribes  witliiieid  tlieir  I'cspectivo 
(piotas  of  warriors.'  A  \a<'iiialiim  and  indecisive  polii-y  had  heen  pur.-ned  hy  them 
for  some  \ear^.  and  wliiie  they  were,  to  nse  synd)olic  lan,i,'na,LM'.  iri  the  chain  of  friendship 
wh'ii  llie  l'!ni;li>li.  and  iield  the  otiicr  ti'ihes  in  chet'i<.  in  conl()rmily  with  tlieii'  own  and 
I  lie  Itritisii  interests,  tliey  wire  iidicwarm  in  takinj:  the  Iield  as  the  auxiliaries  of  the 
Knijiisii  arnnes.  .loiinson  liad  endeavored,  soon  after  his  return  I'roni  his  conference 
witii  Hraddocli.  t.>  induce  a  body  of  iho  confederates  to  cross  tiie  Aliei^iianies  witli  tiiat 
ollici'r;  iiiit  they  e\;idi(|  the  proposal.  Cherisirmir.  from  ancient  times,  an  ill  ti'idiii'^ 
towiii'  -  Assar!i::oa.  ilieir  name  liir  tiie  (Jox'ernor  of  Virjiinia.  they  reiiarded  UraddocU's 
advance  as  a  \  iruiiiia  inoM'inent.  Tiiey  deemed  the  \'irL:inians  land  rohhei's.  who 
coveli'd  tiie  Ohio  !  alley  ;  and  tliey  were  siilliciently  good  diplomatists  to  hriiiii'  forward 
severid  weii;lil.  considerations  on  the  suhject.  Jt  hapi)ened.  while  this  negotiation  was 
pi'iidiiij.  that  tiny  fiirnislietl  .lohiisoii  with  messenu'ers  to  the  authorities  at  l''orl  Ciiin- 
lierlaiid.     'I'liese  Indi  oi  runners  were  tiiere  informed  that  a  parly  of  six  of  the  winiors 


sen 


I  out  hy  the  .Moha\vks  aj.ainst  thi'  Catahns.  hail  all  been  killed.    'I'liis  news  exer<ise(l 
-ucli   a  bad   elli.-ct  on   tlu;  council,  that   they   neither   promised    nor   furnished   aid   to 


IJraddock.  altiioutrh   tlie\-  did   not    jnin  the  Inilian    Wir 


Vi's  on 


the  Oiiio  t 


.\ot 


a  man  oT  llieir  p.'oplc.  who  bi.re  (he   hoiioreil   title  of  .Mini.''oes.  was  in  the  ba 


o    oppox'  Mini. 

ttl- 


ol     the     .Molinn'.;allila 


Ik'Ii 


raiiachari- -on,    called    the    ]lall-King.    and    iScaroo\atli.   hi: 
or.  evinced  thiou^liout  a  firm  friendship  I'or  the  English,  first  locally  pled'jvil  ti 


Washington,  during  his  perilous  j 


oiinieN .  m  1  I  ■)■>. 


y 


:if 


.\.  W    V.llk    lli.-t.    I'nr   ,    \-,,|      VII. 


■^--4!^ 


ri!  I'.ci:  1)1  N(i    tin;    coNfMKST    OF    CANADA, 


220 


\i 


<^A 


'I'lic  lr(H|ii(iis  li.iil,  iViiiii  till'  i'i-iiii>ir.>i  :mlii|Uil\ ,  ('iijn\  I'll  tlii>  ri'|iiitiiliiiii  ill'  i'liM|iii'nt 
(iriiti>r.«,  iind  cxiicrt  (li|il(imiitistM.  ISiit  .IhIiiimiii  was  nut  ii  iiinii  tn  ln'  da/.xlod  liy  woi'iIm 
ami  siii'i't'lics,  wliili'  llic  wci'^litii'i"  niiilirr  nl'  nrtiun  wiis  in  iilu'vami'.  In  a  fii'ni'i'al 
(•iinrcii'iiri'  with  till'  Oniiniiiii.i  and  iniirc  \vi'>ti'ilv  Iriin's,  ludd  .liinr  lOlli,  I7">7,  nearly 
twi)  U'ais  siilisi'(|ii('nt  to  ills  \  irloiy  iin  Lakr  ( ii'iirjiv,  in  uliirh  tin'  Muliawks  had  .••i) 
ii(il)ly  .su|i|i()rti'd  liini,  lie  alliidi'd  to  tliis  nialli  r.  and  iirnri'cdiil  lo  dispu.xc  nl'  .xiiniL-  nl' 
tlioir  diploinatir  siditci  I'liui's. 

••  Mri'tlurn.  yiin  toll  nn-  llic  reason  \ini  did  udI  niako  use  nl'tlii'  liatidict  I  .-iiai'iicnixl 
fill'  yon  last  Mnmnicr.  when  I  was  at  Onundajia.  find  at  wliicli  tiini'  I  also  painl'd  and 
i'l-atlicri'd  \oui'  wairior.-.  I'nv  ai'lion,  wa-.  hcransr  ymi  lianid  youiM'Ufs  in  daniivr  I'linn 
111!'  Missisavfas,  and,  thrrclini'.  wcri'  oMiiii'd  to  Irl  my  liatr'a't,  lay  iiy  ymi,  and  taku 
cai'r  III'  youi'M'lvi's. 

••  Urrtlirrn.  Tliis  is  tin-  liisl  tinu-  I  iia\i'  ln'ard  tlir  .Missi.sairas  were  yonr  I'nmiii's. 
and  I  am  sm  '  Imw  it  came  aliont.      It  is  Ijiit   two  years  airo,  at  tin'  ureal  meetini:; 

lieie.  thai  Vi(,  ..iiiuiiiit  down  tile  eliii  I'  man  amomisi  the  .Missisa.Lras,  and  iiitrodiii'eil 
Inm  to  mi' as  your  uivat  friend  and  ally,  and  told  me  that  he  and  his  jieople  were 
di'ti'i'inini'd  to  l()llow  tin-  example  of  the  Kive  Nations.  You  thru  di'sired  I  wniild 
treat  and  I'ousider  him  aeeordinuly.  which  I  did.  and  ^ave  him  [iresonts  tohis  satisfai'timi, 
and  he  took  lielts  Ikiih  nie  to  his  peiiple.  I'"iii'  what  I'eason.  thereliiie.  you  thiidv  your- 
selves in  danger  from  the  .Mis>isa,i;as.  I  eaniiot  I'omiirehend.  unless  it  is  from  some 
misunderstanding,  whieh.  I  hear.  ha[i|ienei|  in  the  woods,  some  I'ew  days  auo,  hetweeii 
SOUK'  of  Miur  |ieo|ile  and  them. 

••  IJrethieu.  another  rea-^oii  yon  uive  mi'  for  your  inai'li\it\'  is.  that  you  are  lew  in 
iiumlier.  and  you  daily  hear  yourselves  threatened  hy  your  enemies.  .\s  lo  your 
luunhi'is.  had  you  taken  my  ail\  ice.  uiven  you  many  years  aji'i).  and  often  repi'ati.'d,  you 
nnjiht  now  have  heen  a  slronii  people.  1  should  he  i;lad  to  know  who  thi'si'  enemies 
lire,  and  what  '^roimds  you  have  for  these  fears. 

"  Iiiethreu.  Mill  say  thai  the  Mnulish  would  fust  make  a  trial  auainsi  their  enemies, 
and  thai,  if  we  louiid  we  eoulil  not  do  without  you.  that  then  we  would  fall  on  you  for 
your  assistanco.  I  have  looked  o\er  the  ri'i'ords,  whuiv  all  iiuhlie  sjieeehcs  and  hiisiui'ss 
with  the  Nations  an-  faithfully  wmU'  down,  and  1  Iind  no  siieh  thin;:'  iheri'.  and  I  am 
\eiy  piisit!\e  yon  must  he  mistaken;  for.  from  the  first  mi'Otin;;'  I  had  with  the  Six 
Nations,  al'ti'i'  my  relurn  from  \'iruiuia.  lo  this  diiy.  1  liave  heen  eonslantly  eallinu'  and 
t'xliorlinii'  tliiMU.  as  eiiildren  of  the  (Jreat  Kin.;-  of  Mu'ilaud.  as  hrotheis  and  allies  to 
the  iMiiilisli.  to  join  and  assist  His  .Majesty's  arms  auainst  our  eommim  eni'my.  tin' 
French;  and  the  Six  Nations  ha\e  as  freipuiitly  assured  mi',  ihcy  would  act  with  us. 
and   lir  us;  and.  \ou  must   know.  \ou  have  a  ui'i'at   numher  of  helts  from  me  on  this 


ihieet.   1 


low   in  yonr    possession. 


You   tell   me.  tliuii'jli   \oii  dont   know   from  what 


(piarter,  that   you  expect,  in   a   few  months,  to  he  attacked  hy  some  enemy,  and   thai. 

preservation   requires  you  to  slay  at   home,  and   lie  on 


it 


\i\)l 


m  ii 


th 


lei'elore.  \oU    ihliik    \oiir  own 


^ 

.^.>. 


^  \^  ^ 


> 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


k 


// 


^/      ^«  >.^ 


^ 


1.0 


I.I 


|5o  ^^"   imH 
Jf  lis   122 

Sf  m 


140 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STRflT 

WnSTIII,N.V.  I4SM 

(71«)  072.4303 


'^ 


) 


j^ 


Mo.M  i;NT<tl 


I'KIMiili    oK    IM»IAN    IIISIORV 


\()iir  i:ii;iiil.  \Vliiit  liiiiiHlatiou  yoii  li:ivi'  liii'  all  tlicsc  fears,  so  lately  coiiit^  n\»m  you, 
\oii  lia\('  not  tlioiiL'lit  iiroper  to  iiil'oiiii.  me.  ami.  tliereti)re.  I  am  at  a  losn  alxiiit  it, 
( ,-|iiiiall\  us  I  iiiiiieistaiiil  se\(ral  [larties  ofyoiir  yoiinj;'  men  are  iione  a  liiiiitintr  to  tiio 
Miiilhwaril.  Formerly,  yon  tulil  mi'  tliat,  it' you  had  I'urts  hiiilt  at  your  towns,  and 
Mime  men  to  uarrison  lliem.yoii  miL:lil  then  go  to  war  uitli  }onr  hretliren.  the  Kii'ilisji, 


ami   not 


ilraid  of  \()in'  old  men.  \onr  wives  ami  children,  dnrin'_'  vonr  ahsen 


'lii'M-   furls.  tiiiMii:])  ^('r\■  ex'in'nsise   lo  tin'  Kini:.  your    Kallier.  were  aceordinirly  built 
ir  um.  ami.  if  yiMi  had  aiipiied.  you  mii;lit  h,i\(>  had  men  to  liiirrison  them.     iJrethren, 


MUM'  eiiiiilui 


■t    will,  in 


m\'  (iiinuon. 


'1' 


inear  \erv  urn; 


'.;rateful.  and   \our  reason  in '_'.><  verv 


me(in>i>l(nt  to  the; 


JUL 


your  Father,  and  lo  all  your  lirethren.  the  Knulish.  w  hen  they 
(■(ime   to  their    kiiowlediic.  as  ihev  soon  will  do;    wherefore   I   would    advise  \ou  to 


reeun 


sidrr  tile  malli'r.  and  I 


1K( 


it  into  \our  most  .-erious  eousideration. 


iJreihri'U.      You 


( 


aptani 


Montour  and  Captain  i5utler  hrouLdit  you  a  messa.ffc 
in  my  name,  that  I  e\|iceted  you  would  use  tin-  hatchet  1  had  |)ut  in  your  hamls  auainst 
the  Fnncli ;  th.it  the  message  was  laid  before  the  council  of  Onondaga,  who  said  they 
did  not  expect  >ueii  a  mcssaii'e  from  you,  as  the  ("ovenant  (Jhaiii  was  for  the  comtpon 
sali'ty.  lioth  of  us  and  \ou.  and  that,  il'  you  were  to  leave  }om'  country  uiijruartlod,  it 
miiiht  end  in  \our  destruct 


ion. 


Mretl 


ircu. 


Il  is  certain  the  Covemmt  (.'bain  was  made  for  oiu"  common  crooj  and 


^ili'ty.  and  it  is  wt 
nil/  till    S'l.i'  Xnlinii 


iiiii/  1 1 
II; 


.v/»»// 


/'  //(//  sliiill  liiirl  llii 


not  the  l''rciich  hurt  us? 


iuowu  to  you  all  that  it  speaks  in  this  maimer:    Tlxit  flu  /■.'nif/lsh 
s'nli  r  //i'  iii'-i  ins  lis  iiiir  j/t'<Ji  tiiiil  lilixul.  mul  thai,  irln  never 
llir  (illii  r  As  III  Jill  it  iitiil  in'riii/i'  If  '(<  //'  ilniii'  to  Iiniisi'lf, 
not  thi'ir  axe  in  our  heads?     .\re  they  not  dailv 


kiliiii'.;'  and   takiiiu'  our   people  away?     Have  not  some  of  yom*  nations,  both  to  tho 

some  of  voii.  bv  \our 


southward  iind  iiorthwaid.  joined  the  French  against  us?     Nav. 


own  coiuessioii.  na\e  L'oue  out,  li\'  \'onrseives.  am 


t  b 


d     St 


lUClv 


tho  Englisli.     Have  voii  not 


II 


ave 


now  .several  ol  our  |ii'o|ile  prisoners  amongst  you,  whom  you  conceal  Irom  me 

\ou  not.  Lastly,  sutfeied   the  Swegacbie  Indians  to  eomo  through  your  habitations,  and 

take  one  of  our   people    from   thetierinan  Flats?     fjct  me  ask  joii  now  if  all   this  is 


brethren,  and  whetlu-r  you  oiejlit  not  to  Im-  ashamed  when  you  put  u 


s  m 


behii\iic.^  liki 

mind   of  ijie  ('oM'uaut   Chain?     Surely  you   dream,  or  think    I   have    forgot   the  old 

a::ivemi'iit    lictwceu   us.  when   \()u  talk   in   this  manner.      I  take  \ou  bv  the  head,  and 


lOIlM'    \ol 


1  from  your  lethargy,  and  bring  you  to  your  ,se 


uses. 


••  Mrethren.  You  sav  you  must  take  care  of  your.selves.  and  not  leave  your  country 
uii'.;uarded.  When  mir  brothers  house  is  on  lire,  will  another  brother  look  ipiietiy  on, 
smoke  his  pipe  at  his  own  door,  and  say  he  (ant  liel[)  him,  because,  perhaps,  hi.s  own 
house  may  take  lire?  Does  the  (,'ovenant  Chain  speak  this  language?  Did  your 
forefathers  talk  after  this  manner?  Did  I  talk  ,so  to  you  when  the  Omuidagiis.  Oneidas. 
and  'I'uscaror.is  scut  me  word,  last  year,  that   they  expected   the  enein\-  were  coming 


upon  ilii'iii 


Did  Hill   I  and 


Miin 


•thi'eii    run   throii'jli  the   ice  and  snow,  at  two  or 


I'H  KCi;  I>I  N(i    THE    ('(>N(,Mi;S'r    UV    CANADA.  Lin 

tliM'i'  (lilli'i'i  lit    tiiiirs.  to  tlirir  iissisliiiu'i' '.'      W'Ih'Ii'.  jiiiil  wild,  ;ir('  lliiisc  fill  mil's  ymi  -o 
iiiiii'li  (IrcMil '.'      lii'l  lis   l<iui\v.  (Ill  Mill  wiiiit  our  a>.-i.--l;iiici' '.'   if  vmi   mic   in  iI.iiil:''!'.  wc 


know  tlic  Cuvi'iiiiiit   ('luiiii.  anil  will   lie   iciuh  to  ilcli'iiil 


or  liir  with   Mill 


W 


(■  won  t 


tell  Mill,  iii.ikc  oiK'  trial  iiy  yoiirscUcs,  uinl  tiiat  \vc  iiiiist  stay  lioinc,  ami  take  I'arr  of 
our  own  pri'scrv atioii. 

•■  Yciii  always  ti-ll  mu 'lis  for  our  inutiial  interest  jou  ij'o  so  oftoii  to  Caiiaila  :  I  am 
apt  to  tiiink  you  have  lirouitiit  these  alarms  and  tlie.se  fears  with  you  iVoin  tlicini' 

••  IJictiireii.  I  iiiusl  tell  you.  that  my  orders  from  the  Kiiit;.  miir  J'aihii.  ,mv.  lu 
lake  care  of  and  sujijily  with  necessaries  siicii  i;iiod  and  raithriii  liidiaii--  ;is  \Kill  ^m  i.iii 
ami  liuhl  lia'  iiiin  and  his  jieojile;  and  that  such  and  their  laiiilies.  iiiil\.  !i;i<  he 
eniiMiweied  me  to  arm.  clothe,  and  ])i'o\ide  for.  which  I  shall  conlmiii'  to  do  In  all  snrli 
as  will  1:0  out  u|)on  si'rvice ;  and  tho.se.  I  tlare  say,  will,  in  the  iiid.  liiid  they  !ia\i'  actiil 
more  lor  their  honor  ami  interest,  than  tiiose  who  stay  at  home,  and  siimke  iheir  iiijies. 

'•  lireihreii.  You  lia\e  assured  me.  that  it  i-;  the  unanimous  lesoliiiion  of  the  I'Im* 
Isatioiis  to  hold  last  the  ancient  Covenant  (,'hain.  maile  liy  our  liin  rallieis  nnd  vniirs. 
lirethrt'ii.  onr  end  of  this  chain  is  hriuht  and  stron,^-.  and  we  shall  not  lie  the  fir.-l  to  let 
it  tio;  hut  it  st'cms  to  me  that  your  end  is  j.n'own  M'r\-  rusty,  and.  without  'jicit  cue, 
will  lie  in  daniicr  of  living'  eaten  tlirmejli.  which  I  should  he  \ery  sorry  to  sec.  us  it 
would  he  the  means,  iilso,  of  e.stin^^nisliing  the  lire  here,  ;iml  oversettiiij  tic  'J'ice  ol' 
,<li.'ltcr." 


i 


,1  ;!■. 


*' 


•j:V.>  MoM  KNTOlS     PKIilnK    oT    I  MH  A  N     IllSTOKY 


CllAPTKK    XI. 

("LdSK    OK    TIN-;    \VAI{     1!V     I'lIK    <(>N  (.^  r  KST    O  K    CANADA. 

1  r  \v;is  till"  iiiilicy  nl'  till'  iJiitisli  cnlonial  •^iivrnniicnt.  in  iv'-t.ililisliinu'  a  ■jcncrMi  mikI 
ci'iitral  su|MTiiili'iiilciit'v  :il  Kmt  .Inliiiscui.  mi  llic  .Muliawk  ri\i'r.  iiol  diilv  to  altarli  iln' 
Six  Nations  .<tri)ni;i\'  In  ils  inlcri'sts.  lint  to  Lrovcin  tin'  »  iitiii'  Indian  coiintiv  liiion;^li 
tlicir  f\ti'nsi\i'  inlliiciici'  over  tiic  otiicr  i;ion|i-^  of  trilii'<,  'I'liis  L'ciicial  policy  Inid 
lit'cn  iinili'i'stood  and  cariiid  ont  liy  tlii'  colonial  i;-ovci-n(M's  oC  New  York.  IVoin  llic 
licuiiiiiiiiu;  of  tlic  century,  anil,  indeed,  dates  liack  to  the  hntcli.  as  it  was  ]iursucd  iiy 
tlicm  in  ll'iiil.  Trade  was  |iiinci|ially  condected  at  the  central  poinl.  .\lliany.  lait 
trailers  were  allowiMJ  to\i.sit  remote  plai'cs.  '{"lie  Ficncdi  tradeis.  finni  Canada,  olitained 
their  liest  suiiplies  iroMi  Albany,  and  the  intercourse  thus  estalilisheil  upon,  and  cianenti'il 
liv.  a  triple  interi'^t — that  of  the  trilies.  the  nierihants.  and  the  '.^ovei'uiii'j'  power  — 
liecanie  a  \er\  linn  IpoikI  of  union,  and  one  that  Liaiiied  ^livii'jth  liy  the  lap-"  ot'  time. 
The  inetajs.  woolIeiH.  ami  other  articles  nf  real  \aliie.  which  tiny  recei\cd  in  eNchaiiiie 
liir  their  I'nrs.  wc>re  -o  mm  h  siip>rior  to  the  products  nf  the  mile  arts  Hudson  found  in 
their  possession  in  liin'.i.  that  it  is  douhtfnl  e\en.  whether  at  this  period,  niaiu' 
renieniiicred  tliat  the  iriupiois  had  e\er  iiscil  -tone  kni\e^.  a\e<.  and  pipes;  made  lisli- 
hiioks  of  lioii"-.  awlsot'  deer's  liorn>.  or  cixikiiiL'  po|s  out  of  (day.' 

Milt,  allhomjh  a  trade  so  mutually  heiielicial  e-laliii>lied  a  liini  l'riend<liip.  and  the 
Lirowtii  ol'  e\er\'  ilecade  of  the  ctilonies  addecl  to  its  sti'iii'jth.  \et  it  was  not.  in  fad. 
until  the  aiiolitioii  of  the  power  of  the  Indian  Commissioners,  at  Alhanw  who  were 
tVeipieiitIv  traders  themsrlves."  and  the  transf.  r  >  ['  the  siiperinti'iidenc\  of  Indian 
all'airs  to  the  hands  ,,{'  .Inliiison.  tli.il  an  e|c\ale.l  ;iiid  true  n.ilional  fouc  was  'jiveii  to 
the  sxstein.  AVheii  .lohn.-oii  was  placed  In  tin'  pos>(--ion  of  power,  he  \  isited  their 
reniotest  \illa::es  ninl  ca-tles.  anil  liiiilt  -tockades  in  each  ot'  their  to\Mis.  to  serve  as 
places  (if  refuse  ii"  suddenly  attacked.  In  his  anxiety  to  control  the  AlL'ompiins.  and 
the  IJioiioudades,  ur  (,>na'.:hta'jii^.  he  had  \i-itei|  Detroi*.  .iiid  his  ajents  li.ad  scoiind 
the    Illinois,    the    .\Iiami.    the    Walrish    and    the   Ohio.    Iicllne    the    Kiiiich    Imilt    Fort 

'  Till'  vi'i'v  !iiilii|iiilii'S  nl'ili MMlrv  wrv.-  T 'i-'/MttiMi  ill  tw iitiirii"' :  .'iiiil  \\i   .-iri'  iiiili'liliii  tu  -.i  v.  rv  rnnlllc 

wriirr  III  llir  .■^iiiilli-ci|ii:iii  Triii-;i' liuii>.  Inr  Ii  iliiiL'  ii-  lli:it  llii<i.  nidr  :irts,  .iinl  M-lii.'is  nf  iiiiiiiiiij'.,  .irr  ilir 
ri'iiiiiiiis  ipf  iiiiciilit  iivili/;:itiMii. 

'.\    V.  lll-t    l»Mi-.,  V.l.  VII. 


I- 


; 


PRECEDING  THE  CONQUEST  OF  CANADA. 


■2:y.i 


Pii  Qiiosiic.  AVIicii  lie  cduld  send  them  mossii^cs  hy  tlic  |iii\v(.t  (if  tlio  Uin;j,  or  sjuMk 
to  tlniii  ill  his  CDiiiU'il-rooiii.  willi  tlic  vuie'i;  ul'  a  iiiii,:;-,  liu  li;iil.  iilso,  us  we  limy  iTiiiiily 
jHTitrivi'  lidiii  till'  rucorils,  ]iiiblisln'il  at  tiiis  hiti'  diiy,  tlio  jialL'iiiciit,  liniiiicss.  iiiid 
nriid<'iK'(-'  ul'  ii  l^iiiu:.'  No  one,  it  would  .sui-iii,  could  be  better  iidupted  to  give  solid 
ndvico  to  tlif  liidiiiiis  of  ull  tlic  trilK's. 

.loimsoii  did  not  limit  bis  uttciitioiis  to  the  Six  N';iti(jn.s.  After  tlie  defeat  oi'  IJriid- 
doiU.  the  entire  Iroiitier  line  of  iVMiiisylsania,  Miiryluiul,  and  Viriiinia,  was  left  unpro- 
tected, liivasinii,  ra[)iiK'.  and  iiiurdi'r.  were  tlie  eoininou  intiietioiis.  under  wliirli 
iiro!ine<l  tbe  entire  interinr  eoiiiilry.  from  tlu'  Oiiio  to  tbe  Sus(juebamia ;  and  not  a  farm 
could  III'  >ettli'il.  or  a  team  dris'eii  on  tbe  road,  without  iucurriiii;'  the  ri>k  of  death,  or 
ia|iti\ity.  These  murders  ba\int;'  been  chielly  attributed  to  the  Sbawnees,  and 
Delawari's.  w  ho  wi'i'o  still  located  oil  the  M)urees  ot'  the  Sus([Ueliaiiiia,  Johnson  em|ilii\(d 
the  lro((iiois.  who.  from  an  early  iieiiod,  exacted  alleuiaiice  from  them  as  a  coiii|Uered 
[leople.  to  summon  thiir  chiefs  before  him.  .\  (kdeiration  of  tlii'  ]iiiiici|;al  men  uf  these 
tribes  attendrd  ill  his  council  carls  in  the  s|iriiiL'  of  1 70^.  to  w  hoiii  he  iraNe  a  detail 
of  the  acts  com|'laiiied  of.  |ilaciiiLr  ibi.'iii  before  thini  iu  tlnir  just  bjht.  and  liiirwariiin^ 
them  ol'  the  inr\itablc  cons.(|Uenccs  wllicb  Wcuild  re.-ult  finlu  a  niietitioii  ul'  siicli 
iK'farious  acts,  and  that,  not  only  I'eiinsyUaiiia  and  .Maryland,  bul  all  the  iieiubborini;- 
colonies  would  be  aroused  ii.;.iin-t  them.  At  this  council,  a  dele::ation  of  Xanticoko, 
Coiiovs.  and  .Mohikaiidcrs  atlciiiliil.  w  ho  informed  him  that  thry  lived  at  UtsiniiiL'o,' 
ou  the  Siisi|Mi'iianna.  uhrri'  his  mesM'iii^crs  would  always  lind  them.' 

Addressiii'_'  thesr  nomadic  members  of  the  disintr^rated  and  fa>t-decayini:'  Ali;()n(|uin 
i;  roll  1 1.  as  he  did  the  li  cjiiois  in  the  lull  striuiiith  of  theii  .■onle'lerai'y.  ■lolinsoii  adoiileil 
a  line  of  arLiiiment  and  dijiloinacy  fouiuk'd  on  \\\.i\i  [)riiici|)les  of  national  |»ilil\.  and 
uuided  by  a  tnn'  csiimate  of  the  Indian  character.  He  lVci|iirntly  moved  their 
s\ui|iathy  by  an  Inilian  sMubol.  wbeiv  an  argument  would  lia\e  failed.  .\11  c;iuse<  n[' 
di>alU'ciion.  wlietbcr  arisintr  I'imiii  (|ne>tions  of  trade,  the  encroachments  ol'  settlers. 
iidiuman  murders,  or  Iroin  any  other  of  the  ii  re^ulai  ities  so  coninioii  in  the  Indian 
countrs.  were  handled  In  bim  with  calm  iudiinieiit  :  and  neod  ciHin>els.  and  the  most 
ellicieiit  praetical  remedies.  throui:li  the  means  of  aL;enis,  jireseiits,  and  money,  wi're 
judiciously  disiuiised. 


'CI 


le    \  ear  I  (  I.'  w  as   a  iinllian 


I    period    for   the    Hiitisli   arms.      IJraddoek,  fioudom 


iiirle\.   a 


lid    .\liereroinliie.   had.  re>heriivel\ .  exercised   their  brit'f  autlioritv 


lis  com- 


manders ol 


the  {{rliisb  I 


orces  III  .vnieriea.  ami  |ias>ei| 


from  the  sta::i'  of  aclieii.  leaviiiij; 


ar  field    for   ihe   indncUnn   of  a   new  mililar\   nolicN'. 


.\inher.-t.  if  iint   su 


rpas>;n:j 


his  predecessors  in  talent  and  eiieri;\.  was.  at    least,  more  fortunate  in   the  dispo>;t 
of  his  forces,  more  succe>sful   in  the  I'XeciUion  of  his   plans,  and   esiioi'iall 


loll 


especiallv  so  m   liio 


N,H  V..rlc  lli-i.  ('..11    l>..,..  \\.U.  \  .  II  ,  111.,  IV  .  \  ,  \"l  .  I.\, 


'  N..W  Hii.'jIiMiiij.lMii,  N    V 

Vol..  VI.  — ;;() 


\.vv  V. 


I \m1   \ii 


;  !■ 


Ill  I 


m" 


•::u 


Mo.M  KNTor  >     I'lllMoD    (d'    IMtlAN    IllSTuKY. 


(■lri'tii)ii  111'  hi.-  Lii'iicrals.  Till'  iiiilil;ii\  spiril  ul'  tin"  l>iili-li  iiiitioii  was  rmisi'il  ;  its 
in<'aii>  wcif  aiiipli';  ami  il-  (■iiiniiiainlii-^  iin'ii  ul'  the  liiL;lu'st  caiiacity.  Kraiici'  was 
aliiiiit  111  III'  Miliji'olril  111  a  tiHiiliiiii'il  allarU  mi  all  iiir  stroiiLiliiiliis,  wliie'li  woiiM  .-iiiiiass 
unvlliiiif:  lU'i'viuiisly  alli'iii|iti'il.  'I'lu-  I'liloiiia!  htriiL'.'lt'.  wliirh  IkhI  Iti'i'ii  innlraitril 
tliiiiiiuli  a  I'i'iiliirv  ami  a  iialf.  wa^^  alioiil  to  tcnniiiatc.  Tlic  Hi>t  .siii'('('s>riil  uiiM't  was 
niaiK'  on  NiaL'ara,  wliii'li  was  ivL;iilarlv  itoio-cd  liv  (iiiuTal  I'riilcaiix.  wlio  was  Uiili'il 
ill  OIK'  III'  llif  liriirlii's.  wliili'  I'liciiiira^iiiii^  liis  iiu'ii  to  iimri'  active  cMTliuiis.  TlirniivU 
this  casiiailv  Sir  Williain  .IhIiiimim  siiri'crili'il  In  tiic  cliirl'  niiniiiaml.  ami  vi'jiiruusiy 
jirDst'i'iitril  I  111'  jiiaiis  ul'  his  jirt'ilcccssnr.  hfaniiiij:  that  iviiiluri'i'iiu'iits.  ai'riiiii|iaiiii'il 
hy  a  liody  nl'  Imliaiis  I'rDiii  the  lakes,  hail  eiitereil  the  NiairaiM  valley,  ami  were 
niarcliiiiLT  In  the  ivliel'  (iC  the  lurt.  he  sent  airaiiist  them  ii  (letaehiiieiit  ul" 
tron|is.  tii.;ellier  willi  a  laiLie  linee  ul'  Iiu(|iiuis.  wliu  \aiiaiiliy  met  ami  ilelealnl  ihi.' 
elleiny.       lie    lliell    "lIlMlllulhil    the    lial'risuu    to    Slirrt'inler.    wllieh    n|ieiieil    the    uales    ul' 

the  lint  (III  the  liiitli  ul'  July.  Within  a  weeU  iVoin  this  time.  l.uiiislMirir.  wliirh  had 
heeii  invested  liy  Admiral  iJuseawen,  siiieiimhed  tu  the  military  ['I'liwess  and  iieruisni 
ul'  (leneral  Wult'e.  who.  liaviiii:  been  |iruiiiiiliil  lia'  his  uiil.intiy  in  this  sie:.:e,  ascended 
tlie  St.  l/iwieiice.  ami  ly  a  si  rirs  of  masieily  imiMiiiiiils.  CMiidiieteil  with  ::reat 
intie]iidily.  eaiitiiieil  (.^iieliec.  losiiijr  his  own  lili."  on  the  |ilains  of  Aiirahaiii,  where,  also, 
elilii'd  lint  that  nl'his  lirave  and  alile  luo.  Montealin.  The  eily  snrreiideied  on  liie  l-'itii 
ul  Sejiteinlier.  I).'  I,(\i.  Il  iiii  the  u|i|)i)>ite  |iuiiit  III'  the  ri\i'r.  vainly  attem|)ted  its 
reeuvny.  in  the  >|iiiiiL:  nl'  1  Ti'iil.  ( inu  ril  Mnriay  lidluwecl  l)e  Livi  n|i  the  valle\  ul" 
the  St.  Ijawrener  lu  Miinlreal.  ami  elleelid  a  landinii'  at  the  luwer  |iail  ul'  the  island, 
while  (ieiieral  AmheiM  and  a  lari;i-  re^iidar  linee.  toiietiier  with  Sir  William  .lohn.suii 
and  his  li'ii<|miis.  disiniliaiked  at  I, a  ('liiiie,  'I'lie  troii|is  on  the  island  made  no 
resistance,  and.  .\\l\i  its  eom|iiest  that  ul"  Canada  was  eom|ileIed.      Its  roteiitiun  hy  the 

Kimlish    was    une    ul'    the    rliirl'    results    III'    the    triMty    ul'    jieaee,    suon    after    culielllded 

lieiween  France  and  Kniiland.  'I'he  terms  lA'  the  ea|iitulalioii  included  the  smaller 
jiiisls  ul'  l,e  i?ieiir,  Ditruit.  and  .Alichilimackiiiac,  which  were  surrendered  in  the  \ear 
ITi'il. 


I 


Jl 


1 


Si:(  TKhN    TWKLI  i  II. 

1>I:RI()I)  IXTKllVFAMNG  KROM  THE  CONQLKST 
OF  CANADA  TO  THE  COAHI  KN CKMEN  T  OF 
THE    AMFnilCAN    REVOLUTION. 


(niAPTKK    I 


CIIANOIvS    IX    THE    UEr.ATrONS    OF    TIIK    INDIAN    THII5ES. 

Thk  I'lisniiPi  lil'tcf'M  vciirs  of  Indian  history  arc  orowilcil  witli  tlu'  records  of 
intcrcstini;'  r\cnts.  Tlu'  trri'at  ([nt'stion  unions  tlic  Indian  trilics  Imd  liccn.  '•  Is  17(10 
Eni,'land  or  Krance  to  rnlcV"  In  a  memorial  to  tlic  Stati's-fifncral  of  Holland, 
(latc(l  Octolur  llitii,  1(1  111.  it  is  ijnaintly  said  :  "  Tlic  Indians  arc  of  little  I'onsciincncc."  ' 
AViui iicver  jiowcr  jirevailed  was  de-lined  to  rule  them,  and  the  controversy  Avas  now 
(Iniwiii;.'  to  a  I'lose.  As  the  termination  of  the  strnL;-::le  aji|iroaclieil,  the  aL;cnts  of  the 
government  had  lost  their  [latieiice. 

'•  Ml-  nut  any  loiifrer  wheedled,  and  hlindliiMed,  and  imposed  on."  said  Sir  William 
Johnson  to  the  Iroquois,  ■•  hy  the  artl'nl  spocoiies  of  the  Fri-neh  ;  for  tln-ir  tonunos  are 
fidl  of  deceit.  Do  not  iiiiaiiine  the  fnio  clothes.  Jtc,  tln'y  uive  you.  is  out  of  love  or 
re.^ard  for  yon;  no,  they  mv  oidy  as  a  hait  to  catch  a  llsh  ;  they  mean  to  eiishnc  _\on 
thi'reliy.  and  entail  tiiat  cni'se  n[ion  yon;  and  your  ehildi'en  after  yoii  will  ha\'e  reason 
to  repent  the  day  yon  hejzot  them ;  he  assnn'd,  they  are  \-onr  inveterate  and  implaeal)|e 
enemies,  and  oidy  wish  for  a  dilVerence  to  arise  hetwoi'n  yon  and  us.  that  they  mi^ilit 
pnt  you  all  out  of  their  way.  hy  euttiuir  you  from  the  face  of  the  earth."' 

Champlain  founded  the  city  of  (Jnehee  in  UIOS,  adoiilini;  th(>  Al,i;-on<iniu  catcii-wurd, 


N.  Y   Cull.  Ilii-I   Doc.  Vol.  I  ,  |>  2(?!1. 


Now  York  Colniiiiil  History.  Vol.  V||. 


■  1  "i: 


'it '!" 

ill 


II 


L' :'.(! 


FijdM  Til  i:  <'()X<»ri;sT  of  pwada 


':  '■! 


■Pi- J 


h'/ii/,:  ■■inko  cnn'  ot'tlic  Vdcli." '  ;i<  llh-  ;ii)|iflliitiv('  for  llic  nuclcii.-*  nt'tlii'  fiitin'c  ('!ii|iir<' 
nf  till'  I'Vi'iicli.  One  liiiiidrcd  aiu)  tiftv-two  years,  iiiiiikctl  liy  contiiiiial  strili'.s  uml 
iicjolKitions,  plots  iiiul  (•iiiiiitcr|)lots,  Imtilfs  and  iimssacrt's.  all  lia\ini;  lur  tlicii'  oliicct 
siilprciiiacy  over  the  Indian  Irihi-s.  hail  now  parsed  away.  \V(iirc  and  Monti-alni  wciv 
lintli  di'ad.  Tlic  cnipiri'  ol'  New  Krancc.  rcacliing  IVoni  the  S(.  Lawrcnci'  to  tlic  (Inlf 
(if  .Mexico,  would,  tlieni-et'ortli.  onh'  liavc  a  plaee  on  llie  pa^jvs  ol"  history,  liut  had 
tile  Indians  (leri\eil  an\  advanta^re  iVoin  the  eontt'st  ?  llail  they,  in  I'ael.  strnjii^ied  li>r 
an\  iletinite  position,  or  had  they  only  fouijht  on  the  slron;.^('st  side.  antieipatinLT  better 
U"aj:e,  inoi'i'  liicrati\c  trade.  ;;i'eatii-  iiindni'ss.  or  nioie  evt'ndiande(|  justice.  IVoni  one 
])aily.  than  was  to  \>r  ol)tained  IVoni  the  otliei'.'  Was  this  hope  well  delined  and 
pii'inanenl.  oi'  did  it  lluc(uate  with  evi'i'y  eliauiic  of  |!)i'tiMie.  with  the  prowess  of  evi'i'V 
warlike,  or  with  thi'  tact  ol  excry  ei\ie.  character  who  timl  thelieldV  l>id  the}'  not 
vacillate  with  every  wind,  heinjr  steady  oidy  in  the  preservation  ol' ihcT  cliaini'lt'on-like 
(diaracler.  true  when  raithlnlness  was  their  only,  or  supposed,  interest,  and  fidse  or 
treacherous  when,  as  iVeipiently  happened,  ihe  enrrent  of  sue<'ess  (diantred '.' 

'I'wo  proiuini-nt  neui'ia  ol'  Indian  trihi's  csisird  in  the  north  and  west  from  the 
earlicsi  settli'nient  ol  the  colonies,  nainclv.  the  .Vliionciuius  and  the  Irmpiois.  'I'he 
ALoiiipiins  irusle(l  to  the  French  toenalile  them  to  prevent  the  KuLrlish  from  occupyin;^; 
their  lamls.  '("he  lro(piois  juokcd  to  the  Ku'.dish  for  aid  to  keep  ilie  French  olf  their 
jiossrssions.  Wlu'U.  after  till'  lonu'  siniLiLile  was  ovi'i'.  ;ind  the  Kn.;lisli  linalU  pre\ailiil. 
the  Indian  allies  ol'  ihe  Frriicli  coulil  hardls  reali/.^'  the  fact.  '["he\  did  not  think  the 
kinij  of  France  would  'ji\i'  u]i  the  contest.  ;ifier  havinji-  huill  so  many  liu'ts.  and  fouuht 
.xo  many  liatlle>  to  maintain  his  position.  They  disco\eri'd.  however,  that  the  F'reiudi 
luid  lieen  ileli'ated.  and  tlie\.  at  length,  hecanie  aware  that,  with  iheir  o\erthrow.  the 
Indian  power  in  America  had  also  departed.  The  tnhesof  the  lar  west  ami  north  were 
rccpured  to  'jIm'  their  assent  to  what  was  done,  w  liieii  tliey  diil  urud'jiuLily.  Tiie  name 
of  .'^.\(; ANosii  had  feeii  so  loiiL''  Scouted  1 1_\  tlieni.  that  it  appeared  to  lie  a  L:reat  hardship 
to  succumh  to  till'  Fuylish.  X.\iiow.\.  the  .VlLiniiipiin  name  lor  lro(piois.  hail  also,  from 
the  e;irliest  tinie~.  lieen  a  word  ofl'earful  import  to  the  westeiii  Indians,  and  their  shout 
■was  sullicieni  to  make  the  wai'riois  of  the  striunicsl  \illa'_'es  lly  to  anus,  while  their 
families  hid  in  swam[is  and  fastnesses.  ]>oth  the  fiuLilisli  and  the  IriMpinis  were  now 
in  the  ascendant. 

In  a  rc\ie\\  of  tie-  history  of  this  period,  it  will  he  fonnd  that  nine-tenths  of  the 
western  Indians  were  in  llie  French  interest.  'I'he  Shawnei's.  e\er.  duriiii;-  their  nomadic 
.--late,  a  \enL:erul.  resiles^,  piafnlioiis.  ,nid  cruel  people,  had  leji  central  I'cnnsyl vania.  as 
early  as  1  T-W'.t.  in  company  wilh.  or  prccedim;'  the  Delaware-,  .\fier  the  defeat  of 
IJraddock.  and  down  to  thi'  cjo-e  nf  \Va\ne's  war,  in  IT'.*!,  tlnir  tracks,  in  the  Ohio 
valle\-.    liad    heeii    marked    with    !)loi.d.      The    Delawares.   durin-    tin'    \ear    1711.  and 


'I'lii'  HiaiT*  el'llif  .St    l.aHrtiiif.  .'it  ilili  ij.lr,  run  >\\ilil\  iii;:iiiisl  ]i:!il  uf  thr  ruckv  sluire. 


u 


T(»  ■nn:    \Mi:i!ir\N   i;  !:\ oi.tt  inx.  •.•:;: 

Milisc^iiui'iillv .  wi'i'r.  in  tnitli.  ilri\iMi  rimii  rriiii;il  l'ciiii-\  l\  Mii'iM.  mil  li\   tin"  (.(iml^crs.  Kill 

li\    till'  lirlii'  Mini    illiliilllilillili'  Cc'llii'  Mllil  S:l  Null  lie  nil  III-.      I '  ll|i  ill  1111:1  |rl\    \i>y  tlii.s   |ii()[i|r. 


',lic\-  liail  till'  iciiiitaliuii  111'  >iiliii'i  willi  llii-  I'Vi'iicli.      Al'lrr  tin'  n 


till'  I 


roiinuis.  wild  hail  miri'  lirlil  r»wiis'  ovi'T   llii'  wlniii'  riiiii>i'  nl    tin'  >ii<i|Uriiaiuia.  Ilii 


•ii'  III'  ( 'iiiia>li 
1. 


hark  111  Oiiriihi.  anil  uIIh  r  kiinhi'il  ciuiIdhs.  'I'lial  |iiii  linii  nT  tin'  \\i>liiii  lnii|niii.-  w  Im 
liiiii'  till'  iianii'  nl'  .Miii::iirs.  ami  \M'rr  mn'r  iiinli'i'  tin'  iiili'  nl'  'raii;n-liari->'iii.  iIm-  liall'- 
kiiiL'.  and.  miI)si'i|IH'iiII\  .  lA'  Si'arnii_\aili.  wri'c  sii>|ii'('ti'il  nf.  ami  cliiuLiril  with,  iinriiiinl- 

iaiika^liaw  >.  ami 


liinss.  al'liT   till'   ."lainl    takiii    li\    Lniraii.      'I'lii'   iimni'inns    .Miaiiiii>.  I' 


\Vra>   nf    thi'    \V 


:ilia>li.    wi'i'c.   all   iiiiliii.   I'l'irmlh 


In    llir    Fivinll.       Till'     W 


\aniliil-.   nr 


llninii-.  nrSamlil>l\V  ami   hi'liml.  ulm  Innl  lnni  iliisili  mil   li\    llii'  liui|iiiii«  \uili  'jiral 

I'liTN .  ami  \v  Im  limk  ^InliiT  aiinnij  I  lir  i'lriirli  ami  llir  l''rrin'li  liiiliaii>.  Innl  al^^a\  ^  I ii 

liii.-tilr  In  ilic  I'liiL'li.-ili  I'niniiii's.  'I'lir  iiiiiin'ruiis  ami  w  i(li'-s|irt'a(l  t'aiiiilv  nl'  till'  ( 'lii|iiii'\\as. 
Ollawas,  ami  I'nttawattaiiiirs.  hail  I'siTli'd  a  vci'v  viirii'il  iiilliii'iRi'  mi  tlic  Kiii:li>li 
I'rniltii'is. 

'runiimr  niir  iin|iiirn's  In  lln'  llliiini>  Irilir'^.  li;nl   tln'v  mil.  rrmii  tin'  rnnnir.-i    limi's. 

rnlinil  tlirir  \\nr>t  Inrs  ill  tin'  I  rnijllnis '.'  i''nr  tlii>i  i  111' iriiiat  inll.  n  Hl^illl  l^aSalli'  ami 
,Maii|m'll('.  'I'll!'  I'riiria>.  lln'  Cahnkia^.  ami  llm  Ka>kii>i\ia<.  hail.  Irniii  lln'  tii>l 
ili^i'iivt'i'v  of  till'  I'liniitry.  iliall  with  l''iviirli  tr.nlris.  ami  ui'in  tliniijht  In  lir  iinliiii'<l 
with  Frciii'li  |iniiri|ili's.  'lln'  W'iiim'iia'jni  -  nrdiviii  lla\.  ri'|iir>rntiii;^'  llir  hnlil  |ii'aiiii' 
tiilirs  III'  till'  Daluitah  -Ini'k.  wi'^l    nl    lln'    M  i-~!->i|i|ii.  al  1111  |iiTinil  wiTi'  mil  till'  Irii'inl- 


thn   K 


liiliinali'  irlaiiiiiis  iiail  hcvii  niaiiitaiiii'il  with  ihr  i\irka 


[iniis.  ami  w  ilii 


till' wamli'iiiiL:  Irilii'-^  nl' tin'  Ma-ki'.;'ir<.  hy  tin'  Wrriii'li  iiii.->iniiaiirs  ami  Irailrrs.  .\iiinnj 
all  till'  Aljniii|inii  triliis.  lln'  l-'usrs  ami  thr  ."»auks.  wlm  hail,  in  ITIlJ.  a»ailri|  tin 
Kri'iii'li  Ini't  at  Drlrnil.  witi'  till'  niily  i'm'niir>  nl  till'  I'lriii'li  :  ami  tliry.  prrx  inns  tn  tin 

(■om|lli'st  nfCaiiaila.  hail    lirill  illi\i'n   In  llir    l''n\   rwry  nl'  WiMnlisill.       On   thr  Wrst.  tin 


1-' 


•I'llCll   \vi 


re   ill   alliaiii'i-  wilh    tin-   ( >s 


.M 


issninii's.  l\a 


nsa-i.  (,Jii;i| 


las.  ami  ( 'ai 


ami.  DM  til  '  Miiith.  with  thr  ( 'InTuki'i's.  Clnirlaws.  ami  .Mn<c 


All   till'  iii'i'i's<ar\    arraiiurnniils   tnr  lakinii 


|iii~si'<'-in 


ijiird   |p_\    till'    l''r 


vni'li.   wi'i'i'   |irnin| 


niijilU'  ami    I'llirii'iill 


n      '    liii'   inililai'S'   |ins|^   lalrU' 
:i  ;i'    li\     ( ii'lii'ial     .\lllhrlst. 


Niiiirara  lia\  in;.'  lirrii  uarrisnm'd  rrniii  tin'  linn'  nC  ihr  rcim|iirsi,  ( 'aiitaiii  IJuiliirrs  wa.><  m'iiI 
llii'iu'c  Id  Di'trnit.  ill  I7(il.     'I'liis  di'tarliini'iil  wa-^   t'nllnui'il    li\   ."^ir  William  .IhIiiimhi. 

(he    SniM'rinti'iidi'iit-dciioral   nl'    Indian    allair.-.    wlm   pla I    tin'   iiilrii'iiiiisi'    wiih    lln- 

Indians  nn  a  iirn|ii'r  Innlinj.     iinil'j^i'rs  altrrwanN  ]iriiri'rili'il  In  .Mii-liiliinai'kinai'.  wlirri' 


lis  |)rii('i'i'din;.'s   siiliji'i'ti 


d  him  In  si'Ncri- crnsiiri'.'      Knri- (  haiin-.  \  iiiri'init'-i.  I'lcsnin 


Jslc.  ami  tin;  otlicr  iniimr  posts.  wiTi-  L'anisoiu'd  liy  Kir.;lish  tn)n|)s.  'I'ln-  Indians  wni' 
^;till  niiinci'iiiis.  alllum.nh  they  had  snIVi  red  jiivatly  in  tli(>  war.  Tiic  liidian  trado  yet 
ii'iiniri'd  arraiiLTi'iiicnt.  and  the  inmmamlinjr  olVu'i'i's  nf  tlii<i'  isnlatid  wcstiTii  |insts,  al  all 


liiiK's  had  far  muri'  mnl  nl'  thr  cnmisrlsnl'wisdnm.  than  nl'niilil.arN 


trriii:th.  and  ri'i|niiri 


iiinrr  skill  in  thr  arts  nf  Indian  di|ilnniary.  than  in  tin-  arti\r  diitirs  nl'  thr  lirld. 


.N.vv  Viiik  lli-i   ('..luii.il  l)>ii-.  Viil    VII. 


!i  :    Hi: 


IH 


i!':: 


* 


i'ih' 


j:'.«< 


itoM   Till';  cttNtjr  i;s  T  hk  (■an\i>v 


(Ml  ATTKH    II. 

W  Ml    WITH     Till;    rilKKOKMKS. 

WiiiiK  \\\<-i-  riincl:iiii('iit;il  (•liaiiL'r>'  wiTi'   liikiiii'   |il;ii'('   ill   til''   nliitiinis  nii'l 
ITt'i*        I  r(i.«|p(i'|>  iifllir  iinrllii  Til  trilirs.  tlicM'  cf  llir  >.pui1i  irm  limil  i|Mi(>cciit.  ii'l\i!i.r 

111!'      SCc'lllilV     nil       till'      |1(P\\IT      dt'     tin-       i-'ri'lll'll.         'I'lll'     ClllliikcrS,     lit     tilill     tillll', 

(ic  '11  pin  I  the  iiiliTini-iir  South  <':ii-ii|iiiii.  cMt'inrni-  I'loiii  tlic  iirul  wiitci  m  i|'  tin'  S;i\;iiiiiiili. 

:ill<l    it-   |il  illi'i|i;i|    lilMlirli.    till'    Isciiwri'.   iliTii-.-  tin'    A  |i|iularlli.lll    ciiaiii    In  tin'   'I'iIIIIcsmt. 

thru  (■iijifil  till-  ('InTipkcf  river.  KitluT  iii.'.tisjaliMl  liy  vmhii.;  niiiiiM'l-.  <<y  iiKJiibjiiiir 
llic'ir  iialiirai  |iiiic'ii\  itii's  liir  rapine  and   iiiiinler.  tlie-e  Inilian-   liail  ennunitlril  M'Veral 

olltrrji  «  (III   tile  iVolitii  |-  -eltleliieiil-  ul'   tilis  |irii\ilire.       At    tile    cld-e    <>['  llie  _\ear   I7-V,t, 

( l(i\eniiir  i.illli'iciii.  Iia\  inu  nlilaiiied  Ire  mi  tlie  le'^i-l.iime  Miilliciiii  \  In  lai-e  a  lariie  Imil  v 

(if  men.  wilii   wliieil   to  lirill'l    the  Iriiie   tn  tellll-.   pri'lllptl_\    lliaicheil    illtii    liie    < 'iieldi^ce 

((iuiitr\  at  the  head  n\'  Mill  prn\  iiu  iai-.  ami  •'<i"  regular  li(i(ip-.  Tlils  iiieiir-idii, 
f^iicit'tMlin:;.  as  it  (li(L  a  Innu  pei'i(i(i  of  inaeti\it_\  and  >iipiiiene>-^.  .-.d  much  intimidated 
and  snrpfiseil  the  trihe.  ihat.  heiie:  then  eiitirelv  niiprepaicil  tor  upen  w.ir,  they 
(lid  lint  iie-itate  to  Mle  liiT  peace,  which  wa-  ■granted  tllelll  ill  too  niiieh  ha.-^te.  \\itllollt 
understanding'  tlie  true  nature  ol'  iji.-  Indian  ciiaracter  aii'l  polie\. 

At  tliis  time  the  leiritoiy  ol'  the  <  IkkiIu  (■-.  esteiided   I'loin    l'"ort    Niiietv -Si.\,  on  tin? 

Caidlina  tVoiiti'is.  and  Fort   I'rii (leoi'.'e.  on  the  Keowee  lirineli  ol  tile  ."^  ivaiinaii,  to 

tiie  main  soinces  ol'  tliat    ii\er.  ,aiid    aero-s   tiie    App.daciiian   ciiaiii    to.  ami   down   the 

( 'iieii.kee.    of    'I'elllies.-ee.    ri\el'.    and     it>     .-olll  lielll     hi'ailcllo  —  a    eolllltrs     ivplele    wilil 

ail  tile  resources  re(pii-ile  ill  Indian  life,  posxvsiiii;  a  (ieliL;hirnl  elimale.  and  alioinidiiii^' 
ill  I'ertile,  >yl\aii  salle\s.  Tiie  tri'if  lia.s  Ikmh  accused  (if  opeiatiin:  a'jainst  the 
sdiithern  IVdiiticr  under  the  inlliieiieo  oi'  the  l-Veiich,  wild  .-iip|ilii d  them  with  iiniis 
and  anniuinitidii. 

'I'he  treats  concluded  witii  (io\-ernoi   Littleton,  r(  lets  to  certain  articles  of  amity  and 

r(jminerce  entered    into  with     tiie>e    people.  ;[{    \Vhilelian.   ."^epteln  lier  7.    I  T-'IO,  a.s  Well  as 

to  another  pacilicalioii  of  \o\inilier  I'.',  ITVs,  ami  tiieii  proceed-,  with  liie  precision  df 
tlie  leiial  phraseology  of  the  old  hhn  kdetter  lawMi-.  to  rehear>e  jrievanees  of  a  later 
(late,  ilir  nil  wiiieli  traiisvires.-ion-  tiie  trdie  -tipiiiales  to  niake  amends,  and  pidiiii.-es 
future  L'ood  con(iiict.  'I'liev  iictnally  deli\ere(|  up  iwo  ( 'lierol'.ee.-  \v  iio  had  commiiled 
murders.  piuiiii>e(|  tiie  suriX'iider  of  twenty  more,  and  jrasc   tweiitv  of  tlieir  principal 


Tu    Til  i;     A  M  i;i!  MAN     I!  I',  VuH   TloN, 


•j;'.it 


fllirl's,   !1>   lli»l:ii;i'.x   tiir   llic  'lllr   |ifrli'rMl:ll r   till'   lil'lll-.  Ill'   till'   llTUty.       Til   llli-   lipllii.il 

ili>i'iniii'iil  iIji'  ui'i'iii  I'liii'i'  dl'  till-  iKilioii,  Atial\iill;il\iill.i,  mihI  Iim'  ciihi  r  |it  iiii'i|>al  iliii  I'-, 

hi|l>-cijllrn||\      ;illi\ii|     llicir    ll-'i'lll     all'l     ^IIIUiinlN.        'I'lli-    lllllltt'r     lirllli;'    lin'i  i|ll|ili"ln  il. 

(iiiviiiioi'  liittli'tdiM'i'turiH'il  vnIiIi  111"  iinnv  to  (liarli^tui,  ami  llir  lii'lian^.  altii' a  >li<iit 
liiiic.  n'l'oiiiiiU'iK'cil  tlirir  iii'|ii't'ilatiiiii>.  It  lian  liccn  it'iiiarUi'l  l>\  .M.iioi'  .Maiit<-.  iLal 
"llii'  liiiliaii>  ai'f  <>l   >iu'li  a  (li^^iiortilitni.  that  iimIchh  tlicv  rcnllv   li''  I  ihr  iml  of  cliasli^i- 

lllrllt,   tlli'\    iMIIIIiil    III'   |irr\aliri|  iili   In  liillt'M'   llial   \\r   lia\i-   llii'   |io\\i'l'   tu   illlliii    it  :   ailil. 

ai'ciii'iliiiulv,  \\lii'iirM'r  tlii'\  lia|i|ii'iiri|  t.i  lie  tittat'kcil  Kv  ii>.  mi|iir|iarri|.  iln'x  liail 
iciMiurM'  to  a  liralv  nl  |mmii'.  a>  a  Miiild  Iiil:!',  wliii'li  ;ja\c'  tin  iii  liiin'  to  cnllrci  tlnii- 
M'lvi's.  Tliiii,  willi'iiii  till'  li'aft  ri'.;ai'(l  to  tin'  ImiitN  nl'  [lulilic  lailli.  tlicv.  on  the  lii-t 
i>|i|i(iriiiiiit\  .  ri'iicwcil  llii'ii  (lc|>iiilatiiiii-.  NcLioliatiiiiis.  ami  liratirs  cif  |iiaii'.  ilii'\ 
ili'spisi'il  ;  XI  llial  till'  <>iil\  liii|M'^  to  liriiii:  tu  icaMiii  their  iiitiai'tiMc  iiiiinls.  ami  nl' 
iiialviii'^  thi'iii  afkiiuwiciLc  inii'  .-iiiii'iimnN .  ami  \\\r  in  lVi('ml>iii|i  with  us.  iiui>l  aii>.' 
rnnii  the  .scscrilv  nl'  (■ha>li.-<t'iiifiit." 

I.illliloii  hail  MMi'ri'lv  I'i'liinicil  Iimiiii'.  wjini  ihr  ( 'IhthIvit,*  iTiicwnl  thi'if  liiva'.'i'S. 
'I'lii'V  altarkril  w  ilh  Lii'rat  liiiv  ihi'  .-i'tll''iiiriit  nl  iiiiii^' < 'aiir-.  .-|iariiiii  iirilhrr  |ilaiitir. 
lattli'.  liiiiiiliiii;*.  wniiicii.  iinr  ihiliii'  n.  'I'lh\  \Mi'c  [larlinilaiiv  M'Min  nn  Kii;^li>h 
li'ailiTs.      'I'lii^i   allaclv    \va<    Mili>r(|iu  nil_\    in|MMlri|    hy   a   party   nl    'Ji'd    wariinis.   whn 

(Nli'mlril   thrir  iii'|ircilatinl|s  in  ih''  llnliS  nl'   till'    lilnail   li\i  !■.  wiiiTi'    ihny  SMIjni^ril    ainl 

killcil  liirlv  iiirii.  Iii.-i|iii  iti'd  li\  tli'ir  siici'i-ss  thi'\  iiiaili-  an  atlai'k  nn  Nim'ty-Sis.  Imt 
ihr  lint  |irn\iii'j'  Inn  >tinn-:.  llav  prnci  I'lii'il  In  ihn  Cnnvarri'.  sinTailiii'i  ili'\  a^talina  Imih 
li\  lirr  ami  swniil  ai'niuiil  lie m.  I,ill Irlnii.  on  tlii'  rri'ri|it  nl  ihr  i'ailii'>t  news  ul' thi'M' 
iniiiilmns.  sent  an  e.\|ire--i  tn  (leneial  Aiiiiici'.-l.  asking'  Inr  I'eiiirnreenu'nls. 

On  the  JMli  nl' l'"elirnar\ .  1  TtiO.  the  (  hi'rnkees  assenilileii  arnnml  Fm't  Prince  (lenv.'c. 
nn  the  Kenwee.  anil  aiirni|ileil  tn  ^ui'|iri.-e  ii.  While  the  i;iirri"^iin  was  '^a/in!;'  at  tlie 
Inrce  IVnni  I  lie  ram  |ia  rl  >.  a  nnlrtl  ehii  I',  ealleil  Oeunnasln.  aii]irciaelieil.  ami  ilesii'eil  In 
speak  t(i  Lieutenant  Cnytninri'.  the  cnnnnanilant.  whn  ai;reeil  tn  meet  him  nn  the  hanlxs 
lit"  the  Kenwee  riser,  whither  he  wa-  aeemnpanieil  liy  Knsii;n  Iiell.  ami  Mr.  Ceharty. 
tin-  interpreter.  Oeninni.-'tii  saiil  lie  wi-lieil  tn  im  ilnwn  anil  see  ih"  ( linernnr.  anl 
reiplesteii  tiiat  a  white  man  lni_'hl  lie  ulnweil  tn  aeenmpany  him.  'I'his  inplesl  heiier 
a-senteil  tn,  he  saiil  In  an  Imiian.  -(in  ami  ealeii  ,i  Imrse  liir  ine"  'I'hi.s  was  nliierieil 
In;  hnt  the  eiiiel'.  inakini;'  a  I'eint  inniinn.  carelessly  swnm:  a  hviille  which  Ic  lieM. 
three  tiims  arnnnd  liis  lieail.  'I'lii-  lieiic^  u  secret  siLinal  In  men  lyinu'  cnncealeii. 
a  volley  was  instantl\  pnuml  in.  which  nmrtaily  wnumleii  ( 'nyt  inure,  whn  recci\eil  ii 
hall  in  his  lircast.  ami  inllicteil  ileep  llesh  wnmuls  on  the  ntiicrs. 

'I'hi-  treachery  arnuseil  ihe  inilii;iiation  of  Kn^i'jn  .Miln.  cninnnimlinu'  the  uarrison 
ul"  the  I'Dit.  who  (leterniineii  to  pnt  the  twenty  Cherokee  liostaucs,  and  also  the  two 
inurdei'ers.  in  irons.     ]>nl  the  lirst  allenipt  to  si'i/e  the  assas.sjns  was  instaiith-  ivsisto(l ; 


M:inl.''s   llistiirv  of  llir  l.;ilr  W a\    in  .N.nlli   At 


1'.  J*a  :    I.Hii 


1.11.   11 


i    I 


m 


1:!'^ 


hi 


i' 


•J  J.I 


ri?oM  Till'  <'nNQrrsT  <•!•'  cava  da 


'    I 


till-    siiMliT    wIhi    \\;|w    <Ii'|ii||i'iI     In    i  lln'l     it     U  |<»    liltliallllW  Im'iI    {(||(|     IoIIciI.    ;in.|    Mlinllur 

i)!i"  \MMiiitliil.  'I'll!"*  Ml  t'\a«|H'r,itri|  ilii>>i'  uitliiii  ilii-  I'liri.  llial  nil  llic  Imxli'ji's  witc 
iintiii'iliali'lv  put  toilritli.      In  iIm' r\  iniir.' tin'    liidl  in^   lii'<'<l    twn  !<i'.'nal   '.'iiiii   Itrliirii 

till'  liii'l.  aii'l.  I'ciii'.'  i'.'iiiiriiiit  nl'  liic  III  iiiiH'i'  III  xvliirli   tin'   IhwIml'''!*  Iiail   Im'cii  ili«|ii 1 

ol. -Iiiiiilc(|  |.i  ilii'iii.  ••  Ki'jlit  slrnii^r  aiiil  M'li  .»liall  In'  aiilcil."  Tli.-  work-  xm  ri-  linii 
iiivotcil,  ami  an  in'i'u'iilar  lire  niaiiitaiiicil  all  ni'.'lit,  >vitli  Imt  littli- fOict.  On  >i'ar<'liiiii; 
till'  rooiii  xvliii'li  liail  liccn  nt'ciipitd  li\  llic  li(i»tii^'<'x.  hi'vitm!  Innialiawks  were  rnmid 
lait'ii'il  ill  till-  '.'I'll)  1 1  III,  uliicli  iiail  lioi'ii   "tcaltliilv  i-nmt'Mil   (n  the  |iriMiii)rr<  liv   tlii'ir 

X  i'ililli:  ll  ir|lil«. 

.Mi'anliiiii'.  Amlicrxl.  iimiicilialclx' on  tlir  riM'i'i|it  nl' (Idmi  ihpi'  Lilllitnii'^  r\|iii~  •  li;nl 
ili'viialrhi'il  III  IiIn  relit  I'  I'll  III  lii^'lilai'drrs.  ami  an  rijiial  iiinnlii'r  nl  ItuxaN,  iiihIi'I' 
Cnlniiil   Miiiiluciiiicrx .     On    iiacliiiiL'  <'liaili'>liin.    .MiiiitL'uincrx    iiiiiiiiiliali'lx    Innk   tin- 

iiijil.       'I'll.'  crl>  I  ilX    (•!'    Iiis  liiiixmii'lll-  .1  ■  lill«l    llli'  <    licidkccs  tnilk    tln'lll    i'ii|ll|i|i'tfl_\    liv 

Miilii'i-i'.  Oil  till'  "Ji'illi  111  Max  111'  ivailii  il  l'"iirl  Niint  \ -Six.  aii'l.  .1  uin'  I.  jia-inl  tin" 
Txxrlxi'  mile  I'laiii'li  111'  ilir  K'lixxri'.  xvilli  liis  liair'-'a,i:i'  ami  >tnic'>.  ami,  runxcx  iii'j'  llifiii 
lip  aimi/iiiLil^x  rnik_x  >|i'i  jk.  1ii'  pii-linl  nil.  iiiLiliI  ami  ilax.  iiiarrliiii'.'  ci^litx-liiiir  iiiili'.'< 
ill  I'lMi' takiiiii  a  iii'^iil's  ri>i.  Ilaxlii'j-  pii'LircvM'il  I'mtx  iiiilr-  I'lirlln'r.  lie  cniistriii'lril  a 
caiiip  oil  an  i'ii:jililr  sill'.  amliiii\  iiiir  lii"  xxa'jnn*  ami  I'lllir.  xxilii  liis  trills  .«laiiiliii'_'. 
nmliT  a  MiilaMi'  i;naril  nl'  prox  iiirials  ami  raii'.'ris.  Iir  Inok  tin'  irst  of  lii-*  lioops, 
liuiillx-aiiiicii.  aiiil  iliiiiliil  lii>  I'liiii'M'  Inxxanl  tin'  ('linnkri'  loxxiis.  'i'liiis  I'ar  liif 
senilis  liail  iliMoxiTi'il  111)  I  iiiiiiv .  ainl  liis  rapnl  ailxaiu'"'  liail  lieeii  inilieralileil.  His 
llrsl  ohject  xxas  to  atlai'k  l>la|nc.  m  tow  n   smm'   I  xviiil  \ -lix  e   miles   in   ailxaiu'c,  ami   for 

tills  plllpo-e  he  sel  lUlt  al  i  iullt  ii'i  link  ill  tin'  exenillj.  All'  I  llialrliilij  sislreli  mill's, 
III'   liearil   a   iloi;    li.'ilk   mi     lllr    |i  ll,   at     ll|i'    InXXII    nl'    Llllln     ivoxxer,  ;|linll|   a  i|llaili'r    nl'   11 

mill'  li'oin  till'  loaii.  ol  tiie  loeatinii  of  xxliii'li  lii-^  '.^iiiili's  iiiul  not  iiilin'imil  him.  lie 
imineiliati'lx  iletaihi'il  a  jiiici' \xitli  onleis  to  -iiiroiiml  it.  ami  to  liaxniiit  exerx mail, 
Imt  lo  >paiv  till'  xxoiian  ami  eliililivii.  'I'liL-  miler  xxas  sirietix  eseiiiti'il  ;  the  iiii'ii 
I'liii'^  I'niiml  eiK'ampiil  mii.-iiln  tlm  hoiisi'-.  xxem  klllml.  ami  lluir  families  eaptuiTil, 
iiiiliai'iiieil.      In    till'   iiiraii  lime   the   main    liii-i'e   inarehiil  Inrxvanl  to  l'!^taloe.  in  xxhieli 

tlli'X    I'oliml   lilll    li'M  or   IXXi'lxe   lllell.   X\  ho  XXi'le  killi'il.       'I'lii-   toxx  II    eompli-i'il    ahout  iKK) 

linii-es.  \xhii'li  xxiie  xxill  Mip|iliei|  xxilli  pi'oxi-inii-  ami  ammnnilioii.  .Moiiljuiiierv. 
ili'liTiiiiiiiii'j'  tn  make  the  nation  IItI  ihe  jioxxer  of  llir  colniiie^.  iinmeiliili'lx  altaekeil 
the  oilier  toXXIi-  ill  -lleee~-inn.  Illllil  exn'X  one  in  llie  Inxvi-r  lialioii  hail  li"i'n  xisiteil  ami 
ihslrnU'i.  Ahoni  sexelitx  (  lierokecs  xxel'e  killeii,  ami,  illi'Inilill'-r  tin'  XXninell  ami 
ehililreii.  lialx   '.xere  laki'ii  prisom  rs.     Oiilx   four  l'!ii'.ilisli   >o|ilier~'  xmiv  killed,  ami  txvo 

nllirifs  xxollll'liil.  .Miilltjolili  r\  ihell  ivliinieil  lo  l''ol  I  I'llliii'  ( in  I':",  nil  the  KeoXXee, 
\\  III  |i'  he  axx  ,iil'  i|  propo>ah-  nl'  peace  linm  the  ( 'hel'okee<.  lull  heaiillll'  inlllillir  I'mm 
tie  111,  h''  ii'Milxiii  to  make  a  seeoiiil  ii.iiii>inii  into  ihn  miilille  ,-'  Itli'iiienis  of  thr 
iiaiioji.  Jle  iniii'lied  his  aniix-  from  the  loii  on  (he  ijltli  of  .liim'.  ami  iisiiii:  the  same 
despatch  .a,-*  on  the  previous  oceasion,  in  three  daxs  h"  reaehed  the  toxxn  'if  I'llehoxvee, 


I    'I 


To     I'll  I,     \  \l  i;  I!  ir  A  N     i;  i:  \  ul.l    r  InN, 


■:^\ 


'I'lii'  iTiiiil*  liiniii;;  lii-i'iisi'iiil  lliiii'  lii'liiiM-  ;i-  l!ic\  M|i|i|iiiii||ii|  liii"  |i|.iii',  tiHilv  Hill'  III" 

tlli'ltl  jM'iMllicl'.  will)  alti'|il|>li'i|  tn  ;llllil-<'  llir  c'liJMiii't  Willi  tin'  t;ili'  nj'  lliril'  Ix'ill^'  I'i'llilv 
In    -111'    fill     jiiMcc;     lilll     Iii'.    Iliil     iiniilili:^     llic    .-|ii|\.    Illlllijiiil    iMill  i' ill-i  \    lu|\MI|i|     till    n 

iiiili  .  u  Ih'M  liir<  ailsaiii'i'il  ^iiiiril  \va-«  liic'l  mi  IVdiu  a  lliickii.  aii>l  in  iIm'  inclc)'  its 
rijilaiii  was  Ivilli'J.  .Miiiil.:iiiiii'i'y,  liraiiiii:  (lie  llriiiu'.  iirilri'il  t||i>  '^ivnailii'i'-.  ati<l  iiulil 
iiilaiiirs    Id  iiiKaiM'i':    wlm  >li'ailil)    |iii.>lii'il    tiiiwanl    llnuiuli   an  aiiilni^iMili'    nl'    'itiH 

lllill;lll«.  rnl|«ill.;  tliijii  li.iin  t  lliir  CiiMTt-,  As  tlics  Iimi'IhcI  llliii.'  I  1i\  alril  Mini  rliMlvr 
;:i'iiiiiii|,  till'  li' iM|>-  iliiiM'  till'  liii|iaii>  III  Ini'i'  ilii'iii  III  till'  |Miiiit  III  till'  liaMiinl.      I'lai  iiil' 

llllll-'i'ir     It     till'    III  :ii|    III     III"     Inlrr.   Iir     |iriii't'l'ili'ii    tiiWaill     llli'    tuUII,   ti  illiiW  illj   a   lllll'lnW 

ji'illi.  \slii  ii'  il  WM^  iiiri'-<ai'\  III  iiiai'i'li  ill  linliaii  lili',  llii'  -iii  rniiiiiliu'^  riiiiiilr\  ln'iir.r 
Wi'll  riinlllliiili  |i  I  III  ai|\iiiici'  li\  llii  sriillt*.  'Ill  li'ai'llill'j  KicliuWri'  il  iMi^  liiilliil  III 
liaM-  lii'i'ii  iiliaiii|<iiii  i|.      Al'ii'i' i'iii'aiii|iiii.:   nii    ilir   n|ii'ii  |ilaiii.  Miail'Miip  i'\   imli ivil  nut. 

lli'lai'llliirllt>   ill   >.'\i  ral  iliri'i'liulli.   wlin   |ii|  lnl  lllcil    J.lllaill     m  rsirc-i,  i|ri\ill'^    tlic    i'l|r|||\ 

ac'ii>>>  a  ii\rr.  killing;  mhiu'.  ami  lakiii.'  M'M'ial  laiiniicis.  ulii'ii.  scalli'iiii'^  llnif  liiivi-. 
tlit'V   iiillii'li'il  ii|ii>ii  till'  liiiliaii-<  a  M'M'i'i' I'liaiti-riiiriil.     IIi'IIh'm  ivliinii'il  tu  <  liai  Ir^lnii, 

li\    \\a\    III'    till'   I'lil't   nil   till-    KriiWi-r.  ail>l    ri'lnilliii    Allllli'l>t    ill    tin'   linrlil. 

'I'lic  ( 'lirliikri'^   III  ill'^  ili-|iiiM-il    III  rrtaliati'   llir»i'    M'Srl'i'    1 1  ril|  i|  ii  i||n    cif  (iilulii'l     Mulll- 
JJiiliH  r\.  till'   llinlllll   III'  AllJII't    liail    lliit  I  la|i-ri|   lirliilr   tl|i'\    lii"jail   In  'ji\i'  llllllli-lakiMlili' 

|i|iiiil>  III'  iiiialiatril  liii>tilil\.  I'lal  I'liini' ( ii'iii'LH-  llii'\  liail  liiiiiiil  Inu  .>-li'iiii'j  I'nr  iIhiii. 
Iiiit  till' iiai  li-iiii  III' I'lil't  i.iiuilnii.  nil  till' ciiiitiiics  III' \  if^inia.  l)i'iiii_Mi'(lin'i'il  in  iimiiliii-. 
ami  ill  uirat  want  ul   |irn\  i>inii<.  wa-  ininii'iliaU'ly  lit'.xit-iftMl.     AI'Iit  sn-tainiiij  llm  >ii':;i' 

until    Irillirril   In  i- s  t  ivillil  \  .   I  lli'  n  illl  lliainl  i  lit:    ililiciT.    |)i'llirri'.   witll     tin'    (■nlirilll  liiri'    nf 

all  lii-  >iilinriliiiati'-.  \ii\  iiii\\i-il\  sinri'iiili'iril  tlm  tl)ilirn.'atinii  tn  Ins  .-axa'ji'  liii'. 
Aii'jn-I   Ii,  ITiiil.      '['Ill'   ri'>iili   nl'  liiis   ill-ail\i.-i'i|  ra|iiliilatinn  sniiii   Jii'i'atni-  a|i{iari'nt  ; 

till'  '^anison  anil  niiii  In  iirj  iullili»s|\  attarki'il  lit'l'mr  tliry  liail  |irnc jnl  any  ilist.inri' 

Irniii  ilir  lnl  t.  ainl    linili  nlliriT-   ainl    |iri\ai'-  riii<ll\   niassai  Till,     (aptaiii   Sliiail  was 

till'  nlli\    nlllri  r  wlin  i'sra|ii'il.  Ili-"  >alvalinll  lii'lll'^  ilil''  ti)  till'    intilM'lllinll    nl'   Attakiilia- 

knlla  InniM'ir.  llu'  IrailiT  ul   tin-  atlaikini;  |iart\. 

Nntwitlistaniliii'^  tlir  ri'ilncliiiii  nl'  Caiiaila.  tin'  Imliaiis  in  ii  iinti"  ili-trii'ls  still   inii- 
tinin  il  llii'ir  n|i|insilinn  to  tin'  Kn;_'li>Ii  |inwi  r.      'I'lii-  was  |iartii'nlarl\  tlir  I'asr  with  i'  ,• 

t 'Inlnkl'l'S.  'I'd  null  tlli^  tlllin.  (*nlii||i'|  (iialll  Wa«.  ill  I  Tl'i  I  .  nlili'lril  tn  lllall'll  lILiaillst 
lllrlil   witll    an    ai|i'i|llali'    iimlv    nl'   ll'iinli-^.   who    sniin    rninjiilli'il     lIli'llI     In    Mil'    jiif  praci'.' 

^ntliin^i  I'lirtluT  nl'  imti'  niaikcil  tlic  military  n|ii'iatinns  nl'  tliis  vmr.  .Majnr  iJniluirs 
was  M'lit  to  laki'  iin.-,-r.-siiin  nl'lln;  lint-  at  l'r('si|iu'  Isle  ami  Dotmit.  (ii-ni'ial  .Mnncktnii 
coinniaiulod  iit  Fort  I'itt. 


il  ii 


M.iiili''i  \V;ir.  |i   :'il 


Viii    \i.      ;i 


:i-' 


l"I{(».M    Tin:    CONQUKST    W    (J  A  NAD  A 


ClIAPTKR   III. 


'IIK  roNFEDEUATK  AL(;()N()T' INS  AND  irrUONS  OF  THE  Ul'PEU 
LAKES.  INDKR  THE  1)  I K  i;("T  1  ON  OF  I'ONTIAC,  DISPUTE  TlIK 
OCCII'ATION    OF    THAT    RKdION     IJY    THE    KNOLISII. 


OniKK  tiilirs  l)osi(k's  the  Cliorokees,  miiuill'sted  (U.^sitislaction.  or  broke  out  int<ioiii'ii 
liostility.  Tlu'  SliiiwiR'c's  ami  Deliuvari's  ol  the  Ohio  \alley  had  hi eu  inimical  to  the 
eoloiiii'.s  eviT  siiioe  their  mii:ratioii,  or.  in  ellL'ct,  eximisioii  from  I'eiinsjlvania,  in  ITol). 
Tlie  entile  mass  of  tlie  Al,L;()ii(|uin  tribes  ol'  tlie  upper  lakes,  ami  to  the  west  ol'  the 
Ohio.  (It'i'piv  synii)atliize(l  w  illi  llie  French  in  the  loss  of  Canada.  Tlii'V  liopcil  tliat 
the  l^'rcnrh  llag  would  i)e  nmc  mure  unfurk'il  on  tlie  western  I'orts,  and  tiii.s  leelinjj'.  wo 
ai'c  assurt  d  hy  .Mantc  —  a  judiclons  histori;in  lA'  that  period  —  Inid  been  i'ostei'ed  by  the 
Flench,  wluise  nuHJe  of  treatment  (jf  the  Indians  lie.  at  tlie  same  time,  commends. 
••  For."  he  continues,  "it  soon  ajipeareil  tliat.  at  the  very  time  we  were  representing 
thi'  Indians  to  oursidves  complclely  suliducd.  and  perli'ctly  obedient  to  our  jiuwer.  they 
wriv  busy  ill  planning  the  destruction,  not  only  of  our  must  insi'Miilicaut  and  remote 
foils,  liut  our  most  important  and  criilral  settli'inriits."  '  ruder  this  im[)ressioii, 
(imcral  .\iuherst  had  ordeii'd  to  tlie  west,  to  kee[)  tlie  Indians  in  ciieck,  the  regular 
lui'Cfs  wliicli  liad  lieeii  empIo\ed  against  Niagara,  (jiieliec,  and  Montreal.  Little  inoro 
was  done,  ill  ITiil,  tlian  .su])plyiiig  garrisons  to  the  forts  at  Pres(|ue  \>\v.  Detroit,  and 
.Mil  liiliiuackinac,  b\-  wliicli.  though  t!ie  countiA'  was  oi'cupied,  its  nati\'e  inhabitant.^ 
Will'  not  overaweel.  F'ort  I'itt  liad  been  occupied  from  the  period  of  its  capture,  in 
IT"'"^;  but  its  garrison  ha\ing  brcii  retluced  by  the  Indian  wars  in  the  west,  it  was, 
early  in  ITli'l.  iiucsted  by  tlie  Siiawiiees.  Didawares,  and  iheir  confederates.  The 
(Kliiiiou  of  tile  wrstern  tiibes  was  liuind  to  lie  ver\'  great,  extending'  from  the 
Oiiio  \alli\  to.  and  througiiout,  the  whole  .series  of  lakes,  into  the  valK'ys  ol'  tlie  Illinois, 
Mi;uiii  and   .vabasli. 

At  tliis  tiiiK'.  there  was  li\ing.  in  the  vicinity  ol'  Drtroit.  a  (diief  po.ssessing  more 
than  ordinary  iuti'lliguuci'.  decision  ol'  character,  power  of  combination,  and  great 
]iersoiial  ciieigy.  namcil  I'oiidiac.  or  Pontiac.  lie  appears  to  have  licin  tlie  originator 
of  tiiis  sclieiiie  ol'  a  wi'stern  coiili'dciatiou  aLiaiiist   the   FiiiLilish  ;   for.  in    ITbl.oii   the 


I  Hi 


Maiito's  \\':n\  \,    !TII-|SI. 


'.li  I 


'h 


■'1  i 


'«!'    ,i 


l!! 


^, 


L-1 


^ 


Wi 


h  '  ( 


■AnAwMAMMuaM 


I 


TO    TIIK    AMKFMCAX    It  K  V  ()  I.  (' T  I  (»  N.  2I:5 

liist  fwl\Mii('('  of  lli(>  I'dicl'  III"  {he  Kt'dicli  .iiarrisoii,  wlirii  Miijor  IJoiIiriM's.  who  led  tin' 
troops,  liiitl  rniclu'd  tlic  (■nti'iiiicf  to  tlic  straits  nl'  Detroit.  I'oiiliac  visited  liis  ciiciiiiip- 
iiicnt,  mid.  iMiiployiiiL:  oiii'  of  tiioso  hold  iiU't:i|)lior.s  which  tin-  Indians  usi»  to  express 
much  ill  ii  few  words,  assiiminji  iiii  air  of  siiprciiiucy,  he  cNi'laiiiicd,  •■  I  stand,  in  tin- 
jiath." '  '• 'I'o  form  a  just  I'stiinat*'  of  his  character,  we  iinist  jiid'jc  him  hy  tlu^ 
f'iriMinisfaiiccs  in  which  he  was  ]ihiced  :  hy  the  proloiiud  ignorance  and  l)arl)arisiii  of  his 
jieo[)lc;  liy  his  own  destitution  of  all  education  and  inl'orniation  :  and  li\-  the  Jealous, 
(ierce,  and  intraclai)le  spirit  of  his  compeers.  AV'hen  measurcil  hy  this  stan<lard.  we 
shall  liiid  few  of  the  nii'ii  whose  names  are  familiar  to  ns.  more  reinarkaliK'  li)r  all 
thiiiLis  pro|ioseil  and  achie\cd.  than  I'oiitiac."  To  him  the  conduct  of  the  plot  had 
heeii  left.  It  had  heeii  secretly  ilisciissed  in  their  councils  lor  ahout  two  vears, 
(luring  which  timi'  he  hrouuht  the  jirlncipal  Irihes  of  tin-  region  into  the  scheme.  The 
trihes  which  l()nned  the  nucleus  of  this  plot  were  the  Ottiiwas,  Chippewiis,  I'ottiiwatta- 
mies.  and  the  two  l)ands  of  Ilurons  residing  on  the  river  l)(.'troit.  J-'roiii  facts  gleaned 
after  the  suhtnission  of  the  trihes  to  (h'liei'id  ISradstreet.  in  ITiil.it  appears  that  this 
eomhination  was  more  extensive  than  has  heen  snppcjscd.  and  that  the  Miainies, 
Piaiikashaws.  and  Wcas.  had  also  heen  coinpromitted.  The  time  a[ipoInteil  for  a 
general  rise  liaving  arrived,  the  wiiole  line  of  posts  on  that  frontier,  comprising  twel\i> 
in  iiumher.  extending  iVoni  l-'orts  I'itt  and  Niagara  to  (Ireeii  ISay.  were  simultaneously 
attacked,  and.  either  hy  open  force,  or  liy  finesse,  nine  of  them  tal<en.'  The  most 
singular  mod(!  of  attack  among  the  whole,  was  that  practised  at  Fort  Michilimackinae. 
The  IJirtress,  at  that  period,  occupied  the  a|)ex  of  the  ])eninsula  of  Michigan,  where  it 
juts  out  into  till'  strait  in  a  headland  (called  I'iewutinongK  It  coiisistc(l  of  a  scpiare 
area.  ha\ing  hastions.  huilt  of  stone,  surmounted  with  jiickets,  which  were  closed  hy 
gates;  and  was  capahle  of  heing  defeiidctl  a.:ainst  any  att;ick.  Ihit  stratagem  was 
resorted  to.  The  king's  hirthday  (June  4th)  having  arrived,  the  Ottawas  and  tin  ir 
conli'derates  engaged  in  a  game  of  hall  on  the  level  houlevard.  wdiich  led  from  the 
landing,  up  hy  the  fort,  intn  the  village.  The  gates  were  open,  and  the  ollicers  attended 
the  s|)ort.  While  moving  up  and  down  this  houlevard.  the  players  struggling  and 
rushing,  the  hall  was  de.xtrously  thrown  into  the  li)rt,  and  the  contending  partiis 
rushed  in  alter  it.  This  was  tin'  signal  i()r  an  attack.  The  war  wlioo[)  was  raised,  and 
the  tomahawk  applied  so  rajiiiUy.  that  not  a  drum  was  heat,  or  a  rank  liiiined.  and  the 
])lace  heeame  the  t^i'nw  of  one  of  the  most  startling  massacres.'  One  olllcer  and  scveiit\' 
fjoldiers  were  killed;  hut.  of  three  hundred  Canadians  in  the  fort,  not  one  was  niole.-Ied. 
For  a  view  of  till'  ruins  of  this  fort,  with  the  island  of  Michiliniackinae  in  the  distanci". 
(See  Plate  Llll.,  Vol.  11.) 

Detroit  was  selected  hy  Poiitiae  for  the  display  of  his  own  arts  of  siege  and  attack. 


'  lii-ilisli  Aiimial  Iti'L'ist.T  f.ir  ITT-"..      VLU-  It.id-rv's  .N'aiTiitiuii. 
«  CVs;   lli>l.  niul  Lit.  Slu'lclns  of  .Mii-lii-iiii,  ji.  'J  I. 


lU'iiry's  Tnivrls,  ITii:i  :iinl  ISUll 


2U 


FHOM    TIIK    ('ONUlKST    OF    CANADA 


m\  -'i 


'^ 


i 


lla\iii'j.  ill  II  previous  voluiiii'.'  j.'i\in  !i  f<i|iy  nl' ;i  journal  ol"  tliis  sicnv,  k('[it  witliiii  tin' 
liirl.  it  is  iiiily  lu'ccssary  tu  I'liriiisii  lien-  ii  siifcinct  al),>trart  til'  tlic  cvi'iits  winch 
ti'aiis|iiiv(I.  Tiic  Icirl  was  iiiiilci-  tin'  coiiiiiiaiiil  of  Major  (iiaihv}ii.  who  iiad  a  uai'iisoii 
ol'two  coiiiiililc  coiiiiiaiiic-;  ol'  iiii'aiitiy.  iiuiiilM'riiiu  oiu'  IuiikIi'imI  and  twenty-two  privates, 
iinil  riiiiit  oll'u'cis.-  'I'lii'ic'  wi  re  also,  williiii  its  wall-.  |lirl\  l-'rcnch  Iradcrs  and  cn'in'ji'i's. 
I'ontiai'  invested  the  place.  .May  Mh.  I  Tli-l.  w  ith  a  loial  force  of  I  "ill  w  aniors,'  w  ho  had 
lieen  instnictt'il  at  the  coiiinils.  (Jiilleil  under  his  own  eye.  and  painted  and  featlieivd 
for  liattle.  But  an  attack  was  not  his  lir.-t  nio\e ;  he  aimed  to  tal<e  the  fort  ly  a  deeply 
laid  plot,  which  wa>.  in  elli'ct.  to  visit  the  connuaiidant  at  his  (|narlers.  accoiiip;niii(l  liy 
u  limited  nnnilier  of  as-assins.  Ijearinj:  concealed  weapons,  to  smoke  w  ith  him  tic  pipe 
of  peace,  and  to  present  him  witli  a  formal  address,  whicii  was  to  he  accom|ianied  lp\  a 
licit  of  wampum,  till'  most  solenni  ami  honored  ciitom  in  Indian  diplonnicy.  This  Kelt 
was  woi'lved  on  one  side  with  white,  and  on  tiie  other  with  L;reen  li<'ads.*  llaviiiL' 
finished  his  speech,  with  the  white  side  turned  low, nils  his  auditor,  tln'  re\('i'sal  ol  it  in 
Ids  hands  to  the  Liieeii  side,  was  \n  he  the  si'.:nal  of  allacli.  The  plan  was  well  de\iscd. 
and  must  h.ixi-  succeeded,  had  it  not  heen  reveal-  I  to  the  coinuiaiidani.  in  a  nianucr 
whicli  it  is  uniui]iortant  to  our  purpose  to  state. 

On  the  ilay  ap])ointe(l.  I'onliac  appeared  at  the  :;ales  with  his  aliori'^iiial  fellow- 
conspirators,  di'iuaiidiii::'  an  audience.  lie  was  fre.dy  admitted,  hut.  in  pas-iiej-  the 
esplanade,  ohserved  an  unusual  display  of  the  mllilar\'.  The  •garrison  was  under  arms, 
and  the  sentinels  douliled.  which  aroused  I'oiitiae's  f'lrs;  hut  hisco\crt  iiKpiiries  were 
met  hy  a  reail_\  aiiswt'r.  that  "it  was  to  keep  the  yoniiL;'  men  '  to  their  dut\.  and 
previ'Ut  idleness."  The  laiiLnncie  emphy  ed  liy  one  u  ho  has  collated  the  loivil  Iradiiious 
on  the  suliject.  while  tln'ywcre  still  williin  reach,  may  here  lie  (pioted.  "The  hn-iiiess 
of  the  council  then  commenced,  and  I'ontiac  proceeded  to  address  .Major  (iladwyn. 
His  s]ieecli  was  hold  and  nienacini:'.  and  his  luanmr  and  ;^esticnlatioiis  \ehiMneni.  and 
they  hecanie  still  more  so.  as  ln'  ap|iroacIieil  the  critical  niomeiil.     When  he  was  on  tlu; 

it   to  Maior  ( iladw\  n  (and    turninu   it    in  Ids  h:iiids|  and  all 


joint  ol   nri'seiitni'j'  tin 


1 

was  I) 


reathless  expei'tatioll.  till'  drums   at    the  door  of  the  council   siidde 


nl\'  rolleij    the 


ehariie.  the  '^nards   levelled   their   pieces,  and    the  ollicers  drew  their  swords  from  tic 


scaliijarit 


I'onti 


liia\'e  man.  constitutionalK  and  hahitualK.      lie  hail  tiiuiiht 


in   man\'   a   hattle.  and   often    led    his  warriors   to  \ictory.      l>ut    this   iniexpccied   and 


si\e  proot'  that    his   treachery  was  discovered   and    pre\  ented,  entirely  disconcci 


ted 


liim.  Tradition  sa\s  he  tiemhlcd.  .\t  all  event.-,  hedelivend  his  lielt  in  the  usual 
manner,  and  thus  failed  to  ^ive  his  warriors  the  concerted  signal  of  attack.  Major 
(.iladwyn  immediati  ly  approached  the  idiief,  and,  drawing;  aside  his  lilanket,  diseovert'd 
the  shorti'ned  rille,  and  then,  after  stating  his  knowledj^c  of  the  plan,  tnrniMl  him  out 
of  the  llirt.'"' 


K. -.,  V.l.  II 


(':..-■  |li,.,- 


M.-:..  \'ul.  II  .  |,.  L'lii.  <  n,i 


'  VciiiiiL'  mill,  willi  tl]''  li]i|i:iii-,  1-  .111  ii|iiiv;ili.hi  plini^r  I'm-  «•  irriors.  wlirii  -pi'.'ikiiii;  on  mu'Ii  i(i|.ic 
'  L'a.sj5'  JJisiuUisc  bufoiv  tliu  .\liulii'jaii  llisluiiu.il  ."^.jcicly  ;    jlilruit,  l^'^X,  p.  o-. 


TO    TIIK    AMERICAN    1!  K  V  ()  LT  Tl  o  N, 


CH  A  I'TKK    IV. 

rONTIAC    HOLDS    DETUOIT    IX    A    STATIC    <>1'    SII'CK     DIltUNC    Tllll 

SI'MMKR    OK    17(1:!. 

Foii.Kl)  ill  liis  nttciniit  to  tnl<i^  tli(>  unrrisoii  Ky  striitn'jciii.  I'mitinc  coininciiciMl 
an  (ijii'ii  iittMi'k.  He  had  no  sooiut  Icl't  the  walls  of  tlir  iiirl,  than  ln'  I'iriMl  ITiK! 
iijioii  it.  and  his  li)llo\vi'rs  hi'^'aii  to  assail  thi-  srattcicd  I'lii'jiisli  settlers  in  its 
\iiiiiilv.  while  on  cxcry  sidi'  eniild  h(>  heard  the  startliiii;'  sas<ai|iinii.  or  \\ar-\vlio(i]i. 
A  widow  woman,  and  her  two  sons,  were  ininiediately  ninrdered  on  the  coniinon.  A 
disehaiyeil  seiyeant  and  his  family,  enltivatiii'j  lamls  on  lloa  Island,  wore  the  next 
\  ietims.  Taking'  shelter  heliind  Imildiims  eontiiiMou^  to  the  tort,  an  ineessant  fire  was 
iiialntaiiietl  auaiiist  it.  which  was  eontiniied  for  several  days;  Ma'/in'^'  arrows  lieiiiii; 
disidiai'Li-ed  liy  the  Indians,  wliicii  set  llr(>  to  some  linildiiiLi's  within  the  walls.  Determi- 
nation of  iinrpose  mai'ked  every  act.  while  the  sava'je  yells  of  the  nativi's.  and  the 
coiitinnal  renorts  of  iniirders  and  outrages  fillcMl  the  <iarrison  with  apiirehensions.  Tlif 
aliaiidonment  of  the  fort  and  emhaikation  of  the  troops  for  Niagara  was  contoniiilated, 
hilt  the  plan  was  op|)esed  liy  the  prominent  French  inhaliitants,  who  were  hetter 
ac(|iiaiiiteil  with  the  true  character  of  Iinlian  demonstration  and  hlnster,  and  particu- 
larly with  the  re;il  dani^crs  of  such  a  xoyaiic.  \  small  vessel  was.  however,  dispatched 
to  Nia'/ara  on  the  liist  of  .May.  solicitiiiL;'  aicl  both  in  pro\isi(ins  and  moii.  throiiLih  a 
conntry  entirely  occupied  liy  Indians.  'I'he  Indians  nnahatodly  continued  their  attacks, 
alisohitely  conlinini:  the  uanison  within  the  walls,  iind  prcxcntint;' them  from  olitainiii'^' 
sn]iplies  of  wood  and  water.  I'ontiac.  meantime,  conceived  the  idea  of  decoyinii'  .Majoi- 
CamplMdl  into  his  cam]),  under  the  pretence  of  renewinn' pacific  ncirotiatioiis.  This 
LH'iitleinan  was  favorahly  known  to  the  Indians,  as  the  iniincdiato  proiK'cessor  of  .Major 
C.ladw  \ii.  who  had  hut  recently  relie\cd  him  in  tho  command  of  the  li>rt.  IJy  tlii^ 
advice  of  those  most  conversant  with  the  Imliaii  character.  Pontiac's  rofpiest  was 
acceiled  to.  and  ''ainpliell  wi'iit  to  his  camp.  accom[)anieil  hy  LiiMitenant  McDoiiLial. 
15ut  all  the  projects  of  l'onti;ic  wore  sot  at  iiouirht  hy  an  unfor.  eon  occurrence.  In 
(Mie  of  the  sorties  from  fho  lort.  an  Ottawa  of  distinction,  from  .V'clulimackinac.  had 
been  kill(>d.  and  his  nephew,  who  was  present,  determiiUMl  to  reNcn^:''  his  death. 
Meetinir  Major  Camphell  one  day.  as  he  was  walkiici'  in  the  road  near  tlii'  camp  of 
I'oiitiac.  the  savai^c  immudiatidv  lolled  him  to  the  earth  with  his  war-cluh.  and   killed 


V  r:, 


'    I   I 


ml 


n 


m 


FROM    TIIK    CONQl'l^ST    ol-'    CANADA 


1 


hn 


liiii).  This  act  was  ivjrrcttod  and  disavowod  by  I'Diitiai',  wlm,  liy  tlic  dctiMition  nf 
Mil jor  ('aniplK'H.  soiiglit  only  to  riiM'iirc' ulterior  advaiitaf^cs  tliroiipli  tin-  pcrsoii  of  Iuh 
liostMi:t'. 

Anticiiiatiui;'  succors  to  he  on  their  way  to  the  fort,  tlie  Indians  kept  \it:ihnit  watch 
a!  tile  iiioutli  of  tiie  river.  Tliis  duty  appeal's  to  iia\e  heeii  couunilted  to  tlie 
W\aiidots.  On  one  ol'  the  last  (hiys  of  Mny,  a  detaeiniieiit  of  troops  from  Ni;iL;ara. 
ha\iii:.;  ciiariTi'  of  twenty-three  hattt'aiix.  laileu  witii  provisions  and  sup|ilies.  encamped 
at  I'oint  I'eiee.  on  tiie  iiortli  sliore.  near  tlie  head  of  lia!\0  Krie,  wholly  imeonseioiis 
tlial  any  daniicr  awaited  them.  'I'heir  movements  had.  however,  heeii  close! v  recon- 
nuilered  iiv  the  Indians,  w  iio.  haviiii.;  liirmed  an  amiur-cade  at  this  place,  furiously 
attacked  them  near  dayia'eak.  OiiriuL;  the  resulting;  panic,  the  ollicer  in  command 
leaped  into  a  hoat.  and.  accoin|)aiiicd  liy  thirty  men.  crossed  the  laki'  to  ^andiisky.  The 
rest  of  the  detachment  were  killed,  ir  taken  prisoners,  anil  all  the  stores  li'il  into  the 
I'lieinv's  hands.  Tic  prisoners  were  reseiviMJ  to  row  the  boats.  On  tlie  ilUih  of  May, 
the  first  of  the  loni:  line  of  hatteanx  was  .M'eii  from  the  Hut.  as  it  roinided  I'oint  Union, 
on  the  Canada  slnuv.  Tiie  narrisou  crowded  the  ramparts  to  view  tiie  welcome  sinlit, 
and  a  iiun  was  tired  as  a  sii^n.il  to  their  sup|)osed  approacliiii'.:  friends,  lint  the  only 
ivspoiise  was  the  gloomy  war  cry.  As  the  llrst  hoat  came  oppo>ile  to  the  little  vcsscd 
ancliored  oil'  tlie  fort,  llu'  soldiers  rowiir.:  it  determined  to  recapture  it.  \Vhile  tlu' 
.steersman  headi'd  the  hoat  across,  another  soldier  threw  ovcrlioard  the  Indian  who  sat 
oil  the  how.  Ill  the  struL:::li'  hoth  were  drowned,  iiul  the  hoat  was  rowed  under  the 
films  of  the  fort.  Lest  the  otlier  captive  rowcis  should  imilati'  this  example,  tliev  wtu'i' 
landeil  hv   the  Indians  on  llo^:  Island,  and  immediatelv  sacriliced. 


News   of  the    tl'eatv 


peace   I'oi 


ududed  at  Versailles.    Feliriiarv  10.    ITli'I.  lict 


ween 


I< 


ranee 


iial  K 


iiLdand.  reached  Detroit   on   the   ;)d   of  .liinc.  while   these  evi'iits  wen-   ii 


jiioL^ress.      From    the    Fniuh   who   were   assemhied  on   this  occa>ion.  the  intellip'ii 
ri'ieivcd  a  full  anil  prompt  acipiiescence.  as  a  conclusive  so 


vereii^n  act  ;  hut  the  ludi;! 


us 


cnnlinucil  the  sieue.  I'oiitiac  lindim;-  he  could  not  take  the  furl,  proposed  to  the  French 
inhahitants  to  aid  him.  hut  they  refu.-ed.'  .\l)(ait  this  time,  tlic  vessel  which  had  hceri 
dispatched  to  N'ia'.:aia.  liy  .Major  ( iladwyii.  arrived  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  with 
supplies    and    some    si.Nty   men.     The  winds    heiiii    lijiil    and    hallliicj-.   the    Indians 

to  l''i-htinu' 
e   river,  the 


di'tciiniiied  to  cahtnie  her.  and  a  lar-e  liirce   lell   tl 


le  sicL!!'   am 


1       111! 


Island  for  thai  purpn.-e.  Wliile  the  vessel  v\as  Iviie:  at  the  mouth  of  tli 
Indians  had  endeavored  to  annoy  her  hy  means  of  their  canoes,  hut  the  wind  had 
I'oived  her  to  shift  her  aiichoi-aL''e  to  this  spot.  The  captain  had  urdered  his  men  helow 
decks.  In  keep  the  li.dians  in  ignorance  of  his  stn  niith,  liaviuL.'  apprized  them  that  a 
loud  stroke  111'  a  hammer  on  the  mast,  would   he  a  siiinal   lor  tliein   to  come  up.      As 


Boon  as  darkness  supervened 


the  Indian-  came  oil'  in  their 


eaiioi's   in   ^reat   liirce.  and 


I 

ti 


'  lli.-t.  iiiid  .Si-iiiaitii.-  Skileia-.s  ul'  .^Ii^.•lliJ;an,  )i. 


llMi'luptc'<l  t 


11  bdill'i 


lollow  iiii:'  il;i\   the    \ts."i( 


TO    TIIM    AMIIKH'AN     It  ll  V  O  I,  (  T  1  0  N.  JIT 

I  lirr;    lillt  il  Mlilili'ii  discliiiri;!'  of  lirr   i,MUls  ili>C()lR'i.'l'ti'ii  tllt'lll.       'I'lic 
IdWii  t<i  tlic  iiiiiinli  (if  tlu'  .HiniitH,  wlicrc  .-lif  was 


I  .li 


•I'l" 


(li'laiiud  .-i.\.  il.ivs  It}  ciiliiis.      Mi'iiiiliiiU',  I'onliac   ilcti  rniiuina   to  disliov  li 


li>r   tins 


lurnosc  iioii 


led  tknvii  biiiiiiii^'  laltK,  wliicli  wore  (ionstnii^teil  lA'  tlic  tiiiilifis  irom   liariiH 


dostmvcil  1)\  till!  rmliaiis.  dn  pine,  and  a  (|uaiitity  nf  jiitcli  added,  to  iiiake  tlie 


more  euialjui^tilili 


Noluilhstiiiurmii  two  siieli  lal'ls  wero  eoiistnieled  and  sent  down 


tlio  river,  the  ves.sid  and  lioats  e.-caped  tliei 
of  June,  tlie  vessel  was  enal)led  to  lioist  sail 


aiK 


A  1, 


1  reaeiied  the  I'oit  in  sal'etv. 


■ee/.e  sprini:in^   n[)  on   the  oDtli 


(Jenoral  Amherst,  tlio  coininandei-in-cliii'!',  tiioiiuli  weai\eiu;d  hv  the  lorci-  willidrawn 
i'ur  tlie  Iniliaii  war  in  the  west,  was  I'nliy  seiisiMe  of  the  jierilons  position  of  the 
western  po.sts.  in  conseipienee  of  the  Indian  hostility,  anil  pre|iared  to  senil  at  tlio 
earliest  period,  reinforeeiui'nts  to  I'Niits  I'itt,  Niaiiara,  ami  Detroit.     'I'lie  relief  desliued 


for  the  latter  [lost  was  piaeed  under  tl 


le  or(ter.- 


of  his  secretary,  (,'aptain  Dai/.ell.  wl 


fter  ndievin^  Niai;ara,  pnjceeded  to  Detroit  in  armed  liatteaii.x,  at  the  ImmiI  of  a  f(]i( 
f  .KM)  men.     To  the  io\'  of  all  concerned,  this  reinloreenieiil  airived  at  Detroit  on  tl 


,1 
idtli  of  'U\\\\  when    the  place   liad   heen    he.sieqed    upwan 


lilly  iia\s.     Captain 


Dal/A-l 


will)  hrui 


i'.:hl  this  timel\- 


ion 


to  tl 


le 


arrison.  nropo-ed  a  niLilit   assault  on 


'cutiac  s 


rami),    which    the    commandant    asseu 


ted    t 


o,  not.   liowe\(,'r.   wiliioui 


some 


misiiivmns. 


Two  hundred  and   lltt\'  men  were  selecteil   for  tiiis  dut\ 


nil 


1.  with   this 


force  Captain  Dai/.ell   left  the   fort,  a.s  .seeretl)  as  possihle,  at   lialf-i)ast  two  o'clock  on 
moniinudf  the  ."ih-t.      At  the  same  time,  two  iioats  wen'  ik'spatched  to  keep  pace 


tlU' 


rem 


the  p 


arl\'.  and.  if  llece^sal•\.  take  oil'  the  woumli'd.     The  ilarkiiess  of  the   iiiuliL 


Invd  it  .somewhat  dillicult  to  discmi  the  way,  and  maiU;  it  a  task  fir  them  to 


till-  pri.|H'r  distance  jjclween  the  platoon- 


.\fter  niai'i  liin^-  ahont  two  miles,  when  tl 


van^uan 


1   had   reached   the  hrid,^v  over  the  stream,  which   has  sii 


iieeii  Known  as 


J'. 


i'rook 


a  sill 


Idel 


I  lire  was  |i(iiirei 


I   in  hv  the  Indii 


Ills,  winch  ci\ 


atcd  a  tempor 


ir\- 


iruiiess 


panic  iuiiohl;'  the  troo[is,  iVoin  which,  however,  they  recoverecl.      'I'lie   iiitiMise  d; 
conipletelv  obscuring  the  enemy,  a  retreat  was  ordered;  when   it  aii|ieaied   that  then 
was  a  heavy  force  in  the  rear,  throii^ih  which  the  column  Iku 

1    the    midst    of   a   well-plaiiiu 


iiei'ii   a 


1  lowed   to 


amhuscado. 


TliL'    Knjili.sh   were,  in    fact. 

displayed  the  utmost  hra\ery  and   spirit    in   this  emergency,  hut  was  soon   shot 


Da 


<play 
kil 


anil 

Indians  were  concealed 


(iraiit.  on   whom    tin'  command  devoUed,  wa 


•M'rely    wounded,      'i'lie 
heliind   the   wiiodeii   picketiiiL''.   which    lined    the    fields,  and 


sheltered  the  l)uildin:;s  of  the  hiit.itdn-^  ;  liU 

onaliled  tu  tliscern  their  perilous  [io,-ition.    Tlu'v  then  emi)aiked  some  of  their  woi 


t  as  the  day  ln-aii  to  dawn,  the  troops  were 
I 


Ulltlei 


III 


the  boats  which  had  accompanied   them.  and.  concentrating   their  forces,  retreated 


toward  tho  gates  of  the  i'ort.  which  they  entered 
attack  was  .seventy  men  killed,  including  the 


Tl 


le  loss  111 


tl 


compact  order 
commander,  and  lijity  wounded  ;  bein 


us 


'   .Mil-lii'jall  .^lit'ti-lir.s 


iy 


:![ 


;t 


i 


248 


KWoM    Till'!    ('((NglKsT    oK    ("ANAKA 


M  . 


ii(:irlv  (iiic-liair  tif  tlio  siill_\ iiiu  imrlv.      It  was  ii  tlociilfd  triumiili  lor  tho  IiulidiiN  who 
tlii'iici'liutli  iticsM'tl  llic  >ii'j;i'  witli  it'iii'Wi'il  si-or. 

Ah  iIk' M'aMHi  I'or  liuiilin^;  apindaclu'd.  tin-  Iiidiiiiir'  firailiially  dir^iiLTfcil ;  (lie  hir.ro 
liiiii:ui.slioil,  ami  wii.s  linallv  alianiluiicd.  'I'liciv  is  iu>  previous  rt'cord  in  Indian  Idsloiy 
of  so  laii;i'  a  I'oii'i'  oi'  Indians  liaAinu  licin  ivi|pt  in  tlio  tlcid  I'or  so  loiii;  a  jh  riod  ;  and 
tins  fllitrt  of  till' AI,i:on(|uin  oluif  to  mil  liack  tin'  tidi-  of  Knro[H'an  I'lniuration,  was 
tliL-  must  liirniidalilc  that  was  cxci'  made  liv  any  ont-  inciniicr  of  tlii"  Indian  i'mco. 
Hod^icrs  styli's  I'ontiac  an  cniinTor.  lie  ciTtainly  | u (ssfssfd  an  rncivv  of  nnnd  and 
powers  of  combination  oxcwdinj:  those  of  any  other  antecedent  or  eonteniporary  chief. 
U|)echanyiuioiigh  possessed  i;reat  lirnnie.-s.  ami  was  a  hitlei- enemy  of  the  white  race; 
Siissacns  oidy  foiiL;ht  for  Irihal  rights  and  supremiicy  ;  the  coinse  of  I'ni'as  was  that 
of  a  politician;  I'ometacom  liattled.  indeetl.  to  repel  the  people  whose  edncalio'i, 
industry,  ami  reliiiion,  liiiedoomed  his  own;  hut  I'ontiat^  took  a  more  enlaijred  and 
comprehensive  view,  not  only  of  the  liehl  ol'  contest,  luit  al>o  of  tiie  means  nt'Ci'ssary 
for  the  retention  and  preser\ation  of  the  alioriuinai  dominion.  At  a  later  jieriod, 
Ihiint  merely  li)iight  for.  and  under  tho  direction  ol  a  powcrfnl  ally;  i-nd  'I'ecnmseh 
hul  n-enacted  the  deeds  of  I'duliae.  after  the  lap-e  „\'  lilty  _\ears.  when  tlie  >cheme  of 
ivpellim:  the  whites  was.  in  reality,  preposti  rous. 


m 


m 


To     III  i:    A  M  Kill  CAN     K  I!  V  (» 1. 1' T  I  O  N. 


a4!t 


I'UAPTKK   V 


TIIK    WKSTKIJN     INDIANS    CONTINUR    TIIEIIl    OlM'OSITION    TO    Till] 
MNdMSII    >l   l'l!i:.MACY.     (joLoNi:  I,    I'.ol  CIIKT   MAKCIIKS   To   TIM", 

ui:lil:1''  uk  i-'uht  i'ITT.     tuk  jiattlk  uf  bhusuv  nvs. 


TilK  Htriiir^'lt' "f  till!  Iiiiiiiins.  in  ('unjiini'tion  willi  tin-  Kri'iidi. 


Inr  sllin'cmiicv 


ill  Aiiicriwi.  niiiy  !»•  ,><tiitcil  Id  Iiuvc  ('oiiiiiu'iiccil  in  ITiil.  wiicii  \\';i>iiinL;li>ii  lirst        ITii-l 
oriiiiiiiitod  tlu'  idcii  aiiKHi'-'  llu'  wtsIitm  trilics.  tluit  liic  \'irL'iiiiiiiis  were  tiiivinu 
|ii'i'liiiiiii!ii'y  i<t('|w  til  iTciss  till'  Aili'uliiiiiirs.  ami   (i|i('ii   tlir   loiilc  lid'  tin-   iiillii\  of  tln^ 


I'litii'i-    Kiiii)|u'iiii   riii'i' 


Ins  iiiitiiiii   mil 


y  III'   1 


H'rcrniij    III   till'  iiililri'ssc: 


if  I'Diiliai 


'•  Wliy,"  111'  I'M'laiiiirii.  ri'iicatiiiL',  an  was  allc-cd.  llif  wonis  of  the  .Master  ul'  I,ile, 
'•  why  till  Mill  sillier  these  ilii'js  ill  led  elulliiiiL''  In  lake  (he  land  I  i;ave  yon '.'  l)ri\e 
tlieiii  IVoni  it,  iiiid.  when  mjii  me  in  distress.  I  will  lie||)  ymi."  '  The  puliey  uf  driviiiL^ 
iiack  tlie  Knuiisii  aecorded  well  with  the  views  of  the  Fieiieli.  u  lici  eaii'l'iilly  eiicoiiraind 
it.  iiiid  lirst  di'Vi'loiii'd  it  at  the  re|iiilse  of  Wasliiiitrtini.  ininic  l-'oil  Neeessit\ 


anil  a'jMiii 


to  it  11  new  111 


ipetiis  the  rollnwiiii.'  year,  at  iiradduck's  total  d^'liMt  and  uvei  tl 


iniw, 


Kroin   this  date,  tliev 


wliieli   had   the  elll'i't  nl' ainiisiiij,'  tlio  passimis  of  the  Iiidiai 
lieeaiiie  most  deteiiiiiiied  ii|iii(iiieiits  tii  the  sinvad  iif  Hiitish  power,  and  always  liirined 
irt  of  the  Kreiieh  forees  in  the  Held.      Such  was   their  |iosiliuii   under  Monli'alin.  at 


II  I'll 
Lake  {', 


in  r 


d 


also 


at    the   s,iiiniiiiiiir\'  defeat   of  Major  (Jraiit.  in    1 7"iS. 


The  epoi'li  for  miikint;  this  strnirfrk'  cimld  not  have  lieeii  lu'lter  elioseii.  had  they  e\eii 
lieeii  peii'eetly  (■oiiversaiit  with  the  Freiicli  and  Kiiiilisli  policy;  and  the  result  was,  ten 
years  of  the  most  tniiililesoine  Indian  wars  with  which  the  colonies  were  ever  aiUicted. 
.\s  time  proirivssed,  it  liecaiiie  evident   that  the  loiiir  ctilunial   striii;;^le  lietween  the  two 


clowns 


must   termiiiiite.     If  the  Kii'^lisli  were  dc'feated,  not  oiilv  the  French.  Imt   tl 


Iiidiaiis  would  triumph;  while  it  was  cipiiilly  true  that,  if  the  French  failed,  the  Indian 
power  must  siiccumh.  Poiitiai;  [lerfcctly  understood  this,  and  so  informed  his  conlede- 
nitcs.  This  question  was,  in  oll'ect,  settled  liy  the  ju'ikh'  of  Versailles;  lint  the  Indians 
dill  not  feel  disposed  to  drop  tho  contest.  Detroit  was  still  closely-  invested;  Fort  I'ilt 
WHS  also  tieleairiircd  ;  and  the  only  road  liy  which  relief  could  reach  it,  passed  throiiili 


ir\-  tracts  of  wilderness,  and  over  liiu;!!  moiiiitains 


It 


was  likewise  loca 


leil 


on 


Irontier,  the  inliahitants  of  which  lived  in  a  continual  dread  of  tlie  Indians. 


■;iici,'iH-<. 


V.L    VI 


2"o 


I'lloM    TIIK    CoNi.ir  i;sT    «»F     C  \  N  A  FM 


11 


f..'! 


<i<'iM'r;il  Aniliiiol  onli nil  ('oluticl  ltiiiii|u<'t  In  vi'lii'vi>  tlii*  |Mt*<t  willi  llii>  iviniiiiiitM  of 
I'r'^iiiK'iil.x.  wliicli  liiul  rrtiinii'il,  in  ii  li'i'Mc  ainl  ."liullrrcil  ciiiiilitiiiii,  Irntii  tin'  r^lfiri' ol' 
llavaiiii.  'I'lic  riiiitc  lii\  tlimuL'li  IViiiix\  l\Miiia.  Its  tlic  \\a\  <>!'  riirli>|i'  und  Fnit 
lii'dliii'il,  mill  iiiaiiy  lli^«>llllra..'(■llll<llt!4  wi'ii'  in  tlic  way.  IHh  triHi|H  iiml  xii|>|ilit'H  caiiii' 
lorwanl  >iip\\l\.  lie  riMrlicil  Kml  MciiriMil  nii  tin-  '-'"illi  ul' .Inlv.  ami.  |iii»liini:  mi  tn 
Fort  l<i'i:<iiii('r.  iclifvi'il  tliat  po^t  tVoni  ii  tliicati'iKil  n'u'jn'.  As  m>i>ii  iim  tlii>  liuliaiis. 
will)  licKii'LTt'il  Fort  l*iit.  Iii'ani  t}\'  Ihm  ii|i|)riiai'li.  tln'V  li'lt  that  jilai'i*.  ami  |in'[iairi|  tn 
ii|)|ii)ii'  lii>  inarfli.  ltiiMi|iii'l  liail  ilisciiciiniln'ri'il  liiiiixi'irnt' liix  wairoiis.  as  uIhd  nf  tiimli 
lna\\  liajLiajv.  al  I'liit  l<i".:iiiiii'r.  ami  iiuni'il  mi  wiili  alarrit\.  cmivcvjinr  liif  |)iitvi>inii-< 
mi  liiir!<os.  <  111  rntciiii.;  tlif  ilrlilc  nl  Tiirtli- CrciU.  Iiis  uilvaiii'i'  liail  iirniTcdi'd  Iml  a 
>liiiii  (llstiiiiri'.  wiicn  llii'\  wtTi' lpii>l\ly  attackril  nil  linlli  Hank-*.  .\  severe  ami  (lc-|ii'rati' 
liattie  eiisiieil,  wliicli  inliiiitti'il  iil"  .tevt-ral  niami'in  ii's.  ami  cleveloped  Home  iiifitaiiees  ol" 
ltom|iiet'H  ^'allimlry.  ('aptain!' (iraluitii  and  .Meliito:''!).  of  the  reu'iilarx,  were  killeil,  ami 
llxc  nllieers  woiimled.  A-i  tlie  da_\  iio.«i'd.  all  eli'valimi  \va><  '.:aine(i.  on  \\  liiili  tlie  Irooiw 
lii\oiiai'l<ei|.  At  da_\lireak  tlie  I'ollowiii'.'  inoriiiii'.:.  Aii-iii^t  litli.  tlie  lndiaii.><  Mirroinidi'd 
tlie  eaiii|>.  and  eoniiiieiiced  a  lively  fiisiliide,  iiiakim:  rreijiieiit  ^'allies,  alternately 
attaekim;  and  retreatiiiLr.  'I'lii.x  lieeanie  very  aniiouiii:  to  the  troops,  wlio  were  irreatly 
lalimird.  and  de-titiiti'  ol'  water.  'I'liev  rom:lil  in  an  extended  circle.  At  leiiLilli,  tlie 
Colom  1  roortrd  to  the  insi'  ol'  willidrawiiij;  two  companies  lioiii  l!ie  miter  line,  and 
iiiadr  a  I'riiit  ol'  iitiealiiiir.  Ity  tiiis  moveinent.  lie  di'coyed  the  Indians  into  a  po-itioii. 
wheii'  liny  Wire  piMiiiptly  clKirued  with  the  liavmiet.  anil  repelled.  'I'lieir  retreat  then 
liec.iine  a  rout,  which  also  involved  ii  part  ol'  the  Indian  I'orce.s  hitherto  nnenv'iif-'ed, 
Moihpiel  ihen  leliieil  Id  |!rn>liy  Itiin,  wiiere  ihiie  was  ;ihniiilanee  ol'w.iler;  hilt  he  had 
hardly  pioted  his  troupe,  when  the  Indians  ii<;uiii  ('oiiiiiieiiced  an  attack,  which  was, 
however,  speedily  repulsed.  The  loss  in  theso  actions  aiiiminted  to  til'ty  tiien  killed,  and 
sixty  vvmnided. 

.Mtrr  these  hattles.  the  Indians  did  not  renew  the  .sieje  of  Fort  I'itt.  hiit  withdrew 
hcyniid  the  ( >liio ;  and.  I'oiir  days  siih^eipieiil  to  the  action  at  Hriishy  linn,  IJmiipiet 
entered  Fort  Pitt. 

While  the-e  events  vvcie  tiaiispirim:'.  the  Indians  were  vet  closely  hesieuinj;'  Detroit, 
and  the  uarrismi  l)e;:aii  to -ullir  from  I'atiiiiie  and  want  ol' prov  isioiis,  A  vessel,  manned 
li\  twelve  men.  and  in  charge  of  two  masters,  was  despatched  I'roni  Fmt  .\ia'.;ara, 
diirini:  the  latter  part  ol  .Vngiist,  with  stores  liir  its  reliit'.  It  reached  the  entrance  to 
Detroit  river  on  the  .'Id  ol'  Septemlu'r;  hut  the  wind  heinv  adverse,  the  crew  dropped 
the  anchor.  Ahoiit  nine  o'clock  in  tiie  t•vellinL^  the  hoatsvvain  discovered  a  licet  of 
canoes  .ipproachiii'j'.  cmitainim:-  alioiit  .'loll  Indians.  The  how  '.;iin  was  liivd.  hut  too 
late.  .'IS  the  canoes  had.  hy  this  time,  snrroiindcd  the  ves.-el.  The  Indians  iinmedi.iielv 
(111  the  cahle.  and  lie;;an  to  hoard  her.  notwithstanding  the  lire  I'rmii  the  small  arms, 
and  also  I'lom  ii  svviv(d.  The  crew  then  seized  tiii'ir  piki's.  a  new  weapon  of  deli'ncu 
with  which   tliey  were  provided,  und.  liiihting  with  great    hravery  and   determination, 


4 


i 


II 


TO    Til  i;    AM  i;il  HAN     l<  K  V  (H,  I  T  I  ( •  N  , 


::>i 


killfil  iimii}  (if  llu  Uh'.  'I'lii'  liiiliiiii!4  l<-ar<'<l  an  cxitUifiDii  mi  IhhhiI  (lie  ^liip,  uliirli, 
^>\  iii'jiii}.'  iii'iiiinil,  ili!H-<iiu'i'i'(t'il  and  i-oiirii.^ril  llic  MiNa;:i'«.  ulm  llinii;:lil  >lii'  WH'  ali<iiil  Id 
iliil't  a-liiU'i' :  tliin  I'liiiiil  'I  tlu-  rri-w  ti  ii'i'  liirir  unnw  illi('li\t'i\.  'I'lii'  iiiaf<lif  ami  I'lu- 
mail  writ'  kill<  il.  mil  tiiiii'  Mil  'I  uiiiiii'Iril  :  liiit  u  Itii'i'/.t'  ^<|ll'ill'Jill'J  ii|i.  tin'  ulliii'  -laiiii'ii 
liiiinti'tl  Hiiii,  ami  liii'ili/lil  till'  \i'-M'|  Kiili'lv  to  Dctmit.  Knr  iliit^  Iuum'  art.  raili  nl  tlic 
cri'W  wai  |irr?«fiil>'il  willi  a  -iUrr  iin'iliil.' 

'I'lic  ^ai'i'i>^mi  \ii'\\ni  tliii.t  |ii'ii\iilril  wilii  xiipplio,  tlic  riiillur  illiii'ts  n^'  ilir  IihIuiiih 
|)i'nV('(l  III'  III)  ^rt'ut  ('nii»<'i|U('ii('c.  Am  ||ii>  m'iimiiii  i'tii'  limiting'  ii|i|ii'iiai'lM  il.  iln'  luiliiniH 
iiiii>ll\  ili^^iii'ix'il,  cNi'i  |i|  ^itiiit'  >iiiall  |>artirs,  ulm  walrliril  tin'  I'lii.  ainl  |>ri  sniirii  aii\ 
(■giVKr<  ri'iiiii  il.  n|imi  war  lu-vi'i'  lifiti^  ciinictl  mi  li_^  tin-  iinliaiis  ilmin.:  ihr  winti  r, 
Majiir  (ilailwvii  iiiailc  hiu'Ii  ii  Jiiilii'iiiiis  (linpnsitimi  of  lii>  iiicaiis,  as  |>ir\i'iiti'ii  any 
Mir|iriM'  diiiiii'.:  lliat  hraxiii. 

FdI'I  Niagara  had  not  Ihtii  altarlvrd,  altli()U<.'h  its  ^ani-uii  wai  uimU  ;  l>iil  lis 
|irri'iiit'ti  wi'ii'  riiiiliiiiially  iiili>r*ti>d  li\  liii>tili'  liidiaiis,  wliirli  iiiailr  il  iirrri-arN  In  -I'lht 
out  laij:t' fwnrtji  witli  cvi'iy  train  ilr>|iatrlii'il  rrnni  it  To  rid  tlif  Niajara  \alli\  nl' 
this  iinniiMincc,  iind  ii|ii>ii  tin-  rmiti'  tn  S'IiIussit,  u  lictai'liiiu'iit  ul' nini'ly  iiii'ii  \\as 
dii't'i'tcd  to  scour  thi>  sui'i'iiuiidiiii;  country.  Owjnir  to  lhi>  iiii-niisidiTati' ardor  nl'  the 
ollli'i'i'  in  rniiiiiiaiid.  and,  al^n.  tn  lii^  iLiiinraiii'i'  o|'  Indian  Militlrl\  in  tiiiic  nl'  war.  llio 
ili'lai'linnnt  was  ili'inM'd    inln   an    aiiiliu-i'adi'.  in  wliiili  hi',  .ind    all    his   nun.  w  ilii  tin- 

I'Nci'lilinli   nl'   tlirri'  nr   Iniir.   Wrlr   killi'd. 


il'ir 


'    >l:iMl.'.   |.,    .■|IMI. 


'  ll'i'l  .  y.  .".Hi 


25-2 


FROM    Tllb:    CUNQLErfT    OF    CANADA 


ClI  AI'TKIf    VI. 


riKXFHAL  rACIFTCATTON  HETAVKEN  THK  FNGLTSTT.  AND  TlIF 
INDIAN  TRIDES.  FAST  AND  WFST.  TREATY  OF  PEA  OF  AVI  Til 
THE  8ENECAS,  AVYANDOTS,  OTTOWAS  AND  ClI  IP  I'EW  AS,  MIS- 
8ISSAGIES,    rOTTAWATTAMIES,    AND    MIAMIES. 


Tm:  ('iiin|i;ii,t;n  ol'  ITii.']  liad  tlie  olVoot  rather  to  inspire  than  to  dopross  tho 
ITCil  liopcs  of  tiic  Iiiiliiuis.  Tiic  llui^lish  iiirccs  had  lieon  withdrawn  to  t'in'tiior  projects 
ol'comnu'st  in  the  West  Indies;  tlius  leaving  hut  few  troops  on  the  frontiers.  Foi-ts 
Pitt  and  Dttruit  haih  for  many  niontiis.  both  been  closely  invested  hy  the  tribes,  who 
(()ni]iletidy  impeded  ingress  and  i-gress.  The  determination  evinced  by  tlie  forces  of 
I'ontiae  at  Detroit,  his  aitacks  on  tlie  shipping  sent  to  its  relief,  the  sangninary 
encounter  at  Bloody  IJridge.  in  which  Dal/.ell  was  slain,  and  at  IJrnshy  IJnn,  where 
(.'olonel  Bouquet  was  so  actively  opposed,  togotiior  with  the  utter  destruction  of  a 
detaidniient  of  ninety  men  and  its  officers,  on  the  Niagara  portage,  afl'orded  an 
additional  stiuudus  to  the  wrath  of  tiie  Indians.  These  succi'sscs  not  only  ser\i'd  to 
iullate  the  Indian  pride,  but  likewise  denoted  a  feeble  military  administration  on  tho 
])art  of  the  British  connnander. 

(■eneral  Andierst  wa.s  of  opinion  that  more  vigorous  action,  and  a  more  compre- 
hensive and  definite  plan  were  requireil  for  the  cain])aigii  of  17G4,  while,  at  the  same 
time,  the  ministry  had  crippled  his  abilities  by  withdrawing  nearly  all  his  regular 
troops.'  Under  these  <'ii'(nnnstances.  he  (tailed  for  nitl  from  the  colonies,  determining  to 
send  Colonel  15ou(juet  with  an  ellicient  army  against  the  western  trilies.  who  beleaguered 
Fort  Pitt,  and  overawed  the  valleys  of  the  Ohio,  Miami.  Scioto,  and  Wabash,  and  at 
the  same  time  to  diri'ct  Colonel  Bradstreot  to  proceed  with  a  large  force,  in  Ixiats, 
against  the  northwestern  tribes,  at  Detroit.  To  enable  him  to  carry  out  his  plans,  lie 
appealed  earnestly  to  th(!  respective  (.'olonial  K'gislatnres  for  troops,  wliich  were  (dieer- 
fnlly  supplied.  Sir  William  .Tohnson  determined  to  hold  a  general  convention  of  the 
tribes  at  Fort  Niagara,  in  cdnneetinn  with  the  Bradslreet  ino\i'ment.  and  to  endeavor 
to  induce  as  many  iiidiims  as  ims^ibie  to  a("company  that  officer,  on  his  expedition   to 


the  \icniage  oi    the  upper  iaki 


II; 


ivinii^  made  these  arranirements.  Amherst,  w  ho  had 


/ea 


ioiish 


■Ilieic'iitK  prosecuted  tin;  war  aiiainst  Canada,  solicited  leave  to  return  fc 


Iiiiii.-  (I 


I  I 


,j 


! 


Tn    THE    AMKRKAN    l!K  V  OL  UTION.  •2r>-\ 

Kii^l mil.  1111(1  was  ,siiccoedi.'il  in   tliu  cuiiiiiiiukI  liy  (jeneral  Gago,  an  ofllcer  ol"  very 
iiiU'rior  cliaracter. 

It  ]mn'^  iK'ci'ssary  to  conduct  the  oporations  of  Bradstroet's  dctadunont  l)y  wator, 
tliat  oiliccr  siiiioriiitoiuk-d  tlu-  work  oi"  cunstnictiuir  a  llotilla  of  hattcaiix  at  SclioiicH'tady, 
on  a  plan  of  his  own  invention,  each  hoat  liaviiif;  forty-six  feet  keel,  and  bein,;;' 
siillicicntly  eaiiacions  to  contain  twenty-seven  men,  and  six  weeks'  provisions.  As  .^ooii 
as  this  iinnicnso  llotiUa  was  ready,  it  was  ordered  to  Oswego,  wheio  Sir  William  Johnson 
liad  al.so  directed  the  Indians  to  assenihle.  Ilis  force,  of  all  descrij)tioiis,  on  reacliiiig 
Oswego,  numl)ered  aimut  J"J()I>.  Three  vessels  were  employed  to  transport  the  hea\y 
stoles  to  the  month  of  the  Niagara,  and  the  Indians,  in  their  caiKjes,  followed  the 
extended  ti'ain  of  hatteaiix  along  the  Ontario  coasts,  making  the  usual  landings  at  tlii! 
I5ay  of  Soihis,'  and  Ir(iiide((Uot.  They  arrived  at  I'\)rt  Niagara  in  the  beginning  of 
July.  Tiiis  concourse  of  boats  and  men  was.  however,  in  reality,  the  smallest  part  of 
the  display. 

A  birge  niinil)er  of  the  Indian  tribes  had  Iieeii  summoned  to  a  council  liv  Sir  William 
Johnson,  who  had  collected  1700  Indians  at  Niagara.-  Nevi'r  had  such  a  body  of 
Indians  been  congregated  under  his  auspices.  The  council  was  iield  in  Fort  Niagara. 
lie  had  brought  with  him  the  preliminary  articles  of  a  treaty  of  jieace.  amily,  and 
alliance,  which  had  been  lucpared  by  him  at  Johnson  Hall,  where  it  had  receixed  the 
signatures  of  several  of  the  leading  chiefs.  ^lajor  Gladwyn  had  sent  Indian  deputies 
from  Detroit,  anil  various  causes  had  combineil  to  swell  the  iittendance  at  this  i;ieat 
convention.  Henry  relates  that  one  of  Sir  William's  messages  reached  Sanlt  St". 
Marie,  at  the  liiot  of  Lake  Superior,  and  induced  the  triiie  there  located  to  send  a 
deiiutation  of  twenty  persons.''  The  Senecas,  hf)wever,  wliose  conduct  had  In^en 
e(piivocaI  durinu'  the  war.  ilid  not  make  their  appearance,  although  their  de|iuties  had 
linarv  articles  at  Johnson  Hall.     Sir  William  .«ciit  to  their  villai;es  on 


signc 


I" 


the  Genesee,  repeated  messages  for  them,  which  were  uniformly  answered  liy  promi.^es. 
IJnt  promises  would  not  serve,  and,  conscfpiently.  Colonel  Bradstreet  anthori/.i'd  the 
Baronet  to  send  a  linal  message,  announcing  that,  if  they  did  not  [ireseut  themselves 
in   fire  (la\s.  he  would   send  a  force   against   tl 


lem,  aiu 


1  destrov  their  villages.     This 


lirouiiht  them  to  terms; 


ne\   iinmc( 


liateh'  attended  the  convention,  and.  at  the  same 


time 


dcred  tl 


leir  prisolu 


rs.      .V  formal  treaty  of  [u-ace  was  then  concludi 


mm  to 


Colonel  Bradstreet  di'sired  to  depart  iminediately,  but  Sir  AVilliani  bcgg 
])ostpone  his  march  until  he  had  fmished  with  the  tribes,  and  given  them  their  pivsents; 
for,  jilthoujb  he  had  just  concluded  a  treaty  of  peace  with  them,  he  had  no  faith  in 
their  lidelit\,  and    fand  that,   if  the  troops  were  withdrawn,  they  wouM  attack   the 


'■'■it 


iiii 


'  In  :i  iii;imi-rri|it  j..iini;il  iif  llii-  i  Ap.ililinii.  wrlttrii  liy  .Inliii    M'KiMiiiv.  »n  nr.l.rly  in   flic    I  (tli,  or  Itdjal 
Scvit-,  mill  ill  I'lir  )i"s-r--iiiM.  llil^  li:i\  i^  i:illi'il  (1iim-.i.iIii.<.  wliicli  !i|i|u':irs  In  In'  tin'  :ilioriL;inMl  liTin. 
-'  >|;iiili\  11    ."il",!.  ^Tnivi'l-  of  .\lr\aiiiliT  lli'iiiT,  p.   Ilid. 


II 


L 
I 


i      '•     il 


.'!'. 
'i 


;! 


'II 


1 . 


I  '. 


Hi 


264 


F  J{ O  M    T  HE    C  I) >i  (j  L  K  S T    ( >  !■'    C  A N  A  I)  A 


I'ort.     ^Vitll  tlii.-'  iiMiiifst  JJriiilstrcet  complied,     lie  at  length  departed,  tiikiuy  with  him 
.'jOO  Indiiiu  wiirriurs  ii.s  auxiliiiries,  althougli  he  was  eoiiscioii.s  they  accompanied  liim 
rather  in  the  character  of  isjiit's.     Sir  William,  having  acconij)li:<iied  this  iinportiint 
paciiicatiuii  returned  home ;  and,  on  the  Gth  of  August,  (Jolonel  Uradstreet  proceeded 
on  his  protracted  expedition  along  the  southern  coasts  of  Lake  Erie.     His  intentions, 
as  publicly  announced,  were,  to  conclude  peace  with  such  tribes  as  .solicited  it,  and  to 
chastise  all  who  continued  in  arms.     Being  detained  by  contrary  winds  at  rAuiv  (tnx 
Fiiiil/c,^,  he  there  received  a  deputation  from  the  Wyandots  of  Sandusky,  the  Shawnees 
and  Delawaresoft lie  Ohio,  and  the  bamisof  the  Six  Nations,  residing  on  the  Scioto  Plains. 
Tiie  sachems  deputed  by  thi'se  tribes,  presented  four  belts  of  wamptnn  as  an  earnest  of 
their  desire  for  jieace,  iuid  in  their  speeches  to  Bradstrcet,  excused  their  respective  nations 
for  tiie  murdi-rs  and  outrages  committed,  on    the  usual  pretext  of  not   being  able  to 
restrain  their  }oimg  warriors,  or  of  not  Ijeing  aware  of  the  real  state  of  facts,  at  the 
same  time  soliciting  forgiveness  fur  the  past,  ami  promising  fidelity  for  tlie  future. 
^'ariable  weather  having  delayed  IJradstreet,  he  was  at  length  enableil  to  proceed  forward, 
and,  on  tiie  li.'Id  of  August,  reached  Point  le  Petit  Isle,  where  intelligence  was  brought 
to  him  that  the  Indians,  collected  on  tiie  .Miami  of  the  lakes,  were  resolved  to  oppose 
his  progress.     lie  immediately  determined  to  attack  them  in  that  position,  wliitlier 
Pontiac  had  then  retired,  but  while  yet  on  Lake  Krie,  pursuing  iiis  course  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Miami,  he  received  a  deputation  from  the  Indians  of  that  stream,  who  requested 
a  conference  at  Detroit.     Visiting  the  Bay  of  Miami,  and  finding  the  Indian  camp 
abandoned,  he  again  returnetl  to  Point  Petit  Isle,  and  from  this    position  detaciied 
Captain  Morris,  at  the  liead  of  a  liody  of  men,  with  directions  to  march   across  tiio 
country  and  ti\kc  possessit)n  of  the  territory  of  the  Illinois,  which  had  been  ceded  to 
Englanil  by  tiie  treaty  concluded  at  Versailles,  in  1703.'     Bradstrcet  tiien  proceeded 
to  the  head  of  Lake  J]rie,  and,  entering  the  strait.?  of  Detroit,  readied  the  town  and 
fort  on  the  '2Gth  of  August.     Never  previously  iiad  such  a  large  force,  accompanied  by 
so  much  military  display,  been  seen  in  that  ^icillity.     The  long  lines  of  batteanx  and 
barges,  filled  with  their  complement  of  military,  with  their  glittering  arms,  their  colors 
Hying,  drums  beating  and  bugles  sounding,  were  followed  by  those  containing  the 
attaclies  of  the   quartermaster's  and  commissary'.s  departments,  and  by  the  fleet  of 
canoes  containing  the  .300  auxiliary  Moiiawks  and  Senecas,  together  with  the  deputies 
of  the  surrounding  tribes.    Indians  always  judge  from  appearances,  and  every  attendant 
circumstance  indicated  that  the  Britisii  government,  wiiich  could  send  so  numerous 
and  well-appointed  a  force,  to  such  a  distant  point,  must  in  it.self  be  strong.     Brad- 
street  determined  to  land  his  army  on    the  plain,  extending  from  the  fort  along  tlie 
banks  of  the  river,  and,  as  detachment  after  detachment  filed    past  with    military 
e.xactitude,  to  its  position  in  the  exteiuled  camp,  the  gazing  multitudes  ol'  red  men 
realized  the  peril  of  their  [last  position,  and  tremblcMl  for  tlie  future.      'I'he  commander 


It  ,iri|i..ii>  h 


ilkiii.iM-  I '.iii-i'irii  V   •■(   I'mIiII:!!',  'Ii.iI  llii-i|.il»   v,  ,     ill  |..r!uriiii  .1 


' 


:i 


■1 


\   " 


U 


:f 


TO    THE    AMERICAN    U  E  V  <H,  T  T  1  ON.  iW) 

(lid  not  taki'  up  liis  (|ii;ntL'i's  in  tlu'  Inrt.  liut  dirfctcil  liis  niiiiHini'i-,  (Hi  wliicli  tlic  red 
cross  of  Kn,i;tiind  wiis  disiilayud,  to  Lf  pitclicil  in  tin-  ccntrt'  of  this  vast  i'ni'iun[inH'nt. 
Till'  Ttli  of  Si'ptcnilicr  was  appointed  Ibi'  tlio  inet'ting  ol'  tiic  cunncil,  when  tia-  aljori.iiinal 
deputies  were  received,  decked  out  witli  all  tlieir  oriental  taste,  and  hearing  tiu'ir 
ornamented  pipes  of  peace.  Tiio  first  trihes  on  the  ground  were  the  Oltawas  and 
Cliippewas,  uho  hail  been  the  head  and  front  ol'  I'ontiiie's  oU'ending.  They  were 
represented  by  Wassong,  attended  by  six  otiier  eliicfs,  whose  respective  names  were 
Attowatomig.  Shaniindawa,  Otlawany,  Apoke.ss,  ami  Abi'tto.  Wassong  made  liis  suit- 
mission  in  tei-nis  that  woidd  not  have  been  disiMeditable  to  a  philosopher  or  adiplomatist. 


11 


d   h 


\tioii  for  their  particiiiation  in  the  war,  laid  the  blame  where  it 


e  exeuseil  llis  naiion  lor  iiieir  pai  iicipaiuiii  ui  me  >\ai-,  uuu  me  uiame  wnere 
properly  belonged,  and  then.  ap[)ealing  to  the  theology  which  recognises  God  as  the 
great  ruler  of  events,  who  orders  them  in  wisdom  and  mercy,  promised  obedience  to 
the  Mritish  crown.  While  spi'aking.  he  held  in  his  hand  a  belt  of  wami)um,  having  a 
iilue  and  white  ground,  interspersed  with  devices  in  white,  green,  and  blue,  which,  at 
the  close  of  llis  speech,  lie  dejiosited  as  a  testimonial  of  the  truth  of  his  words.  He 
then,  holding  foi'tli  a  purple  and  mixed  Ix'lt,  in  the  name  of  the  Miamics,  tendered 
till  ir  submission,  deiiositing  this  lielt  also  as  their  memorial.  Shamindawa  then 
addressed  the  eouni'il  in  the  name  of  Pontiac,  saying  that  ho  regretted  what  had 
Inqipeiied,  and  reijuested  it  should  lie  forgiven,  adding  that  it  would  give  him  pleasure 
to  eo-operate  with  the  English.  lie  concluded  b}'  praying  for  the  success  of  the  Illinois 
mission,  as  though  he  eoiisidereil  it  a  perilous  undertaking.  The  Hurons.  who  had 
been  aetividy  engaged  in  the  war.  next  inesented  tlieir  suliinission,  and  adixed  to  the 
treaty  the  embleTuatic  signature  of  a  deer  and  a  cross.  A  Miami  chief,  whose  signature 
iited  himself  In  the  name  of  his  nation,  to  concur  in  the  terms 


acfi'i 


h'd  to  bv 


lie 


prcsei 
Oltaw 


IS  and  I'luiip 


The  Pottawatti 


nines  am 


IF 


)xes  then  afli.xed 


tl 


irir  signature  by  the  lucto; 


zrapli  of  a  liix. 


an  ei 


1,  and  u  bear.      The  ^1 


ississMii'ies  Avere 


representi'd  by  Wapacomagot,  and  sigiiilied  their  acipiieseence  by  tracing  the  llgure  of 
an  eagle  with  a  medal  round  its  neek.  The  entire  number  of  Indians  present  at  the 
eoiielusion  of  the  treats  with  Colonel  Bradstreet.  has  been  estimated  at  llKid.' 


M:iiiti'.  ]i.  .Vjij.      Till-  wiirrioiv  ]iri'~cMt,  niul  tliuir  umm'iio:il  I'uti'  wriv  »■■■  I'dll.Avs  :  — 

(ItlnWM*  2l;iI 

Cliii^prWiis ;!lll( 

Slink i.'-i i")!) 

lluioU:; so 

-  fi.'.0 

( 'li  1  iipcnvas I  "ill 

l'..|lMW:ill:iiiiii  s  (."ill 

(iOO 

0/  Siii,'hi.<l:il. 

Hnrniw  '. '. -JOI) 

M  i.i  111  us L'.'id 

Wcas j;jl) 

(■,<(•» 

T..lal TiaJu 


ililli 

■1 

It'al 


IS 


I'lMtM     I'lli;  C(tN(H'EST    OF    CANADA 


ClIAPTKK    VII, 


llE-OCCUPATTON  OF  THE  LAKE  POSTS.  THE  INDIAN  TRADE 
EXTENDED  AVESTWARD  AND  NORTHWARD  UNDFU  HRlTISIl 
AUSPICES. 

Bradsthkf.t.  liaviiijr  siicoc.xsriilly  clo.'<i'(l  his  lU'iiDtiutions  witii  tlic  Tiidiiuis.  rcoriiiuiized 
till'  militia,  and  I'staljlishcd  the  civil  iiovfriiiiu'iit  in  tln'  Ficiicli  scUlomt'iits  on  a  tlrm 
hasis,  prepared  to  n'tiini  to  Saiidiisliy,  witii  the  \  icw  ol'coinplyiii^' with  ins  iiistriR-tioiis 
from  General  Gairi',  diivcliiiii  him  to  hriiig  the  Shawiiees  and  Dulawaivs  to  terms.  On 
reaehiiig  Sandusky,  he  received  letters  from  Gi'Meral  (ia;:e.  eensming  him  (or  oU'ering 
terms  of  peace  to  the  .Shawnee  and  Delaware  delegates,  ami  l()r  his  i^eneral  coui'sc  iu 
ooncluding  treaties  of  pi'aco  w-itli  the  Indians,  without  consnlting  Sir  William  Johnson, 
who  was  the  Superintendent  of  Indian  Alfairs;  and  with  wliom  he  was  diri'cted  to  put 
himself  in  connnnnication.  This  is  tiie  fu'st  instance  of  a  collision  of  authority  hetweeii 
the  oilicers  of  the  military  and  Indian  service,  of  wiiich  the  entire  sulistMpient  history  of 
our  Indian  alfairs  affords  ahundant  evidence,  down  to  the  present  day.  Prior  to  this 
period,  he  left  a  relief  of  .>ieven  comi)anies  in  the  fort  at  Detroit,  under  the  command 
of  Lieutenant-Colonel  ('ami)hell.  Two  companies,  under  Cajitain  Howard,  together 
with  a  detachment  of  artillery,  and  two  companies  of  the  recentl}'  organized  militia, 
were,  at  the  same  time,  ordered  to  re-t)ccupy  Michilimackinac.  To  supply  the  po.-t 
ellcctually,  a  vessel,  under  command  of  Lieutenant  Sinclair,  of  the  llfteenfh  regular 
iniantry.  was  directeil  to  enter  Lake  Huron.  'I'liis,  it  is  declared,'  was  the  first  Knglish 
vessi'l  that  ever  attempted  the  [lassage,-  and  the  vt)3age  ai)})ears  to  have  licen  considered 
an  intrepid  feat,  from  which  we  may  reasonably  infer,  that  tiie  name  of  the  lake  and 
river  Sinclair  was  thus  derived.'  Sinclair,  tradition  asserts,  was  the  connnandant  of 
Miciiilimackinac,  ])rior  to  the  arrival  of  Captain  Kohinson,  who  held  the  command  on 
on  tiie  island,  in  ITS:!.'  when  a  faeade  of  its  nuu'al  precipices  fell  down. 

The   j)ost  of   .Mi'hilimackliiac  was.   in    17(1  f,  situated  on  a  northern  headland    iif 


'  Maiiti',  p.  .MO.  '  It  wa.s  ori;_'iii:illy  inaifi'  liy  tlir  llrilliri,  uii4<T  i,a  Sail.',  ill  1078. 

'  TIio  pntiri'  rivor,  fnjiii  lluroii  tn  ImIl',  \v:ls  called  DLtiuit  Ijy  tlio  oaily  Frciuli  writers. 
'  Porscinal  Moiimiis,  p.  -H"). 


! 


.    .1 


\ 


TO    THE    AMERICAN    H  K  V  ol,  T  T  F  OX. 


2f)7 


the  iieninsula  of  Mioliifiiin.  jnttiiii;  into  tlio  straits,  opposite  to.  iuul  in  si.i;Iit  of  tii" 
island,  und  also  ol"  J'oint  St.  lj;niu  c.  Tiiis  was  tlic  point  wliicii  iiail  Ik'ch  sficctcd  iiy 
ArarqiR'tto.  as  tlic  site  of  a  mission;  and  to  its  siinpii'  ,i;ra\r\ai'd  liis  remains  wcrc^ 
convi'ved  and  interred,  after  liis  decease  at  tlie  little  river  liearin'^  his  niune.  on  tlie  east 
shores  of  Lake  Miehio'an.'  My  order  of  General  Amherst.  tii<'  Kn  nch  iinrrison  was 
relieved,  after  the  ('a|)tnre  of  Montreal,  and  the  troops  sent  for  that  purpose  were  led 
hv  Major  ]{odi;ers,  of  iinte-Kevolntionary  meinorv,  who  had  In't'ii  siiceoeded  l)y  Major 
Ethrinjiton.  at  the  time  of  the  massacre,  in  ITti-!.'  At  tin,'  (hite  of  tiie  massacre.  tin- 
Indians  did  not  hnrn  the  fort,  which,  as  the  traders  lived  within  it.  would  have  destroyed 
their  iroods;  and  it  was,  theivl()re,  reoccu[)ied  in  liilil,  tlie  walls,  haslions.  and  ^;alrs 
remaining  entire.  Tradition  a.s.serts,  that  this  fort  was  visited  and  supplied  Ky  vessels 
for  .seven  years  snhswpiently.^  The  alarm  produced  by  the  American  lii'volulion 
appears  to  have  caused  the  transfer  of  the  Ibrtilication  to  the  island,  which,  tradition 
allirnis,  was  made  ahont  the  year  I  780.^  The  Michilimackinae  of  the  I'lcuch  was. 
thereliire,  located  on  the  a|)ex  of  the  peninsula;   that  of  the  lMc.;lish.  on  tin;  ivlaml. 

.Michilimackinae  had.  from  an  unknown  })eriod.  Keen  regarded  liy  ilie  almri^iiues  as  a 
.sacred  island,  consecrated  hoth  hy  their  mythology  and  history.  It  was  l)elie\cd  to  lie  the 
local  residence  of  important  spirits  of  their  pantheon;  and  its  caM'rns.  as  well  as  its 
cliO's,  were  calculated  to  liivor  this  idea.  They  lamled  on  it  with  awe.  and  its  pierineis 
were  preserxcil  from  ■  intrusion  of  Kuroi)ean  feet.  Thi'  hones  found  in  its  ea\c^.  its 
deep  suliterranean  passai;('s.  the  rejinlar  heaps  of  superiiupuseil  liouMers.  and  tiie 
evidences  of  cultivation,  still  to  he  seen  in  many  isolated  spots,  surrounded  with 
hnpenetrahle  lt)liai:e,  denote  th.at  it  had  not  oidy  been  occupied  from  \t'ry  eaily  times, 
hut  that  its  oeciii)ancy  was  coimected  with  their  earliest  hi>tory.  su[HT>titions.  and 
inythology. 

Traditions  which  have  heen  carefully  sought  out,  mention  that  the  Kiiiilish  were  the 
first  nation  who  were  permitted  to  occupy  its  sacred  shores  with  troops."  Iiy  whom  a 
fort,  in  the  form  of  a  tailns,  owinir  to  the  shape  of  the  dill',  was  placed  on  its  ediic. 
A  villaire  was  laid  out  on  the  narrow  ,i;ra\el  plain  helow.  The  liaihor.  tlnui-li  small. 
pos.sessed  a  good  anchora.uc,  and  was  sheltered  from  all  winds,  except  those  from  the 
east.     Merchants,  who  supplied  the  traders  to  a  wide  extent  of  cmnitry.  east,  west,  and 


nor 


th,  located  their  places  of  husiness  on  the  island.     The  traders   litte(l  o\it  .■unui; 


Ih 


hy  tiiese  merchants  held  intercourse  with  the  trihes  of  Fiake  Su|ierior.  Miehi!.;an,  (Ireen 
Bay,  the  ]\lississippi,  and  the  Illinois.    British  capital  and  enteriiriseestalilished  this  trade 


on 


a  ni'w  footint;',  and.  from  this  time  forth,  it  hecame  a  centn;  liir  a  \ast   eountrv.  th 


Al'trr  tluir  ivnmval  U>  tin 


liis 


Mirs  wrri' 


title,  uni;iii;ilini.'  iiiiiny  years  sulisciiuen 


iiilivrcd  ill  llic  Catlinlie  i-linri'liy.-inl ;   Iml  a  i|in-:(i.iii 


iitlv.  I'ausi'.l  tliiMM  to  lie  a'_'aiii  ili-liirlied.  al'lei-  wliieli  lliev  were  I'e-iiiteri'i'  1 


lit  r.iint  I,a  Cr.issi 
'  llenrv's  Travi 


I'l 


.Me 


Lake  .Mii 


lirs  cif  Tllirty  Veins'   l!esiileiie(>,  |i. 


IKi.l 


1 1']. 


VI.  —  : 


w 


i.'iS 


FROM  THE  CONQUEST  OF  CANADA 


Indians  tnivc'lliiiu'  tiiitlu'r.  a  (listiiiicc  of  ICIDO  mill's,  in  tln'ir  t'linocs.  ijoariii!!  witli 
tiiciii  tlii'ir  \vi'a|)<iii.s  anil  tlio  tnkciis  ol'  tiicir  ln'avcrv,  ami  docoratcd  witli  all  tliiMV 
Iratliors  and  liiu'rv.  IVtruit,  Vinconnes,  Kaskaskin,  Caliokia,  St.  Louis.  Prairie  du 
CliiiMi,  St.  IVlors,  Cliojidimoiidn,  tlii"  viuinity  of  tlio  Laki'  of  the  Woods,  and  Lake 
AVinnipeg.  as  well  as  tlie  valley  of  tiie  Saskateliawin,  beeanio  hnt  di'iiendeneies  ol' 
liie  new  metropolis  of  Indian  trade,  ^licliilimackinac. 

The  j:reat  ohjecl  of  tin-  eam|)ai,i:ii  of  170-1  wfts,  however,  not  yet  aceoniplislied.  Tiie 
nortli  was  sale,  lint,  in  order  to  estal)lish  a  permanent  and  general  jieace  v.itli  tiie 
Inilians.  it  was  reijnisite  tiiat  the  war  should  lie  vijroronsly  and  sneeessfully  prosecuted 
in  the  south  and  west.  JSotli  the  JJritish  eommanders  entrusted  with  the  pacifieation 
must  lie  triumphant.  They  must  prove  to  the  Indians,  not  only  the  ability  of  the 
English  to  tiil,-<\  l)ut  also  to  hohl  Canada.  I'ontiac  wa.s  not  tlie  only  aboriginal  chief 
who  h;id  doubted  tiiis  aliilit}'. 


t    ', 


:l 


il 


1^  ^\ 


TO    THE    AMKIUC'AN    RKVULUTlON. 


2,".9 


V\\  ATTKIJ    VIII. 


J'KACK  CONCH'IM:!)  with  TIIH  DliLAWAUKS,  S  11  AW  X  K  KS.  MIAMIKS, 
WKAS,  1'[ANKAS11AWS,  ANi>  MIN<i(>KS.  (lU  TUAN.S-OlllO 
MEM  UK  US    OF    THE    SIX    .NATIOXS    IX    TIIK    WKST. 


TiiK  pliiii  of  Sir  JolTrfy  Amliorst  to  hriiij;-  tlic  wostcni  liuliaiis  to  lorms,  aftt  r 
llic  liuiil  ouiKiiiL'st  dl"  ('aiiadii,  was  wi'll  devised.      Miiil  he  dirccluil  Imt  a  ^iiiiilc        I  Tli  1 
oijcratioii  against  tliiMii,  hotli  tliu  soiitiiwcstLTii  and  iiurtliwcsteiii  triU's  would 
liiive  viiutod  tu  Dpposo  it;  hut,  by  sending  a  rospectahlo  and  c'luiti'olling  I'drcc,  nndur 
IJradstrot't,  to  tho  northwest,  through  tiie  great  hdves,  to  Detroit,  and,  at  tlie  same  time, 
anotlier  mider  Ik)U(piet,  from  tho  present  site  of  Pittshnrg  to  the  Tuscarawas  and  the 
Muskingum,  against  tlie  tribes  of  the  southwest,  lie  elVeetually  di\id('d  their  Ibrce,  and 
demonstrated  to  them  flu^  power  and  energy  of  the  government  (dainnng  their  submis- 
sion, wliose  militaiy  prowess  liad  caused  tho  time-honored  Freneli   Hag  to  be  strnelc  at 
Quol)ee,  Montreal.   Niagara,   and   I)u  (iuesno.      His  successor,  General  Gage,  nu'rely 
carried  out  this  plan,  but,  if  we  may  credit  the  testimony  of  a  cotempt)rary  ollicer, 
without  much  ap[)rei'iation  of  tho  necessary  precision  in  his  orders.' 

The  ofler  of  terms  of  j)eace,  to  tlio  Shawnoes  and  otlier  southwestern  tribes,  dubiously 
represonteil  in  the  month  of  August,  17G4,  as  made  by  Colonel  IJradstroet  while  on  his 
way  to  Detroit,  was  deemed  to  be  a  vainglorious  assumption  of  i)ower  by  the  other 
officers  in  the  Held,  and  an  niniecessary  interference  witii  the  ei\ie  duties  of  Sir  William 
Johnson,  liut  Ins  ardor  and  jiromptitudo  as  a  commander  created  a  very  favoralili- 
impression  on  the  Indians  in  tho  region  of  the  lalvcs;  and  his  exi)edition  to  that,  then 
remote  [)oiiit,  inaugnrateil  one  of  tlie  soundest  features  of  tlie-  Rritisli  Indian  poliex'. 

Bradstreet  did  not  K'ave  Detroit  until  the  14th  of  September."  and  on  the  IStli  he 
reached  Sandusky  Bay,  where  he  detached  a  party  with  orders  to  destroy  a  settK'iueiit 
of  ^lohicans  in  that  vicinity,  under  Moliigan  Jolin  ;  but  tho  Indians  eluded  tlieiii. 
Single  delegates  from  the  Dolawares,  Shawnees,  and  Scioto-Iroquois,  accompanied  by 


Tnscarora  Indian,  here  met  him.  and  made  statenu'iits  which,  it 


is  conceived,  wore 


not  entitled  to  any  weight,  but  were  dictated  by  the  spirit  of  Indian  siilitlety.  which 
anticipated  coming  evil.    He  then  proceeded  with  his  army  to  Up[)er  Sandusky,  where 


r  M 


Maiiti',  ji.  .■)08. 


'  Ibiii.  |,,  ,")lif;. 


I  1 


'  !: 


' 


'.'(ID 


FKO.M    TIIK    CONQUKST    OK    CANADA 


1 1:. 


ii  \V_\Mii(li)t  villiiiii' liiiil  lii'i'ii  (li'strnvi'il  the  iPivvioiis  vi'iir  by  ('aiitiiiii  Dul/fll.  Hero 
lie  nccisi'il  IctliTS  iVolll  (it'llt'Till  (l;i;;i'.  tlisiipliniv  ilij;'  <il'  liis  ollt'ls  of  pciU'c  to  tin- 
DrlauiMi's  1111(1  Sliawiui'.-i.  lie  liail  Urn  dirirtrd  to  atliu'k  tlio  Wviiiidots  of  Saiidiisl.y, 
iiiid  also  th"  Drlauari's  and  Sliawiu'cs.  tlion  rosidiii^  on  tlic  Mnskuij;inn  and  Scioto. 
'I'lu-  routi'  to  tlie  loinuT  livi-i'.  lu'  was  convctly  iiilbrnu'd.  was  np  tin-  Cnjaliii,L'a ;  and 
to  llu"  latter  np  llic  S;nidn>l<y.  Hotli  tin.'  carrying  places  weii"  stated  to  he  siiorl.  and 
tlic  elioice  of  eillier  ^vas  Id'l  to  liini.  I>iit  on  niakhii;'  trial  of  tlie  SaudnsUy,  tlie  water 
appeared  to  he  too  low.  and  his  unides  led  liini  to  think  that,  tVoni  the  shortness  ol'  the 
pi>rta,L:-e.  his  pro\  i.-ious  conlil  he  transported  ou  ini'n's  shoulders.  Tiie  portaiii'  hetween 
tile  ('iiyaliii;:;a  and  the  I'nscai'awas  liirk  of  the  Mnskin.irnni,  was  I'oinid  to  Ik-,  at  that 
sca>>in.  cip:ali\  inipracticahli'.  In  this  dilemma,  and  to  enahlo  liim  to  act  as  a  check 
on  ilie  Dclawares  and  Shawnees.  ai;ainst  whom  l{on(piel  was  marchinp',  iiradsleel 
deierniiiied  to  encamp  on  the  Sandnsj^y  l'ortaj;v.  lie  opened  a  comnaniic.ition  with 
('iiliiinl  liuncpiei.  who  was  advancing  i'rom  Piltshuri:.  at  the  head  of  his  army;  and, 
liy  occnp_\  inj;  this  position  he  likewise  exerted  a  I'axdralile  inlluence  toward  conclndini^ 
a  -cneral  peace  with  the  western  Indians,  which  ellict  re,-iilleil  from  that  moviMuent. 
From  Indians  whn  \isiicd  his  camp  he  learned,  that  the  Deiawares  and  Shawnees  were 
already  tiled  (if  the  war.  and  sought  to  make  a  peace  on  the  liest  terms  they  conld 
iililaiii.  Tiny  were  tiie  more  an.xions  on  this  point,  hecanse  of  the  tlir(  at  of  the  Six 
Naiioiis.  who  were  stroiiiily  in  the  Mniilish  interest,  to  malie  war  on  them.  'i"o  them, 
siicii  a  wai'  was  far  more  to  he  dreailed  than  the  Km;lish  armies,  for  they  tremiiled  at 
liie  xcry  mention  nl'  the  lro(piois.  ]']\erythinj;',  indeed.  Ibre.-hadowed  a  faNorahle 
lermiiiation  of  the  war. 

lioiiipict.  who  had  atteini)ted,  in  l7ti->,  "to  snatch  a  grace  heyond  the  reach  of  art,"' 
at  iJrushy  linn,  and  came  near  annihilation  in  the  eH'ort.  had  remained  in  garrison  at 
Fort  I'itt  during  the  autunni  and  winter  of  ITtl.i-lil.  where  the  Indians  did  not  molest 
liiiii.  J>nt  experience  had  diMiionstrated  that  the  suhtlety  and  agility  of  the  Indian 
iiM\ cnienls,  and  their  superior  knowledge  of  the  topographical  leatnres  of  the  w  ilderness, 
reipiire(l  a  degree  of  I'aulion.  on  the  march,  heyond  what  would  lia\e  lii'en  necessary 
ill  (ippo-inj  ci\ilized  troops.  The  force  destine(l  tin'  l>oU((Uet  reached  Fort  I'ilt  on  the 
i  Till  of  Sepienilier.  while  IJradstrei't  was  on  his  way  from  Detroit  to  Sandusky;  hut 
tlie  fiiriiier  (lid  imt  l«a\e  Fort  I'itt  until  the  ;!d  of  Octoher.  lie  had  under  his  command 
I'lOii  UK  11.  liiiiiishe(l  with  e\ery  needful  supply.  Having  heeome  an  adept  in  the  u.s(> 
of  field  maps,  guides,  and  t()rest  arts,  he  marched  slowly  and  sur(dy,  his  army  covering 
a  large  space  in  tiie  iiirest.  and  indicating  great  stn-ngth  of  imrpose,  as  widl  as  con- 
fidence (if  siicces-^.  All  this  was  oh.served  and  duly  reported  hy  Indian  spies.  The 
Indians,  nioreox cr.  wcic  aware  that  Hradstreet  was  on  the  Sandusky,  at  tla?  head  of 
e\-eii  a  larger  lince.  To  employ  an  Indian  simile,  these  armies  ai)[ieared  like  two 
convergiiiu  clouds,  which  must  .soon  overwhelm  tlu'in. 

On   the  Gth  of  (Jcloher  the  arinv  reached    l}ea\er  river,  \\here   thev  Ibinid  a  wliile 


; 


''  :l 


TO    THK    AMKIIICA.N     K  K  V  «» 1- 1  T  I  (>  N  . 


lidl 


iiian.  wlio  liiul  ('si';i|it'(l  I'roiii  tlic  liiiliuiis.  lie  .staled  lli  '  tlir  latliT  were  iii  iiiiicli 
iilai'in.  ami  tlioM'  locati'd  iildiii;'  l{iiiii|iict'.s  liiu'  nf  iiiarili  lia>i  nicialcd  t!irni>i'l\i'y.  On 
llic  Mil,  till'  lioiiiis  uro.-^^cd  tin-  Little  Mcavcr  river,  and  on  the  I  Itli.  eni'aiii|ied  on  tliu 
'I'nsearawas.  A  coiniieteiit  observer,  who  \isiied  the  coMntry  in  17IS,  reiiorteil  the 
nuMiltef  dl'  Indian  warriors  in  the  Ohio  valliy,  at  TS'.t.  Of  these  there  were  Senecas, 
hi;l ;  Shivwnei's.  llJli;  Wvandots.  IIU;  Mohawks,  74;  ISlohieans,  !•"> ;  Ononihi'^ias.  ;>•"> ; 
('a\uuas.  liO;  Oneidas.  1");  and  Delawares,  1()'>.'  These  liirnres  wonld  imlieate  an 
auuri'ffiiti'  i)o[)iilation  of  a  IVuctiou  inidiT -lOOO,  and  it  is  not  proiiahle  that  (he  nnniher 
had  varied  iniieh  in  sixteen  years.  WhiU'  eiicainped  on  the  'I'usearawas.  twit  men 
arrived  who  had  lieen  sent  liv  J5on(|ni't  from  Fort  I'itt  as  messenirers  to  Colonil  IJrad- 
slreet.  On  their  return  they  had  heen  ea|itnred  hy  the  Delawart's.  and  eon\eyei[  to  an 
Indian  village,  sixteen  miles  distant,  whore  they  were  detained  nntil  the  news  arri\cd 
of  IJoiniuel's  advance  with  an  army.  From  iidormation  snh>ei|uently  received  through 
Majttr  Smallwood,  one  of  the  ca|)tivt's  was  finally  surrendei'ed  liy  thi'  Indians,  a  re|iort 
l)ein<;;  circidated  that  IJoniinet  was  advancing:  to  extir|)ate  them.  The  ellbct  of  this 
news  on  the  Indians  im[)licated,  was  to  determine  them,  witli  the  connivance  of  a  low- 
minded  French  trader,  to  massacre  all  the  prisoners  in  tln'ir  hands.  The  two  mes- 
sengers, however,  were  liherated,  and  connnissioned  to  lell  Colonel  lioui|net.  that  the 
Shawnees  and  iKdawares  wonid  \isit  liiin  for  the  pnrpos  ■  of  ])r()[)iisinL;  terms  of  jieace. 
.\ccordin,uly,  thi'ir  deputies  arrived  two  days  snhseipiently.  and  lironiiht  information  that 
all  their  chiefs  were  assi'inhled  at  the  distance  of  aiiont  eiudit  miles.  Tiie  iitllowiui;- 
day  was  a[)pointi'd  for  a  coiiforcncu  at  Colonel  IJonipiet's  tent.  The  lirsl  deli'^ation 
which  advanced  i;umi>rised  twenty  Senecas,  imder  the  direction  of  their  chief, 
Kigaschnta;  next  came  twenty  Delawares  marshalled  hy  ("ustaloga  and  Amik  ;  and 
then  six  Shawni'es.  le.i  hy  Keissnaiitehta.  who  a|)peared  as  tiie  repri'sentative  of  .several 
trihes.  Fach  chief  tendered  a  helt  of  wampum,  accompanyinu'  its  presentation  hy  a 
speech,  which  embraced  the  nsnal  subjects  of  Indian  diplomacy;  exciisinjj,' what  had 
lieeii  done  dnriii;:'  the  war,  ])lacing  all  the  ci'nsnre  on  the  rashness  of  their  younj;-  men, 
])romisinjr  to  deliver  \\[)  all  their  ca[)ti\i's.  soliciting  a  cessation  of  hostilities,  and 
jiletli;in;^  future  lidelity  to  their  agreements. 

lioiKinet  realized  the  advantage  of  iiis  position,  and  a  future  day  was  appointed  llir 
liis  answer,  which,  when  given,  emliraci'd  all  the  points  in  ipiestion.  He  spoke  to 
them  as  one  having  full  auth(U'ity;  accused  them  of  perfidy ;  uplaaided  them  l()rha\ing 
[)illaged  and  murdered  Fnglisli  traders;  and  charged  them  with  killing  four  Fnglish 
messeiigiM's  who  curried  a  commission  from  the  king.  He  also  spoke  to  them  of  the 
audacity  of  their  cour.se  in  besieging  the  king's  troops  at  Fort  Pitt.  The  whol(>  tone 
of  his  address  wa.s  elevated,  truthful,  and  manly.  He  concludetl  by  informing  them 
that,  if  they  would  deliver  up  to  him  all  the  prisoners,  men,  women,  and  children,  then 

'  Vol.  IV..  p.  (;o5. 


'if 

! 

\    T  n 

i 

M  tJ 


SII2 


FIIOM    TIIK    ('oN(>l   T,  ST    o  !•'    CAVAhA 


ii 


,1^ 


I 


in  their  iHPSscs.sion.  not  cvcii  ('\('c|)lih'4  tlinsc  wlut  Imd  iiiiinii'il  into  tlif  tiilicM.  riniii^li 
lliciii  with  iliiliiinu:,  liorst's.  mill  lll•ovi^'ionM.  mihI  coiincs'  tliciii  to  l''nit  I'itI,  In-  woiilil 
;;r;ml  tiicm  |ii'!U'i';  Imt.  \>y  no  niciuiM.  on  iiny  otlicr  tciins. 

lie  tlioii  bi'iikc  ii|i  tlio  ('onli'rcncc,  anil  |iMt  his  army  in  motion  lor  the  MnsUinirnni.  it. 
Ixini;  II  nioiv  cfiitriil  position,  and  ont'  IVoni  whii'h,  if  the  Indiana  laltcri'd  in  earning 
(Mil  ihi'ir  cnL'aiit'nu'iits,  hi' roidd  thr  nunc  ii'adily  diiTrt  his  ojicrations  aL'ain>l  llirni. 
While  the  iiriny  was  i'ni'ani[ii'd  on  tho  Tusraiawas.  tla-  Dilawaii's  hioniiht  in  i'i,i;htri'ii 


11  stii'ks,  indicatini'  the 


ninniHT  s 


till 


in 


tl 


ii'ir 


white   iii'isoiitM's.  anil   aNo  eiirhty  sina 

|)ossi's,-:ion.     Till'  lU'iiiy  lunki'  uronnd  on  llio  .Muskiniinin  on  Ihi'  2")tli  oi'  OftoliiT,  and 

on  till'  liSth.  Cofknawatrii  IVter  arrived,  with  letters  iVom  Coloiu'l  Bnidstreet.     Dnrinir 


the  eiisniii;;  week  tir 


eaini)  was  a  scene 


)l'  eiiiitiniial  arriv '.Is  and  I'M'iteinent.      Diiriii' 


<  'iii 


the  nionth  of  Novemher,  the  Indians  of  the  various  trilies  delivered  up  their  eaptives. 
Sni'h  a  scene  was.  perhaps,  never  liefore.  and,  certainly,  has  never  since,  heeii  witnessed. 
Tlii'v  surrendered,  of  Virninians,  thirty-two  men  and  lifty-eiuht  women  and  children; 
and  of  I'eniisylvMiiiaiis,  lorty-nine  men  and  ,-i.\ty-seven  women  and  childri'ii.  Major 
Smalhvood.  an  otlicer  who  had  been  captured  tho  jji-evioiis  year,  near  Detroit,  liy  (lie 
Wyandots.  was  likewise  restured  to  his  friends.  These  comprised  all  wiio  had  escaped 
the  wjir-clnl).  the  scalping-knife.  and  the  stake;  old  jind  youiiu wei'e  indiscrimiiiiitely 
min.itled  toiretlier  in  tho  area.  A  solemn  council  ensued,  at  which  Custaloga  represented 
tile  Delawares.  and  Kigashuta  tho  .S'liecas.      The  latter  hei^aii : 

'•With  this  licit."  (ho  opened  the  waiiipmn)  '•  1  wipe  the  tears  from  your  eyes.  Wo 
ilelivor  yon  these  |)risoners.  the  last  of  yonr  tiesli  and  hlood  with  ns.  ]{y  this  token  wo 
assetiihlo  and  Iniry  the  hones  of  those  who  have  been  killeii  in  this  nniiappy  war,  which 
tho  e\il  spirit  excited  ns  to  kindle.  We  Iniiy  those  bones  ilecp.  noxcr  'iiero  to  bo  looked 
or  thoui^'ht  oil.  We  cover  tho  place  oi'  iiiirial  with  li'avos.  that  it  i  i  A'  not  be  seen. 
The  Indians  have  boon  a  loin;'  time  ^talldin;;•  witii  arms  in  their  hands.  'J'lie 
clouds  have  hung  in  black  alioxc  us.  The  path  lietweeii  us  luis  been  shut  np.  Hut 
with  this  sacred  emblem  wo  open  the  road,  clear,  that  we  may  travel  on  as  onr  fathers 
did.  Wo  lot  in  light  from  abo\o  to  guide  our  stops.  We  hold  in  our  hands  a  siKer 
chain,  which  we  put  into  yours,  and  which  will  o\er  remain  bright,  and  preserve  our 
fiiondsliip.' 

Similai'  sentiments  wore  expressed  by  tho  other  speakers,  and  a  general  cessation  of 
liostiiitios  resulted;  the  terms  of  paeificafion  wore  agreed  on.  hostages  wore  demandoil 
and  furnished,  and  six  deputies  ap[)ointetl  to  visit  Sir  W^illiam  .Fohnson.  On  the  istli 
of  October,  liompiot  set  out  on  his  return  to  Fort  I'itf.  which  he  reached  on  the  'JSth. 
From  this  point  tho  rescued  captives  wore  sent  to  their  rospocti\-o  homes.  ISradstroot 
also  returned,  by  way  of  Tiako  Frio,  to  Fort  Niagara  and  Albany,  a  part  of  bis  army 
having  marched  thither  by  laud.  An  olU'ctual  termination  was  thus  ])iit  to  the 
hostilities  of  the  Indians  against  tho  Hritish  govenimont.  resulting  from  the  coiiipiest 
of  Canada. 


il 


iDlJillHUiJ  Jiiinii,i  ■  ^mt 


TO    Till':    AMKHK   AN    U^:vuLUTl0^. 


■i6:i 


1  .     I 


('II  A  PTKK    I  \'. 
I, OKI)   i)rNM(»i{r,s    K.\i'i;i>rnoN  to  tiiksckito  A<iAi.\sT    i'iik 

SIIAWNKKS,     l)i:i,A\VAIli;s,    WYANDOTS,    AND    MlNlloKS.       INCl- 
DllNT    OK    L0(;AN. 


Tin;  jiciico  (•oneltuU'd  witli  tin-  liiiliiiii!',  inlliuMiecil   as   tlicy  wcru  hy  tin- 
jii'fSfiu'o  of  liirue  iirmics,  iiml  coiniu'llcil  tliort-to  hy  tli<'  lurct'  ol'  cii'i'imistaiu'cs,       IT'it 
nut  iH'inir  foiisoiiant  totlicir  I'l'dinus.  cxcrciscil  only  ii  tfiiiporary  icstiaiiil  n[)on 
tlicir  actions.     Canada  liasinii  fiiil)initti'(l  to  tho  llritisli  arms,  tlicy  luul  no  lonucr  tliiir 
iuu'icnt  ally  to  ivst  on,  an<l  tlicy  had  llnally  sul)initti'd.  in  ITtll,  to  a  power  tlicy  coidd 
not  continue  toopjioso;  assnniini;' the  tiarhol' [leace.  anil  ln'cathinir  words  of  snlnnission. 
while   their  hearts  still  jrlowed  with   their  native  ])redileelion   I'or  war  and  iilmulfi'. 
The  lire  was  merely  smothered.     This  state  of  (|uasi  amity  and  IViendship  conlinurd 
Inr  several  years  snb.sefjuent  to  the  expeditions  ol'  IJradstreet  and    |{oM(|iH't.     These 
expeditions  had,  however,  been  the  means  of  making  ueojrraphieal  i-xplorations.  whicii 
had  developed  districts  vl'  country  so  iuvitiu'j    in  all   their  natural  characteristics,  the 
alluvions,  called  '•bottoms,"  possessing  a  deep  and   fertile  soil,  surrounded   bysyl\an 
si'cnery  of  an    enchanting   character,  that    the    di-siro    ibr    their   ac(piisitiou    by    an 
agricultural  people,  became  e<(ually  ardent  and  absorbing.    Tho  Indians  were  very  soon 


reganleii  as  a 
ac(iuisition. 


mere  incumbrance  on  the  land. 


anil 


life 


was 


freel 


v  ventured  m   its 


The  project  for  the  settlement  of  Kentucky  originated  in  ITT.'i.  A  re.sidution  was 
formed  to  make  the  attem|)t  early  the  following  spring,  notwithstanding  it  was  occupii'd 
by  Indians,  who  had  connnitted  some  mischief,  and  were  suspected  of  hostile  intentions. 
T 


le  mou 


til  of  the  Little  Kenawha  was  selected  as  the  place  of  rendezvous.      IJeports 
of  a  very  alarming  nature  deterred  several  persons  from  joining  in  the  attempt.    About 


eiLrhtv  or  ninety  fearless  and  entcrnris 


prising  men  nu 


t  at  the  rendey.vous,  anioiiiist  whom 


was  George  Rodgers  Clarke,  the  future  conqueror  of  Illinois.  The  explorers  remained 
encamped  at  this  point  tiir  .several  days,  during  which  time,  a  small  party  of  hunters, 
who  had  gone  out  to  obtain  sui)]ilies  of  meat  for  the  camp,  were  (Ired  on,  at  a  point  on 
the  Ohio  below  their  camp.  This  act  betokened  a  state  of  hostile  feeling  among  the 
Indians.  It  being  deemed  necessary  to  select  a  commander.  Captain  Michael  Cre.sip 
WM-;  chosen,  who  bad  acquii'ed  a  rei)utation  the  previous  year,  and  who  was  known  to 
lie  tlicii  on  the  Ohio,  above,  with  a  ])arty.     They  had   purposeil   attacking  a  Shawnee 


m 


•Jtll 


ritoM     I'll  i:    ('((Nt.*!    IIS'I'    <H'    lAN  A  l>  A 


'■;     I 


lii^H':i! 


■\Vh[m 


::.f!| 


^  jii 


m  '■ 


tiiwii,  Idi'.'iii'il  (III   (III-  Si'iutii  I'isi'i'.  iit   M   |ilii :illi'i|    llnr.xi'licail    Itntliiiii;  liiit  (.'r<'.><:i|i 

iililiDMil   it.  oil  tllc  lTkiiihI    tliill.  iillliiill'jji    il|>|iiMI'lll|i'i"i  mi  tile  jiilll  III'   till'   Imliillis  Wi'l'i' 

vi'i'v  .'•iir'|iii'iiiii>'.  ilit'ii-  \v;is  III)  iiiicii  Will',  mill  tliiil.  Iwiiiii  vrt  t'lU'lv  ill  llic  !«[iiiii'.'.  it  \\i\-* 
inoi't  |)niil«'iit  to  await  ruitlici'  ilcM'liiiii'ini'iils,  'I'lii^  aiUici*  was  tiilliiwcil,  ami  tlir  wlmlr 
partv  iii'<'iiiii|iaiiii'il  liiiii  ii|i  tlii'  liver  to  Wliri'lini.'.'  at  wliicli  iilan-  tlicy  i'staMi>lirii 
tlii'ir   lii'Miiiiiiaiti'i-*.      Tin-   uiiiiiIh'In    dI'  tlic   ariiinl   cxiilnrcrs  wi'ir   i|iiit'kly  aiiL'iiu'iili'il 

liy  the  Minoillliiin^'    si'lllcrs;  il  tint   was  clrctcil.  iUlil.  after    Mime    lie^'nliatinlis  witli    the 

eummamler.  at  l'itt>liiir'_'.  aetiii'.'  under  llie  aulliuiit\  tif  lnuil  Diiiiiiinre.  tlie  e\i,s|eiiie 
ol'  a  ^tale  nj'  «ar  was  |iiililiely  aiiiiDmu'eij. 

Tiiis   |iei'iiii|  III'  Imliaii   iii>l'<r\  i'i'i|iiires  a  iiiiiiiieiil's  I'lirtlu'i'  atleiilinii,  as  a  war  w  itii 

the  Siiawiiees.  IK'lawares.  aiiil  MiiiLTnes  was  dii  the  jiuiiit  of ciimiiieiniiii;.      A  I'diiI  il i 

uas  ediiiiiiilteij  a  ti'w  ilays  siiliseiniently.  hy  hdihc  reeUles!*  ami  iiii|)riiici|iieil  trailers,  nr 
Aainlal  .-fiiiils.  who.  aei'iinliii'i  to  Coloiiel  Sparks.'  iinioinwn  tnCresap.  stole  on  l/O'jan's 
joiliie.  ami  enielly  iiinrilneil  his  llimilv.  This  crime  iiitroiliici'il  on  the  scene  ol'  actimi 
the  celeiii'ateil  eliiel'laiii.  l.o'.:aii.  whose  iiii.-roitmies  hase  eseileil  wide-spreinl  syin|iutliy, 
ami  whose  simple  eloipience  has  electrilieil  tiie  world. 

iio^aii  was  horn  at  Sliaiiioken.  on  the  Siisipiehanna.  a  s|iot  whose  prei'Inrts  have  heen 
hallowed  hy  the  liood  deeds  ol"  tlie  hencvolent  Connt  /in/endorl' and  ins  I'ollowers.  who 
there  ronmli'd  the  mission  of  ({ethlelu'in.'  [,oiriin's  father,  whose  name  was  Shikelimo, 
was  an  Iroijiiois.  of  tiie  ('ayti'ja  trihc.'  The  murder  of  his  fiimily  and  his  relations,  mi 
the  Oiiio.  ill  1771.  was  not  the  resiilt  of  the  expedition  '4'rom  \'iriiinia.  which  has  just 
heoii  descrilu'd.  hut  was  attriliutalile  to  the  inordinate  desii'e  tin'  acipiisitimi.  on  the  one 
jiiirt.  and  of  exasperation  of  the  races  on  tiie  other,  which  lias  so  Imn;'  charactcri/eil  the 
Indian  trade  on  remote  sections  of  the  frontiers.  Tlie  event  occurred  two  days  alter 
the  (inal  decision  at  ^Vheelilli;.*  and  at  a  time  when  iincmnmmily  i^reat  excitement 
existeil  hetweeii  the  Indians  and  the  whites.  Two  canoes  from  the  west  hank  of  the 
Ohio  stiipped  at  a  trader's  station,  at  the  month  of  Yellow  ri\er.  some  twenty  miles 
helow  Wheeling:'.  There  is  no  evidence  that  the  armed  frontiersmen  at  the  station 
knew  that  either  l/o;:an's  will',  sister,  or  any  relative  of  his.  was  amoiiji'  the  nnmher  of 
these  trading  visitors,  and  the  atrocious  act  must  he  n\^arded  as  a  result  of  the  then 
prevalent  !iiid  rancormis  hatred  of  th<>  Indian  race.  Thi-  victims  were  shot  down  in 
their  canoes,  while  crossing.'  the  Ohio,  not  hecanse  they  were  ohiioxioiis  as  iiidividnals ; 
not  hecanse  they  were  of  the  family  of  fiOLTiin  ;  hut  simply  on  account  of  their  allinit\- 
with  the  wild  'I'liianiau  race."    Such  is  the  .generally  acknowleilired  MU'simi  of  this  hase 

'  'I'liis  liiiiiim  (  |)ria\v:in'l  liiiiiii'  is  ii  ilcTiviitivp  fpniu  imf.  a  liiiiiiaii  lirail,  and  /"</,  a  Jilarc  ;  tliiTc  liiiiiL'  a 
Iraililinii  i!iat  llir  Imlian.s  liml  IImiI  a  liiiiiiaii  lieail  on  a  |ii>li'  at  this  |>la<'r 

'  v.. I.  VI.,  11.  lilt, 

■■'  l,ii'_'.iii  liMil  iiiarrii'il  a  Sli.aw wif.',  s|i.il<i>  that  laicjiia.'"'.  livi'.i  willi  tlii'  Irilir,  ami  wa^j  t'ni|iniill_v  l'(i:arili''l 

a.-<  a  Sliawriir'. 

'  Vul.  IV.  p.  (ill).  II,.  II.1...S.,  ]..  no 

■■  Vi.lr  I{ilii«.n'<  IMii|..<,,|,liy  ..r  frlv.i-v.l  rii.t..rv.  |.     illV.,;     II    :    Ir.n.l.n..   1  s."  I. 


i 


Tn    Til  i:    AM  r.ll  IC  A  N     It  11  \  r»  I.  T  T  I  o  N. 


ir,r, 


InuiHaotiiiM.  Cnluiicl  S|iiiikH,  wliil<'  ivniicnitiiiir  Crcxiii*  IVoiii  coiniilifity  in  tliis  iliuk 
triuiHiictioii.  cillicr  pcrHoimllv,  or  lliroiijrii  ftiiy  onliiM  or  |ll•^mi^<^•i(lll  ^rivtii  I"  lil^  uvix, 
ri'VciilH  Mil  tMitiicly  new  rciitmt'  in  tiu'  <'iifi'.  No  ini'inlit'i'  nf  l,(i;.'im'H  liiiiiily  was  in  tin* 
two  ciuioi's  wliicli  Htci|i|i('i|  at   Maker's  nottcnti ;  Imt  tiu')'  wcvi'  kiljcil  in   [.nLfiin's  own 

loilgi',  on  Miiiu'"  Mottoin,  ilni'in;.'  iii;*  alt^'ncc  on  ii  innilinj;  cNcnrfioii.     TIm'  cownnlly  li I 

vvuM  done  liy  kouw  oi'V\'('m\)'>*  nini,  wiio  liad  htolcn  away  tVoin  liis  i  iiin|i,  i-ontriiry  to  iiis 
wiHiic.x,  wliili'  III-  wan  jonrni'yinp;  IVoni  Wlnrlinir  to  l'itt."*l)ur,L',  ami  auainst  liis  i>xpri'.«H 
ordfi'M,  wliicli  wcrt',  to  ri'>'ii('rt  I.OL'an'w  iC'-iilfncc.  and  not  to  attack  it.  Not  only  was  this 
^o,  lint,  wiii'n  ('ri'S!i|)  licard  the  liiin;:,  In'  innncdiati'ly  ran  in  llu-  direction  whence  the 
Hiinnds  proet'eded,  and  inteiposed  his  anthority  to  .~to[i  the  nnissaeic'  There  is  alsct 
another  iniHstiiteniiMit  wiiieli  re(|ini'es  eorieetion.  The  pnsilhininiuns  attack  mi  the 
ranooM  at  Yellow  Creek  was  not  coinniitted  liy  the  nii'n  ol'  Cresiip's  cotnniand,  then  on 
the  Ohio,  far  less  liy  (Vcsiip  hiiiisell',  or  hy  his  ordeis.  On  the  contrary,  not  <inl\'  was 
Cresiip  a  lirave  and  wmthy  man.  ilisliniini.-iicd  I'oi'  his  services  in  the  liulian  wars  ol" 
that  peiiod,  as  well  as  din-ini:  that  ol'  the  IJevolntion,  wliieh  suc( ceded  it,'  Imt  he  was 
also  a  tVienil  of  i.o-an.  and.  accordin'.'  to  (leort;n  Itodirers  (JIarkc,  op|»osoil  nn  attack  on 
Ijogan's  honse,  at  Min^'o  Hottoni.  In  this  exoneration  of  Cresap,  (.'oKuiel  Sparks,  who 
was  a  private  in  I^urd  Dinnnore's  army,  at  the  date  of  the  ddiverv  of  fiOj^an's  speech, 
in  Camp  Chaiiotte,  on  the  Scioto,  concnrs.' 

Tlie  loree  con^re;rated  at  Wheeling  soon  liecame  enuaired  in  a  strii^rL'le  with  \\w 
Indians.  A  day  or  two  after  their  airi\al  at  that  place,  some  canoes  containin^jf  Indiana 
\\v]v  diseovi'red  descendinL''  the  riser,  innler  shelter  of  the  isinid.  They  were  pm'sncd 
for  lil'leen  miles,  when  a  liattle  ensued,  in  which  a  few  men  were  killed  anil  wounded 
on  each  side.  Hostilities  havinu'  thus  conuneneed.  the  entire  country  soon  swarmed 
with  armed  Indians;  and  the  settlers,  to  ensure  their  own  safety,  were  compi'lled  to 
huddle  to]ij;ether  in  hloek  houses. 

An  express  was  despatched  to  (!overnor  Duinnoro,  at  Williamshurtr.  with  information 
as  to  the  position  of  atl'aiis  on  the  frontiers.  The  lei;islature  hein.i,'  then  in  session, 
measures  were  at  once  adopted  for  repcdlini;'  the  Iiuliiins.  Karly  in  the  month  of  .fnne, 
a  force  of  HKI  luen.  collected  in  eastern  Virginia,  reached  Wheeling,  whence  they 
descended  the  river  to  the  Indian  town  of  Wappatomica.  hut  without  edectim;  anything, 
as  the  town  was  desi'rted.  and  the  Indians  had  tied.  In  this  expedition,  the  men 
snll'ered  nuieh  for  want  ol  food;  the  Indians  were  not  intimidated.  After  various 
mnna'uverings,  and  much  countermarching,  diu-ing  which  several  Indian  towns  were 
burned,  and  a  few  men  killed.  Indian  suhtlety  proving  more  than  a  match  for  English 
discipline  and  rash  eonllilence.  the  army  returneil  to  Wheeling,  and  was  dishanded. 

A  moro  formidublu  expedition,  however,  was  organized  at  the  seat  of  the  Virginia 


I  :1 


fl . ' 


V. 


IV 


IV  ll:.>s.,  |K  1  111. 

Vol..  VI. 


\ 


IJrantz  M;iyi'r,  bi'luri'  liio  Miirjl;iiul  ilisl. 
V..1    IV.,  I'l   •1_>7-L"J. 


L'it'ty. 


ii 


26C 


TROM  THE  CONQUEST  OK  CANADA 


govornmcnt,  of  which  Governoi'  Duninorc  announceil  his  dotcriuiiiatioii  to  assume  the 
comiuaiul.  By  the  1st  of  September,  a  force,  numbering  from  100(1  to  1200  men,  was 
organized,  under  the  immediate  command  of  General  Andrew  Lewis.  After  marching 
nineteen  da^H  tlu'ough  the  wilderness,  General  Lewis  reached  Point  Pleasant,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Great  Kenawha,  where  he  was  to  have  been  joined  by  Dinnnore ;  but, 
instead  thereof,  he  received  despatches  from  liim,  changing  the  plan  of  operations,  and 
directing  him  to  proceed  to  the  Scioto  river.  While  preparing  to  comply  with  this 
order,  his  camp  was  suddenly  and  unexpectedly  attacked  by  a  body  of  Sliawnees  and 
their  allies,  led  on  by  the  Shawnee  chief,  Monusk,  or  Cornstalk,  and  a  liercely- 
coutested  battle  ensued.  The  Lidians  exhibited  great  daring,  rushing  to  the  encounter 
with  a  boldness  and  fury  which  has  .seldom  been  equalled,  and  accompanying  their 
onslaught  with  tremendous  noise  and  shouting.  Colonels  Lewis  and  Fleming  were 
killed,  and  the  troops  were  obliged  to  give  ground  for  a  time ;  but  a  reinforcement  being 
ordered  up,  the  Indians  were,  in  turn,  compelled  to  fall  back.  The  battle  raged  from 
eleven  o'clock  in  the  morning  until  four  in  the  afternoon,  when  the  natives  retreated. 
The  Indians  engaged  were  Shawnees,  Dehiwares,  Wyandots,  and  Mingoes.'  Among 
the  leaders  of  the  latter  was  the  celebrated  Tah-ga-yu-ta,  or  Logan,  whose  elo(|Ucnco 
has  thrilled  so  many  hearts.  The  Virginians  acknowledge  a  loss  of  loO  men,  and  the 
Indians  are  estimated  to  have  lost  20U  warriors.  Indian  history  nowhere  records  such 
an  obstinately  contested  battle.  The  loss  of  the  Virginians  would  have  been  much 
greater,  had  they  not  adopted  the  system  of  the  natives,  darting  from  tree  to  tree  with 
the  spring  of  a  cougar,  and  taking  aim  with  the  precision  of  woodsmen  and  hunters. 

Having  properly  interred  the  dead,  and  erected  and  garrisoned  a  temporary  fort, 
General  Lewis  moved  forward  to  the  Scioto ;  but,  in  the  meantime.  Lord  Dumnore  had 
reached  that  stream  by  way  of  Pittsburg,  and  had  established  a  camp,  which  he  called 
Charlotte,  at  the  mouth  of  a  small  stream,  known  as  the  Sippi.^  At  this  camp,  the 
Indians  wore  collected,  and  a  treaty  of  amity  was  concluded.  In  the  council.  Cornstalk 
spoke  with  a  manly  tone  and  demeanor,  which  excited  remark;  all  the  tribes  which 
had  been  engaged  in  the  battle,  were  there  represented,  except  the  Mingoes.^  The 
latter,  being  under  the  influence  of  Logan,  who  had  entered  into  this  war  with  the 
most  revengeful  feelings,  were  restrained  by  him  from  coming  forward.  Lord  Dunmoro 
sent  for  the  chief;  but  he  declined  attending,  and  transmitted  to  him  the  noted  .speech,'' 
which  has  given  to  his  name  a  literary  inunortality. 


:■' 


Till'  IrM(|U(iis  of  the  Ohio  were  thus  named. 
'  Aiiiciii-m  arehivos,  Itli  Si'i-ies,  Vol.  I.,  ]i.  1170. 


■■  Si/>i>i  is  the  Sh.iwnee  iiaiiin  lor  a  oreclc. 
'  Vol.  IV.,  p.  (lir.. 


" 


; 


TO    THE    AMKKICAN    K  K  V  ()  L  i:  T  J  ON. 


::iM 


C II  ATT  EH    X. 

THE    INDIAN    TUADI']    UNDER    IIUITISII    RULE. 

The  subj ligation  of  Iho  IiuliauH  being  at  longtii  effectod,  from  this  period  wo 
may  trace  the  progre.xs  of  the  lJriti.sh  toward  a  monopoly  of  the  Indian  trade,  whieh  ITO  "> 
tremendons  engine  of  power  was  destined  nltimately  to  operate  in  elevating 
or  dopre.><sing  the  triljes,  in  accordance  with  the  will  of  those  who  directed  its  move- 
ments. The  trade  with  the  Indians  was  a  l)oon  at  which  commerce  clutched  with  an 
eager  hand.  To  secure  the  coveted  prize,  no  hardship  was  considered  too  severe,  no 
labor  too  onerous  ;  dangers  iind  difliculties  were  laughed  at,  and  life  itself  regarded  as  of 
little  value.  The  Indians  were  incited  to  new  exertions  in  pursuing  the  chase,  little 
lieeding  that  they  were.  In  reality,  destroying  their  main  resource  for  tlie  sustenance 
of  life;  for,  when  the  fiu'-bearing  animals  were  annihilated,  their  lands  Ijecame  in  a 
great  measure  valueless  to  them.  In  the  hands  of  tiie  English,  Quebec,  Montreal, 
Detroit,  Michilimackinac,  and  the  Mississippi  towns,  not  only  cfpialled  their  progress 
under  the  French,  but  became  still  greater  centres  of  trade.  Thougli  New  York, 
I'hiladelphia,  and  Charleston  contributed  their  capital  to  the  extension  of  this  trade, 
yet  the  above-named  original  interior  towns  of  the  traders  still  held  their  prominent 
position.  The  tribes,  scattered  over  the  continent,  felt  most  severely  the  ell'ects  of  this 
ever-extending  empire  of  trade ;  they  were  literally  Iriven  from  the  face  of  the  earth, 
by  the  rabid  and  uncontrolled  pursuit  of  wealth,  through  the  medium  of  the  fur  trade, 
which  so  long  promised  riches  to  those  who  engaged  in  it. 

Sir  William  Johnson,  wiio  had  been  during  forty  years  the  Maecenas  of  the  Indians, 
and  knew  the  disastrous  eflects  which  unlicensed  trade  would  have  on  Indian  society, 
early  saw  the  importance  of  so  systematizing  and  controlling  it,  that  it  might  become  an 
element,  not  only  of  power,  but  of  prosperit}'  to  tiie  colonies  and  to  the  Indians.  His 
letters  and  memoirs  on  this  subject,'  furnish  abundant  proof  of  his  comprehensive 
views  and  of  his  integrity  of  character.  Indeed,  his  activity  during  his  entire  manage- 
ment of  Indian  alVairs,  gave  evidence  that  he  shrank  from  no  duty.  In  17G1  he  visited 
Detroit,  for  tlic  purpose  of  placing  matters  there  on  a  proper  basis,  and  his  agents*  had, 
for  years,  traversed  the  Ohio,  the  Scioto,  tlie  Maumee,  and  other  districts  of  the  west, 


'  Due.  Cul.  History,  Vol.  VII. 


'  Viilo  ('lo-hau's  Hoports,  \'nl.  A'll.,  X.  Y.  Col.  Doc. 


ri. 


Jill 


Si  J. 


I 


2(J8 


FllOM    THE    CONQUEST    OF    CANADA 


i!       1 


U 


Jrli 


[  % 


^.  ill 


'  '  -t 


1.1 '> 


{' 


collecting  information,  and  trannmitting  to  him  the  details  of  every  occurrence.  To 
liim  the  I5riti.>ih  government  owes  a  heavy  debt  of  gratitnde. 

Nothing  wa.s  more  imiiortant  in  the  re-adjustment  of  Indian  aflairs,  and  for  securing 
their  good  will,  than  a  proper  organization  of  the  fur  trade.  Prior  to  the  eonijnest  of 
Canada,  the  Engli.sh  traders  liad  been  p.-incipally  confined  to  the  sources  of  the  streams 
flowing  into  the  Atlantic ;  but  after  this  era  their  operations  were  extended  indefhiitely, 
west  and  north.  Under  the  French  authority,  a  variety  of  regulations  and  limitations 
had  been  enforced,  extraordinary  privileges,  and  monopolies  of  particular  districts 
having  been  .specially  granted.  Something  of  the  same  kind  was  attempted  at  tlie 
commencement  of  the  English  domination,  after  the  fall  of  Canada;  the  power  of 
granting  licen.ses  to  trade  on  the  frontiers,  having  Ijeen  at  first  exercised  by  the  com- 
manding officers  of  posts.  From  the  time  of  the  capture  of  Quebec,  the  Indian  trade 
liad  been  in  a  state  of  confusion,  and,  before  the  llnal  surrender  of  tiie  remote  districts, 
the  Indians  had  been  prevented  from  obtaining  their  regular  supplies  of  goods,  wares, 
and  merchandi.se,  which  had  now  become  necessary  to  tlieir  comfort.  Tiiey  had  long 
previously  lost  their  old  arts,  and  had  become  familiari/ed  to  the  use  of  metallic  cooking 
vessels,  woollens,  arms,  and  ammunition. 

The  several  memoirs  and  letters  which  Sir  William  Johnson,  the  Superintendent  of 
Indian  Aflairs,  addressed  to  the  Lords  of  Trade,'  on  the  subject  before  referri>d  to, 
are  Lood  indications  of  the  importance  he  attached  to  the  correction  of  irregularities  in 
the  fur  trade,  of  his  care  in  placing  before  them  the  elements  on  which  an  e([uable 
system  could  be  established,  and  of  his  solicitude  for  its  early  formation.  When  the 
Canadas  were  added  to  the  area  of  his  jurisdiction,  it  required  some  time  to  establish, 
on  a  proper  footing,  the  new  relations  with  all  the  distant  trijjes,  which  the  occasion 
letjuired.  His  great  object  was  to  secure  political  influence  with  the  trilx's,  and  for  this 
purjjose  he  had  per.sonally  visited  Detroit,  Oswego,  and  Niagara.  He  kept  in  pay  three 
deputies,  who  traver.sed  a  great  part  of  the  West,  importing  to  bin)  the  result  of  their 
observations  and  inquiries ;  and  in  the  New  York  publications  now  before  u.s,  there  is 
abundant  evidence  that  he  omitted  no  occasion  of  keeping  the  government  advi.scd 
concerning  the  true  position  of  Indian  aflairs.  It  was  not  until  after  the  return  of  the 
successful  armies  of  Bradstreet  and  I?ouquet,  in  the  autumn  of  ITtU,  that  an  English- 
man could,  with  any  safety,  carry  goods  into  the  newly-conquered  districts.  The  ver^' 
apiiellation,  "  English  trader,"  was  detested  by  the  northern  tribes,  and  instances 
or. :.rred  where  Phiglishmen  were  obliged  to  conduct  their  operations  in  the  names  of 
the  Canadian  guides  and  interpreters  in  their  employ.'  Even  the  mere  imiform  of  an 
English  officer  or  .soldier  was  loathed  by  them.  '"Win,"  said  Pontiae,  in  17(i.'5,  "do 
you  sufler  these  dogs  in  red  clothing  to  remain  on  your  land."' 

We  are  told  that  trade  iit  Michilimackinac  began  in  17()0.*     In  ITd"),  Alexander 


'  X.  Y.  (\.l.  Hist.  T),.o.,  V..I.  VII. 

'  Hist,  aiifl  Scicii|!f=i'  Skotdu.s  „f  .'Nliilii'.'.iii 


'  lliriiy's  Tiiiit 
'  ll.i.l,  " 


I 


] 


■•■Hi 


TO    THE    AMERICAN    H  K  V  0  Lf  T  lo  X. 


20!) 


Ilciiry,  wlin  li;u1  cscniiod  the  mnssiicrc  at  Micliiliiniickiiiac,  ()l)taiii(.'(l  a  license  graiitiiij^ 
him  tlie  monopoly  of  the  trade  on  Lake  .Superior,  and,  after  one  year's  .sojourn  there, 
retiU'iiei],  hriiiging  with  him  1-"jO  packs  of  heaver,  each  \vei;^iiiiig  100  pounds,  hesides 
other  lurn.'  Mr.  J.  Carver,  on  his  arrival  there,  in  1700,  found  this  place  to  he  the 
great  centre  of  the  English  trade. '^  At  first  it  was  limited  to  Chegoimegon  and 
Comenisteqnoia  on  Lake  Superior,  until  Thomas  Curry,  ohtaining  guides  and  interpre- 
ters, penetrated  as  far  as  Fort  Bourbon,  on  the  Saskatchewine.  and  returned  the 
following  year  with  his  canoes  so  amply  filled  with  fine  furs,  that  he  was  enaliled  to 
retire  from  the  business.  James  Fiidev  followed  his  track,  the  next  vear,  to  Nina  wee, 
reaping  etpial  profits,  and  was  succeeded  in  the  enterprise  hy  Joseph  Froliisher.'  'I'he 
way  heing  thus  opened,  others  recikle.ssly  braved  the  attendant  dangers  and  liard.-iiips, 
and  ardently  pursued  the  business.  Thus  was  inaugurated  the  North-west  trade,  which, 
during  half  a  eentiu'y  has  proved  of  more  real  value  than  any  gold  nn'nes.  Tt  is  no 
marvel  that  every  toil  was  encountered  in  its  pursuit,  and  lieallh,  as  well  as  lil'e  itsoll', 
freely  sacrificeil  to  it. 

The  fur  trade  in  the  West  also  vigorously  commenced  about  tliis  perioil.  It  had 
been  carried  on,  by  the  aid  of  pack-horses,  across  the  Alleglianies,  from  PIiiladel[ihia 
and  Baltimore  to  Fort  Pitt,  from  the  period  of  its  capture;  but,  until  after  the  return 
of  the  expedition  of  Bouquet  in  17G4,  the  territory  beyond  the  Ohio  could  not  bo 
penetrated  without  incurring  the  greatest  risks.  At  length,  under  the  treaty  of  Ver- 
sailles, British  authority  was  estal)lished  on  the  Mississippi,  and,  in  Septemb(>r,  170'), 
(^aptain  St(>rling  left  Fort  Pitt  for  the  Illinois,  with  100  men  of  the  llid  regiment,  in 
boats,  and  relieved  tlie  French  garrison  of  Fort  (,'hartres.  The  trading  posts  of 
Kitskaskia,  Cahokia,  Vinccnnes,  and  Peoria,  were  thus  brought  within  the  defined 
limits  for  trading  ojjerations.  The  following  year.  Matthew  Clarkson,  whose  journal  is 
containetl  in  a  former  volume  oi'  this  work,  opened  a  trading  station  at  Fort  t'liartres, 
under  the  auspices  of  a  mercantile  house  in  Philadelphia.* 

A  line  of  British  posts  at  this  period  extended  from  Fort  Chartres,  in  Illinois,  by 
way  of  Pittsburg  to  Niagara,  Oswego,  and  Fort  Stanwix,  and  thence,  pursuing  the  line 
of  trade,  up  the  lake  to  Detroit  and  Michilimackinac.  The  tribes  being  thus  restrained, 
made  no  further  efforts  to  originate  hostile  combinations.  They  had  lost  many  men  in 
the  war  which  began  in  175-);  they  had  been  foiled  in  all  their  schemes,  from  South 
Carolina  to  the  Straits  of  Michigan;  and,  although  they  had  evinced  great  energy  and 
activity  under  the  direction  of  Pontiac,  their  efforts  invariably  resulted  in  defeat.  Such 
evidences  of  the  po.s.session  of  power  on  the  part  of  the  British  were  also  developed, 
as  to  prove  to  them  that,  thougii  .slow  in  action,  and  sometimes  erring  in  their  move- 
ments, yet  the  latter  had  perseverance,  energy,  and  ability,  sufiicient  to  balUe  all  tiieir 
elVorts.  The  Indians  had  likewise  suffered  greatly,  within  a  few  years,  in  their  trade, 
which  had  been  purposely  interrupted. 


m 


i;N?l  i 


n.nr>'.-  Tr:ivil>,  p.  t04. 


•'  CarvorV  Tiiivol.«. 


'  .Miiikoiizii' 


V..1    IV, 


iJTO 


KUOM    'NIK    ('(»NQrj-;ST    <)  !■'    CANADA 


I    ! 


! 


CHAPTER  XI. 

CENSUS     OF     THE     NTMBEllS,     NAMES,     AND    POSITION     OK     THE 
INDIAN   TUIBES,  TAKEN  AFTER  THE  CONQUEST  OF  CANADA. 


II.vviN'c;  conquoivd  ('iiiiiida.  one  of  tlie  first  things  necessary  for  the  management  of 
Indian  alliiirs  Ity  Groat  Britain  was,  to  ascertain  tlio  names  and  numerical  strength  of 
tlie  Indians  who  had  been  transferred  to  licr  jurisdiction;  which  tasii  was  undertaken 
by  Sir  William  Johnson,  the  British  Superintendent  of  Indian  Alfairs.  As  a  central 
point,  he  began  with  the  population  of  the  Iroquois,  who  were  then,  and  had  long  been, 
the  ol)jects  of  his  special  care.  In  a  census  table  prepared  by  him,  in  ITCi;'),'  for  the 
Lords  of  Trade,  he  represents  the  number  of  men  capable  of  bearing  arms  among  the 
Mohawks,  at  ItiO;  the  Oneidas,  at  250;  the  Onondagas,  at  !;')();  the  Cayugas,  at  'JOO; 
the  Senecas,  at  10")(l;  and  the  Tuscaroras,  at  140.  He  places  the  outlying  band  of 
Oswegachys  (Ogdensburg),  at  80,  and  the  Caghnawagas  (St.  Regis),  at  ;!U0 ;  making  a 
total  of  '2ooO  warriors,  who,  agreeably  to  the  usual  rules  of  computation,  would 
represent  an  aggregate  population  of  ll.OoO  souls.  He  computes  that,  of  Conoys, 
Tuteloes,  Saponeys,  Nanticokes,  and  other  con([uered  and  dismembered  tribes,  tiien 
living  in  the  Iroipiois  country,  agreeably  to  their  policy,  there  were,  at  that  period,  200 
men,  or  1000  souls. 

After  leaving  the  area  of  Xew  York,  there  is  less  reliance  to  be  placed  on  the  census, 
Avhich  was  made  up,  not  from  actual  enumeration,  but  from  the  reports  of  persons 
journeying  amongst,  or  trading  with,  the  tribes,  and  from  the  statements  of  parties 
supposed  to  be  best  informed  on  the  subject.  Sir  William  Johnson  estimates  the 
Algonquins,  or  Ailiron<laks,  at  loO  men,  or  7-jO  souls;  the  Abinakies,  at  100  men,  or 
oOO  souls;  and  tlie  various  tribes  of  Ilurons,  or  Wyandots,  of  Canada,  at  240  men, 
representing  a  population  of  1200  souls.  This  enumeration  would  allow  to  the  Indians 
of  Canada  below  Lake  Ontario,  and  to  the  Iroquois  of  New  York,  including  the  nations 
conquered  by  them,  and  residing  among  them,  2S20  fighting  men,  or  14,100  souls,  a 
total  which  is  believed  to  be  a  little  above  the  actual  numbers. 

But.  if  the  popidation  of  the  region  witii  which  Sir  William  was  least  acquainted, 
namely,  the  lower  St.  Lawrence  valley,  was  sometimes  over-estimated  by  his  infbrmiints, 


'  Docuiiiontary  History  of  tlio  .State  of  Now  York,  Vol.  I.,  ji.  20  :  Albany,  1«50. 


> 


i 

i 


TO  THE  AMEUICAN  REVOLITION. 


271 


tliat  of  the  groat  west,  boyoiul  the  AUcglianies  and  along  tlio  ui)por  lakes,  if  wo  oxcopt 
errors  of  synonymes,  is  conceived  to  have  been  returned  with  excellent  jiidument. 

The  attempt  to  estimate  the  ntnnerical  force  of  the  I'ontiae  confederacy,  diniiij,'  that 
year,  nuist  Ije  considered  to  have  been  made  under  great  disadvantages.  Tlie  Baronet 
had  himself  visited  Detroit,  the  seat  of  this  confederacy,  in  1701,  and  gathered  tlie 
elements  of  his  estimates  from  persons  resident  there. 

The  Wyandots,  or  llurons,  of  Michigan,  are  rated  at  2oO  men,  or  12o0  sonis;  the 
Ottawas,  dispersed  in  various  localities,  at  700  men,  or  llodO  souls;  the  Chippewas, 
among  whom  are  included  the  ^lississagies,  of  the  region  of  Detroit,  at  .lliO  men ;  and 
those  of  MichilinnicUinac,  at  400  men,  together  nndiing  an  aggregate  of  8o-")0.  Tiie 
Pottawattamies  of  Detroit  are  set  down  as  comprising  loO  warriors,  and  tliosc  of  St. 
Joseph,  liOO;  both,  conjoined,  representing  a  population  of  17o0  persons. 

In  the  valley  of  the  Ohio,  and  the  region  of  country  immediately  west  of  it,  the 
means  for  making  an  enumeration  were  more  ample  and  reliable. 

The  Shawnees  are  estimated,  with  apparently  good  judgment,  at  ."lOO  men.  or  l-")(IO 
souls;  and  the  Delawares.  with  nearly  the  same  probable  accuracy,  at  oOOO  pei>ons, 
which  would  give  them  GOO  fighting  men. 

The  Miamies  of  the  Wabash  valley,  under  tlieir  Iroijuois  name  of  Twightwecs,  are 
numbered  at  lioO  men;  the  Piankashaws,  at  lOO  men ;  and  the  Wea.^  at  20(1  men, 
making  2l)oO  souls.  In  the  same  general  district,  there  are  eniunerated  180  Kiekapoos, 
and  00  Mascoutins,  a  tribe  of  prairie  Indians,  who  appear  in  all  the  earliest  estimates, 
but  who  have  since  lost  that  designation.  The  name  would  indicate  that  they  were 
Algonipiins.     These  add  to  the  estimate  I  ."JoO  persons. 

In  the  region  of  Green  Bay,  comprising  the  present  area  of  Wisconsin,  the  Mono- 
monies  are  computed  at  110  men,  or  5o0  souls.  This  estimate  is  duplicated  under  their 
French  synonyme  of  Folsavoins.  But,  irrespective  of  tliis  mistake,  the  number  of 
Monomonies,  at  that  time,  wouM  not  seem  to  have  been  overrated  at  1100  souls.  The 
Winnebagoes,  called  by  the  French,  Puanis,  are  rated  at  ^JlKt  men,  or  an  aggregate  of 
17o0  individuals,  which  is  not  excessive.  The  Siiuks  are  enumerated  as  having  ^jOO 
fighting  men,  or  a  population  of  1500  souls,  a  probable  excess ;  and  the  Outagamies,  or 
Foxe.<,  o20  warriors,  or  1000  souls.  Tlie.se  two  tribes  had  united  their  fortuiu's,  alter 
tlu'ir  unsuccessful  attack,  in  1712,  on  the  fort  of  Detroit,  which  act  procured  them  the 
hatred  of  the  French. 

The  aggregate  of  these  enumerations  and  estimates  of  the  western  and  northern 
tribes,  reaches  24,050  individuals.  Add  to  this  the  14,100  of  the  eastern  or  home 
table  of  Sir  William's  superintendency,  and  there  is  presented  a  gross  population  of 
;)8,150  souls.  Tliis  does  not  include  the  southern  tribes,  or  those  residing  on  the  west 
banks  of  the  Mississippi,  boih  of  which  groups  of  tribes  were  beyond  his  jurisdiction, 
and,  also,  outside  of  the  limits  of  the  territory  ceded  by  the  treaty  of  Versailles, 
coneludeil  February  lOtli,  170:!. 


-r^ 


flip 


i 


'■ 


11 


li 


Ai 


•J.1'2  FROM    TIIK    CONQUEST    ()  I''    CANADA 

Means  lor  testing  tlii.s  ostiiimto  wore  furnislRHl  \>y  the  ro.spootivi'  oxpoditioiis  of 
IJiailslici't  and  nuii(|iu't,  in  ITtil.  Tlio  f.stiiniito  of  tliu  fornuT,  an  .irivcn  In  .Major 
Maiitc.  |i.  ")2ti.  only  related  to  the  trilies  asseinhied  at,  or  livinji;  within,  a  circle  of 
live  or  six  diiy.s'  march  from  his  camp.  Tliis  compntiition  fnrnished  data  for  an 
a!Miri;:inal  pni)ulatioii  of  .somi?  !t."»(IO  per.-<ons,  of  which  nnmher,  lit.'JO  are  net  down  a.s 
warriors. 

The  statistics  of  the  Indian  population  collected  hy  Colonel  Bouquet,  and  puhli.xhed 
at  I'hihulelphia,  in  ITCiCi.  proceed  to  the  other  e.\treme,  an;',  in.stead  of  conlininir  the 
enumeriition  to  trilies  which  were  visited,  contijruous,  or  known,  lie  not  only  extended 
it  to  triln's  lesidin;:  lieyond  the  region,  iind  outside  of  the  limits  of  the  Ih'itish  territory, 
but,  also,  frci(uently,  mulor  various  synonyuK's,  or  soubriquets,  duplicated  or  triplicated 
the  same  trilies. 

After  discarding  these  redundancies,  limitinf:  the  estimate  of  the  tribes  to  the  ratio  of 
that  of  Sir  William,  and  correcting  the  evident  confusion  existing  lu'tween  the  number  of 
fighting  men  and  the  gross  population  of  the  tribes,  as  in  the  note,'  the  table  of  IJoiupiet 
(Iocs  not  (>xliiliit.  on  the  same  area,  ii  gro.ss  variance  from  the  corresponding  |)arts  of  thi; 
Sii|icriiilendent's  list.  He  does  not  show  that  the  entire  Indian  force  in  the  west, 
residing  east  of  the  Mississippi  river,  numbered  over  JlO.'.toO  souls,  or  (i'JlO  lighting 
jiicn.  To  those  he  has  added  (see  note  below)  ll,.')o()  southern  Indians,  comprising 
the  Clierokees,  Chickasaws,  Choctaws.  and  the  small  tribes  of  the  ('atabas  and  Natchez, 

'  TmIiIi)  111'  iMiiiparisdiis  lu'twi'iii  HoiKiuot  ami  .'^ir  William  .lohiisun. 

ItoigCKT. 

Ni|iisiiiu' 400  1 

Ali:i'ri(|uins ItdO  J 

Wyiiiilots  ;!I10     ... 

I 'lu'iiiii'wa'j   ,"ill(ll) 

(lll.iwas  000     ... 

M ississauii's L'l I0( •      ... 

r.itlawallaiiiii< ;i.")i)  nu'ii 

I'ua IIS 7."i(1      ... 

Masoiuiclins  iMto     ... 

SauKs 400      ... 

Mi;i»iii"'  .'iTiO  iiu>ii 

Oilawari's (•,(  m      .. 

Sliawiu'i's 

Kiil\a|"inS 

\V,as 

1  'iaiika.«liaws  

Ka-skiuskiiu) 

(^a  tal):i.« 

('li(ri>koo.< 

Cliickasaws 

.Natolii'z 


aOO     " 
;!00     " 

401*     

•JaO     

(iOO     

ITiO     

.',"•00  souU. 
T.'iO  moil. 


» 'III. eta 


ir.o    '• 

4."iOO  sou, 


Wuriiurj 
ItOO 

.•!00 

JonNsox. 

Men.  £0 

ITiOO 

|,".(l() 

1000 

,")(lii() 

tlOO 
400 

I.-.OO 

L>000 

;'i,")0 

1750 

l.'iO 

7.")0 

100 

.■)0n 

I,-.o 

7r)0 

.•i,-,o 
tioo 

IV.'iO 

.'{(MK) 

.■iOO 

"r>(io 

;iOO 

1;)()0 

400 

2000 

•2M 
IL'O 

lli.'iO 

("lOO 

100 

noo 

500 

LTiOO 

Too 
100 

;i7;"iO 

.500 

•100 

4500 

i. 


TO    TIIK    AMKUICAN    I!  K  V(H,  U  T  ION. 


•273 


wlio  arc  I'stiiiiati'il  at  '2'2'tQ  warriors.  As  il'  to  cv'uloiice  the  peril  from  wliich  lie  had 
I'scaped.  or  to  sliow  iho  lorct;  tiiat  coiikl  he  hrt)ii^ht  against  the  J5ritish  I'roiitiers,  the 
Siiiiix.  Kansas,  and  wild  prairir  tribes  of  nppcr  liOiiisiana,  west  of  the  iMissi.ssippi,  are 
introdneed  into  the  estimates.  Thus,  tlie  entire  number  of  lighting  men  in  Ids  estimates 
is  .set  down  at  ")('),")()(>,  wliieh,  by  tiie  data  he  furnislies,  would  indicate  ii  gross  population 
of  liS;i,(IUU  souls,  a  most  extravagant  computation.' 


'  Vul.  III.,  p.  rj.-jO. 


Vol.  VL  — 3i 


i:l 


SECTION   TIIIRTEENTII. 


P. 


ITTSTOllY    OF    THE    INDIAN    THIBKS    DURINCr 
THE    AMERICAN    REVOLUTION. 


CHAPTEll    I. 


THE    INDIAN    FOIICE    TO    BE    ENCOUNTERED. 


Ohio  was  tlio  first  of  tliosc  tiilisinmiio  names  wliidi,  ilatiiii;  l)a('k  as  early  as  1  7-JO, 
ill  tlio  days  of  Franklin  ami  Wasliin^ton,  iiilliienccil  tlic  sinvad  ofllie  Aincrioaii  popu- 
lation over  the  I'litiic  West.  Hut  tlio  rouutry  so  attractive  to  a  civili/.i'd  |ieo[)!o  was 
in  possession  of  fieire  sava.L'e  trihcs.  wlio  llittcd  tlirouiili  tlic  wilderness  like  the  freiiii 
of  Arabic  fable,  aeknowledgiiijr  neither  tlii-  laws  of  (lod,  nor  those  of  man.  Knj;lanil 
was  the  first  to  teach  to  such  of  thest;  western  tril)es  as  hovered  around  her  colonies, 
the  principles  of  industry,  arts,  and  letters,  and  the  iiiealciilablo  advantajies  of  the 
liabits  of  civilization  over  barbarism.  She  was  the  first  also,  by  the  aid  of  her 
fleets  and  armies,  to  brinj!;  tliese  savajre  hordes  to  effectual  terms ;  and,  adoptinj;  their 
own  figurative  style,  to  make  them  aware  that  the  jjIow  was  superior  to  the  tomahawk. 
She  exercised  a  just  supervision  over  a  wide  and  exposed  frontier,  through  the  medium 
cl'  lines  of  forts  and  ajreiicies,  and  re-established,  on  better  princijik's,  the  fur  trade, 
th.it  powerful  .stimulus  to  energetic  .action  among  the  Indians,  which  has  had  a  much 
greater  inliuence  on  the  early  and  middle  ages  of  their  history,  than  anything  else. 
But,  after  eflecting  this  object  by  a  lavish  expenditure  of  blood  and  treasure,  and  after 
having  compelled  the  savages  to  acknowledge  the  British  .sway,  this  power  would  .seem 
to  have  only  been  acquired  by  Britain,  and  strengthened,  that  it  might  be  wielded 
against  the  American.s;  for,  after  controlling  this  Indian  inliuence  during  the  brief 
xxriod  of  fifteen  years,  it  was  direct<Ml  air.'iinst  the  colonies  by  the  mother  country,  and 

(274) 


IIISTOllY    OF    TIIK    INDIAN    TIUBES. 


275 


])rov(Ml,  if  lint  Olio  ol"  (liu  most  poti'iit,  lit  Irani  one  of  tlie  most  inliuiiiaii  iiiiil  c.vwA 
aiixiliiirit's  of  a  iK-spotie  govcninieiit,  in  its  I'll'orts  to  cocrcu  ami  cuisli  a  brave  ami 
libcrty-loviiij;;  pcoplo. 

To  ascertain  tlio  pivciso  stroii,u;th  of  tliis  imliaii  foiro,  had  been  an  object  witli  tho 
lliitisli  j^overiiiiu'iit  after  tlie  c()ii(|iiest  of  Camula,  ami  it  also  liccanie  a  point  of  niiicli 
moment  to  tlie  colonies  on  tlie  breaUiiif^  out  of  tlio  devolution.  The  results  of  the 
eflorts  made  by  the  IJritisli  authorities  to  deterniine  their  iminbers,  have  just  been 
stated.  The  first  ridiable  estimates  obtained  by  the  colonies,  were  made  under  the 
auspices  of  the  War  l)c[)artiii"nt,  while  the  jiovernment  was  U)cated  at  IMiiladelphia. 
The  elements  of  the  following  schedule  are  extant  in  the  handwriting  (jf  Mr.  Madison.' 


I'OltCK  or  TIIM  INDIAN  NATIONS  ON  TIIK  OCC'rRUIlNCK  or  TIIK  AMKUICAN 

UKVOLfTlON. 


TrilpcB. 

>Iiiliawks  

Oiuiiliis  ami  Tusearoras  , 
OniiiiilaL'as 

<;"y"j;»'* 

SeiiL'ca.s 


I.    IllliQKllS. 

WnrriiT.".  (Iroi^^  l*n|t.  lioonlily. 

100   Mi)  M„Iiawk  Valley. 

'too  L'OOO  Oiiiiila  Countv.  wcst.m  Now  York. 

•_':!0   ll.'iO  Oii.iiiiiaL'a  (Vtlf,  .Vc,  "          " 

•JliO  1100  Cayuu'H  Laki',  \c.,         "          " 

tl.'>0   ;!i;:iO  .>^i.>iKra  liako  tu  Nia-aia,         " 


1000 


iSOOU 


Wyiindots 


II.    IllncjColS    (IF    TIIK    WksT. 

180   000      Detruit  ami  Sandusky. 


III.    Al.doNCJllNS. 


Ottowas 

('liippowaH 

Mississ,;:u.s 

I'litlawattaiiiics 

Miaiiiii'.^ 

rianka.sliaw.ii,  "j 

Woa.><,  iiiulcr  the  name  of  [• 
Muskptddiis,  I'if.  ' 

M  (iiioiiK  mios 

Sliawiu'i'.-i 

IVlawarcs, 


IVlawarcs,  l 
Munsocs      )  ' 


•tno 

f)000 
li'.O 


aoo 

800 

2000 
300 

mo 


10,1  ."lO 


2'1'tO     Miami  riviT  to  Micliilimackinao. 
li'iJiOO     ],aki\<  Huron,  Micliiixaii,  ami  Superior. 
iJ.'iO      North  of  lakes. 


4.')0   2l''iO     Detroit,  St.  .Joseph's,  ami  Waba.sh. 


1500  St.  Joseph's  uf  .Miami,  kc 

4000  Wabash  rivor,  \o. 

10,000  West  of  Lako  Mithiguu,  &e. 

I.'iOO  Ohio,  iVc,  have  been  e.xceediiigly  active. 

;iOOO  Mu.skiimuiii,  &e. 


;-)0,7r)0 


M 


Siuuz. 


IV.  Dakotas. 
oOO  2r)00     I'pper  Mi.s.sissippi. 


Vol.  III.,  p.  iJOO. 


876 


IllSTOHY    OK    THK    INDIAN    TRinES 


V.    Ari'AI.ACIIIANM. 


Tril..'«. 


Wiirrinfit. 


Autliorilit 


Ctioriikc'i'S  , 


(  liirliMsaWM., 
('Iiu«t:i\v^<  ... 


<  ,il;i\vli:i«  , 
Niili'lu'Z  .. 


.Mil- 


(  .\l:llillllia; 
(  I'liwi'la.').. 


I.   Tr 

•J.    Ii- 


(if  N'l'w  Ymk. 


tm 

•J.MHt 

i:.o   

7.'>i> 

into  

■l.MMl 

i:,()  

T.'id 

i,-,ii  

7.')() 

(KMt    

nooo 

700   

;i:iOO 

lIuli'liiiH,  Vi>l.  III.,  |i. 


Sniitli, 
llutclii 


ItKCAl'lll  I.ATIllN. 


(lrii*i<  1*>ipiilati<>tl. 


i|U 


A! 


1000 

.  lit'  till'  Wvi ISO 

iiiris lO.l.'iO 


f<000 
000 


ri(i,7."io 


■I.     |)iik..|i,lis 

.'i.    .\p|':il;irlii;ili.-^,  .-^inilluM'ii  Iriliis. 


r.oo    '.'."lOo 

;!i."io    i."i,7.'iO 


l.'i.."iSO 


r7,'.Mio 


It  is  I'viilciit.  IViim  .«caiiniiip:  llic-^e  il(^tiiil.<.  tloit  ;n'i'('.>i.-i  liad  Iummi  olitaiiicd  to  pcison.s 
convoiVii'L  with  tiio  luiMtiiuis  aiul  iHipiilatioii  nf  tlu-  hiiliaii  trilics.  Cuiiiiiaifil  tn  tlic 
wild  irciu'i'al  cstiinatc.-*  of  I!iiii((iK't,  maclc  in  ITiil,  tlicv  prcsi'iit  a  sclu'tliili-  i".iiu'ini^ 
jiidiiiiunt  and  a  ronmu'iidalile  apindacli  to  accuracv.      If  tlu>  .strcnjitli  ol  .soiiu'  tiiitcs 

is  owrrati'd.  otln'is  an n-rs[)iiiidiiii:iy  iindfrratrd.  li'a\iii'/  tin'  axcram'  of  tin-   Indian 

t'orcc  tiiat  ciiidd.  iiy  any  innlialiiiity.  he  linini;lit  into  tlif  (icid.  vci'N'  near  llic  tim; 
standard.  TIk-  Siou\.  lio'  in.'^tanco.  nii^l  .  uitli  a  iiuicli  ucariT  aiiprdacli  to  accnracy, 
Iia\c  liri-n  ratcil  at  IH.OIM).  Imt  tlioro  was  no  |irolial)iIity  that  more  tlian  '"iOd  wai'rior.s 
conld.  under  the  most  lavoraMi'  ciriuin-^tanci's.  ha\i'  ln'cn  lironiiiit  into  action.  In  fact, 
it  is  lii'lii'\(<l  tliat  not  a  man  of  tiiat  stoclv  ever  drew  a  how  airainst  tlio  .\nicii('ans, 
unless  it  he  jiossildc  that  one  or  two  r-tray  warriors  of  their  I'thnoloLMcal  conneetion, 
the  AViiuiehiejoes.  can  ho  conjt'clui'ed  to  liavo  wandered  to  Wyomini:,  or  Stanwix.  The 
Troiiuois  Si.\  Nations  arc  onnnierateil  as  Inninu'  -'loO  warriiu's  less  than  they  are  rated 
in  the  estimate;  of  .*sir  Willi;im  Johnson,  made  in  17(^1.  wliicii  j)rohal)ly  i\  little  more 
than  undenates  their  actual  decline  in  thirteen  years,  under  the  coudiiued  intlui'uce  of 
trade  and  alcohol.  The  Chippewas  are  o\-er-estiinati'd  at  ")()(lll  men,  on  t\  limiteil  area, 
and  without  traciii'j  their  scatteri'd  hands  over  a  very  wide  and  remote  Held.  The 
eiunneration  of  the  .Menomonies,  who  occu|)ied  the  present  area  of  Wisconsin,  is  also, 
imder  any  circumstances,  in  excess;  hut  this  very  nomadic  peo[)le  were  in  the  hahit 
of  huntinir  o\('r  an  extended  territory  on  the  ujiper  Mississippi,  where  IIh'V  were 
accom[ianied  hy  tlieir  intimate  associates,  the  Sauks,  who  have  no  place  in  thi'  estimate. 
The  Foxe.s,  tlu'  Kickajjoos.  and  their  allies,  the  Mascotins.  the  airirrejrato  j)opnlatioii  of 


which  three  trihe.s  is  computed  at  'JHoO.  in  .Tol 
in  this  estimate,  .so  that  what  was  o\errated  on  ti 


inson's  hihles.  are  also  entir(dy  left  out 
le   hand,  was,  with  a  consiilerahle 


approach    to   accuracy,  counterlialanced   on   the  other.      Xor  is  it  [irohable,  as  Mr. 


J 


in    ltlN<;    tin:    AMKIIK   an    IM:\  (M.I  TldN.  277 

]\lailistiM  has  >tiitc'il.  ill  :i  iici|<'  nttacln'il  to  tlic  oliiiiati'.'  tliat  liis  ii;iirn<!ial('  of  llMIO 
wanidis  was  aliovo  tin'  tnilli.  i>i'  tliat  tliis  lurci'  was  ciiiiilovcd  in  ilic  coiilcst.  It  lias 
lici'ii  I'sliiiiatitl  lliat  till'  iimiilicr  of  li,i;htiii!,'  iiu'ii  t'liiiilnynl  hv  (irnit  15iilaiii  iluriiij-  tlio 
war.  was  770.' 

('(iiiiircss.  after  its  priiniirv  or^rinii/iitiuii,  (iliiccil  the  snliicct  <i|'  the  Imiiaii  iiitcriMuirx' 
ill  tlic  liaiuls  (if  (•(miiiii>si()ii('rs.  iiiulcr  tlif  liiit'ctioii  of  tiic  Srcii'taiy  nf  War.  'i'lic 
trust  was  an  arduous  diic,  |n'r|ictiially  lliictiialinii-  in  its  as|)iMts.  ;iiiil  iciiniiiiiLr  urcit 
Uiupwlciluc  III'  till'  Indian  cliarai'tci".  as  well  as  an  acciiratt'  cniii'i'iilioii  <<['  tiic  p'oiiiaiiliical 
fcatnri'.s  and  natural  rcsoiirci's  df  the  cmniti'v.  It  was  evident,  fidm  the  first,  that  the 
Six  Niitidiis  wdidd  .'-idc  with  the  mother  conntry,  from  whom  it  was  earnestly  doiied 
to  detaeii  them,  and  to  jiersiiade  them  to  remain  neuter  in  the  eontest.  This  was  the 
jiolicy  jireserilied  liy  Washington,  and  was  iiiyeil  iipoii  tiiem  hy  .Mr.  .'^amiiel  KirUlaiid. 
wiio  resided  iimoim'  the  Oneidas.  Ih'  was  eli.ariicd  |iei>onally  hy  the  I'resiileiit.  to 
impress  iipou  tiiem  the  im|iortaii(M'  of  |)nrsiiim:  a  neutral  line  of  policy  ;  liir  then,  no 
matter  whieli  party  pro\cd  triumphant,  the  Indian  ii.terests  wdiild  not  reeeisc  injury; 
Itnt  if  tliey  were  iimilxed  ill  tlie  strUir.;le,  their  interests  would  he  likely  to  Miller. 
Tiiis  reasonini;  prevailed  with  the  Oneiilas  and  ('liristian  liuliaiis  inuK'r  tiie  eiieiyi'tie 
anil  ])opiilar  chief,  Skeiiandoah.  .V  jiart  of  the  Tiiscaroras  also  sided  with  tho 
Americans. 

The  ancioiit  trilie  of  .Moliieans  of  the  lloiisntonie.  wliose  histoi'y  has  heen  inipi'es>ed 
upon  popular  memory  hy  tiieir  lonu'  residi'iiee  at  .^^tockiiridiic  .Mass..  Iiad  heen  for 
a  lonj;  period  classed  amoiii:'  the  liillowers  of  the  udspid  ;  hut.  as  the  imirlial  spirit 
ot  tho  era  .'iroused  all  their  warrior  feeliniis,  they  enlisted  themsidves  on  the  .-ide 
of  the  colonies,  and  furnished  an  ellicit.'iit  company  of  spies  and  llankers  tlir  the 
American  army.  I)ireetin'j:  the  view  to  liie  west,  there  was  hut  little  eiieouraiicmeiit 
in  the  jiidspect.  Tho  Delawares,  who  iiad  linall}  ahandiuitd  central  I'ennsylvania.  ill 
171'.'.  inthieiiecd  thereto  [)artial'.  hy  annoyaiiio  at  the  continued  encroachments  of  the 
.settlers,  hut  more  hy  foar  of  tho  Ircxpiuis  tomahawk,'  were  arrayed  in  i)pi)ositioii  tt) 
the  colonies. 

Till!  Shawiiees,  who  claim  a  remote  .southern  origin,  appear  to  have  divided  in  their 
liriimiry  emi,t;ratiuii  to  the  north  ;  a  part  of  the  trihe  pursuiui:'  the  route  within  the 
raiiL'o  of  the  Alk\L;hiinies.  to  the  territory  of  the  r,eiino  Fvenapi.  or  Delawares.  direelly 
north,  and  a  part  desciMuliiiu;  tho  Keiiawha,  to  the  Ohio  valley,  whence  they  ascended 
the  Scioto  river  to  ChiUicothe.  which  hecame  their  wi'>tern  centre.  Others  located 
themselves  a   little    helow   the   iiillu.v  of  till'  Walia>ii.  at    a  spot   heiu'O  called   Slia\\- 

lieetoW  11. 

'i'liere  is  a  circumstance  of  iniieh  intorost  connected  with  the  history  of  this  trihe. 
Aecordin,;:;  to  tho  account  of  the  .Mohican  chief,   Metoxon.'  that  trilie  was  originally 


■     :' 


Vol.  Ill,  ji.  .'illl.  "  lliiil.  »  I,:iik;i.-I.t  ('(iiir,n'iur  of  ITt  I  :   vi.lr  CuliKii  *  OiuvM.  |i.  111.'). 


•JTS 


IIISTOUY    OK    TIIK    INDIAN    TltlUKS 


cniiiici'tcd  wiili  llic  l)<'lll^vluv^  Iml  lioiii;;  ii  ivntlcMft  ami  i|imnfl>'i)iiii'  ()i'(>|iIo,  liiul  iiivolvtMl 
tliciiiMi'lvcs  ill  iiu'Ntiiciililf  tiiiuMcs  wliilc  ill  tlio  wmtli,  and.  in  tin-  cliii'l'H  liiM;j;uauc,  liiid 
rcliiriu'd  ti>  r<\l  aunin  iittwi'i'ii  tlic  left  of  llicir  grandralliiT. 

Tluw  111'  till'  trilii'  will)  liad  rcaclii'd  tju'ir  rlnwdy  ctliiinliiu'ifal  iilllIiattMl  irlativcH.  tlm 
l)ihi\var('s.  Iiad  fillicr  preceded  llic  latter,  ur  aeeninpaiiied  tliein.  iicio^s  the  Allef:lianies. 

Tlial  iKiilioii  of  the  Seiieeas.  and  of  othiT  tiihes  of  the  lriM|ii()is,  who  hail  einij:i'ated 
We.-^t,  Of  who  jiossihlv  held  a  fooliiii.'  there  from  leiniite  tinie.x,  wefe  called  iMinj;oe>.' 
They  were  n-u'arded  as  jieiierally  takiin:  part  with  the  western  hnlians  in  their 
hostilities.  When  Washiiiviloii  \isited  their  I'liief.  'ranaeharisson,  at  LoL;>tiiwn.  in  I7">."i. 
this  sachem  i\|M'e>srd  himself  as  iiein^' iViemliy  to  the  \'iri;iiiians ;  and  it  is  ludie\ed 
that  this  partienlai'  branch  ol'  (hem  were  not  included  amoii);  those  who  liirnied  the 
anihiiscade  ai:ainst  (leiieral  llraddoeU.  thi'ce  years  siihsei|nently. 

Of  the  ('hip|iewas,  Ottiiwas.  Mississagies,  and  other  AI,i:oiiipiin  nations,  eiiihraced  in 
the  preceiiiiiL;'  estimate,  it  is  not  knoAvn.  or  lielie\eil,  that  any  uf  tlieiii  were  i'riendl\  to 
till'  American  cause  They  iiad  heeii  Ih'iu  friends  of  the  I'Veneh.  iiut.  alter  the  oileiiei' 
wliiidi  has  Keen  mentioned,  they  transferred  tlieir  alle_Liiance  to  the  ihitish.  It  leipiires 
to  hi'  noticed,  however,  that,  heiiiu'  more  remote  from  the  scene  of  conllict  than  any 
otiier  triiie,  if  we  except  the  Mississatries  of  Canada,  there  was  only  one  point  from 
which  the\-  mi'^ht  or  conld  have  lieeii  emploved  against  the  Americans,  \  i/. :  from  the 
central  location  of  Kort  Niagara,  which  was  otllcialiy  visited  hy  the  western  trihes,  even 
from  Miciiilimackinac  and  Lake  Superior.'  Sir  William  .lohiison  died  in  1774,  ahont 
the  time  of  the  occnrreiice  of  the  tea  riot  in  IJoston.  Tiie  title  and  otlice  descended  to 
his  sun  .lohii.  whose  hall,  at  .lulinstown.  havinir  heeii  taken  dnrin,i.'  the  followinjr  year 
hy  the  levohitionist.s,  and  liiniself  placed  on  his  parole,  ho  lied  to  Canada,  carrying  with 
him  the  Mohawk  trihe.  Snhseipu  ntly.  Fort  Niairara  hecaine  the  seat  of  the  royal 
inlluence.  where  maraudinir,  iilmuUrinjf,  and  scalpiiiLf-iiarties  wero  orL'ani/.ed,  and,  to 
ii>e  the  expressive  epithet  of  Sir  John's  father,  "  [lainted  and  feathered"  for  war.' 


'  Mr,  ili'cki'Wrlil'T  iiil'iiriiK  >is  tli;ii    tliis   tiTiii   is   drrivrcl   frinu    Mi'iii.'Wi\  tin'    llrLiwnrr  tiaiiio   tnr  tlio  Si.-? 
N:itiiiiis,  iiiiil  tliiit  llif  iKitcli  tiTiii  .^laai|ii;i  is  lUrivvd  I'ruiii  tlio  siiui'  source.  —  I'liil.  'IVmii^  ,  \'iil.  I.,  ///,</.  Intl. 
'  ll.iirv'sTravi'ls,  '  N.  V.  lli-t.  l'..-  ,  Vul.  VII. 


I 


* 


l>rilIN(;    TIIK    AMKUICAN    lU:  V  u  I,  I' T  I  <>  N  , 


2TI» 


(•IIAI'TKU    II. 

I'NI-'11IKNI>KY    STATK    ol'    T  KKI,  I  N(i,    AND     K  l{  UoN  KiM  S     (»I'INI(»NS 
OK    TIIK    TlllltKS,    l)i:KIN(i    TllK    (ONTKST. 

TllK  770  tomulinwks.  nml  tin-  like  miiiilicr  of  Mciilpiii'.'-kiiivi's,  wliicli.  hl^ici'iiIiIv  to 
tlu'  t'stiiimtc'  till'  Hri(if<Ii  Iinliiuis  cuiilcl  wield,  in  tliix  war  witli  tlic  fdloiiicH.  wcris 
actively  ciiiplovi'il  on  tlie  IViuifier  M'ttlers  oC  New  York.  I'emisvlviiiiiii.  mul  Viriiiniii. 
The  Sll\ii;.'es  were  incited  ti)  frreiiter  licti\ity  ill  llleir  l)|()()dy  deiil-i  liy  rewards  |)iiid  lor 
the  wid|ix  lit'  till'  iiiirdrtiiimte  victims,  tints  estnlilisliinj!'  n  cerliiiii  lelatinn  lietweeii 
dcillars  and  lilood.  lAir  ii  liiindriil  df  eiier;;etic  hut  iiiidisci|iliiiei|  militia  t<i  (i|i|iii<c  n 
|)(iwi'rl'iil  iiatidii  till  the  sealidard.  possessiiiu:.  us  slu!  did,  every  means  of  dllence  that 
ships  and  armies  cmild  riiriiish,  was  ii  ;j;reat  and  lia/anloiis  undertaking;  hiit  to 
encounter  the  Indians  at  the  same  ti.  "c.  on  the  frontiers,  reipiiivd  a  skilful  policy. 
There  was  ii  twii-fold  enemy  to  cope  with.  It  had  dceiipied  I'liiiilaiul,  with  all  her 
iiilhience  and  political  tact,  hacked  hy  all  her  means,  a  period  of  llfteeii  years  to  wean 
the  iiifei'tidiis  of  the  trilies  from  the  Kremdi.  and  to  attach  them  to  the  Hiitisli  crown. 
All  this  the  colonies  now  attenipteil  to  iindd.  'I'lie  Indians  wcw  told  that  the  colonies 
had  taken  up  the  mace,  and  had  he^iin  to  wield  the  sdverei;:iity  anainst  the  mother 
i'oiiiitiy;  that  it  was  a  contest  of  son  ajiainst  father.  15y  the  Mrilish  party,  tiie 
Americans  were  represented  us  heini:  weak  in  niimliers,  as  wcdl  as  impoverished  in 
finances,  and  that  their  generalH  and  leaders  were  destined  to  pa\  the  forli'it  of  their 
rehcllioii  oil  the  lmUows.  The  Indian,  lieinir  no  easiiist,  no  statesman,  no  Jud,i;i'  of  the 
justice,  or  of  the  rii^hts  of  nations,  tlioui:lit  that  the  cddest.  the  stroiiiicst.  and  the 
wisest,  should  prevail;  and.  therefore,  he  resolveil  to  lliilit  on  the  side  of  Hritain. 
Fifteen  years  had  elapsed,  after  the  fall  of  Canada,  hefore  the  l'In,i;lisli  were  eiiahled  to 
secure  the  friendship  of  the  Indians,  and  to  eoinent  their  interests:  it  was.  conse.pienlly, 
impossiljU,'  to  olVect  a  sudden  rniiture  hetweeii  them.  They  neither  understood  nor 
iipprcoiatcd  the  princi^)les  involved  in  the  contest,  which  was  repnseiited  to  them,  hy 
those  whose  interest  it  was  to  do  so.  as  ii  family  ipiarrel  hetwecii  a  father  and  a  son  ; 
and.  so  far  as  we  can  collate  their  expressed  o[)inioiis.  they  contended  that  the  father 
was  in  the  right.     l$ut,  wiiotiier  in  the  right  or  wrung,  they  believed  ti:','  Hritisjj  to  he 


'  V„l.  TTF.  IV  r.ill. 


!l 


II 


1 

I,,,! 


I 


I  ' 


Kll 


PI 


m 


.  \ 


i 


m' 


280 


IIISTOUY    OK    TIIK    INDIAN    TRIDES 


tlio  stroii.ut'st.  tlio  most  woallliy,  iiiid  the  most  willing  and  able  to  benefit  tlieni.  The 
Americiins.  it  was  urj:eil,  would  be  very  likely  to  trench  njion  thi'ir  rights  by  loeating 
theinsi'hi's  uiiun  tiieir  lands;  thonuh  the  Indians  had  lU'cd  of  but  little  for  the 
pin'iiose  of  enltivation,  which  they  regarded  as  one  of  the  heresies  of  civilization.  They 
ineifl\  rei|uire(l  the  domain,  that  on  it  might  bi;  raised  deer,  bears,  and  beaver,  which 
animals  tiio  migrations  from  the  Atlantic  shores,  already  beginning  to  cross  the 
Alleghanies.  would  drive  away.  They  lived  on  the  llesh  of  those  animals,  and,  by  the 
sale  ol'  the  skins  and  furs,  they  procured  all  else  that  was  necessary  to  tlieir  subsistence. 
This  was  a  jjopular  strain,  on  which  their  sjieakers  could  dilate.  They  had  frequently 
spoken  to  Warrahiagey  on  the  subject,'  and  t)pposed  the  concessions  of  lands  on  the 
ban'  s  ol'  the  rivers  ilowing  into  the  Atlantic,  made  to  the  colonists  by  the  IJiilish 
governors.  They  asserted  that  these  patented  lands  were  theirs,  and  had  never  been 
sold."     It  was  an  old  theme,  which  had  now  been  invested  with  renewed  vitality. 

The  Indian  mode  of  warfare  gives  them  an  advantage  over  mercenary  troops,  as  tlieir 
fierce  and  h)ud  scrt'ams  and  whoops  seem  to  jiresage  immediate  destruction.  IJut  this 
is  a  delusion  ;  a  hundred  Indians,  scattered  through  a  forest,  might,  by  their  noise,  be 
tlioMgiit  a  thousand,  such  is  the  celerity  of  their  moveuients,  and  the  piercing  shrillness 
(if  tlu'ir  screams  and  fOMiKjidnis.^  To  a  i)eople  in  the  habit  of  nuiking  use  of  similes, 
tiiey  apjH'ar  to  partake  of  the  chai'acter  of  tiie  wolves  of  their  own  forest  and  [)rairie ; 
for  they  not  only  intimidate  by  their  howls,  but,  no  nuitter  who  starts  and  wounds  the 
animal,  tlu'v  all  come  in  for  a  share  (jf  the  spoils,  and  riot  on  the  plunder  of  the  weak, 
the  exhansted.  and  the  del'enceless.  Though  they  occasionally  commit  murder  only  for 
the  puri>ose  of  securing  success  in  an  assault,  yet  they  seem  to  gather  I'age  in  pro[)ortioii 
us  the  jirey  is  weak,  when  they  rival  their  j)rototypes  in  wihl  cruelty,  and  in  their 
appetite  for  blood.  Such  were  their  distinguishing  traits  at  Ulster,  at  Oriskany,  at 
Ciierry  \'alley,  and  W3oming. 

To  conciliate  the  tribes,  therellire.  became  the  cherished  policy  of  the  revolted 
Ciilonies.  The  Americans  represented  to  them  that  tiiey  winv  not  paities  to  the  contest, 
anil  that,  no  matter  who  succeeded,  they  could  only  lie  subordinates.  They  were,  tiierefore, 
coimsellcd  to  neutrality,  which,  however,  reipiired  a  stretch  of  ratiocination  beyond  tiieir 
ability.  'I'lie  Indian  character  is  formed  li\-  war;  war  is  the  high  i)ath  to  honor  and 
renown;  and.  e\cn  those  tril)es  which  had  jtrofessed  their  lielief  in  the  truths  of 
Ciiristianity.  could  not  lie  restrained,  or  but  [)artialiy,  from  taking  up  the  tomahawk. 

The  Mohicans,  of  Stockbridge,  ranged  themselves  on  the  side  of  the  Americans,  and 
jjerl'ormod  good  service,  as  scouts,  throughout  the  contest.  The  Oiieidas  did  the  same. 
The  \oiee  of  the  [loijiilar  chiel',  Si^eiiandoah,'  was  heart!  in  llivor  of  the  rising  colonies; 
and  the  watidiful  attention  and  ((uick  eyi'  of  Attatea,  known  as  Colonel  FiOiiis,  carefully 
noted  tlie  ai)proacii  of  e\il  loolsicps  during  the  great  sti'uggle  of  1777.  and  gave  evcrv 


'  .N\'H-  V.,rlc  lli>l.  li.Kv,  \-,,|.  \||. 

'    I'.ira.vkrt.Ol  uf   llli.  1„;„|'>  lilV.    -,v    \-„|     \ 


\h\<\ 


"iH!!. 


: 
1 


IX'HINC    TllK    AMl-:iilCAN     H  K  V  O  1,  C  T  1  « •  \. 


•jsi 


day  till'  iiKist  rcliiiMc  iiironiiiilioii  dC  llie  iiiiircii  and  [)ositiiiii  nl'  (lie  ciii'iiiv.'  'I'lu- 
rcsiiliii;  1)1'  the  Six  Nntioiis  iictcil  tlic  piii't  (>!'  Iicri'c  I'ocs  aloiiii'  tin'  IVdiiticrs.  'I'lni 
SliiiwiKTS  and  Dclawarcs  were  also  criK'l  ciR'Hiics.  Tlifir  t'calty  to  the  llritisli  cause 
it  WiiH  assi-rtcd,  was  riirtlii'V  (•cniontcd  l>y  a  iiroiniso,  that,  their  allies  would  stand  \>y 
tliom.  iuid  never  consent  to  a  i)eace  whieli  did  not  inuku  the  Ohio  river  the  boundary 
of  the  colonies. 

Fortunately  lor  the  eiiuse  of  huniiinity,  the  great  hatllcs  ot  tjie  Kevohilinn  were 
ii)U,^ht  on  the  opeii  plains  and  cultivated  jiarts  of  the  coiuitry,  which,  hein--  denuded 
of  forests,  were  unl'avorahle  to  the  eniployinenl  of  Indian  au\iliai'ies.  The  i)atlles  of 
Concord  and  IJunker  Hill,  (iuilford,  Long  Ishmd.  White  IMains,  Saratoga.  Monniouili. 
'rrenton,  Camden.  King's  Mountain,  the  Cow|iens.  Hrauilywine.  ( ierniantown.  and 
Yorl>lown.  were  the  Lireat  featiu'es  of  the  contlicl.  Kut,  whei'ever  a  detached  colunni 
was  marched  through  iorests.  or  occn[)icd  an  isolated  fort,  the  war-cry  resounded,  and 
the  details  of  tlie  war  giv(>  evidence  tlnif  tiiere  were  other  and  more  (lr(>adeil  eneiiiirs 
to  he  encountered  than  the  sword  and  the  hayoiiet.  the  cannon  and  the  honih. 

Tlie  superior  military  si\ill  and  success  of  the  Irmiunis  gave  (hem  a  [iroinineiit 
position  in  Indian  warfare.  At  the  period  of  tli(!  llevolution.  circinnstances  had  placeil 
them  under  the  sway  of  the  noted  and  energetic  chief,  'riiyendanagea.  nion;  faniiliarh' 
known  as  .Joseph  IJrant.  AVe  have  perused  the  speculations  of  an  ingenuous  and  ready 
writer.-  who  labors  to  prove  that  IJrant  was.  hy  the  ri>gular  lin(>  of  descent,  a  .Mohawk 
chieftain,  it  is.  howescr.  midoul)ted.  that  he  was  not  the  son  of  a  chief,  and  that, 
agreeablv  to  the  Iroipiuis  laws  of  descent,  he  coidd  not  he  a  chief  if  th(>  son  of  a  chief. 
the  right  of  iidieritance  beiuu'  exidusively  vested  in  the  female  line.'  Ihant  was.  in 
fact,  a.  self-made  man.  owing  his  jiosition  to  his  own  nativi>  eu(>rgy.  talents,  and 
education.  The  Mohawks  had  lost  their  last  and  gi'eatest  sachem.  Soiengarahta.  calle<l 
Kinu'  llendrick.  in  IT-Vi,  at  the  l)attli'  of  Lake  (ieorge.  Little  .\lirahain.  who 
succeeded  him  in  autlnn-il\.  was  a  man  of  excellent  sense  ami  line  tidenls.  lint  exchi- 
sivel\-  a  civilian,  and  po-M^.-sing  no  reputation  as  a  wai'rior.  TIk"  institutions  of  the 
Iroquois  were  guarded  by  many  rides  and  regulations.  |)rescrilied  by  their  councils  and 
customs;  but  ihey  wen-,  nevertheless,  of  a  democratic  I'baracter.  ami.  under  the  s\va\ 
of  popular  o[>inion.  rci'ognised  and  rewarded  great  talent  and  bravery.  In  ITTli.  no 
one  could  competi'  with  Hrant  in  these  ((iialifications.  in  addition  to  his  natural 
|)li\sical  and  mental  energy,  he  had  been  well  eilucated  in  early  lile.  could  read  lluently, 
and  was  a  ready  writer,  liaised  within  the  purlieus  of  the  Hall  ef  Sir  William 
.lolmson.  he  never  dreamed  of  (piestioning  the  fact,  that  (ii'cat  Mritain  was.  bcyonfl  all 
other  nations,  powerful,  stron-.  and  wise,  and  must  prevail. 

IJrant's  hatred  of  the  .Vmericans  assimilated  to  that  of  Attila  fir  the  liomans. 


i:i 


.; 


»cliipiih'ni 


t't's  l.ci'tun'  lictnri'  tlir  .\c\v  Vi.rk  lli-t.  .'^n 


Ml  till'  >ii<i:i' 


111    tiirt  Mninvix. 


•*  William  Stoiir  :    bilo  «(  liiaiit.  Vol.   I. 

Vol..  VI.— nf. 


bl)lli^    Miir",-!!!-    l.l'MU'UO   lit"    till'    Ini 


|llnlS,    p     S.). 


282 


HISTORY    OF    TllK    INI>I.\N    T  K  1  H  K  S 


1      II 


CIlAl'TKK     in 


CONTKSTS      IN      WIIK'll      TllK      INDIAN       roKt'K     WAS      KNC  A(i  HP. 
INVASION    OF   ST.   LKCKK.   WITH    TllK   COMniNEO   IROQUOIS. 


M\ 


ill! 


177(1 


Sir   Wii.i.iam    .ImiN-dX    died    smldciily.   IVdiu    the    cllt'cts  of   :iii   altack  (if 
;i]iiH)li'.\\ .  ill  till'  voiir  1771.  at  :i  liiiu'  wlicii  rcllcctiiiL'   iiiiiicls  di'('iiii.'(l  a  spiu'dy 


niptiirt'  liciwci'ii  till' coloiiii's  and  liic  llritisli  cruwii  iiu'vitiddc.  'riiis  j;t'iitK'miiii 
had  been  lurly  years  in  rising  to  that  |iositi()ii  in  liidiaii  ail'airs  wliich  left  him  no  rival 
or  peer  in  America.  Dining  ahoiit  twenty  years  of  this  period,  lie  hud  heen  the  oilicial 
head  of  tliiit  department  in  America,  so  commi.ssioiied  hy  the  crown,  and  acknowlediivd 
by  all  tiie  commandimi  lii'iierals.  Intimattdy  ac(piaiiit(  I  witii  tiii'  mental  charac- 
teristics, the  wiuits.  the  wi<iies.  and  the  I'cars  nl'  the  Indiaiis.  he  had.  as  it  were,  with 
ouo  hand  wiidded  the  iiower  of  i;'(iveriiment.  in  keepiii;.;'  them  in  order  ami  snbjection  to 
the  laws.  and.  with  the  other,  exercised  the  duties  of  a  .Mi'i-.tor.  in  teaching'  them  how- 
to  promote  their  own  best  interests.  \o  man.  in  the  w  hide  .•,  ope  of  oiir  colonial  history, 
can  lie  at  all  compared  to  iiini.  lie  had  :i  ])ieseutiment  ol' liis  death.'  lie  disappeared 
from  the  scene  of  action  at  a  critical  iieriod.  when,  to  employ  an  Indian  ailcLiory.  two 
thunilei-(donils.  black  with  amier.  seemed  rnshiiii;  into  conllict,  lea\in;;'  no  oiu'  of 
sutlicieiit  capacity  t,o  cope  with  or  control  tiie  storm,  (ireat  Ihitain  had  huished  on 
him  the  liiuiiest  honors,  and  lie  w.as  held  in  the  iiii^liest  I'cspoct  by  the  Indians. 

ThoM' \vho  lia\e  in\  isti'iated  tiie  proceed  in  lis  and  the  character  of  Sir  .lolin  .lohu.son, 
of  (iiiy  .lohnson,  his  depnt_\'.  of  Colonel  Clans,  and  of  the  \arioiis  snbordi nates,  wiio 
thenceforth  controlled  the  direction  of  Indian  ail'airs,  iiave  arrixed  at  the  conclusion,  that 
this  important  interest  was  manaued  in  a  bad  wa\',  if  iheir  obji'ct  was  to  .serve  the  crown. 
The  encouragement  of  murders  and  massacres  was  well  calculated  to  arouse  the  dee[)est 
hostility  of  the  culonists,  and  to  cement  tlieiii  in  the  closest  bonds  of  nnity  a,i:'(iin.st  the 
o[ipression  nl'  the  iirilisii  yoke.  Numljers  ol'  persons,  pievionsly  lukewarm  in  their 
cau.se,  were  drixeii  to  t.ike  an  arlise  pari  in  the  cmitesl  by  deeds  of  blood  and  Indian 
iitrocity.     Tiie  se\eral  conferences,  held  in  the  ollico  of  tin'  Ihitisli  Indian  Department, 


VM 


(':iiii|ilii  ir<.  Aiiii;il«  "!'  Tnon  cnuntv. 


1 

A 


'■'•*mmmi^. 


IHl'.INti    'I'lIK    ami:  1{  I  CAN     I!  K  V  <  >  I,  l"  T  Id  \  . 


i!83 


j 

1 


(liirin'j  tlio  \(':ivs  "7"i  Jind  "7t'>.  iirovcil  llic  iiiciiii!icily  of  Sir  Williimis  .-iiu'ocssdrs  in 
cDiitrol  LH't'iit  cvt'iits.  'I'lii'  iSix  Nations  wcic,  as  ii  hoiiv.  tiir  iViiMids  ul'llii'  l!rili.-<li.  ;uul 
iliil  not  like  to  soo  tlioir  ollicials.  in  piiMii',  coiMK'ii.-*.  iind  by  pnMic  letters  to  coMiniittiV's 
iind  corporations,  iiallialin;;'  or  den}  in,i^  acts  wliieli  tiiey  liad  seeretly  approved,  and  inul 
.Ktimnlated  tlieiii  to  perlorni. 

When,  in  tlie  year  ITTti.  Sir  .lolnis  rt'siilemc.  at  .lolmstoun.  was  surronnc'ed  and 
captured  by  tlie  militia,  under  (.ienoral  Sciiuyler,  tlie  Ili;i'hlan(iers  disai-nied.  and 
liiniseir  liliei'ated  on  p;u'ole.  lie  nianilested  his  lack  of  lionortiliie  priuei|iles  by  lireakin<i 
liis  parole,  and  tleeinp-  to  (Janad;i.  (iuy  .lolinson.  the  Di'puty  Superintendent,  ami  his 
subordinates,  taniiiered  with  the  authorities,  and  became  inv<iKcd  in  inexlrieable 
dilliculties.  tliereii\  evincing'  more  conlidence  in  the  justice  ol'  the  contest  tiian  sound 
(Jiscretion  or  di'\ution  to  the  best  inti'resis  of  the  Mohawks.  'J'he  jarriui;  elenienls  of 
that  period  could  not  be  pacilied  by  du[)licity,  and  Sir  John  lied  w  illi  the  Indians,  lirst 
to  Fort  Stanwi.v,  then  to  Oswego,  and.  (hnilly.  to  Xiaiiara.  which  became  the  aeti\e 
liead((iuirters  t)f  the  Indian  superintendency.  and  the  reude/.\oii<  lor  tlieii'  luaraudinii' 
and  scal[)ing  parties. 

The  colonial  public  was.  at  this  time,  in  a  furor  of  excitement,  the  people  itnpellina; 
their  local  j;oVL'rninents  to  vigorous  action.  The  error  of  tiie  Mritisli  uovernmeiit.  iVnui 
first  to  last,  wa.s  its  rigid  adherence  to  llie  riglds  of  sovereignty,  conceding  nothing  itself, 
but  demanding  from  th<.'  colonies  the  most  umpialilled  s\d)missiou.  it  was  ready  to 
'jrgivo  and  jiardon  ;  but  never  to  ledress  grievances  while  possessing  the  j)ower  to 
coerce.  'J'he  policy  adopte<l  at  St.  .Iauu's"s  ])alace,  was  carried  out  at  .lohusun  Hall,  ami 
.It  ever\'  intermediate  point;  the  Urilisli  maxim  being,  that  the  weak  must  submit  to 
the  strong,  and  that  might  makes  right.  No  sooner  had  the  Mohawks.  Tuscaroras. 
Onondai:as.  and  Cayugas  migiated  to  western  New  York  ,vith  liie  fuuiti\e  Indian 
l)ei)artinent.  and  rallied,  with  the  powerful  Senecas,  around  their  superintendent,  in 
FtU't  Niagara,  than  ellbrts  were  nuide  to  induce  the  Jro((Uois  to  attack  tlie  border 
settlements.  During  a  conferonco  with  the  Indians  at  Oswego.  (!uy  .b)huson  had 
excited  then  to  take  up  the  hatchet  against  the  Americans,  by  inxiting  them  to  come 
and  drink  the  blood  of  an  American,  and  feast  on  his  roasted  body.  This,  although 
but  an  Indian  figure  of  speech  lor  an  invitation  to  a  I'ea-^t  of  an  ordinary  character, 
furnished  a  formidable  weapon  to  the  Itevolntionists,  who  construed  its  meaning 
literallv,  and  represeuited  that  fimctionary  as  a  monster  of  cruelty,  in  thus  rousing 
these  savages  to  action.' 

The  first  incursion  of  this  kind  was,  the  oxpcdition  of  (lohinol  St.  Legor  against  the 
iiihaliitants  of  the  .Mohawk  valley.  It  is  not  our  imrpose  to  notice  all  the  occurrences 
of  a  long  and  bloody  war,  extending  through  a   period  id'  s(>veu  years,  in  \\hieli   the 


Iiidii 


uis  were  em 


plo3 


ed  ;  or  even  to  descri 


be  at 


eiiglii  the  |)riucipal  events. 


Tl 


"J 


<cts 


'  Stii 


T.llV  of  I!,-,-nit,  V. 


^f  i 


i 


I 

k  1 
■•■ii 


>l-;i!i 


2«4 


111ST(jKY    (»F    TlIK    INDIAN    TIMBKS 


t)l'  tliis  iiiiml  siii-vt-y  do  not  iulniit  of  it.  Hut  wc  may  iiiCer,  from  tlio  circumstances 
luvvioLisly  nK'ntioneil,  wliut  was  the  character  of  the  contest  then  impending. 

Till'  year  1777  lias  been  made  ever  menmrahle  hy  the  expedition  of  General  Bur- 
poyiie,  wiio.-se  comin;^  was  heralded  hy  a  threat  to  march  throiijjrh  the  country,  and 
crush  it  at  a  blow.  A  line  and  well-appointed  arm}'  of  J(J,t)(l()  men,  indeed,  ajipeared 
to  be  suflicient  to  make  the  people  ipiiiil ;  but  it  was  accompanied  by  hordes  of  the  lonu:- 
separated,  l)Ut  now  reconciled,  Ali;on(juins  and  Irocpiois,  who  ranged  over  the  country, 
not  as  auxiliaries  on  the  held  of  battle,  but  to  deslroy  the  (piiet  of  domestic  life  by 
their  devastations,  and  to  chill  the  heart's  blood  of  the  colonists  by  their  iitrocities. 
Tiie  fate  of  Miss  Jane  Jl-Crea  may  starve  as  an  incident  to  illustrate  the  siuuular 
barbarity  of  this  warfare,  and  its  ellects  on  the  po|)ular  mind. 

Simultaneously  with  the  iuwisiiin  ol'  the  north-eastern  borders  of  New  York  by 
Burgoyiu'.  St.  I-cLivr.  acconiiianied  by  a  compact  body  of  regnlar.s,  a  park  of  artillery, 
and  a  huge  number  of  Indians,  nndei-  Sir  John  Johnson,  entered  it  from  the  west. 
lie  left  Oswego  with  a  total  lljrce  of  17(111  men.  Indians  inehnled  ;  the  latter  consisting 
cliielly  of  Seiiecas.  Tusearoras.  Mi.^sissaiilcs.  an  Ali;on(piin  triije,  nearly  identical  with 
the  Chippewas.  from  the  northern  end  ol'  Lake  Ontario,  and  of  fuiiiti\e  Mohtiwks,  from 
the  Mohawk  valli'V.  nndei'  'i'byendanairea.  or  Ihant.  who  now  began  to  take  a  uu)re 
a(ti\c  part  in  the  contest.  In  his  xouth  he  had  been  a  pupiil  at  Dr.  Wheelock's  school, 
was  euiployi'il  as  an  intirprrter  and  translator  at  the  missionary  station  at  Fort  Hunter, 
and  al>o  as  an  under-secrctary  at  Johnson  Hall.  As  the  active  and  inlluential  brother 
of  the  Indian  \\il'e  of  Sir  William,  he  had  lieen  constantly  rising  in  the  esteem  of 
his  ]ieople,  luitil  he  assume(l  the  [josition  of  [lopular  leader;  he  must  thenceforth  be 
considei'eil  as  the  hero  ol'  the  Iroipiois.  He  cond)ined.  with  great  jiersonal  activity  and 
a  line  manly  lluure,  a  gimd  eonimon  i'<lueatiou.  undoubted  biavery.  and  an  intinuite 
acipiaintance  with  the  manners  and  customs  of  ei\  ilization  ;  and,  what  was  of  still  moi'e 
im|)ortance  to  his  success,  he  possessed  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  geographical  feature.^, 
and  population  of  tbe  Mohawk  valley  and  its  environs,  together  with  a  good  idea  of 
their  ]i(iwer.  disposition  anil  resources.  He  was  thus  by  no  means  a  I'eebli.'  eiu'iny. 
Altliou;.;li  lacking-  that  comprehensi\e  judgment  which  was  necessary  to  form  an 
estimate  of  tin.'  true  character  of  the  contest,  and  the  nnllincliing  ni'rve  and  decision 
rcfpiisite  for  the  contiul  of  events,  yet  he  was.  after  the  death  of  Sir  William,  fulK' 
e(pial  in  these  particulars  to  Sir  .lohn  Johnson,  and  tlu;  other  managers  of  British 
Indian  alliiirs,  Bui  he  po.->esM'd,  in  perlectinn.  all  the  suiitlety,  subterl'uLic,  art, 
and.  \\lieu  he  -raspiil  (he  tomahawk  in  active  war,  all  the  cruelty,  of  the  ibre^t 
sava^i'. 

St.  Le-cr  piu'sued  his  niuti.'  up  the  Osweuo  I'iviH"  to  the  junction  of  the  .Seneca  and 
Oneida,  at  Three  liiver  I'oiut ;  thence  up  tlu;  Oneida  river,  through  the  lak(,'  of  that 
name,  along  Wood  Creek   and   arross  the   portage,  to   Fort    Stanwix.  on   the   Mohawk. 


"; 


;.  ! 


■■i 
■■■ 

i 


DIHINO    Till-:    AMEltlCAN    KEVOLUTlUN, 


2,S;1 


" 


i 


■\ 


As  ho  progressed,  his  forces  were  iiugnicnteil  Ijy  llio  Ciiyufras  and  th(>  Oiiondiigiis.  Fort 
Stimwlx  was  tlie  only  point  at  wliieii  there  was  any  prohahiiity  tliis  invading  force 
uould  be  stop[)ed  ;  and  this  fortificiition  was  not  only  in  a  dilapidated  condition,  but 
was  garrisoned  by  oidy  -lOd  Statu  troops,  which  force  was  snbsiMpientlv  increased  to 
some  700.  The  enemy  entertained  no  doubt  that  tlie  fort  would  surrender  at  discretion, 
und,  as  the  Ibrmal  array  de|)loyed  before  the  eyes  of  the  uarrison,  column  after 
column,  witii  banners  Hashing  in  the  sun,  followed  by  battalions  of  lif:ht  artiller\-. 
and  hordes  of  Indians,  the  Americans  experienced  a  leeling  similar  to  that  which 
moved  David,  when  he  laid  aside  his  armor  and  stepped  down  into  the  valley  to 
meet  Goliah. 

"The  ;]d  of  Anuust  was  a  day  of  deep  scenic  interest,  and  revealed  a  military 
pageant,  which  made  a  striking  impression.  It  was  a  calm  and  beautiful  morning 
ulien  the  enemy  took  np  their  line  of  march  from  Wood  Creek.  The  intervening 
ground  was  an  oijeii  [)lain  of  wide  extent,  most  elevated  towards  its  central  and  southern 
edge.  Gansevoorl's  men  were  paraded  on  the  ramparts  looking  iu  the  dircctioi  whence 
the  Oneida  sachem  had  told  them  the  enemy  would  appi.'ar.  Music  soon  was  lieanl ; 
the  scarlet  color  of  their  miilbrms  next  slmwed  itself.  They  had  taken  their  standards 
from  their  cases  that  morning,  and  as  color  alter  color  came  into  view,  and  they 
mifurled  them  to  the  breeze,  an  intense  degree  of  interest  was  lelt,  but  scarcely  a  word 
littered.  To  many  of  the  men  who  had  newly  enlisted,  the  scene  was  novel.  Some 
of  them  had  served  the  year  before  under  Montgomery  ;  others  in  the  movements  at 
Ticonderoga  and  Crown  I'oint  under  St.  Clair.  Some  \eterans  d;ited  their  service  in 
j)rior  wars,  under  Sir  William  Johnson,  l'rid<'anx,  and  Hradstreet;  tliere  were  others 
who  were  mere  lads  of  seventeen.  The  Indians,  spreading  out  on  the  llaidvs,  gave  the 
Bcene  an  air  of  Asiatic  gorgeousness,  mixed  with  terror;  for  their  loud  yells  were  heai'd 
above  the  British  di'um  and  bugle.  The  whole  display,  the  exactitude  of  the  ordi'r  of 
march,  the  glitter  of  banners,  the  numijcrs  [)resent,  and  the  im[)eiKling  danger  of  the 
contest,  wore  designed  Ibr  ellect  njion  the  American  garrison.  Not  a  gun  was,  however, 
fired;   the  [)anoi'anKi  was  ga/.ed  at  in  silence."  ' 

Never  was  an  investment  more  com[)Iete.  Tiie  artillery  deployed  on  the  south,  and 
took  u[)  their  position  within  cannon-shot.  The  lioyal  (ireens  and  Loyalists,  under 
Sir  John,  lined  one  bank  of  the  MolniwI;,  the  shores  and  wo(xls  being  occupied  by 
IJrant  and  his  myrmidons.  Kveiy  aNcnue  was  watched  l>y  the  Indians.  Death  was 
the  penalty  of  evei'y  attem[)t  to  ventuu-  a  distance  of  over  2<M(  \ards  from  th<>  works. 
iSIany  atrocities  were  committed  by  the  Indians  on  ollicers,  men,  and  even  on  children, 
who  were  captured  outside  the  i)ickets.  The  .sentinels  .soon  became  expert  in  watching 
for  every  cannon  hred,  and  by  a  warning  cry  announced  tlu?  coming  of  shot  or  shell. 
It  became  evident  that   the  calibre  of  the  enem\"s  i;\nis  was  too  liulit  to  nnike  an 


M 


«,iii ";  i 


m  >>  1 


f      !^! 


'  lii'Clurp  nil  tlio  .'^i.'irr  nf  I'nrt  Sl.inwix.  —  .\'    1'.  Ilift.  Snr.,  IS-tli, 


■2Xi>  11  IS  To  15  V    (IF    TlIK    INDIAN    TKTHES 

impression  on  tlic  luit.  ImU  tlicv  inndc  np  in  iliiii'i-nci'  wlint  tlicy  lu('k(>(i  in  pnwcr. 
iSonu'tinu'S  !i  slii'll  I'Xpiodi'd  in  lln'  liospitiil,  scutli'iini;'  ilfstructinn  iironnd  ;  and  dccii- 
sionallv  ii  man  was  .shut  down  on  tlu'  ramparts,  or  on  tlic  L's[)lanaik'.  Tlic  .L'anison 
had  not  cnlliciont  amnumition  to  ivtnrn  a  l)risl<  (iiv ;  l)ut  tlicru  was  one  tliini:  tlii'V 
nevor  lacked  —  a  horoi('  dL'torniination  to  di'lend  tlio  worlv  at  ail  iia/.iinis.  TIk'  stri[)(tl 
ilag,  wliicli  iiad  lii't'n  iiastiiy  mado.  partly  ont  of  a  ('and)lot  cloak.'  was  duly  lioislcd  and 
lowered  every  mornimr  an<l  cvenini;',  witli  tlie  lirin,^  of  tlie  j;un  tliat  marked  tlio 
reveilli'  and  the  close  of  day.  Tlu're  was  not  a  heart  that  ([nailed;  they  well  knew 
tinit.  in  addition  to  the  ordinary  casnaltirs  of  war,  if  the  uarrison  was  talien.  the 
lii'iians  would  perpetrate  the  most  iidinman  nnissaere.  Tiie  lurt  was  bravely  defended 
by  Colonel  (Jansevooil.  with  iv  cordis  of  now  recruits  anil  militia,  veterans,  whoso 
intrepidity,  lirnniess,  and  military  endurance  liad  been  previously  tested. 


bi'i'tiiri'  on  tlio  Sic^re  uf  Kurt  ."^Uvtuvix. 


DlHINd    THK   AMKHK'AN    K  K  V  o  1, 1' T  I  ()x\. 


287 


('II  APTKK    IV. 

AMHISI'ADI';   AJsl)    liATTliK  01-'   OKlf^KANY. 

'I'm:  >\vjiv  (if  Ft)it  Staiiwix    had  r  •     "iiiicd   liiit  tliieu   or   lour  (la_\s,  wliij^ii 
an  Aiiicrioaii  scout  entered  it,  with    li    intelhgenco  that  General  Herkimer,  at        1777 
the  head  of  an  army  of  militia,  was  on  ids  way  to  relievo  It. 

Consternation  had  paralyzed  tiie  inliaijitanls  of  tiic  Muiiawiv  valley  wliile  the  daii;:er 
was  yet  distant,  but  the  jieril  seemed  to  diminish  the  moment  it  came  near.  A  desire 
for  secui'ity  eompelled  men  to  talce  u])  arms.  IT  Fort  Stanwix  IMI.  tiio  Mohawk  xaliey 
would  be  swept  with  lire  anil  sword;  and  General  Herkimer,  who  connnanded  the 
militia,  issued  bis  proeiamation,  summoninu'  tliem  to  arms.  Three  regiments,  tiie 
entire  strenutii  of  the  vallew  promptly  respondiu'^-.  li)ilowed  tliat  determined  prototy[)e 
of  Hlueher  to  Oriskany.  wiiieii  was  distant  iiul  a  few  miles  fnjin  tiie  fort. 

JJrant.  wiio  ligiued  as  tiie  leader  of  tiie  Iroipiois,  liad  ealled  into  retpiisition  all  his 
local  knowledge  of  tiie  route,  and  all  the  peenliar  art  of  the  Indians  in  war,  tliat  lie 
inigiit  deeoy  (ieneral  llerl<iiner  and  bis  army  into  lui  ambuscade.  Tiie  .sy.stem  of 
taeties  imrsuod  l)y  the  Indians  is.  not  to  engat'e  in  a  l)attle  iii  compact  ranks,  but  to 
seek  to  screen  tliemsel\('s.  eitlier  under  tlie  darkni-ss  of  night,  or  tlirough  tiie  intt-rveu- 
lion  of  Ibrests;  and  if  in  tliis  way  a  good  assault  can  be  made,  tlii'ir  courage  sometimes 
becomes  e((ual  to  a  coiitest  in  very  open  order,  or  even  to  a  charge  on  tlie  field  of 
battle.'  But.  in  tliis  instance,  tlie  cliief  evidently  uiil\-  souizlit  to  .ser\e  on  tlie  Hanks. 
and  to  fall  on  the  Americans  miawares.  or  at  a  disadvantaire.  Such  is  the  Indian  idea 
of  military  triumph,  (leucral  Herkimer  readied  tlu>  \ alley  of  the  Oriskany,  August 
(').  at  ten  o'clock  in  tlic>  morning.  The  crossing  at  this  stream  was  surrounded  by  low 
grounds,  traversed  l>y  ;i  causeway,  and  lieyond  it  were  elevated  plateaus,  covered  with 
forests,  which  overlooked  it.  The  Americans  saw  nothing  to  excite  suspicion.  Herkiiiier 
had  entered  this  ])ass.  and  two  regiments  bad  descended   into  tlie  \  alky .  but  bis  vaii- 

'  'I'lic  Cliciokres  ('ii|)tui'('il  I'Viit  Ijiiiuliin.  in  Vii-iiiiiia,  in  17^7  ;  Init.  viuhitin^'  llic  torni.'  of  tlio  wiiiitulitiun, 
tln'v  iiiiissiuTi'd  the  |iriHiiier»  alli'V  tlicv  liinl  iiiavi'li('(i  a  ili>Iaiici>  nl'  ililrty  niilcs  tVoiu  tlic  I'urt.  'I'liiio  arc 
in>tanccs  in  wliicli  llic  Indians  lia\c  artnl  willinut  alliis.  In  l7.'>-">,at  tin' liattlc  nl'  i,ak(' (ii'iirj:i',  the  Muliiivvks 
toniilil  tiravc.'ly  and  fnarli-ssly  under  Kinir  Ilendrick.  in  tin'  I'li'ja'ji'incnt  wliii-li  ri'snlli'd  in  tin'  ilrt'cat  nt' 
|)i'i>kaii;   lint  thry  had,  Imwcvi'i'.  a  I'nnti'.'unns  t'nrci'  nl'  rruniar  ti ps  as  a  iui('li".is. 

In  17ll:l,  I'liiitiat'  t'ijiniil..ti'ly  di'lVati'd  Captain  Malzcll,  at    tin'   liatllr  (.!'   Mi ly  l!rid;.'i' ;    killini;  liini,  .'iinl 

(Iriviiis  liis  sti'iiiiL' di'tai'linn.'nt  into  tlio  turl.  llainnr  and  .'^t.  Clair  wnv  disaslronslv  d('l'i'ati'<l  liy  (ln.'m  in 
1701  an.l  17!tL'. 


•   i  i 


m 


; 

Mm 

1 

m 


ill 


'j  1 


¥"■ 


Si'  ii' 


t 


I.  It 


288 


1 1 1  s  'i'  0 II V  o  1'  'I'  111-:  I  N  1 1 1  A  N  T  i{  I  III;  s 


lanl  liuil  iiol  ivac'liod  tliii opposite  cli'Viitinii.  wlicii  a  licavv  liiv  was  smlilouly  poiiivil 


111  iVoiii  all  M(U'? 


I'coinpanii'd  liy  liorrid 


vcl 


aiK 


I  til 


pa^ 


ill  1 


us  rear  was  iiiiiiii'i 


liat 


I'lV 


rldscd  l>\   the  eiu'iiiy.      Ilr  was  (■(HiipU'tcly  t'iitra|)[H'd   in  an  aiiiiaiscadc.  and   lor  a  li'W 
iiioiiiciits  tlu'iv  was   iiolliiii!::  lint   coiiriisiou   and   panic;   the  men   fell  tlii<'kly,  and  tin? 


iiriiu'  was   tlii'eateiied   with   utter  aiiiiiiiilation 


It   tliev    Hew  to  tilt!  eneoinitev  lilio 


ti^L'ers;  jiatriet   an 


I   t 


ui'v  Lirapplei 


1  with  each  other  in  deadlv  striii:' 


'J'lie  dark  e\( 


)!'  the  Indian    Hashed  ^villl  didiuhl   at  the   pmspi'it  el'  I'evelliiii,'   in  li 

I'lio  liad 


iiinaii  hUuid.  and 
till'  tory  sniijht  t(i  iniiiioiate  his  late  ueiiihlior.  who  liail  espoiiseil  the  liated  cause  of 
the  lievdlntidii.  (lenoral  Herkimer  was  wounded,  and  fell  tVoiii  Ids  liorse  early  in  the 
action  ;  a  ball  had  pierced  his  leir  below  the  knee,  and  killed  his  horse  under  him. 
His  men  weiv  lalliiiL;'  thickly  around  him;  Colonel  ('o\  Avas  kilk'd,  and  the  yells  of 
the  savaii'es  resounded  in  every  direction;  hut  yet  the  lirmness  and  eoniposiire  of  the 
Cieneral  were  imdistiiilied.  His  saddle  was  placed  near  a  tree,  and  he  wa.s  seati'd  on 
it,  ids  back  beinj;'  supported  by  the  tree.  H<'re  iu^  issued  his  orders;  and  drawiiij^-  I'rom 
his  jioeket  liis  tobacco-box,  and  liiihtinu:  his  pijie,  he  smoked  calmly  while  the  battle 
raired  around.  After  some  forty-li\('  luiuutes  had  elapsed,  the  men  bej;an  to  liiiht  in 
small  circles — a  movement  worthy  ol'  notice,  since  it  was  the  cady  mode  of  conteiidiuii' 
successfully  with  the  siirroniulinu-  enemy.  From  this  time,  the  Americans  gained 
f;roniid.  A  sli;;lit  et'ssation  in  the  firiiii;-  was  taken  advalitiifiv  of  by  the  enemy,  who 
ordered  a  char.ue.  i>ayoiU'ts  were  crossed,  and  a  des|)erate  striigule  ensued,  which  was 
arrested  by  a  sudden  and  hea\y  shower  of  rain,  which  fell  in  a  niassi\e  sheet  during 
one  entire  hour.  The  combatants  were  iluis  separatt'd.  Herkimer's  men  then,  under 
his  direction,  chose  a  more  advantageous  position,  and  formed  in  a  lari:e  cireU,'.  TIr'v 
were,  from  the  lirst.  as  expert  as  the  Indians  in  firing  I'rom  behind  trees;  but  the  latter, 
as  soon  as  they  saw  the  smoke  ol'  the  discharjic.  ran  up  and  toinahawkt'd  tiie  soldier 
beliire  he  could  i(doad.  The  .Vniericaiis  then  placed  two  men  behind  each  trei'.  and 
after  one  tired,  the  other  was  ready  to  shoot  down  the  advanciiii;'  savajie.  The  lire  of 
the  militia  beeominii-  more  elVeetive.  the  enemy  be^an  to  ijive  way.  wlieii  .Major  Watt.s 
rame  on  the  frround,  with  another  ilctachmeiit  of  the  lioyal  (Jreens,  cliielh-  composed 
ol'  fuLiitive  tories,  and  the  liuht  was  renewed  with  iirealcr  \ii;or  than  in>li)re.  The  eoii- 
tendinii'  partit's  sprang  at  each  ollu'r  from  the  lines  with  the  fnr\-  of  enraged  tigers, 
charging  with  baxoiiets.  and  striking  at  each  other  with  clubbed  muskets. 

A  diversion  was  now  made  which  became  the  turning  point  in  the  contest.  Oiio 
of  Hi'rkimer's  scouts  luniicj'  reached  the  fort  with  the  news  of  his  position,  its 
commander  immediately  resoKed  to  make  a  sally  for  the  relief  of  the  arm\-.  'I'he 
troops  were  parad<'d  in  a  sipiare.  and  the  intelliiieiice  commiinicafed  to  them.  <'olonel 
WiUett  tiieii  desceiuled  to  the  esplanade  and  addressed  the  men  in  a  patriotic  manner, 
concluding  with  the  words:  "'As  many  of  you  as  feel  willing  to  follow  me  in  an  attack, 
and  are  not  afraid  to  die  for  liberty,  w  ill  sluailder  your  arms,  .and  step  (uit  onk.  1'.\ck  in 


i)uuix<;   Tin;  amkiucan  uevolution. 


280 


t  t 


front."'  Two  hundrod  men  volimtuoivd  iilmoNt  at  lliL'  siiine  inonii'iit ;  aiul  fifty  moro, 
witli  a  tlircc-pounder,  were  soon  al'tor  added  to  the  Ibroc.  Tlio  rain  storm,  wliiih  caiiio 
up  suddenly,  hiudored  their  immediate  mareh,  but  as  soon  as  it  ceased  tliey  issued 
from  the  sally-port  at  a  brisk  j)aec,  and,  rushiu^j  down  upon  the  camp  of  Sir  John, 
carried  it  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet,  drove  the  enemy  through  the  Mohawk,  and 
captured  all  their  camp  equipage  and  public  stores,  at  the  same  time  killing  a  large 
number.  Colonel  Willett  then  turned  his  anns  against  the  Mohawk  cam[),  and  swi'pt 
through  it.  The  sound  of  this  rapid  and  severe  firing  arrested  the  attention  of  the 
belligorants,  after  the  ces.sation  of  the  rain.  By  a  change  of  caps  with  a  company  of 
men,  whoso  dress  in  this  respect  resend)led  that  of  the  Americans,  Major  Watts 
attempted  to  nalm  oft'  on  the  patriot.s  a  detachment  of  his  troops  as  an  American 
reinforcement ;  but  the  subterfuge  being  quickly  discov(M'cd,  the  light  was  resumed  with 
bitter  enmity.  The  Indian  exclamation  of  Ooiki/i  !  was  at  length  heard,  and  the 
oneni}'  retired,  leaving  Herkimer  in  possession  of  the  field.  Those  who  have  most 
minutely  described  this  battle,  relate  instances  of  personal  heroism  which  would  not 
disgrace  the  Iliad.' 

The  Indians,  Avho  had  suflered  severely,  fought  with  great  desperation.  One  hundred 
of  their  number  lay  dead,  thirty-six  of  whom,  cimiprising  .several  chief-*,  were  Senecas,' 
who  had  been  present  in  the  greatest  numbers.  The  fighting  had  become  desultory, 
when  suddenly  the  Senecas,  who  feared  the  arrival  of  American  reinforcements,  shouted 
their  word  for  retreat,  and  commenced  to  move  off,  followed  by  the  loyalists;  whilst 
the  reviving  shouts,  and  more  spirited  firing  of  Ilerkiiucr's  men.  resounded  in  evi'  y 
direction.  Tims  ended  one  of  the  most  severelj'-contested  bnttles  of  the  devolution. 
It  was,  in  reality,  a  victory  for  the  Amoiicans,  and  not  a  defeat,  as  it  has  been  usually 
called,  for  they  were  left  in  undisputed  pos.session  of  the  field,  which  was  not  visited 
again  by  the  enemy,  either  white  or  red.  The  victors  constructed  forty  or  fifty  litters, 
on  which  they  conveyed  the  wounded  to  their  homes.  Among  the  iiuml)er  was 
Cieneral  Herkimer,  who  reached  in  safety  his  own  house,  where  he  died,  about  ten 
days  after  the  battle,  from  the  result  of  an  unskilful  amputation  of  his  leg. 

'  Verbiil  accdunt  of  tlio  lato  ("olcnirl  I,:iwivnco  .'>i'liiii)lcnirt,  one  of  this  uuiiilior. 

'•■  (iiiviTiifiir  .Morris,  before  tlic  New  Y'ork  lli.storifal  Sucioty.    CampbuU's  Annals  of  Trjon  County.    Stone's 
l.il'i'  lit  liniiit. 
•'  ,^luno,  p.  L'4 1 


■I  1 


;■  I'm 


Vol..  VI.  — .",7 


« 


y 


1 1 


,t  ! 


f, 
^ 


900 


II 1 8  TO  11 Y    (»[•    TlIK    INDIAN    TUIliKS 


TKRMIXATION    OP   THE    SIEGE    OF    FORT   STANAVIX. 

The  tt'u'L'o  of  Fort  Stiuiwix  wiis  prosecutoil  during  Hixtoen  days  iiftcr  tlio 
1777  battle  ol'  Oiiskaiiy.  Tlioro  jippoariiii;  to  Ijc  no  riirthor  proHprct  of  ivliof  from 
till'  militia,  it  was  I'l'solved  to  .xi'ml  inHjiniation  ol'  tlio  condition  oCtlio  lortress 
to  tiio  c'oninmndant  of  tin-  army  tit  Saratoga.  Colonel  Wilk't  voluntoerL'd,  with  a  siniiln 
companion,  to  \nidi'rtak<'  this  perilous  duty.  Creeping  thro\igh  the  closely-guarded 
Indian  lines,  at  iii.^ht,  he  pii'kt'il  his  way  through  womls  and  nnfreiiuented  paths  to 
Fort  Dayton  (now  Jlerkimer),  wlieiice  he  proceeded  to  Saratoga.  General  Schuyler 
inuneiliately  ordered  Arnold,  with  a  detachment  of  900  men,  nnd  two  pieces  of 
artillery,  to  march  to  its  ndief.  l>ut  liefore  this  force  reached  its  destination,  an 
apparently  trivial  circumstance  caused  St.  Legcr  to  break  up  his  encampment,  and 
suddenly  retreat.  Among  a  com])any  of  tories  who  had  been  captured,  one  night,  in 
an  unlawful  assembly  at  Little  Falls,  was  one  Ihm  Yost,  a  Mohawk  hall-breed,  who 
liad,  with  others,  including  the  noted  Butler,  been  condenuied  to  death  by  a  court- 
martial.  When  AnioUl  arrived  at  Fort  Dayton,  the  mother  of  this  man,  who  was  a 
simpleton,  but  on  this  account  regarded  with  more  favor  by  the  Indians,  besought  iiiin, 
with  piteous  supplications,  to  avert  lii.s  doom.  Arnold  was  at  first  inexorable;  l)ut 
eventually  said,  that  if  Hon  Yo.st  would,  in  glowing  term.s,  announce  his  approach,  in 
St.  Leger's  camp  before  Fort  Stanwix,  he  would  grant  him  a  reprieve  from  the  gallows. 
The  event  proved  ^  mold's  sagacity.  Hon  Yost  represented  to  St.  Leger  that  he  had 
narrowly  escapi'd,  ai,  1  had  been  hotly  pursued  ;  in  proof  of  which  assertion  lie  exhil)ited 
his  coat,  that  he  had  lumg  up,  lired  at,  and  perforated  with  bullet-holes.  He  exaggerated 
the  force  of  Arnold's  detachment  in  every  particular,  and,  as  lie  spoke  Mohawk  lluently, 
he  advised  the  wiude  Indian  force  to  fly  instantly.  A  perfect  panic  prevailed.  The 
m(jrning  after  his  arrival,  which  was  the  22d  of  August,  the  men  on  the  ramparts  of 
the  li)rt  beheld,  with  surprise,  a  sudden  movement  in  the  enemy's  camp.  Not  only 
were  the  Indians  in  full  retreat,  but  also  St.  TjOger,  Sir  Jolni  Johnson,  and  Brant,  with 
all  their  host  of  Indians  and  tories.  The  tent.s  were  left  standing,  and  the  wholi' 
train  of  artiller}-,  including  the  mortars,  was  abandoned.  The  following  day  General 
Arnold  marched  into  the  lort.  with  General  Lamed  of  the  Massachusetts  line,  and  was 


DURINCi    TIIK    AMKUICAN    UKVOLUTloN. 


801 


vt'cc  ivctl  willi  Hiilutt's  and  Iuiz/uh.  During  twont^'-ono  days  liail  tlic  t^'wiv  \)vv\\  clo^'i'ly 
inaintaini'd,  and  as  rlosoly  contt'stcd.  'I'lio  lirnint'ss  ami  ciKhirancc  of  the  ^arciMin 
cNciU'tl  ailniiration  throughout  the  ponntry,  and  imparted  new  H[)irits  to  tliu  iVii-nds  of 
till-  l\i'vuliitiiin,  wlio  had  bocii  so  ruci-ntly  di'iavsscd  ))y  IJin^oync's  invMsioii.  It  was 
the  lirst  of  a  series  of  victories.  Iie^jiiniing  in  the  most  j^doomy  periud  ol'  the  eonte>t, 
tiie  year  1777.  When  tlie  smoko  of  tiio  Kevohitioii  (deared  away,  and  memory 
reverted  Ijack  to  tho  times  that  tried  men's  souls,  tiio  site  of  tliis  I'ort  was  named,  ami 
has  since  hei'n  called,  HoMK,'  in  allusion  to  the  la'avery  of  its  del'em'e. 

This  triumph  was  followed,  in  Oetoher.  hy  the  surrender  of  Ihiruoyiie.  Ivirly  tht^ 
i'oliowinir  year,  on  tho  Oth  of  Kohruary,  Franco  joined  \\w  colonies,  enterinji'  into  ii 
treaty  of  amity,  connnerce,  and  alliance  with  them,  nnd,  from  this  moment,  the  suicess 
of  till'  patriots  was  no  longer  prohlomntieul. 


Oucidii  Count  V,  Now  York. 


»■  i 


802 


II  ISTolt  Y    (»!••    Til  !■;    I  NDI  AN    TIM  liKS 


Cll  A  I'TKU    V  I. 


I'UI.ICY    or    i;MI'L()VlN(i    TIIK    INDIANS    IN    ^VAH. 


I 


i 


;»i 


N()  ooiift'st  \vlii(;Ii  (icciiiTcil  (liiriiv^  tin-  fitrii^'i:I(.'  nl"  tlic  Iit'voliitioii,  wiis  (if  so  imich 
iinportiuice  to  ii  wide  cxtuiit  orcoiiiitn-.  us  iIkiI  nf  Fort  Stiiiiwix,  in  wliit^Ii  tin-  liidiuiiH 
won  ri'lii'il  on  l)y  tlii'  lliilisli  us  iiiisiliiiiii's.  uiid  iiossi'sscd  in  rcidity  so  nuicli  iiowcr  to 
control  tliL'  rt'sidt.  It  is  donl)tl'td  il',  of  tlic  I  Till)  niun,  unnonnci'd  at  (tswi'j^o  us 
oomprisinfr  tlio  bosif^ing  I'orco,  nutro  tliun  JiKKI  wen;  rt-gnlur  troops.  Of  tlu'sc,  tlio 
royalists,  connnanded  l)y  Sir  John  .lolmson.  Iniincd  vin)  iciiinuMit ;  wliili-  the  Scnccus, 
tlio  Mississugios,  iVoin  tlio  norlliorn  slioros  of  liuko  Ontario,  tin?  fiiuili\c  .Mohawks, 
undor  IJraiit,  and  tlio  Cuyugas  and  Oiiondagus,  should  not  ho  ostiinuti'd  at  li'ss  than 
7(M)  wai'riors.  A  patriot,  prosont  at  liiat  siege,  who  was  likewise  a  dose  ohseiNcr  on 
the  iVoiitiiTs  throughout  the  war,  has  assi-rted  that,  in  rancor  and  eriiclty.  a  rahiil 
royalist  was  (Miiial  to  two  ordinary  Indians;  liir,  wliili'  lie  was  uetnatt'd  h\  the  same 
general  spirit  of  revenge,  lie  possessed  an  intiinato  knowledge  of  iieiglili(irhoo(|s  and 
families,  which  he  attacked  in  the  assumed  guise  of  a  savage. 

The  [loliey  of  employing  savages  at  all  in  war,  admits  of  no  defence.  Tin'  act  of 
scal()ing,  dei)icted  in  tlio  [ilate  presented  herewith,'  and  the  indiseriminato  slangliter  of 
both  se.xes.  are  the  most  horrid  traits  of  savage  life.  None  hut  a  weak  and  liijoted 
pi'ince,  ct)imselled  hy  a  short-sigliti'd  and  nurrow-mindeil  premier,'  would  have  ailopted 
this  system  us  a  part  of  the  exlraneons  means  of  re(lncing  the  colonies  to  sulijniion. 
Thu  Indians  could  ne\cr  lie  relied  on  li_\  I5iiti>li  generals,  or  emi)loyid  for  any  other 
junposo  tliiin  that  of  covering  their  Hanks,  and  imp;irting  to  tiie  (.'oiitest  a  more  hitter 
and  vindictive  character.  If  tin;  hitter  was  tlio  object  sought,  the  end  was  fully 
answered.  The  men  of  the  pri'sent  generation  have  not  ibrgotten  the  acts  of  liendisli 
cruelty  porpetratctl  by  the  class  of  itovolutionary  tories. 

It  is  not  designed  to  enter  into  a  minute  detail  of  the  occasions,  other  than  the  one 
just  described,  when  the  Indians  wore  employed,  either  as  Hankers  of  their  armies,  in 
si'paratc  e.vpoditions,  or,  as  the  accompaniment  of  a  small  nucleus  of  British  or  royalist 
provincial  troops. 

From  the  beginning  of  the  contest,  Congress  Inid  made  strenuous  efforts  to  persuade 


Vol  II..  I'li.t,-  x  . ,,  on. 


'  IatiI  North. 


1)1   It  I.N  «i    TIIK    AM  KlllCAN    li  K  V  O  M'  I' 1  (>  N', 


208 


tilt'  [iiiliiiii  trilics  til  roniiiiii  lu'iilrul.  (.'miimisfitmcrs  wfi'i'  ciilnistid  with  tlio  niiuiiij:i'- 
lii.'iit  1)1'  IndiiiM  ailiiirs  iii  tlic  Noilli  (Uiil  Smilli.  Active  iiinl  iiilliifiiliiil  iiifii  wen; 
•  li'lt'>j;iiti'(l  ti>  vixit  the  miviiguM  in  tlu'ir  own  coiiiitry,  luul  instrncliil  to  irii^nii  wilii  lluiii 
oil  the  Mniiji'iit.  TiicsK  visits  well!  rt'iu'iiti'd  in  tlio  >viirH  Skvkstv-Fivk,  Skv'Kntv-Six, 
iinil  Si;vh  N'IV-Sk.vkn,  witli  wliiit  ii;iiti;il  cHi'ctM  lias  liccn  seen;  llic  Oiu'iilas  ami  tlnir 
giicMl.s  mill  allies,  till!  'I'liscaroras  ami  Moliieans,  who  liail  loiiii'  previously  aeUnowleilieil 
llie  ;;ooil  results  ol'  Cliristiaii  teaeliini:,  lieilm  tin*  only  triiies  whieli  aeiiuieseed.  Tliere 
■\vas  siiiiie  ii'asiin  to  e\|icet  titat  the  Sliawnees  ainl  Deli 


iwares  svinihl  preserve 


a  ni'iilr; 


lleeesM 


position;  the  olijeet  was  not  onu  to  ho  reliiKpiishetl,  so  lon;^  as  ii  liopo  of  s 
I'eiiiaiiietl.  The  defeat  tin?  IiidiiviiM  had  siilVered  at  Fort  Stanwix,  appeareil  to  open  tli(! 
way  llir  another  formal  euiieiliatory  ell()rt.  With  this  \  iew,  on  the  :id  of  Deeeiulier,' 
tho  Committee  on  Indian  Allaiis  reported  the  followinji  address,  whieh,  whili;  eoiielnd 
in  terms  suited  to  the  eoiiiprehen<ion  of  the  Indians,  at  the  same  lime,  appeals  lo  tlieir 


nne 


ieiit  pride  and  hest  interests,  r.  viewlni;  the  gi'minm  of  i!ontro\ersy  hetweeii  the  t 


wo 


powers;   and   pii'seiiliiifr,  in   ii   pioper   li;,ht,  tin    priMei[iles   liy  whieh   they  should   ho 


nilileil 


"  HuoTiiKKS  OK  iiiK  Six  Nations:  Tho  i:rea»  eomieil  of  the  I' 


d  States  IK 


ail  for 


konr 


attention.     (.)[ien  yonr  ears  that  yon  in,i\  hear,  a   •!   your  liearts  that  you  may 


understand. 


"When  the  people  on  the  other  sid,'  of  the  L'reai  water,  will,  it  an}  eanse,  souLrht 
our  di'strnetion,  and  sent  over  tlieir  slii[)s  a,.u  '!;.ir  warriors  to  i; .  at  iiiiaiiist  us,  mid  to 
take  away  our  possessions,  you  niiulit  rea    uiahly    have  expected   us   to  ask    t 


or  \()ur 


iLssistance, 


If 


we  are  enslaved.  \dii  cannot  he  free.      For  our  slreiii,'tli  is 


til 


li)Ul'.> 


If  they  would  not  spare  tlu-ir  hrotheis.  of  the  s;iine  ilesh  and  hlood,  would  they 


siiare  you  V      If  they  htirii  our  lioiis 


Hill  ravii 't'  our  lamls,  could  vours 


ho 


secure 


lUit 


W(>  acted  on  very  dillereiit  prmciiiles.      rar  Iroiii  desiniiL;  you  to  hazard  \our 


ivt's  111  our  ((iiarrel.  wi 


idvised  \iiu  to  r(>miiin  sti 


111  ease,  .uii 


I    Ml 


ami 


We  even 
1  l)v  the  side 


ontreated  you  to  ri'iiiain  neuter:  and.  under  the  sliado  of  your  tree: 

of  your  streams,  to  sniol^e  your  pipe  in  safety  and  eoiitentnieut.     Thoujih  pressed  liy 

our  eneinie.s,  and  wlu'n  their  ships  ohstruoteil  our  supplies  of  arms,  and  ])ow(ler.  and 


elothin}r,  wo  were  not  unmindful  of  \oiir  wants.     Of  wliat  was  neci 


iary  lor  our  own 


use,  we  choorfiilly  spared  \oii  •)  jiart.      More  we  sliould   iiave  doui',  had  it   heeii  in  our 
power. 


■('ayi'gas,  Sknk'As,  TrsrAiioKAs.  a\i>  Nhiii\wK<-    Open   your  ears  ^w'l 


Ui'uv  our 


)f  our  enemies'.'     W 


Wliv  have  voii  assisted  (i 


romplaiiits.     Why  have  you  listened  to  the  \i>i 

Millered  Sir  .loliii  .lohnso  ,  and  Mutler  to  mislead 

iSt.  Loiter  and  liis  w  riiors  Iroin  tiie  other  side  of  tlie  ^roiit  water.s,  by  givim;  tl 

IVt'o  piissa>^o  through  your  country  to  annoy  us;  which  both  you  find  wo  solemnly 


\Oll 


leiii  a 


i     1. 


1777 


Ij 


204 


II I  S  TO  15  Y    01'    THE    INDIAN    TUI15KS 


h     I 


Mr 


i'l 


m 


pi 


oiniscd  sluuild  not  lio  deliled  with  blood  V     WIiv  have  vou  sii 


n'('r(>d 


so  niaiiv  of  vour 


nations  to  join  tlicni  in  tlioir  i-ruid  puiix 


Is  this  a,  suitable  rotnni  for  our  lovo  and 


kinchii'ss,  or  did  yon  snspt-ot  that  wo  wore  too  weak  or  too  cowardly  to  dcfond  our 
connlry,  and  join  onr  cnt'inios  tiiat  yon  niijilit  conio  in  for  a  sliaro  of  tlic  phnidor? 
What  has  ln'on  piinotl  by  tliis  nnprt)viik('d   treaciicry 


■  iiat  bnt  shame  and  disLiracc  ! 


Your  fooiisii  warriors  and  their  new  allies  have  been  defeated  and  di-iven  baek  in  t'very 
ipiarter;  and  many  of  iiiem  jnstly  jiaid  the  price  of  tlieir  rashness  with   tiieir  lives. 


Sori'v  are  we  to  find  that 


our  aiu'ie 


lit  chain  of  union,  heretofore  so  stronu'  and  briiilit, 


hoiiid  be  l)ro!\en  li\such  poor  and  weak  iiistrimiciits  as  Sir  .lohn  .lohnson  and  Ihitler, 


wlio  (la 


1 
IV  not  show  their  fi 


inioiiu'  their  coniitrvnien ;  and  by  St.  liCiicr.  a  stran 


ivhom  you  lU'ver  knew  !     \VlKit  has  become  of  the  spirit,  tiio  wisdom,  and  the  justice 
)f  your  nations?     Is  it  possible  that  yon  sliould  barter  away  your  ancient  glory,  and 


break  th 


st  soli 


few  blankets 


littli 


d. 


lireak  tlirou,!ih  tlio  most  solemn  treaties  lor  a  lew  blanlvcts.  or  a  iittlo  mm  or  jiowiler  . 
'I'liat  trilies  siii'h  a"  these  sliould  provi'  any  temptation  to  you  to  cut  down  the  stroiit;' 
tree  of  friendshii),  by  our  common  ancestors  plaiiti'd  in  the  deep  bowels  of  thi'  earth, 
at  OiioiidaL^a.  your  central  council-lire!  That  tree  wliicli  has  been  wati'red  and 
iioiiri>hed  iiy  their  children  until  the  branches  had  almost  reached  the  skies!  As  well 
miubt  We  lia\'e  eN|ieeted  tliat  the  mole  should  o\eitiii'ii  the  vast  mountains  of  the 
.MlcLil'.aiiy.  Ill'  that  the  birds  of  the  airshould  drink  up  the  waters  of  Ontario! 

•■  I'AvrcAS.  Sdxixws.  ()-;oNi).\(i.VS.  AXD  .MoIIAWIcs:  Look  into  your  hearts,  and  be; 
attentive.  Much  are  you  to  blame,  and  iireatly  have  you  wroiiued  iis.  He  wise  in 
time,  lie  sorry,  and  mend  yonr  faults.  The  preat  council,  tiioii,i;h  the  bhjod  of  onr 
friend-',  who  tell  ly  yonr  tomahawks  at  the  (lerman  Flatts.  cries  aloud  a-aiust  you. 
will  yet  be  patient.  We  do  not  desire  to  destroy  you.  I,oiiu'  have  we  Ijeen  at  peace; 
;iiid  it  is  still  our  wish  to  bury  the  liat('het,  and  wipe  away  the  blood  which  .some  of 
you  have  so  unjustly  slu'd.  Till  time  should  be  no  more,  we  wish  to  smoke  with  yoii  tlu^ 
calumet  of  Iriendship  around  yonr  central  fire  at  OnomlaLra.  But,  Brothers,  mark  well 
what  we  now  tell  you.  'ict  it  sink  deep  as  the  bottom  of  the  sea,  and  iiexcr  be 
t'livc'tteii  by  you  or  your  children.  If  ever  again  you  lixkc  up  the  hatchet  to  .strike  n.s — 
if  you  join  our  eneini'  s  in  baitle  or  .  luieil — if  you  gi\e  them  intelligence,  ov  encourage 
or  permit  them  to  pass  through  your  country,  to  molest  or  hurt  any  of  our  ])eople  — 
we  shall  look  on  you  as  our  enemies,  and  treat  you  as  the  worst  ol  nemies.  wiio.  under 
a  cloi'k  of  frienilship.  cover  your  bad  designs,  and,  like  the  concealiil  adder,  only  wait 
Ibr  an  oiiportuiiity  to  wound  us  when  we  are  most  unprepared. 


nianiiKiiS:    lielieve 


lis  wlio  lie\er  (leceiV( 


If,  after  all  our 


id  counsel. 


ill 


our  iMie  to  iirovent  it,  we  must  take  n[)  the  hatcliet.the  blood  to  be  shed  will  lie  heavy 
(in  yiiiir  iieads.  Tlie  hand  of  the  tliirtei'ii  I'liited  States  is  not  siinit.  it  will  reach  to 
the   fartlie.-l  extent  of  tiie  couiitr\-  (if  the   Six   Nations;   anil,  wiiile  we  ha\i'   riidit   on 

ou,  and  ])ut  it  out 


lur  sHle.  tlie  gooil  Spirit,  wlioin  we  .si'rve.  will  enable  us  to  ptini 
if  your  ]io\ver  to  do  us  farther  mischief. 


'■i 


l»l|{IX(i    TIN':    AMMIIICAN    U  K  V  O  LU  T  I  ON. 


295 


"Onkidas  AM)  'I'lscAuouAS :  Iloiirkfii  to  wliiit  wo  have  to  s;iy  to  you  in  particuliir. 
It  rcjoii'os  our  luMrts  tliiit  wo  liavo  no  roiison  to  rciu'oiU'li  you  in  coimiion  witli  tin;  i-ost 
ol'  tlio  Six  Nations.  Wo  liavo  o.xporifncoil  your  lovo,  ^itron,t^■  as  tlio  oal<.  and  your 
lidolit}'.  unclianiivahio  as  truth.  You  have  Ivopt  last  Iiold  of  tiio  anricnt  coxcnant 
cliain.  and  |)rosor\cd  it  live  I'roni  rust  and  dooay,  and  liritilit  as  silscr.  liiko  lirasc 
nu'U,  lor  s^lory  \du  dosjji.sod  (hiiigor;  you  stood  forth  in  tlie  causo  of  your  frioiids,  and 
vonturoil  3our  hvos  in  our  I)altio.s.  Whilo  tho  sun  and  moon  continue  to  i;ivo  iiulil  to 
till!  world,  wo  shall  lovo  and  rosjioct  ^ou.  As  our  trusty  friends,  we  shall  |)roteet  \on, 
and  shall,  at  all  times,  eonsidor  your  welfare  as  our  own. 

'•  ]>KoTiii:ii.s  or  Tin:  Six  Nations:  Open  your  ears,  aiul  listen  attcnlively.  It  is  Imi'^- 
iiiro  that  wo  <'N[ilained  to  you  our  (|uarrid  with  the  people  on  tho  other  .side  of  ihe  iiieal 
water.  IlenionUior  that  our  causo  is  just;  you  and  your  forefathers  liave  lon^'  sei'u  us 
allied  to  those  people  in  friendship.  I>y  our  lahor  and  industry,  they  llourished  like 
tho  troe.s  of  the  forest,  and  hoeame  exceedingly  rich  and  ])ri)ud.  At  leniitli,  nothing- 
would  fatisly  them,  unless,  like  slaves,  wo  would  >/i\\'.  tlioni  the  power  over  our  whole 
Kubstance.  I'ecauso  we  would  not  yield  to  such  shameful  honilin;e.  tiie\-  took  up  tlu. 
luitehet.  You  have  soon  them  covorim:'  our  coasts  with  their  ships,  and  a  ])art  of  our 
country  with  their  warriors;  hut  you  luuc  not  seen  us  dismayed;  on  liie  contrarv,  \ou 
know  that  wo  ha\o  stood  lirm,  like  rocks,  and  li)U,ulit  like  men  who  deserved  to  lie 
free.  Y'ou  know  that  wo  have  defeated  St.  liOirer,  and  ct)n(|Ui'red  liur^inne  and  all 
Jioir  warriors.  Our  chii'f  men  and  our  warriors  arc  now  li.iihtinj;'  aixainst  the  ri'st  of 
oui"  onomies.  ami  we  trust  that  tho  (Iroat  Spirit  will  soon  put  them  in  our  power,  or 
onalile  us  to  (lri\e  thrm  all  far  heyond  tho  uroat  waters. 

••  l>ianni:i!s  :  IJilicvo  us.  that  they  feel  their  own  weakness,  and  that  tliey  are  unnlilo 
to  sulidue  the  thirleen  rnited  States.  Klso.  why  luivo  they  not  left  our  Indian  hrethren 
in  i)eaco.  as  they  lirst  in'dinised  and  wo  wished  to  have  done?     Whv  ha\-o  tiic\  ondea- 


vorod,  hy  cimnin;j  s[)i'eidies.  hy  falsehood  and  misreprcsenlationy,  hy  stron-  drink  and 
presents,  to  embitter  the  minds  and  darken  tho  understandin'^s  of  all  our  Indian  friends 


this  LM-eat   I'ontinont,  from   the  north  to  the  south,  and  to  eni;auo   them  to  tal< 


tho   hatcla't   apainst   us  without  any  jirovocation '.'     'I'lio  Cherokees,  like  somcMif  \(in, 
were  prevailo<l  upon  to  strike  our  people.      AVe  carried 


he  war  into  their  comdi'v.  a; 


fou'iht    iheiu. 


Tl 


lev 


aw   tlieir  error,   they   repi'iited.   and   we    li>rL'avo    then 


T 


I 


nitei 


Stat( 


kind  and  mercil'ul,  and  wish  li 
tch 


ICO  with  all  tho  world.    We  h; 


therefore,  ri'uowed  our  ancient  covenant  chain  wi 


ith  tl 


r>i;oTiii:i:: 


Th 


awanese  and 


I),d; 


iwaros  ijivo  us  itaily  pi 


leir  nation, 
hi 


)f  their 


id  dis- 


l  their  attachment  to  us.  and  nrv.  reaily  to  assist  us  auainst  all  our  enemie- 

And   the  Clidctawi' 


position  am 

The  Chicknsaws  art!  amonir   the  number  of  oui' faithful   friends 


thoiiLih   remote    from   us.   have    refused   to   listen    to  tho  persuasions  of  our  eiii'inies, 
rejected   all   their  olVe!>^  of  corruption,  and  continue   peaceabli'.      The  Creeks   are  also 


Mir  stciidv  friends.     (Hiovl.ieo.   their  ureal 


an< 


1   tl 


le  rest  of 


1:1' 


:aeiiriii,s  ami 


,-ii'. 


t:i 


ii 


i        i 


206 


HISTORY   OF   TUK   INDIAN   TRIBES 


warriors,  as  the  strongest  mark  of  tlioir  siiR'oro  frioiHlship,  have  presented  the  great 
council  witli  an  emblem  of  peace.  They  have  desired  that  these  tokens  might  be 
shown  to  the  Six  Nations  and  their  allies,  to  convince  them  that  the  Creeks  are  at 
])oaoe  with  the  United  States.  We  have  therefore  directed  our  commissioners  to  deliver 
them  into  jour  hands.  Let  them  be  seen  by  all  the  nations  in  your  alliance,  and  pre- 
served in  your  central  council-house  at  Onondaga. 

'•  Bkothehs  ok  TiiK  Six  Nations  :  Hearken  to  our  counsel.  Let  us  who  are  born 
on  the  same  great  continent  love  one  another.  Our  interest  is  the  same,  and  we  ought 
to  be  one  peoi)le,  always  ready  to  as.'^ist  and  serve  each  other.  Wiiat  are  the  people 
who  belong  to  the  other  side  of  the  great  waters  to  either  of  us?  They  never  come 
here  I'or  our  sakes,  but  to  gratily  tiieir  own  pride  and  avarice.  Their  business  now  is 
to  kill  and  destroy  our  iulialjitants,  to  lay  waste  our  houses  and  farms.  The  day,  we 
trust,  will  soon  arrive,  when  wo  shall  be  rid  of  them  forever.  Now  is  the  time  to 
hasten  and  seciwe  this  happy  event.  Let  us,  then,  from  this  moment,  join  hand  and 
heart  in  the  defence  of  our  common  country.  Let  us  rise  as  one  man,  and  drive  away 
our  cruel  oppressoi's.  lleneeibrward  let  none  be  able  to  separate  us.  If  any  of  our 
people  injure  you,  ac((uaint  us  of  it,  and  you  may  depend  upon  I'ull  satisfaction.  If 
any  of  yours  hurt  us,  be  you  ready  to  rei)air  the  wrong  or  punisii  the  aggressor. 
Above  all.  shut  ytuir  ears  against  liars  and  deceivers,  who,  like  false  meteors,  strive  to 
lead  you  iistray.  and  to  set  us  at  variance.  IJeiieve  no  evil  of  us  till  you  hiive  taken 
]iains  to  discover  the  truth.  Our  council-lire  always  burns  clear  and  bright  in  Penn- 
syhaiiia.'  Our  commissioners  and  agents  are  near  your  country.  We  shall  not  be 
blinded  liy  false  reports  or  false  a])pea ranees.'"^ 

This  overture  produced  no  change  in  tiie  i>olicy  of  the  Indians;  in  public  councils, 
as  well  as  in  j)rivate,  tin'ir  ears  were  liili'd  with  reasonings  and  persuasions  of  a  very 
dill'erent  character.  Ever  judging  from  mere  appearances,  and  from  what  was  taugiblt! 
and  visible,  they  were  imi)ressed  with  the  jiower.  means,  and  ability  of  the  British 
(loveriiment  to  subdue  the  colonies.  They  contrasted  their  resources  with  those  of 
till' Thirteen  States,  struggling,  as  it  were,  in  the  grasp  of  a  giant;  and  from  that 
eoiniiaiison,  drew  tiie  conclusion  that,  however  courageous  and  resolute  tiie  colonist.s 
were  in  battle,  tliov  were  few  in  luunbers.  and  lacking  in  means.  It  being  a  cardinal 
principle  with  the  Indians  to  adliert;  to  the  strong<'st  pai'ty,  they  ix'mained  unmoved  by 
arnnmenls  which  tiicv  hardlv  understood,  and  refused  to  believe. 


'  Thcli   (lio  Milt  111'  (M'ViTllHlrllt. 


Juui'ii:il  111'  t'liiiLTCss. 


I 


ft 


DUIUNG   TllK   AMERICAN   REVOLUTION. 


297 


-a 


■  'I 


CITAPTEIi    VII. 


PROCUKSS  OK  THE  RKVOHTION,  AS  AFFECTED  liV  THE  AltoKl- 
CINAL  TRir.KS.  MASSACRES  OF  WYOMING,  CIIEURY  VALI.KY, 
AND   ULSTER. 


i'   ' 


It  (1oo8  not  I'oiiuMUo  with  the  i)liin  of  tho  proHoiit  work,  to  dc^^cribc  in  dftiiil 
till'  scenes  of  Imlian  outnigo  luul  niassiuTe  which  niiirkotl  the  KovoUitioniirv  1778 
contest;  tlie  object  beinj:'.  to  present  a  condensation  of  facts.  The  character  nf 
the  Indians  did  not  appear  in  any  new  huht ;  as  the  war  advanced,  tliey  sweiit  over  the 
coimtrv  like  a  ])estilence  ;  i'reipiently,  like  infuriated  timers.  s[)rin.iiing  across  the  liordei'S, 
ami  spreadinii  death  and  devastation  where  domestic  haiijiiness  had  previously  reijiued. 
Any  liojie  that  niiuht  have  been  entertained  of  niollilying  their  hatred,  proved  to  be 
a  delnsioi-  The  Iroquois,  who  w>'ri!  tiie  princii)al  actors  in  this  murderous  warfare, 
were,  in  nearly  every  instance,  led  on  liy  their  hero  ehieflain.  Brant.  Sometimes, 
liowever.  parties  of  the  various  tribes  of  Algonquin  linear,  from  the  West,  were  in 
the  practice  of  visitinjj  the  then  temporary  headquarters  of  the  IJritish  Indian  Depart- 
ment at  Fort  Nia.iiara.  At  this  place,  most  of  the  war-parties  were  formed.  sui)plieil, 
and  equiii|)ed.  Thither  they  also  returned  to  report  their  succi^s;  iniiiiiiiii;'  their  pri- 
soners with  them,  to  pass  throuuli  the  terrible  ordeal  of  the  iiamitlet ;  and  there,  like- 
wise, thev  received  the  rewards  for  the  .scalps  they  had  taken. 

It  was  at  Niagara  that  the  plan  of  the  incursion  into  the  \'all('y  of  Wyomin:^ 
oriL:inated.  Towards  the  close  of  June,'  Colonel  Jolin  Butler,  the  commandinL;-  ofliccr 
of  that  |iost,  ordered  ."lOO  men.  principally-  loyalists,  to  set  out  on  an  expedition  to  the 


Siisqiii'lianna,  accompanied  by  a  body  of  about  ofltl  Indians,  of  dl\c 


It  T 


:a  pi 


it,  tl 


ie\'  em 


bai'ked  in  floats,  or  on  rafts,  and  reached  the  scene  of 


kri'iMiiij; 
conliiet 


the  fust  day  of  July.     After  nnich  coimtermarehinj:  and  mana'uvrinu'.  they  succeeded 
d  defcatim:-  a  iiody  of  10(1  militia,  of  whom  only  (id  escaped  the  rifle. 


ill  siuToiiiidin;;  am 

the   tuniahawk,    and    tli^ 


:-knifi 


Th 


'ollowinu'  daw 


th 


is   niaraiidini;'  force 


aiipeai 


ed   before    Kort  Wyoming:',  then  containim;'  only  a  small  garrison,  but  crowded 


with  fugitive  women  and  children, 
terms  of  a  capitulation  ;  but.  either  becaii 


The  American  coinmandant  agreed  to  the 


prescribed 


;e  he  could  not,  or  did  not,  comply  with  them, 


\nl..   \  I.— .")S 


298 


HISTORY    OF    TlIK    INDIAN    TUIISES 


if'' 


they  wore  ba.scly  violated.  It  was  tlieii  believe<l,  anil  it  iias  since  been  fro(|nently 
aHsertoil,  that  Urant  led  the  Indians  on  thi.s  occasion ;  but  it  is  doubtful  whether  he  wa.s 
actually  [Jiesent.  though  ho  probably  approved  of  the  movement,  if  ho  was  not  tin; 
oriirinal  instigator  of  it.'  This  chief  was  known  to  cherisli  such  a  deadly  hatred  of 
the  revolutionists,  and  had  been  so  fre(|ui'ntly  connected  with  the  incursions,  and  mid- 
night nia.ssacres  [)erpetrated  on  the  frontiers,  that,  in  thepnj)ular  estimation,  no  injustice 
has  been  done  to  his  bad  reputation,  in  the  use  whicii  has  been  made  of  his  name  by 
tlu'  |)oet,  Campbell."  A  melancholy  catalogue,  indeed,  woidd  be  a.  detail  of  the  enter- 
|irises  in  which  Brant  wa.s  the  leader  and  priiici[)al  actor.  Tiiough  the  voice  of 
cotcniporar}-  history  might  bo  stilled,  regarding  his  conduct  as  llio  leader  of  the  massacre 
ill  Cherry  Valley,  yet  liis  .sanguinary  attacks  upon  Saratoga.  Cicrman  Flatt.s,  Unadilla. 
and  Schoharie,  as  well  as  the  iimrdcr  of  the  wounded  Colonel  Wisnor,^  and  the  inhuman 
butchery  of  the  wounded  at  Ulster,  will,  during  all  future  time,  servo  to  prove  that  he 
hovered  aroinid  the  IVonticrs  of  New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  like  the  genius  of  Evil, 
with  the  enraged  Acwinosliioni^  in  his  train.  If  the  responsiliility  for  acts  coumiitted 
d<']ien(is  ujjon  the  cultivated  moral  perceptions  of  the  individual,  then  the  great  partisan 
^MtiliMwk  will  liavi'  much  more  to  answer  for  than  bis  kindred  generally,  as  be  not  only 
recei\eil  a  scholastic  and  religious  education,  but  was  foi'  a  long  time  domiciliated  in  tlic 
fami!\  of  Sir  William  Johnson,  in  which  he  ofliciated  as  an  assistant-.'^ecretary,'  and 
there  became  familiar  with  the  maxims  and  usages  of  relined  society  in  the  colonies. 


\hl-  Asli.-r  TvI.t's  statn t,  ^■^l.  1\..  p.  .'>45. 

'  .<tniic's  I,ilV  "f  liniiit.  \'.il.  I.,  p.   ll>-IJli. 
■>\w  V'urk  Ili.-t.  tl.ic,  V..I.  VII. 


-  Villi'  (iiTtnicIi'  cif  Wyi'iiii'iL.'. 

'  Tlie  Indian  toini  t'ur  tliu  Six  N:iliun.>*. 


I 


nUlllNC    TMK    AMERICAN    DEVOLUTION. 


290 


1  ! 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

CONCIIESS   AUTHORIZES  MOVEMENTS  TO   CHECK  THE  HOSTILITY 

OF    THE    WESTERN    INDIANS. 

AhTiioL'GU  tiic  Ii'iMiuois  ibrined,  as  it  woro,  the  '•  tuutli  lojjioii,"  of  the  hostile 
Indians  employed  in  the  war,  yet  the  western  savages  had,  I'loui  the  beginning,  177S 
evinced  their  hostility,  and  were  implicated,  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  in  the 
contest  against  the  colonies.  Tiiis  was  more  especially  the  position  of  the  important 
tribes  of  the  Delawares  and  Shawnees,  then  occupying  the  present  area  of  the  tate 
of  Ohio.  These  tribes  had  originally  emigrated  west  of  the  Alloghanies  with  embittered 
feeli:  gs  against  the  English  colonists  generally.  They  had  accepted  the  treat}-  of 
pcac'j  offered  them,  in  rather  a  vaunting  spirit,  by  Colonel  13radstreet,  on  Lake  Erie,  in 
17(M  ;  but  subsccpiently  renewed  their  hostile  inroads,  and,  in  the  autunni  of  the  sami! 
year,  on  the  banks  of  the  Muskingum,  again  suljmitled  to  the  army  under  Colonel 
I}()U([uet,  delivering  uj),  as  a  test  of  their  sincerity,  a  very  large  number  of  prisoners, 
men,  women,  and  children.' 

The  Delawares  had  not  held  a  definite  political  position  for  a  long  period,  even  from 
the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century.  They  were  supposed  to  bo  in  league  with  the 
French,  and  it  was  an  erroneous  policy  in  Count  Zinzendorf  and  the  Moravian 
IJretl.'ren,  not  to  .«et  the  colonies  right  on  this  subject,  laboring,  as  they  did,  from  their 
advent  in  1740,  for  the  benefit  of  the  Delawares,  and  knowing  that  there  was  a  suspicion 
resting  on  them  of  being  favorable  to  the  French  interests.  This  was  the  cause  of  the 
expulsion  of  this  tribe  from  Chicomico,  in  southern  New  York,  in  17-14,^  and  of  their 
removal  to  the  Sustpiehanna.  It  was  likewise  the  occasion  of  their  ultimate  llight 
westward  to  the  banks  of  the  Muskingum,  and  of  the  uiifortimate  massacre  of  their 
people  at  Gnadenhutten.  But  though  the  proclivities  of  the  Delawares  Mere  uncertain, 
those  of  the  Shawneoa  were  not ;  they  assumed  an  openly  hostile  attitude.  The  latter 
tribe  had,  at  an  early  period,  been  inimical  to  the  English  colonies;  but,  being  \;ni- 
ipiished,  they  had  translerred  their  hatred  to  the  Americans  the  moment  the  revolutionary 
contest  commenced.     In  17o">,'  they  were  the  most  latter  as.sailants  of  Braddock ;  in 

'  Till'  MiiTi'iiiliT  (if  tliL'so  prisciiuTS  t'uriiis  tli(^  most  ri'ir,;irl;a'ilc  instaiu'C  ul'  the  kind  on  rocoril,  liulli  on 
account  of  tlir  nuniliur  of  persons  libonitcil,  ami  tlio  atli'ctiiiL'  lirfunistanci's  attending'  it. 

'  Vol.  v.,  p.  <>S0.  '  IFistory  nf  ISraddoi-k":-  Kxi.idilion  :   I'liil.,  Is.V,. 


i  i    • 


!.     Si, 


1  'r 


m 


m 


800 


HISTORY    OF    THE    INDIAN    T1M15ES 


mii 


17")S.'  tlioy  iniissacred  the  garrison  of  S\burt's  fort  on  tlio  Potoniae;  tlu-y  had,  from 
till'  vcar  17G;],  most  strenuously  opposed  the  settlement  ol'Kentueky;  they  had,  in 
17()  I,  taken  the  most  prominent  part  in  resisting  liie  expedition  of  Lord  Dunniore ;  and, 
aceording  to  tiie  hest  loeal  authorities,^  between  the  years  1770  and  i77l>,  tiie  activity 
and  l)itter  iiostiiity  of  this  eeleln'ated  tribe  converted  tiie  left  banks  of  the  Ohio,  along 
the  bordiM's  of  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia,  into  an  aceldenui.  Hrave  and  dauntless,  but 
vacillating,  their  ruling  passion  was  a  love  of  war,  blooil.  and  pluniler.  Tradition 
aflirms  that,  in  ancient  times,  they  had  fought  their  way  from  Florida  to  Lake  h.  \\ 
and  desperately  did  they  oppose  the  advance  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race  into  the  Ohio 
valley.  Their  central  location  was  at  'Jhillicothe,  on  the  Scioto  river — which  appears 
to  have  been,  fronr  a  period  long  antecedent,  a  metropolis  of  Indian  power.  Their 
inthieuce  controlled  the  entire  valley,  and  they  lived  on  strict  terms  of  amity  with  the 
Delawans,  the  Mingoes,  or  Ohio  Iroquois,  the  Iluroiis,  Ottowas,  Chippcwas,  and 
Miamies. 

The  Ohio  valley,  with  its  beautiful  scenery,  its  genial  climate,  and  its  exuberant 
fertilit}.  had  been,  from  its  earliest  discovery,  a  subject  of  contention  between  the  Indians 
and  the  white  race.  Ked  men  had,  originally,  fought  for  it.  as  is  jjroved  by  its  anticpiities, 
and  the  whites  succeeded  to  the  controversy.  The  feet  of  Washington  trod  its  soil  as 
early  as  1  7-Vi,  when  the  charter  of  George  11.  was  granted  for  its  occupancy.  Although 
tiie  primary  object  of  its  exploration,  and  of  the  eonunissioners  and  armii's  which 
crossi'il  the  AUegiianics,  and  entered  its  borders,  was  the  furtherance  of  goveiiuuental 
policy,  yet  it  is  very  evident  that  there  were  al)original  minds  of  suflicient  penetration 
U>  foresee,  that  the  acrpiisition  of  the  territory,  and  the  s[)read  of  the  arts  and  connnerc(! 
of  civili/ed  lite,  were  tlie  ultimate  ends  in  \'n'\v.  This  may  readily  be  perceived  in  the 
harangues  of  Pontiae  to  the  tril)es  of  the  north-west,  in  tln>  year  170');  of  Tenuskund, 
at  Wyoming,  and  of  Buckangaheela,  at  Kaskaskia.  Every  movement  of  the  whites 
towarils  the  west  was  regarded,  by  thinking  Indian  minds,  as  having  the  same  object 
in  view. 

Prior  to  the  expedition  of  M'lntosh,  a  friendly  Delaware  chief,  Koquathaheelon,  or 
Wiiite  Kycs.  had  uscmI  iiis  inlluence  to  prevent  the  tribes  f  m  raising  tlie  hatchet ;  but  an 
opposite  intiucHce  was  exercised  by  Captain  I'ipe,  and  tiie  nation  became  divided.  Such 
was  the  state  of  alliiirs  among  the  Delawares,  in  the  s[>riug  of  177S.  About  this  time, 
three  noted  loyalists,  M'Kee,  Elliot,  and  Girty,  lied  from  Fort  Pitt  to  the  Delawares, 
and  used  their  utmost  efl()rts  against  the  American  cause.  Captain  Pi[)e  was  so  nnieh 
iiiHnenced  by  their  counsel,  that,  in  a  largo  assemblage  of  warriors,  ho  concluded  a 
harangue  by  declaring  "evi'ry  one  an  enemy  who  refused  to  fight  the  Americans,  and 
that  all  such  ought  to  be  put  to  death."  Ko(piatlialieelon  boldly  opposed  him, 
denounced  the  policy,  and  sent  a  formal  mi^ssage  to  the  S(;ioto,  warning  the  Indians 


m 


IliM, 


i.r   Wrst 


I'l'll    \  irLTIlllM 


1^.-.1, 


208. 


■-  jlniMri.l.jr,  Wltliri-s  De  I  fa 


m 


DURINC    TIIK    AMEIII(!AN    REVOLUTION. 


801 


a;!;iiiiist  tlio  counsels  of  tlio  I'ligitives,  Girt}'  ^'iiil  M'Koo.  Tliis,  fur  a  wliili',  liiul  tho 
clU'ct  i>r  keeping  tliu  DelawaruH  neutral ;  but  tlie  triljc!  liually  decided  to  raise  the 
hatchet  against  the  strujigling  colonies. 

Hoth  the  Delawares  and  Shawnecs  were  greatly  intluenced  in  their  councils  hy  tho 
Wyandots  of  SandiisUy,  a  rellec'tive,  clear-minded  peoijle,  who  had  once  heen  at  tho 
head  of  the  Iro([Uois,  while  that  nation  resided  on  the  Kanawagn,'  and  still  held  a  kind 
of  umpirage  in  western  Indian  councils.  It  was  against  tho  local  residence  of  this 
trilie,  at  Sandusky,  that  fii'ueral  M'Intosh  was  directed  to  procci'd.  Ih;  had,  during 
the  si)ring,  with  a  small  force  of  regulars  and  militia,  descended  the  Ohio,  from  Fort 
I'itt  to  the  IJetiver  river,  where  ho  erected,  on  a  commanding  position,  a  fort  called 
M'Intosh.  It  intercepted  Indians  ascending  i  •  descending  tho  Ohio,  as  well  as  interior 
marauding  parties,  who  reached  tho  river  at  this  point.  Tho  force  assigned  him  for 
the  eN[)editiou  against  Sandusky  was  lOOf  men.  But.  such  were  tho  delays  in 
orgnni/.iug  it,  and  in  marching  through  a  wilderness  to  the  Tus(!arawas,  that,  after 
re.icliing  its  I)aidvs,  he  there  constructed  a  lort,  called  Liuu'eus,  and,  garrisoning  it, 
returned  to  Fort  Pitt. 


'  Lu  Ji'uno, 


:\u-2 


lIlSTOltY    OK    Tin;    INDIAN    TIMIIKS 


t'lIAPTKH    IX. 

VIlidlNIA     SKNDS     AX     KX  IMl  1)  IT  loN     A(!AIXST    T  M  K     WKSTKlfN 
INDlANy,    AND    COMuLEUS    SOLTIIEIIN    ILLINOIS. 


■I* 


TiiK  oi'octioii  of  Kovts  M'IntusIi  ami  liiuirens,  on  the  bunks  of  tlu'  Uciivi  r 
177.S  iiml  tliu  Tusi'iU'iiwiis  I'ivers,  tifinonstriiti'd  to  tin'  indiiiii.s  that  they  would  he 
ludd  lu'i'onntahlo  lor  their  actions.  JJiil  a  more  inii)ortant  military  niovenient, 
niH!  which  has  had  a  iicruianont  and  predominant  inliui'nci!  on  tin;  history  of  the  West, 
was  originated  in  the  year  1778.  Western  N'irginia  having  snIVered  dreadfully  from 
tiie  inroads  of  the  Shawnees,  Delawares,  and  Mingoes,  General  (leorge  Jlogers  <'hul<e 
was  connnissioneil  hy  the  State  authorities  to  invade  tlie  country  of  the  llliuois.  His 
enterprise,  courage,  and  tact,  woidd  not  have  been  derogatory  to  a  Ilanuilnd.  Jio 
descended  ihe  western  slope  of  the  Alleghanies  l>y  the  liiver  Kenawha,  Mliich  was  his 
|ioint  of  rendezvous,  with  a  force  not  exceciling  liHII  men.  The  fort,  at  tiiis  point,  wa.s 
then  insesteil  hy  Indians,  whom  he  successfully  routed,  with  the  loss  of  only  one  man. 
Jlis  next  olijt'ct  of  attack  was  Kaskaskia,  from  which  lie  was  se[)arated  hy  a  wilderness 
of  lOUl)  miles  in  extent.  lUit  he  liad  a  force  of  pickeil  men,  whoui  no  lack  of  means 
eould  disconrage,  i'.nd  whose  heroic  ardor  no  opposition  of  natural  impediments  could 
dampen.  Descending  the  Ohio  to  its  lldls,  he  erected  a  small  fort  on  (,'orn  Island,  in 
their  vicinity,  which  he  garrisoned  with  a  few  men,  and  then  eontinut'd  his  coursi? 
down  the  ri\i'r  to  within  sixt\-  miles  of  its  month,  where  he  lauded  his  men.  and,  with 
only  four  days'  provisions,  connnenced  his  march  across  the  wilderness  to  the  Illinois 
coinitry.  lie  was  six  days  in  reaching  Kaskaskia,  during  two  of  which  his  little  army 
was  destitute  of  provision.s.  Reaching  the  town  at  midnight,  and  (inding  the  gariison 
and  inhabitants  asleep,  ho  carried  it  by  .surprise,  taking  the  commandant,  liocheblave, 
prisoner,  wIkjui  he  innnediately  sent  nnder  guard  to  Richmond,  together  with  important 
letters  and  i>ai)ers.  implicating  per.son.s  in  power.  The  fort  was  found  to  be  sulliciently 
strong  to  have  been  defended  against  a  force  of  one  tlmusand  men.  The  H)li(iwiug  da\. 
finding  horses  in  the  vicinity,  (ieiu'ral  (.'larke  mouute(l  about  thirty  of  his  men,  under 
Captn>n  Bowman,  and  sent  them  against  the  n[iiier  towns  on  the  banks  of  lh(! 
Mississippi.  They  took  ])ossession  of  the  l''rench  towns  and  \illages,  as  high  ni)  as 
Cahokia;  and,  in  the  course  of  three  ilays  thereafter,  no  less  than  ."JOO  of  the  {"Vench 
inhahitant.s    took  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  tiie   American    irovernTiient.     Leaving  a 


|)li;lN(i     TIIM    AMl'llICAN    1!  K  V  (i  L  I' T  I  ON. 


808 


Harrison  iit  Kaskiinkiu, (Iciicriil  (.'IdiUc  llicu  proci'cdcil  acrosn  tlio  ctmiiliy  to  N'iiiccniiCH, 
on  tlu«  Wabash,  which  liu  also  siirpri.sud  and  ciiptuivd.  This  post  was  in  tlio  hrart  of 
tiio  Miami  rountry,  which  liad  lici'U  tlic  seat  of  Ki'cnch  trade,  and  had,  acconUni;  to 
jMr.  Law,'  been  estahlisla'd  as  a  mission  in  1710,  Its  imiwitancc  was  so  miicii  ll'it  \>y 
(lovcrnor  llannlton,  of  Detroit,  that  lio  HndcK'nly  nuistered  ii  Ibrce,  and  rt'captured  tho 
phice.  (leneral  (Jhuiic,  wiio  was  at  Point  Pleasant,  on  hearing  of  this,  althon;;li  it  was 
then  winter,  dctermineil  to  ri'tal\('  tlie  post,  and,  witii  a  resohite  party  of  men,  who, 
dinini^  tiicir  marcii,  I'liMpiently  waded  tin'oii^ii  water  I)reast  iiigli,  executed  iiis  jjurpose  ; 
also  making'  llamihon  prisoner.  This  man  was  a  ron^ii,  bad-tei.ipered,  and  cruel  ollicer, 
who  iiad  excited  liie  ii'e  ol"  the  Indians  by  his  mali^'nancy.'' 

The  ell'ect  of  tiiese  movements  on  tin"  mass  ol'  the  Indians  was  more  important 
in  a  i)olitical  view  than  it  appeared  to  be.  Kaskaskia  and  Vineennes  had  been  mere 
outposts  to  Detroit,  wliicii  was  a  de[ii)t  for  the  [jrisoners  taken  by  the  Indians,  and 
where  they  I'eeeived  the  rewards  for  tile  seal[)s  they  bron;_dit  in. 

Tiie  elli'ct  upon  the  Delaware  Nation  of  the  operations  durinji  this  year,  of  which 
Vort  Pitt  was  the  centre,  was  to  promote  tho  conclusion  of  a  treaty  of  peace,  which 
was  siirned,  on  the  ITtli  of  Si-ptemlier,  177S.'  by  the  chiefs  Koi(uathaheelon,  or  White 
y^y^'f*.  Pipe,  and  Kelli)iu'l<,  before  (lenerais  Andri'W  and  Thomas  Lewis.  This  was  the 
lirst  of  a  lon.i;'  list  of  tri'aties  with  the  Iiulian  trilu's,  in  which  tiie  nations,  when  pressed 
by  war,  sometimes  made  a  virtue  of  necessity,  and  conceded  points  which,  on  some  occa- 
.sious.  the  want  of  popular  support,  and  again,  the  lack  of  power  in  their  i^overnments, 
did  not  enable  them  to  comjily  with,  although  the  al)original  tlelegates  who  gave  their 
.isst'ut  to  them  did  so  witii  full  integrity  of  pnr[iose.  It  is  certain  that  the  Delaware 
Nation  was  soon  alter  eniiancil  in  hostilities  auainst  tlio   I'nited  States;  for.  besides 


the 


miiition  of  this  fact  bv  the  treatv  of  Fort  M'Intosh.  dated  June  'J I 


17s" 


sup[ilementary  article  to  tiiat  treaty  provided  that  the  ehiels  Kelelamaiid.  Wiiite  Kyet 
and  oui;  or  two  other  persons  of  note,  who  took  up  the  hatchet  for  the  United  State.- 
shoiild  be  received  back  into  the  Delaware  Nation,  and  reinstated  in  all  their  oriiiim 


refills,  wi 


tbtuit 


ly  prejudice 


'  Disi'iinrn'  lirfiiiv  the  Hist.  Sue.  of  lii(li:iii:i,  at  N'incciiiii's. 

^  Titatirs  iietwocii  llif  rniti'il  States  jiiid  tlic  Iiulian.-^,  p.   I  :   Wa.-liinul'iii, 


'Stiinc,  Viil.  I.,  p.  .^!l!). 
'  \Uu\,  11.  i;. 


i  I 


■'    i 


;=■,  i 


8(M 


IllSToUV    ol'    TllK    INDIAN    TRIHES 


ClIAl'TEK    X. 


SI  r.TI.KTY   Ol'  Tin:   INDIANS  INVESTINCf  FORT   LAUUENS. 


^1?'' 


■if: 


KdiiT  liAri:i;\s.  cnvtcd  on  tlic  Tiisciirawfts  in  1778,  by  GciutiiI  IMMiitcish. 
1771I  at  till'  ti'i'iiiiniisur  liis  iiuircli  aiiiiiiist  Saiuliisky,  wivh  k-l't  in  coininand  ol' ('Dlonul 
(iili-mi.  witli  a  jiaiTisoii  of  lod  nicii.  It  was  the  ciistoiti  of  the  ^fari'isoii  to  jait 
lulls  on  ilicir  liorst's.  aiid  scud  tlicni  out  to  ^'ra/c  in  tlic  vicinity,  wlicrc  they  wcro 
Aisitcd  and  looked  al'lir.  'I'liis  licinu  oliscrvcd  liy  tlic  Iiulians  who  inl'csti'd  tlio  snr- 
voiindinu'  I'orcsts.  tlicy  stole  all  llie  aniui.d-i.  fust  ii'iuo\iiiLr  tlie  hells  I'loni  their  necks, 
uliicli  they  retained.  Selectinir  ii  s|)ot  suitahle  for  an  auihnscade,  tlic  hells  were  tied 
to  the  stalks  ol'  st(ait  weeds,  or  llcxihie  twiys,  and  the  Indians,  lyiii^-  down  on  the 
jrround,  carefully  shook  theui.  so  as  to  sinudate  the  noise  they  would  make  while  the 
horses  were  croiipiiui'  urass.  The  iiise  succeeded.  ( )!' a  j)arty  of  si.vteen  men.  sent 
to  eat<h  the  auiiuals.  whicli  wcri'  siipiiosed  to  have  strayed,  fotnleen  were  shot  ilead, 
and  the  other  two  taken  prisoners;  ono  of  whom  returned  after  the  termination  of  the 
war.  hut  his  comrado  was  never  more  heard  of.  Flushed  with  the  hucccss  of  this 
mano'u\re.  the  entire  liody  of  Indians,  towards  eveuinir.  marched  across  the  prairie,  in 
I'idl  \  lew  of  the  iiarrison,  hut  at  a  salt'  distance  Ei^ht  hundred  and  forty  warricu's 
were  counted  fioni  one  of  the  bastions,  painted  and  feathered  for  war,  and  ap[)earing 
to  make  tills  display  as  a  challeni;i>  to  condiat.  They  then  crossed  the  Tuscarawa.s, 
and  encam]ied  on  an  elevated  site,  within  \'ww  of  the  lia't,  where  they  remained  for 
several  weeks,  watchinir  the  .uarrison.  Wiiilo  located  at  this  spot,  they  aflbctod  to  keep 
up  a  iiood  undei'standiu'.'  with  the  oIVicim's  of  the  fort,  tbrou;.;h  one  of  those  speakinp; 
go-hetweens.  whom  we  shall  call  1Ii-<)K-.\-to,  who  have  been  ,so  fruitful  of  niisclii(.'f 
in  our  military  history.  At  leiifzth,  their  resources  failiuir.  they  sent  word  that, 
if  a  barrel  of  Hour  w:is  supi)lieil  to  them,  thi'y  would,  on  the  following  day,  subnut 
proposals  of  peace.  The  tioni'  beiuL:'  duly  delivi'red.  the  whole  fxaujr  immediately 
decamped,  renioviuii'  to  some  jiart  of  lue  forest  where  so  considerable  ;i  body  could 
readily  obtain  subsistence. 

It  has  ever  been  a  fatal  mistake,  to  ]iut  trust  in  Indian  tidelity  under  such  eircum- 
."tanccs.  A  ]iarty  of  s|)ies  were  left  by  the  Indians  in  the  woods.  As  the  suitplies  of 
the  i;arrison   bejan   to  diniinisli.  ihe   in    dids.  anionntiu'^   to  ten  or  a  do/.en   ucii.  weii' 


I 


|)|    i;i.\t;    Till',    AMKlt  IfAN    II  i;  VtM.ITION, 


i 


M'lit  |(>  l'"iirl  M'liiiii,«li.  iiinliT  ;m  cv-oirt  ul'  lili  rn  imii,  foiniiiMinli'il  liy  ('iiliiin'l  ('l:n  k.  nC 
till'  liiii'.  'I'liis  |iart\  liail  |iinfrcili'il  Iml  twn  iiiiirs,  w  hen  tlii'V  were  mkI'Ii'IiI  v  fiiiniPMinlril 
lis  the  liidiiiii,-',  ;iiiil  nil  killcil  ('\cc|it  Ibiir ;  one  nl'  wliotii,  ii  ciiipI:!!!!,  siiccccili'd  in 
fllictiii.ir  li'iM  csciijii'  lt>  llu'  lort. 

Till'  L'linisoii  iiDW  i'\|M.'rit'iict<(i  severe  Milli'iiiiu'  IVdiii  liiiiijer,  (lie  lint   lieiiij:  in  ii 
reiiiute   positiiiii,   wliieli  roiilii   lie   .su|)|ilieil  <)iil\    liy   the   iiid  nl'  triiiii-<  ul'  imck-lmisex, 

(■i)||\ii\i'il      tlllnll'jil      the     wililel'ness      hy     ('\|ii'nsive     cseoit-'.         I'"i  nt  llliatcly.      (lelienil 

M'liitiish  ;ini\e(l  with  Hii|i|)lies,  Mini  Till)  men:  Iml  the  j.i_\  [.indnc'il  Ky  his  ;ini\:il 
well  ni::h  proMil  II  liitiil  niisloitiiiii',  us  the  sulule  (iC  mii-l\elrs  tiieil  limn  ihe  riiiii|i!irts 
eiiiiseil  II  sl;nniie<le  iinionLT  the  horses  (if  the  jiiick-tfiiiiis.  wliieh.  nniiiiii'.'  iillVi'jliteil 
thi'iiiii^ii  the  loit'st.  seiittere(l  tlieii  liiiriieii'^.  nl'  provisions  iiiiil  llmir.  ou  the  '^luiiinl. 
When  M'liitosh  (leinnleil  IVoni  tiie  liirt.  iio  lul't  Miijor  Vernon  in  eoiiiniMinl.  who.  lieinj^ 
rniulK'  reduced  to  ^reat  straits,  and  lindinir  hiinsidf  snri'oiindeil  hy  a  poweil'ul  and 
treaeiiei'oiis  enemy,  and  i)eenpyin<;  a  post  which  conlil  not  lie  maintained,  ahandoiieil 
(he  i'ort,  and  re(nrne(l  witli  his  conuiiaiid  to  Kort  M'Intosh.  These  transactions  i'lnnish 
material  lor  a  piod  commentary  on  (lie  treaty  of  l'"ort  I'ill.  roncludeil  en  tlie  17lii  of 
the  preeedini:'  Septemlier.  'I'lie  Delawares.  who  sii;iied  this  treaiy.  occupied  the  entire 
MiiskiiiLinm  \;iiley.  of  which  liie  'I'liscMi'iiwas  is  a  iirancli.  and.  lieiiiLi'  i;cnerally  nmler 
(lie  sway  oi' the  Wyaiiiiots  of  Siindii>k\.  had.  in  I'act,  no  power  to  carry  uiitj  I'veii  if 
the\-  possessed  the  authority  to  conclude,  siicli  a  treaty. 

The  erei'lion  ol'  Fort  Laurens  wa>.  iii  Initli.  a  monimient  of  the  laiiure  of  t lie  militarv 
expedition  in;aiiist  Detroit,  jirojected  willi  so  nnich  ceremony  at  (hat  (iine;  and  itn 
ahainlontniMit  ma\'  he  re:iarded  as  an  ailmission  of  the  nselessness  of  the  position  a.«i 
ii  check  npon  the  Indian-^. 

Wiiiie  these  movements  were  goiiii:'  forward  on  the  Tuscarawas,  and  in  tlie  llirests 
smroundinu'  Kort  Laurens,  (lie  Indians  perjx^trated  ii  series  of  ino-'t  lieart-ri'nding 
murders  alon.ir  the  hordi'rs  of  the   .Monoii'/ahtda.'     A  recital  of  these  atrocities  would 

Iv  serve  to  prove  that  lui  trust  couhl  he  placed   in  any  jinlilic  avowal  of  friendship 


on 


by  the  savagt's,  whether  profe.ssed  in  conferences  or  l)y  formal  tri'alie: 


'  !•('  Itiiss'  llistdrv  <if  NVrstiTii  A'iiviiiiii.  p.  '.'O'^ :  Wlu'rlinir.  IS'd.  (Miriiiiicirs  of  lidrdrr  AVnrl'inv ; 
('l;ii-k^l)ur'.',  \'irL;iiiia,  ls:il.  It  .■ipiiiar.-'  I'mni  llii^i  iiiitlior  tliat  imt  K'S.s  tlinn  tiflron  inv.suns  in  Wr-tmi 
Vii'uinin,  nl'  tlic  iiaiiio  of  Si-lnuilcnil't  vouiiiux-tinii.s  of  tlie  writor),  weru  killcii,  or  carricil  into  (.aptivilN,  la  du' 


■^liawiu 


iliiriiij,'  tliis  per 


»1. 


Vol..  VL  -    .".9 


.".110 


lllsl'ttHV    ul'    TIIK    I  MM  AN    TI(IBKj4 


c;ilAl'TKII    \l 


KATTI.K  ul'   .MINNISINK. 


•  J! 


W- 


Till:  IVi'i|iu'iK'y  luul  ^cvciilv  of  llic  ntiMcks  iiumIc  Iiv  tlic  li'dinioi-*  on  tlio 
177'.)  tV<)iili<'rs  III'  New  ViiiU  iiinl  l'i'iinsvl\iiiiiM.  imliicfil  ilu'  Aiiu'iii'iiii'^  to  iiimIvo 
II  !<ii(lili'ii  (li'.s'i'iit.  tlui'iiii.'  tliis  vi'iir,  on  tlic  Oiionilnv'iis.  'I'lic  r\riiilioii  of  this 
«'iitor|iris('  Wiis  (•oiiiinittfd  to  ("idoiicl  \'aii  Scliiiick.  Iiv  (Ii'iuriil  .liiincs  Clinton,  the 
coninniniliin;  olliciT  in  'liiit  (U.-^trict.  Five  IiiiiiiIiimI  iiml  fil't\-('ii;lit  incn.  nccoinininicil 
liv  ljii'iit('iiimt-< 'oloiK'l  Wiili'tt.  1111(1  t'lirnislii'd  witli  cvcrv  ncci's.MMi'v  sn|i|>ly,  cinlnirUcil 
ill  tiiirty  Imtti'iinx.  on  W'ooil  Crcfk.  west  ol'  tlu'  Fort  Stanwix  siiininit.  Mini  ini^sinj; 
rapidly  tliroiifih  (Jiicida  laUi-  iiml  riviT.  landed,  dining:'  tlic  iiiulit.  at  tlic  nitc  of  old  Fort 
nrcwinL'tmi,  wlieiicc  tlicy  juTsscd  swiltly  forward,  n.^iiii:-  every  |ire<.antiiiii  lo  |ire\t"il  an 
alarm.  'Die  siirjaise  would  liasi'  lieeii  eninplete,  hut  liir  tlie  capture  of  a  warrior  near  the 
castle.  .Vs  it  was.  liowesi'i'.  thirty-three  warriors  were  killed,  aini  the  re>t  lied  in  ihi; 
ntniost  eoiistoniiition.  leaving'  hehiini  them  all  their  stores,  arms,  ,'ind  provisions.  'I'lie 
castle  and  vilhi;:c  wore  hiinied.  and  the  country  devastated  within  a  circuit  of  ten  miles. 
The  army  then  returned  to  Fort  ."^tanwiv,  or  Schuyler,  without  tiie  loss  of  a  man. 

It  is  doniitl'nl  whether  sncii  relrilmtive  nieasiin'.s  are  attendeil  liy  any  resulting 
advantages.  The  ()nondaj;as  determining  to  retaliate.  J5rant  placed  hiinseU'  at  the 
head  of  .■>()()  Wiirriors  of  tliat,  iind  other  trihes,  who  iittacki'd  Schoiiarie  and  its  environs, 
which  iiad  so  frecpiently,  since  the  coiimiencenieiit  of  the  Hevoliitioii.  lieeii  I  lie  scene 
of  every  .-species  of  indiaii  outrage;  —  the  [)roperty  of  the  inhahitants  plnmlered.  their 
houses  hiirned,  ami  themselves  murdered  and  scalped.  It  ap[ieared  as  if  the  .Mohawk 
Indians,  and  their  heaii  ideal,  Brant,  could  never  forgive  the  sturdy  patriotism  of  the 
])eople  of  that  valley. 

Palatine,  in  the  .Mohawl;  valley,  was,  at  tlie  same  time,  attacked  hy  parties  of  Indians 
from  the  Camilla  horder.  and  many  persons  kilh'd  ;  hut  no  event  whicli  occnrri'd  during 
this  year,  made  so  deep  an  im|iression  on  the  puhlic  mind,  as  the  hattle  and  massai.re 
at  .Minnisiiik.  a  lertile  island  in  the  Delaware  river,  which  had  lon^  heeii  the  camping 
and  council-ground  of  the  I.i-nMpi.  and  of  the  southern  Indians,  in  their  progress  to 
the  Hudson  valley,  hy  way  of  lln^  Wallkill.  I''evv  places  have  hetter  claims  to  antiipiily, 
than  the  town  of  .Minnisini<.  or  "The  I'jace  of  the  Island." 

Having  reaclie(|   the  vicinity  of  this  town  on  the  night  of  July  111,  villi  si.\ty  war- 


Ml    III  N  (I    TIIK    A  mi;  II  I  CAN     II  I!  \  ( 1 1, 1    T  1  o  N  , 


BOT 


I'iiiis  .'iini   t\viiit\ -x'M'ii   lorii'-*.  liiH'iiii-ril  us  Iiidiiiiix,  iliiiiit   ntliii'l\('i|  it  wliilc   tlir  inliii- 

liil, lilts    well'    llsli'C|i.   Iillllicil     Iwii    ilwcUillJ-linllscS,  tVM'Uc    lullis.  il  slllllll    stnclMulr-lint. 

ii'kI  two  tiillN.  killiMl  scM'nil  nl'  llii'  inliiiliitiuils,  \'<nk  nilii'is  iiiisuin'i's,  iiinl  tlnii  i';i\ii.!<  il 
llic  MiiidiiniliiiL'  liiriiis,  (liisiiiL'  iilV  llif  I'liltli'  mill  Imiscs.  Winn  iiiti'lli'jviit'f  of  tliis 
«Mitrin:i'  ri'.H'lu'il  (ioftlicti,  llic  cxcitciin'iit  liccnini'   iiiti'ii.-c,      A  inilitin  I'mcc  uC  1  111  iin'ii 

iiisliiiitly  iriiii'i'lii'd   IVoiii  Oi'iiiiiri-  I'iMiiily.  in   |iiii'siiit,   iiml  nvi'i'lixik    ll ik'Iiiv  mi    llii> 

MToiiil  <Im\.  Till'  MilMinlir^i'  WHS  oil  tlic  side  of  ItrMiil,  wlio,  liy  iiiMi'i'liin.:  tliioii'jii  :i 
iiiiri'ow  niviiic.  pliii'i'd  liis  I'orci'  in  a  strong  position,     'i'lir  coiilcst  was  loii'.'  mid  i|rs|M'- 

iiiti'ly  niaintMiiicd.  duiiiiu  wliicli  Mriuit  n ivfd  a  Imil  lliioii^di  liis  jiiidK".     'I'lic  luittl" 

niu'i'd  I'idiii  t'lcvi'ii  o'rJocU  ill  llic  tiioiiiiiii;  niilil  siinsri.  wlicn  tin*  aimiiiinition  of  tluf 
Oraii'jc  coiiiily  nicii  laili'd.  Tlii'v  li;id  lost  H'J  incii ;  and  srviiili'i'ii.  wlm  were 
Avoniidid.  wci'i'  pliii'cd  iiinlcr  tin'  {-.w  of  a  siniivoii.  Iicliind  ii  rocky  point.  Tlic  liiiJiniiH 
riisltcd  upon  these  nnfoitniiiilc  nicn  like  infnriiited  ti'jcrs.  and  toniMliawkud  tlicm  nil, 
Jiotwitlistandinu'  tlieir  appeals  for  nieicy.  Ilrant.  liiiiisell'.  "llie  monster.  Minnt."' 
Pinik  liis  toinaliawk  in  tlie  head  ol"  Colonel  Wisner.  one  of  thi'  wounded.  Only  thirty 
liieii  csciip"d  to  rchitc  the  fate  of  their  coiiirailes. 

it  is  pi'oliiihle  that  this  atrocity  wns  one  of  the  immediate  causes  of  the  expedition 
under  (icncial  Suni\:ni.  which  miirchcd  aiiMinst  the  Iroipiois  cantons  du'-iii}^  the 
I'ollowiii'ji  year. 

\Vhilc  these  events  were  occurring;'  in  New  York,  a  hody  of  'JIMI  Indians  and  1(1(1 
rcfii'.'ce  royiilists.  uiidi'r  the  command  of  M'Uoinild.  appenred  on  the  horders  (»!'  North- 
iimplon  county.  I'eimsylvaiiia.  where  they  hiirned  many  houses,  and  committeil  .several 
murders.  A  lew  dnys  snhscfpicntly,  they  invested  Kreeland's  fort,  on  the  Susipichanna, 
the  ^'iirrison  of  which  was  too  weak  to  defenil  the  works,  which  had  served  |(rincipiilly 
IIS  a  shelter  for  women  and  children,  wdiile  the  men  were  nttcndinir  to  the  duties  which 
they  owed  their  countrv.  Captain  Hawkins  IJoiai.  who.  with  thirty  men,  was  stiitioned 
in  the  vicinity,  miirched  to  the  reli<'l'  ol"  the  fort;  hut.  iiiidinir  tliat  it  had  heeii  surren- 
dered, he  valiantly  attucked  tlii'  liesie;,:ers,  and  was  killed,  toiidher  with  ei;;hteen  of 
liis  men.     This  ad'air  hiippeiied  iilMiiit  the  .same  time  ns  the  tniLiic  events  of  Miimisiiik. 

'I'liere  wi're  some  conteinporaiieous  movements  in  the  West,  which  deserve  atten- 
tion. Till'  lend  hi'tween  the  VirL'inians  and  Shawnees  still  rn^'cd  as  fiercely  as  ever. 
In  .inly.  Colonel  Howman.  who  had  .served  under  Clark,  led  a  force  of  IdO  men  against 
the  Shawnees  at  Chillicothe.  .Althoiijih  he  took  them  liy  surprise,  they  lbu;;lit  hravely 
during;  several  hours,  and  finally  coiiipelled  him  to  I'ctreiit.  The  Shawnei-s  pursued 
liim  thirty  miles,  with  auirmi'iited  numliers,  and  forced  him  to  a  second  eiigajreincnt. 
This  (ijilit  liavin;.'  continued  two  hours  with  no  advantai;*'  to  the  patriots,  ('olonel 
Ilarrod  jji'dposed  to  mount  a  mmiher  of  men  on  horses,  and  tnake  a  cavalry  cliiiriie. 
The  sng'icstion  was  adopted,  and  succeeded  admirahly.  The  Indians  foiiylit  with  L;reat 
desi)eratioii  ;   hut.  lieiiiL'  fiiialh   routed.  the\'  lied. 


fiiTlni'i 


■r  W' 


;■  ■( 


!; 


If 


1.^  1 


il 


i'l 


'; 


U 


■  n 


li    .' 


*•,      !- 


il 


if'"! 


308 


lllSTOKY    01"    THE    INDIAN    TltlJJKS 


ClI  AI>TKi:    XII. 
KOKMAL   ]•  XI'KDITIOX   ACAIXST   'I'lIK   IIIOQUOIS   CANTONS. 

Till-:  war  liail  in.w  contiiiui'il  iii'arly  ii\f  vcars.  iiiul  the  o|ii'riiti(iiis  of  tlu> 
17711  IJritisli  :iriii_\  diiriiiL;'  tliiit  |n'rio(l.  iinrtli.  MHitli.  oast,  and  west,  liail  |if(ivi'il  ii 
st'\('rt'  tax  nil  till'  military  ivsoiiri'i's  ami  stiviiiith  of  tlio  ciiinitrv.  Hut  tln'so 
tiariilicos  tip  patriotism  ami  liii;'!!  [ii'iiu:i|il('s  wci'c  coiisiilcri'd  as  uotiiiiiL;'.  comiiai't'd  to  tlio 
suiU'i'iiiLi's  caiisi'il  liy  till'  savauc  auxiliaries  ol'  liic  Hritisli  armies,  who  wd'o  utter 
slraiiLiei's  to  liie  laws  of  immai:ity.  The  Americans  hitterly  re|iroa('lie(l  tiieif  loes  for 
|ia\iiiL;'  their  Indian  allies  a  pfiec  llirlh"  seaips  they  tuok  ;  lull  whether  the  eeiisiuv 
•was  most  jnslly  ilr>ci\ed  liy  the  ■.  in|iloyer  or  (he  employee,  is  a  (|iiestioii  lor  casuists  lo 
decide.  Whether  the  coveted  ]irizi'.  for  \\hich  the  sa\a^e  watched  around  private^ 
(Iwellinijs  iiii^ht  and  da\.was  the  lileediiii.;- scalp,  torn  from  the  head  of  the  infant  in  its 
craille.  of  the  wif'  in  \\c\  chainlicr.  o!'  the  sire  in  his  closet  of  praxcr.  or  of  the  laliorcr 
ill  the  field,  was  not  tin'  (piestion;  that  which  produced  a  thrill  ol' horror  in  the  hearts 
of  a  ci\ili/.cd  peiiple.  was  the  fact  that  these  lilecdill^i'  trophies  of  sa\ai;e  atro<aty  were 
iiiaile  an  article  of  merchandise.  The  scalp  had  hei'ii.  in  primeval  periods,  an  Indian's 
lilory  :  ami  the  test  of  his  hiavery  and  prowess  had  now,  as  with  the  touch  of  .Midas, 
turned    into   i;iild.' 

It  was  the  opinion  of  Wiishiiiitlon.  that  tlie  cheapest  and  most  cirectual  mode  of 
(vppii>iu;i  the  Indians,  vvas  to  cany  the  war  into  their  country.-  'I'liese  trihes.  iiurliireil 
in  tiie  secix't  recesses  of  the  fnre>l.  were  thoroiii^hly  actpiainled  \\\[\\  every  aveiiiK? 
throm:li  their  depths,  and  llieiice  pounced  upon  the  miiiiiarded  setlleiiients  wlu>ii 
least  expected;  hut.  lik(  ilie  iiimhli'  {'n\.  thr\  iK  d  hack  to  their  lairs  in  the  wilderness 
hefiie  an  elK'clive  military  force  could  he  concentrati'd  to  pursue  them,  liy  thesi? 
inroads.  Washington  oli>ei\es.  the  ludiiuis  had  evcrytliiiiii:  to  .i^aiii,  and  hut  \ery  littlo 
to  lo.-e  ;  whi'reas  (he  very  lever-e  would  he  the  case,  if  their  towns  and  retri'ats  wnv 
■\isiteil  with  the  calamities  of  war. 

Coiiformahlv  ti  these  \  iews.  the  yea','  1  77'.'  witnessed  the  march  of  tlio  well-orirani/ed 
army    of  (leiieral    Sullivan    into    the    heart    of    the   country   occupied    hy    the    Iroipiois 


\"..l.    IL,   I'blr   .\   .   ,,    llM 


•'  l.rii,  r  i.i  ('nirjn'>.'^.  .I:iriii;irv  IJlli,  177'.'. 


} 


m 

'A 


nriJiNo  THK  amkuican  rkvolutiox, 


809 


■: 


< 


i-onrciliTiicy.     Siilli\;ui  luul  !i;;ill:mll}-  aiilod  AViisliingloii  in  thr  captiiro  ofTrLMituii.  ami 
was  sclci'tccl  for  lliis  sci'vici'  after  matiux'  coMsidonilioii.'      His  entire  lorce  consisteil  ol 
two  ilivisions,  one  ol'  wliieli,  under  (leneral  James  Clinton,  inarelied   iVoni  central  New 
York  norl!i\vardl\-   tlinaigli  the   Moliawk  valley,  and  the  other,   iVoni   l\'inisylvania, 
aseeiided  the  Susiinehanna.     Clinton,  with  tlvo  l>ri;j;ades,  proceeded  with  ,i;reat  ra[iidity 
across  the  eonntry  iVoni  Canajoharie,  his  point  d'a|)[)ni  on  the  MohawU.  to  Otseu'i)  lake, 
earryini:'  with  iiini  2l20  liatleaux,  all  his  stores,  artillery,  an<l  a  lull  supjily  ol' [iro\i>ions. 
J'"roni   this    jioint,  he    lollowe(l    the  outlet   ol"  the   lake   into   the   Sus((nehaniia.  joinin,;- 
(leneral    Sidlivan   and    the    I'eunsyU  ania    troops   at    'i'ioiia    Point.      Tlnir   total    lorce 
anionntt'd  to  "idOO  men.      Alter  the  delays   incident  to  the  collection  ami  rcLrnlation  of 
such  a  body  of  troojis.  the   army  proceeded  up  the  ri\('r.  late  in  Auiiust.  and  ascended 
the  Cliemuni;  liraneh  to  Newtown,  at  present  called  I'ilmira.      The  enemy,  aiilicipaliii.;- 
the  iMovemeid.  had    pre[)ared    to   ()|i[iose   the   army  iiy  erectinn'  a,   hrea.-twork   across  a 
In'iiii:  ula,    in    front  of   the   [)lace  of   landing;',   thus  c)ccnpyiug  a    foi'niidalile   position. 
]>rant  con!mamle<l   the  Iroipiois,  musti'rinir   'i"!!)  warriors,  who  were  sup|)iirled   li\  "JIIO 
reunlar  IJi'itish  troops  and  rauLicrs.  unilei'  Colonel  ,Iohn  Uutler.  Sii'  .lohn  .hilmson.  and 
some  of    the  other    noted    royali>t    conunanders  of   that    period.      I'liis   l()rce   was  so 
disposed   among  the  adjoining  hills,  and  screened   hy   iirnsh,  thickets  and  logs,  as  to 
he  entindy  conceiKd.     The  army   landed  on   the  li'.Mli  of  August.  an<l   the  enemx's 
position  was  discovered  liy  the  advance  guard,  \mder  Colonel  i'ooi'.  at  ele\-eu  o'clock  in 
the  morninu'.      Ceueral  Hand  immcdiatidy  t'ormeil  the  light  infantry  in  a  wood,  within 
4(10  yai'ds  of  the  Indian   lii'i'astwork.  whi're   he   remained    tnitil    the   rest  of  the   ti'oops 
came  up       While   llicse  nio\ements  were  in    progress,  snndl   [larlies  of  Indians  sallied 
from   their  eidr<'uchments.  and   liegan   adesnltiu'y  ilrin'j.  as  suddenly  retreaiim:  when 
attacked,   and   making   the   woods  resound   with   tiieii-  savage  _\ells.      Their   intention 
evidently  was.  to  induce  the  lielief  that  tlii'y  were  pre-:ent  in  \ery  great    nnndiers.  and 
were  the  only  force  to  he  encountered.     .Indging  truly  that  the  hill  on   his  rii:ht  was 
occupied  liy  the  Indians,  Sidlivan  orderi'd   Colonel  Poor,  with   his  hrigade.  to  attempt 
its  ascent    and  to  endeavor  to  turn  the  enemy's  left  llank.  wliile  the  artillerv.  supported 
hy  the  nmin  iiody  of  the  aiany.  attacked   tiiein   in   front,      itotli  orders  were  proniiitlv 
executed.      The  ascent   heing  gained,   the   Americans   poured   in   their   lire,  while   the 
enemy,  for  two  hours,  withstood  a  lieavy  liri-  directly  in  I'l'ont.      iJoth  the  Indians  and 
their  allies  fought  .nanfully;   hut    the  .\mericans  pressed  on  with  great  determination. 
i'!\ery  tree,  rock,  and  tiiieket  sheltered  an  eui my,  who  sent  forth  his  deadlv  niessenirers. 
Till'  Indian-  yielded  slowly,  and.  as  it  wei'e.  inch  hy  inch  ;  heing  freipientlv  di  iveii  I'loin 
tiieii'  shelter  at   the   point    of  the   hayonet.      Siudi   ohstiuaey  had   not    I  eeii   paiMlleled 
cilice  the  liattle  of  Oriskany.      ISrant.  the  moving  and  animating  spirit  of  tli(>  Indians, 
uigevl  on  the  warriors  with  his  voice;  and  their  incessant  veils  almost  drowneil  the 


Hall'.-  Ii;ii|  Imiii.  al  lir.-l.  |ir(i|>.i,-nl 


h 


■,av':l 


'; 


I  i 


I 
I  i 


„'i 


1  ( 


!'   '( 


.",10 


HISTORY    OK    THE    INDIAN    TRfHKS 


•H    ■ 


noise  ol'  (li(>  (V)iillii;t.  iiiilil  tlic  ([nickly-snccccdiii^-  iind  rciriilar  rnvorbcrntions  of  tlio 
iirlillcrv  DvcrpowcriMl  all  oilier  sounds.  Jt  was  reiii;iiked  hv  an  ollieer,  who  was  ])i'esent, 
liiat,  the  roar  of  tlii.-4  cniiiioiiado  was  most  eoniinaiidiiiir  and  "elejiaiit."  The  Indians 
^^til!  iiinintjinied  their  pninnd  in  front.  ihouLih  the  tremendous  lire  from  Colonel  I'our's 
hriii.'ide  hail  so  terrihly  thinned  their  tiank.  that  a  reiid'oreement  of  a  hattalion  of 
ran'jei's  was  ordered  np  to  sustain  it.  In  \ain  did  the  enemy  contest  the  jiround  from 
point  to  point.  endea\'oiinLi'  to  inaiulain  a  position  ;  this  ollieer  at  leni;:th  ascended  the 
hill,  mid  atlackeil  them  in  llaiik.  which  decided  tli'  fortunes  of  the  day.  <  )i)sei'\iiiL; 
tliat  they  were  in  dan.^cr  of  heiiii;  surrounded,  the  yell  of  retreat  was  soundeil  liy  the 
lii<lians.  and  red  and  white  men.  im|)elled  iiy  one  impulse,  precipitately  lied  across  the 
('lienuuit!'  ri\t'r.  aliandoniuL:  their  work-;,  their  pa(  !>s,  pro-.isioiis.  and  a  ipiantity  of 
arms.  'I'lie  action  had  lieen  protracted,  and.  on  their  part,  santi'iiinary.  ( 'oiilrary  to 
IIk'  Indian  custom,  some  ot'  their  warriiu's  who  had  fallen  were  left  on  the  hattle-lield. 
and  others  were  found  h.astily  hurled  hy  the  way.  Tlu"  American  loss  wa.s  hiit  six 
killed  ami  lil'ly  woinided. 

This  lialtle.  as  suhseipieiit  exeiils  |ir()\C(l.  decided  IJie  result  of  the  camp,iiuli.  It 
\indiealed  the  opinion  ol'  Wasliiiiiilou.  that  the  Indians  must  he  encountered  in  their 
own  coMulry  ;  and.  as  ;diorii:inal  liislory  lunxcs,  ii  I'llectually  destro\('(l  the  Iroipiois 
coiit'eileiacy. 

The  ivsulls  of  the  cjmpaiL;n  may  he  easdy  deuiousiiated.  The  Indians,  ha\iiii:'  tied 
ill  a  panic,  never  slopped  until  they  reached  the  head  of  Seiii'ca  Lake;  whence  tlicv 
.■scattered  to  iheir  respectise  vilhiLies.  Tlie\  did  not  rally,  as  they  miiihl  have  done, 
and  oppose  Sullivan's  forces  at  ileliles  on  the  route.  The  Auieric;in  army  pursued  them 
\  iiiorously.  with  four  lira-s  three-pounder^  .■ind  iheir  entire  disposahle  llirce.  Thi'V 
eiic.iinped  at  ( 'alheriiu's  Town  on  ihe  lid  of  ."^eplemhcr.  and  hcLian  to  Inirn  and  deslrov 
xillaucs.  corn-lields,  and  orcliards  in  th<'  surrouiidiiiL:'  eonulry.  couiinuiiiL;'  their  de\asta- 
tioiis  ihriuiLrh  the  (lenesee  conntry  and  the  (iemsee  v.ille\.  On  the  Till  of  the  month, 
the  army  crossi'd  the  outlet  of  ."^eiicca  Lake,  and  iiiovimI  forward  to  the  capital  of  llial 
tvilie,  K.uiadaseauea.  now  (Iene\a.'  This  place  contailU'd  alioul  si\t\'  houses,  sur- 
leMiided  w  itli  L^ardeii;-.  orchards  nl'  apple  and  pcuh  li'ci's.  and  luxuriant  corn-liehls. 
Hiiller.  the  conimanilaiil  of  the  dili'aled  ranuers.  had  endea\(U'eil  to  induce  the  Senecas 
to  rall\  here,  hut  in  vain.  They  lied,  ahandoiiiii!^  e\cr_\  thinu ;  and  the  torch  and 
destroxiiii;  axe  ol  their  Iocs  were  emjilDvi'd  to  level  every  leiieiiieiit  anil  living  I'riiit- 
tli'c  to  the  LTlouud. 

From  thi-  point  the  army  pioci'eiled  to  ("anandaii^na.  where  they  found  twenty-three 
hirue  and  ••ele:;aiil  hou-^es,  mostly  frame,  toiiethcr  with  \cr\  extensive  fields  of  corn, 
all  ol'  which  were  destroyed.  The  next  |>oiiit  of  note  ill  the  march  was  llo,ieo\e.  a 
^illa^;e  containing  ten  houses,  which  were  huiul.      Jhre  a  small  posl  was  established, 


'  (>iit:irin  coiiiitv.  Nl  w  y.irk. 


DUlUN(i    THE    AMERICAN    REVOLUTION. 


811 


iis  ii  (l('i)<)t.  As  (jiriicial  Siilliviiii  a(|\aiic('il  lowards  tlir  \allry  of  tlir  Gi'iu'sci',  (Ik; 
Iiuliiitis  (Ic'cniiiiii'd  iijjaiii  to  oppose  liiiii ;  ami  luiving  orgaiii/od  liicir  forces,  [iivsi'iitcil 
thomsolvcs  ill  Nattle  array  hi'twccii  Ifoiu'oyc'  aiul  Canosus  Tiakc.  Tln'y  attacked  tlie 
ailvaiicc-jiiiard  in  mistake,  sui)iiosiiig  it  to  1)0  tlie  entire  force;  Imt  liaviii!;;  seen  it  full 
liack  on  tin;  main  army,  tiiey  did  not  await  the  a[)|n'oacli  of  tlie  latter.  In  tliis  alfray 
they  took  a  IVienilly  Oneida,  prisoner,  who  was  inhnmaiily  hntehiTed  liy  a  maliirnant 
cliief,  named  l,iltle  Heard.  .\t  tliis  time,  also,  oeenrred  the  dreadfnl  tragedy  which 
hel'ell  Lieutenant  iJoyd,  who,  ,i;oin,u;  out  with  tw('nt\-six  men,  to  icconnoitre  Little 
Beard's  town,  was  ca[)tnred,  and  most  inln'maidy  tortured,  notwithstanding-  his  ap|)eal 
to  Urant  as  a  .Masonic  hrother.' 


'rill'   arnn   moscd    t()rward    to   the   Hats  of  the  (lenesee,  where   the  Ii 


iilians   niaile   a 


show   of  resistance.      (Jeneral  ( 'linton    innncdiat(dy    pi'epared    to  attack   and   surmuiul 
them,    1)\-   extending   iiis   llanks:    hut,   oh.si^rvinu;    the   olijeel    of    his    nio\enieul.    they 


I'elreated.      The  aini\'  then   crossed  the  (lenest'c.  to  the  principal  town  of  the  Indiai 


contannnL 


l-JS  1 


louses,  \\hlch  were 


hiinied,  and  the   surroiiiidiui:   fields   deslro\ed.      it 


these  li'itile  lields  which  had  furnished  the  sava^res  wit 


1  I  he  means  oi   earrx  iiili'  on 


their  jircdatoi'y  and  nnirderons  expeditious,  (leueral  Siilli\an  had  Keen  instructed  to 
make  them  fe(d  the  strenglli  of  the  .Vnierican  arms,  with  the  hilterness  of  domestic 
desolation  ;  for  which  piir|iosc.  del;ichiiieiits  were  sent  out  at  every  siiitahle  point,  to 
lay  waste  their  lii'lds.  cut  down  their  orchards,  destroy  their  villages.  ,ind  <'ripple  theiu 
ill  tiieir  means.  In  I'arryiug  out  these  erders,  not  less  than  tiirty  Indian  towns  wcr(> 
liiiriied;   and  the  tourisl.  who,  after  the  lapse  of  seventy  years,  visits  ihe   ruins  caused 

forcihiv  reminded  of  the  spirit    of  destruction 


hv   tlic^e  acts  of  militarv  veuLiianci'.  i.- 


wnicll   (lescenilccl 


I    ii|>on    the    Ind 


lan  villages  an 


d   orchards,      liaviii'^-  acconqilished  tl 


oliject  of  the  e\  pcditioii.  the   armc  recrossed    the   (ienesee   on    the  llith   ol    S.'pteinlier, 
pas.sed  the  outlet  of  the  Seiicca   Lnke  oii  the  l^Otli,  ri'.acluMl    the   ori'^inal    ivndc/,\  oils   at 

eir  respective  [loinls  of  de[iartiire. 


T 


the  .'inth.  and  w  ilhiii  a  foiiniH-hl  returned  to  th 


■^lun.'.  Vul    II. 


•V  ll'l'  " 


I  i     ir 


'i   ' 


1    h      i 


■■^ 


■\y'M 


!tif 


■M-l 


^ 


IIISTOIM     <»]■'    THE    INDIAN    TRIBES 


CnAPTEH   XTTT. 

THE    INDIANS    CdNTINlE    THEIR    INROADS    ON    THE    WESTERN 
AND    NORTHERN    FRONTIERS. 

'I'lnvAiMi   till'   cldsc   III'   tliis  yi'iir.   !i,  (Irtnoliiiicnt   of  scvpiity   iiicii    fVom    tlio 
1770        Kentucky  ilistrirt    nl'  \'iri;iiiia.   unilcr   Miijur  IIhiIliits.   wms    siirpriscil   liy   tlio 

SliMwiii'cs.  wliili'  nsi'i'iitliiiLr  till-  Oliii)  ii\iT.  On  a|i|ir(iMcliin;r  tlio  luoutli  (if  tlio 
IjicidnLT  liver,  tliey  diseDVeieil  ii  lew  Imstile  Indians  slamlini;'  nn  a  sanil-liar.  whilst  a 
eaniie  was  liein:^'  ]irn]ielleil  towanls  llieni.  as  it"  its  (irenpants  liesireil  to  liiiM  IVieiiiily 
intei'i'ourse.  liiiil;:vrs.  w  Im  was  nn  tlie  alert,  inuneiliately  niaile  iiis  Imat  fast  to  tlie 
simre.  and  \vent  in  ]iursnit  nl'  tlie  Indians  he  liad  seen.  Tiiey  |irii\eil  to  lie  nnly  ;i 
deeiiy  tn  lead  Inin  into  an  andmseade.  The  iniinient  he  landed  and  eonunenced  an 
assault  nn  tin'  small  party,  an  nxerwhelniinL''  nnndier  nf  the  eneniy  issned  I'lMin  their 
ciineealineni.  pnureil  in  a  hea\y  and  deadly  lire.  ;iiid  then  rnshed  llirward  with  iheir 
tomahawks,  insiantls'  killini;'  Iind'.'ers  and  ria'ty-li\-e  nf  his  men.  'i'he  reniaindi'r  lied 
towards  the  Imat.  hut  the  Indians  had  antieipaled  them  hy  iis  eajilnre.  iJetreat  heing 
thus  cut  oil',  they  tUced  the  liw.  and  I'ou'.dd  iles|),'rati'ly  .'e^  Inn--  as  dayiiLiht  lasted,  when 
a  small  innidier  sucooedod  in  eseaiiinii.  and  linadv  reached  llarrishurLr.  The  deiails  of 
the  escape  of  Henliam.  who  was  shot  through  the  hi|)s  on  this  occasion.  )iossess  a 
thrillin'-dy  romantic  intert'st.' 

I'he  e.\peditiou  of  Sulliwin   nsiainst  the   Irmpiois   proved  so  destructive  to 
]~bO        theiM.  that   they  were   compelled    to   seek    food    and    shelter   from    the    IJi'itisli 

authorities  at  Nia^jara.  The  adherence  to  the  .\niericau  cau.-e.  of  thi'  ()neidas 
and  Tuscaroras.  liviu'.^'  on  tlcir  lands,  had  occa.^ioneil  ill  li'dlnus  to  he  entertained  hy 
the  Iroiiuois  aiiainst  them.  Kviiy  persuiision  had  heen  used  in  \aiM  to  induce  them 
to  join  the  royal  staiidiird.  Their  conduct  at  Oriskany,  and  their  hospitality  to  thi" 
missionary  Kirkland.  hail  In  en  the  snliject  of  .-harp  remonstrances  h\- (luy  .lohnson, 
who  jieremptorily  ordered  Kirkland  to  lea\e  t!ie  comdry.  Alflioui;h  hut  few  ol'  tliesi; 
trihes  Joint'd  (lenei'al  Clintoif.-.  lli\i^ion  in  the  (icnesee  caui|iai'jn.  and  those  onK  as 
guides,  y{.  when  tiie  Senecas  ca]itmed  the  faithful  i^uide.  Jlonyerry,  at  J>o\d's  delL'at, 
in  their  raire  they  litoi'ally  hewed  him  in  pieces,     (icma'al  Haldiman,  of  Canada,  had,  in 

'  .-'r.,:,..  \,.|    II  .  p.  .vr 


I 


. 


1  1 


f 

■ 

i.:t| 

1-' 

:  •■■|: 

fl 

I 

I 

1 

m 

1 

! 

r  ii 


i^5 


iiL^ 


)  ?! 


i-iR  ;>• 


■1  i  r 


im 


■'^m 


M^ 


)!■ 


il^ 


J:  fl: 


m 


ifi  <n 


Ki 


!*,    ' 


I'lli', 


1  I 


A  -a 


f  i 


*i 


n  i'' 


'  1     I 


!«',ij 


t>. 


r; 

1 ' 

;  1 

J! 
1 

li 

f 
1 

1)1  ItlNti    TIIK    AME1U(!AN    It  K  \  ()  I.  T  Tl  oN. 


.■n:j 


a  wpccMiil,  written  n\cs.«aj;»',  tln'oatoiii'd  vi'iijivuiu'c  on  llif  Oiifiilu  tiilH'n  lor  (Icscrtin}.',  um 
lie  li'iini'il  it,  tlio  IJi'itish  cause,  anil  thus  ior^^ottinfj;  tiio  wisi'  coinisols  of  tlu'ir  "Itl  and 
roNpi'ctt'il,  but  (U'l'oawcd  IVit'nd,  Sir  William  Johnson.'  This  puriMisc.  notwitlistandin^' 
lht>  81,'Vi'rily  of  tlu'  winter,  ho  executed,  witli  the  iissistiince  of  Ihant  and  a  t'orec  vi' 
torii'M.  Suddeidy  attacking  liie  viila;;c  of  Oneida  castle,  they  drove  the  Indians  IVoin 
this  ancient  neat,  hnrned  their  dwidlings,  their  church,  and  their  siihooi-iiouse,  and 
tlestroyed  their  corn,  as  well  as  every  nieiins  of  subsistence.  Tin  Oneidas  lied  to  tin; 
liower  Muiiawk,  where  they  were  protec^ted  and  sw[)[)orted  during'  the  rest  of  the  war. 

In  the  month  of  May,  Sir  John  Johnson  entered  .lolnistown,  with  i')(l()  reL'ulars.  a 
di'ta(diment  of  his  own  regiment  of  lioyal  (Jrei'ns,  and  about  ■-(ill  Indians  and  tories. 
Marehin^r  from  the  direction  of  (!rown  I'oint,  throimh  tin;  woods  to  fiie  Sacandaga, 
they  entered  the  valley  of  the  Mohawk  at  midnight,  entirely  indieralde,'.  Tins  liiray 
was  one  of  tin;  most  indelensil)le  and  sluM-kinir  transactions  of  the  whole  war.  The 
Indians  rovi'd  from  hoiis'  'mise,  murdering  the  inhabitants,  |(limdering,  di'.stroying, 
and  burning  their  proju  Among  the  ninnber  of  those  slain   by  the  savages  were 

lour  octogenarians,  whose  hx'lis  were  silvered  by  jige.  including  the  patriot  Fonda,  of 
the  Mohawk  valley.  (Jattle  and  sheej)  were  driven  oil',  and  horses  stolen  from  their 
stalls.  Sir  John  recovered  the  plate  wliicli  had  been  buried  in  his  cellars  in  177t), 
and  then  retraced  his  .steps  to  Canada,  after  having  left  a  lasting  mark  of  iiis  vengeance 
on  the  homo  and  familiar  scenes  of  his  childhood,  and  the  country  of  his  youth, 
notwithstanding  his  father  had  there  risen  to  power  and  greatness  iVom  an  ob>eure 
original,  and  that  his  bones  were  then;  buried.  The  Mohawk  valley  had  been  subjected 
to  the  two-llild  vengeance  of  the  Indians  and  the  tories.  who  rivalled  eacli  other  in 
their  deeds  of  cruelty  and  vandalism,  until  it  presented  as  d(;unded  an  appearance  as  a 
swept  threshing-lloor.  The  thiil  oi"  waifare  had  beaten  out  everything  but  that  sturdy 
patriotism,  wliicli  inereaseil  in  strength  in  proportion  to  the  magnitude  of  its  trials. 
This  attack  was  conducted  in  a  stealtiiy  and  .silent  manner.  No  patriotic  drum  had 
sounded  tiie  call  to  arms.  The  enemy  advanced  with  tiie  noiseless  tread  of  the  tiger, 
and  returned  to  their  haunts  with  the  tiger's  reward  —  blood  and  plunder. 

Soiu(;  allowance  nuist  bo  made  for  the  comiilicity  of  the  aboiigiiu's  in  this 
predatory  warfare,  on  account  of  tlu'ir  ignorance,  and  their  natural  lack  of  1780 
humane  feelings.  This  will  not.  however,  apply  to  men  educated  in  the  prin- 
ciples of  ci\ili'/.ation.  Kven  U'liyendanagea.  the  t^phon  of  the  lievolution,  found 
industrious  a|)i)logists  for  the  greatest  of  his  en(aMniti(!s;-  and  we  have,  certainly,  high 
authority  Hir  the  palliation  of  crime  in  those  who  know  not  what  they  do.  But  nothing 
can  excuse  the  conduct  of  those  who  perpetrate  crimes,  with  a  clear  moral  perci'ption 
of  the  enormity  of  their  deeds. 

Scarcely  had  Sir  John  John.son  and  liis  myiiuidons  returni'd  in  salety  to  Canada,  than 


'   Stnll,.,    V..1.    II. 

V..1.   VI    -III 


'  Il.i.l.,  \vh.  I.  .111.1  II. 


\f:'- 


i      I  !l 


1?  I 


,i. ' 


!ii' 


I'i^i 


,11 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


1.1 


11.25 


^M2&  Hi 

2.2 


m 


140 


2.0 


u  |l^ 


Photographic 

Sdences 

Corporalion 


41^ 


^. 


^^ 


^^<$i 


33  WIST  MAIN  STRUT 

WIISTIR.N.Y.  M5M 

(716)  •72-4503 


:U4 


IlISTOKY    (»K    TllK    INDIAN    TIUlJEa 


h-     \ 


ii 


tlic  nofarioiis  business  of  pliiiulcr.  iniinlt'i\  and  arson,  was  resumed  in  tlio  Scliolmrie 
valley,  wliich  had  cYtT  heen  tleeined  one  of  tlie  richest  afrrirulturiil  rifrions  in  tiie 
vieinity  of  file  Moliawlv.  From  the  year  171 'J,  the  period  of  its  first  settlement  liv 
Kuropenns.  it  had  heen  eelebraleil  for  the  Ix'auty  and  fertility  of  its  hinds,  and  the  rich 
abundanci^  of  its  ren-als;  the  crops  of  wliich,  during  the  year  ITSC,  had  been  mor(> 
than  ordinarily  profuse. 

The  troops  desij^ned  for  this  foray,  and  collected  at  La  Chine,  were  landed  at  Osweiro. 
and  marched  across  the  country  to  the.  Siisipiehanna.  They  consisted  of  three  com- 
panies of  Ikoyal  (ircens,  'J(l(l  rauL'i'rs.  a  company  of  yagers,  armed  with  short  rillcs, 
and  the  eil'cctive  force  of  the  Mohawks.  They  were  Joined  at  Tioga  by  the  Senecas, 
under  Cornplanter.  The  whole  force  has  been  estimated  to  number  from  SdO  to  loOO 
men,  with  three  pieces  of  artillery ;  each  man  was  su]>plied  with  eighty  rounds  of 
ammunition.  Sir  .lohn  commanded  the  regulars,  and  Brant  the  Iroipiois.  Their 
appearance  in  the  Schoharie  valley  was  heralded  by  the  smoke  of  biUMiing  dwellings, 
barns,  and  haystacks,  and  by  the  wild  tumult  of  savage  warlare.  Three  .«mall  stockaded 
forts  were  erecteil  in  the  valley,  which  were  but  feebly  garrisoned,  and  rather  ilestilute 
of  amnumition.  The  jiriucipal  attack  was  made  on  the  central  li)rt,  but  the  resolution 
of  its  garrison,  weak  thougn  it  was,  sujiplied  the  place  of  military  skill.  A  (lag  of 
truce,  sent  l()rward  by  the  enemy,  with  a  sunmious  to  surrender,  was  fired  upon  ;  which 
act  ajuieared  to  be  conclusive  evidence  to  the  marauders  that  every  preparation  had 
been  made  to  give  tlu'iu  a  warm  reception.  The  enemy  ravaged  thi!  entire  valley  with 
lire  and  sword.  Families  were  murdeivd  ;  the  houses,  barns,  and  church  burned; 
cattle  and  horses'  diiveii  off;  while  the  air  re.-^ounded  with  the  screams  and  war-whoops 
of  the  savages.  Of  wheat  alone.  Sd.ddO  bushels  were  estimated  to  have  been  destroyed  ;' 
100  persons  were  killed,  some  ol'  them  in  the  most  crucd  manner;  and  many  were 
cariied  into  captivity.  IJrant  was  the  ruling  s|)ir't  among  the  Indians.  The  enemy, 
after  committing  all  the  devastation  possible,  sped  on  to  the  Mohawk  valley,  where  his 
operations  endiraced  a  still  wider  range.  On  reaching  their  destination,  the  forces  of 
Sir  John  were  augmented  iiv  trained  parties  of  loyalists;  and  the  march  through  flie 
valley  became  a  scene  of  rapine  and  [ilunder.  the  forces  being  divided,  one  portion 
taking  the  north,  and  the  other  the  south  side  of  the  river,  thus  leaving  no  part  of  the 
(loomed  ^ectimi  un\i>ited.  or  free  from  the  ruthless  inroads  of  the  Indians. 

While  the  niirtheni  Imlians  were  thus  ki'pt  emijlo^ed  in  plundering  and  destroying 
the  IVoutier  settlements,  those  at  the  r-outh  also  re(iuired  to  be  restrained,  in  17S1, 
the  (.'lierokees  again  became  restive,  and  made  incursions  into  South  Carolina.    General 


'  While  tlii.-r  ilovaslatidiis  wiTi'  stHl   |iriij:r( .v-iiiL',  liawrcnco  Si'lioulfrat't,  a  yuuii!:  iniiniti'-iiiaii  in   tlic  tin't, 
liaviiiu  a  fine  Imr^c  in  a  niii.'lil"iriM'_'   li'M,  Wriit  mit  In  linik  after  him.      lie  iilr,<(  rveil  an    luilian,  liiuntileil  mi 
the  aiiiinal,  riiliriL:  l^nvarils  him.     CrMiieliii'L'  l"hiii'l  a  i'lMni|i  of  hnshe-;.  lie  tii-cl   :it    the"  savaL'e,  who  fell  fr.im 
hiir-e,  wliieli  th''  viiiiii.'  iii:iii  then  I'Mile  hai-l;  In  tin-  furl  in  lriiim)ih. 
-I..I,  .  \  J    li  ,  I     III 


DrillNti    Till-;    AMEIIKJAN    HE  Vo  L  UTI  ON. 


816 


riekciis  iniistcrc'I  ii  \)M\  ol'  100  Iiursonu'ii,  mlviUicL'd  nipiilly  into  tla'ir  ruiiiitr}-,  sword 
ill  liiiml.  U'iUlmI  forty  liiili;iiis.  ami  ik'stroyml  tliirk-fii  of  tluir  towns.  Even  tin-  si>ff(l 
iiiul  decision  of  .MoiitguiiU'ry  wa.s  excelled.  Tlu!  Iiidiiuis  could  not  withstand  the  tci lihle 
(tnset  of  the  eiivalry.  who  char^'ed  them  with  their  .sahre.s,  hut  lied  in  eonsterniition,  and 
inuni'diately  sued  for  iwaw. 

The  yuar.s  17.S0  and  1781  were  ciiaractorizcd  hy  tlieso  inroads,  which  could  alway.s 
he  traced  to  the  machinations  (jf  the  lories,  whose  chief  ohject  was  to  make  the  patriots 
of  the  lU'Volution  sufl'er,  not  oidy  all  the  evils  ol'  eivili/.ed,  Imt  also  all  liie  horrors  of 
navnjre,  warfare.  lint  the  Revolution  coulil  not  he  suppressed  hy  acts  of  savajre  veu- 
frtnviu-e,  to  which  the  harharian  allies  of  Kritish  des]iotism  were  impelled  In  the  Indian 
prophet  at  his  midni,!,dit  orjxies.  hy  unwise  counsels  in  hiirh  places,  or  hy  the  desire  of 
winniufj,-  the  price  ollered  lor  deeds  of  hlood  and  cruelty.  Civilization  might  assume  the 
fiarh  of  hiU'harism,  and  urjre  on  savage  minds,  really  less  cruel  than  their  own.  to  tin; 
commission  of  horrihlo  atrocities;  hut  every  act  of  this  kind  only  incited  the  ctdonies  to 
make  a  more  protracted  and  eHective  resistance.  The  motives  for  entering  into  this 
contest  were  well-gromided,  and  llu;  people  had  a  firm  and  true  appreciation  of  its  cost 
and  conse((uonces.  Every  patriot  who  I'ell,  whetlu'r  hy  the  scalping-knife,  or  hy  the 
sword,  was  hut  an  adilitional  evidi'uce  of  that  strength  of  purpose  and  devotion  to 
liherty,  which  could  not  ho  suhdued.  His  demise,  it  is  true,  uhstracted  one  from  tho 
numerical  force;  hut  this  loss  resulted  in  again  of  two  to  the  principles  avowed  hy 
Lis  compatiiots. 


;*  i 


mil 


m 


I    :■'. 


i     •■     ^ 


^  9-1 


1 

I  I  i 


if 


;'.it; 


IIFSTOKY    (»l'    TIIK    INDIAN    TKIMKS 


CllA  I'TKU    X  I  v. 

ATI-:  OK  TIIK    DKl-AWAKKS  WIIo  ADol'TKI)  THE   MORAVIAN    KAITII, 

AN1>    KM  KIHATKD   WKST. 


ITS! 


HKi'itHK  til''  close  of  tins  yi'iM'.  it  lioiMinc  ovidcnf  to  I'vcMy  one  cxcciit  tlu' 
!ii(li;ms.  wiio  iii'itlu'r  uinlcrstood  nor  stmlicil  causo  ;iiiil  (.'Hl'i't,  that  tin-  cliiinccs 
of  iiltiiniiti'  siii'ci'ss  j)i'c|ionilt'r;it(Ml  in  tUsor  of  tlio  coloiiii's;  but.  al'ter  the  sur- 
ivn<!cr  of  Cornwallis.  this  siirmist'  lifciinic  lui  alpsolnti,-  cortainty.  To  every  oiii'  Init 
this  inliitnateil  race,  it  was  ajipaivnt  iiat  the  struirt;le  had  heen  maintained  at  the  cost 
of  national  exertions,  which  even  the  IJrilish  eiown  could  not  maintain;  an('  the  words 
of  I,ord  Chatham  were  re^'arded  in  Kni;iand  as  ])ut  little  less  tiian  the  words  of  insiiiration. 

Wiiile  the  ncL'otiations  juvliminary  to  the  lormation  of  a  treaty  of  jieace  were  in 
proL'ress.  there  existed  a  state  of  Indian  exritiinent  on  the  frontiers,  which  made  it  the 
iluty  ol  eveiy  settler  to  (li'em  his  loL'-cal)iii  II  castle,  and  constitute  his  wife  and  children 
the  custodians  of  an  armory.  Tln'  Rowlands  of  Scotland  were  never  more  comidetidy 
devastated  hy  the  raids  of  their  fierce  neighbors,  the  Celts,  than  wi'ic  the  uiifortunato 
frontiers  of  ^'iri:■iniil  by  the  tomahawk.'  These  details  are.  however,  the  ainiropriato 
theme  of  local  hi.'^tory  :  our  attention  is  ie(|uireil  by  another  topic. 

The  ."Mohicans,  and  their  relatives,  the  Delawares,  were  at  an  earl\'  pei'iod  benefited 
\i\  the  benevolent  labors  of  the  iMoras  iaii  15retlireii.  Uiifoitunately.  as  we  have  pre- 
viously mentioned,  this  exci'lleiit  .■society,  even  liir  twenty  }ears  beliiri'  the  compiest  of 
''aiiada.  had  held  the  rejiiitatioii  of  beiiiL'  politically  ideiitilied  with  the  French  :  and  still 
more  iml()rtimately  for  the  peaci-  of  the  Delawares,  tliis  pn'ference  was  alle,L;<'d  to  lia\o 
lieen  transferred  to  the  Hritisli  crown  after  the  coiKpiest.  There  does  not  appear  to  bo 
a  parti(de  of  reliable  evidence  of  either  the  I'oriner  or  the  bitlcr  pri'U'reiici";  but  the 
[lopulaco  had  formed  this  opinion  wliili;  the  Delawares  li\ei|  east  of  the  AllcLihanies, 
and  the  impri'ssioii  became  still  stroii^jcr  after  they  nii;^rated  to  the  Ohio  valley. 
.\ltlioii;2li  these  Delaware  coiucrts  re.-ided  permanently  in  towns  located  on  the  ,Miis- 
kim:iim,  they  were  pi'remiitoiil\  ordered,  by  the  Imlians  in  (he  Ihitish  interest,  eiii'oii- 
rajied  thereto  by  the  local  authorities,  to  iibaiidoii  their  habitations,  and  remove  to 


'  1>P    IIiiss'    llislmy  iif  tlii'    Kiirly   .*»rltl' im  rjt   Mini    bnliaii    War-  cf  ^\^  >ttrii  VirL'iiiiii :    i'liiliijiliiiiia  :uij 
Whcilinp,  I  veil.  Si,,  .  |,    in;.      Is.M 


DUllINc;    TllK    AMKIllOAN    IM;  VO  h  IT  I  ON. 


;mt 


Siiiuliisky  mill  l)<'tr(iit;  iiiidoi'  the  cviiloiit  !i|ii)i'cli('iisinii  tliat  tlicso  ronvorts  woiilil 
iiiiliilR!  Ainericaii  K-iitiiiiciitH.  It  was  very  iiiiinill'st  lluit  tlicy  iieitliiT  eiiiru.^ud  in 
war  nor  wt-re  ever  oiKioiira^^od  tlu-ri'to  hy  tlicir  teachers;  but  expressly  the  eoii- 
trary.'  Tlio  Munsees,  a  Delaware  tiiln*,  iiowever,  took  reliiixe  on  the  Hiver  Thames, 
in  Caiiaila,  and  tho  so  called  "Christian  Indians,"  pure  Dehwares.  of  the  Moravian 
jiersiiasion,  did  the  same.  This  appears  to  have  hccn  the  result  of  political  necessity; 
and  if  originally  at  the  solicitation,  or  throuiih  the  counsel  of  men  in  authority,  that 
motive  soon  ceased  to  have  nnich  eir<}ct.  In  I  7:!'>.  the  ••  ('iiri>ti;ni  Indians"  mii^ratcd 
throu};h  the  Straits  of  .Michilimackinae,  to  rejoin  their  parental  trilje  in  the  We.-l.^ 
Sonu!  of  the  .Munsees  had  previously  united  with  the  Slockbii(lt:c's  at  (ireen  \h\.  in 
AVisoonsin,  and  others  followed  them.  The  niiijority  of  the  Delawares  in  the  We>l 
were  enemies  to  the  Americans;  which  made  it  the  more  easy  to  convey  the  impres- 
wion  that  tiie  MuskiuL'nm  Uelawares  were  also  inimical. 

Hut,  however  the  (juestion  of  jjolitical  preli'rence  of  the  -Moravian  Delawares  may 
1)0  decided,  it  is  certain  that,  in  ITSl^.  the  connnon  opinion  amnn'j'  the  people  ol'  we>tiTn 
\'iri:inia  and  IVniisylvaiiia  was.  that  they  were  strongly  in  the  IJriti^h  interest.  N'othin,^- 
filiort  of  this  could  have  justified  —  if  anythin,ir  could  hi^  alK'ged.  even  at  that  excited 
period,  in  palliation  of  that  action  —  the  e\[iedition  of  Williamson  ai;ainst  the  -Mus- 
kiuiiinn  towns,  it  was  to  no  purixise  that  the  hardy  Ibrester  was  told  that  these  Drla- 
wares  were  tauiiht  and  prolessed  the  Christian  doctrine  of  non-resistance,  and  [)i'ace 
toward  all  men.  A  majority  of  them  had  nt)  faith  in  such  a  doctrine,  and  the  rest 
could  not  reali/e  the  fact  that  an  Indian,  whose  natural  element  was  war,  whose  vi'r}- 
nat  ..e  was  suhterfujie,  subtlety,  and  duplicity,  could  subscribe  to  the  doctrines  of  peace 
and  good-will,  without  danger  of  relapsing  into  his  origimil  condition  at  the  sight  of 
blood,  or  the  sound  of  a  riile. 

It  happened  that  some  hostile  Indians  from  Sandusky  made  an  incursion  into  the 
settlements  on  the  IMonougahela,  committing  a  series  of  most  shocking  murders. 
Infuriated  at  these  outrages,  a  body  of  lUd  or  "JIKI  men,  all  mounted  and  e(pii[)[)ed,  set 
out  from  the  Monon'jahela.  under  comnnmd  of  Colonel  D.  Williamson,  in  rpiest  of  the 
nnu'derers.  They  directed  tiieir  march  to  the  settlements  of  Salem  and  Gnadenhutten, 
on  tlie  Muskingum.  The  vicinity  of  the  latter  place  was  reached  after  two  da^'.s' 
march ;  and  on  the  morningof  the  following  da}',  the  party  divided  into  three  sections, 
entering  the  town  simultaneously  at  dilVerent  jioints.  They  found  tlu^  Indians  laboring 
peaceably  and  unsuspiciously  in  the  lleUls.  gathering  up  their  bundles  prci)aratory  to 
their  return  to  Sandusky.  A  message  from  the  commander  at  Pittsburg  had  apprized 
them  of  the  march  of  Williamson's  force,  ami  warned  them  to  be  on  their  guard;  but. 
conscious  of  their  iiniocence,  no  alarm  had  been  excited  by  this  intelligence.     Wil- 


Uc'i'krwi'lili'r's  Murnvi;iM  Missiniis. 

I'lTsuiial  MciiKiiis  iil'Tliirty  Yians'  Kisiilciico  in  tlio  Wf.-I  :  I'hilsiJrIphia,  Lippiucott  it  Co.,  ls,")L',  1  vol.  8vo. 


-  ! 


Ml 


818  HISTORY    Ol"    TI[K    INK  I  AN    T11II5ES 

liaiiiHon  niiproiU'liftl  tlio  sottk'iiioiit  with  IViciiillv  prolffNiDiis,  jtiNiposcd  to  tln'  ImliiUis 
ii  |ilaii  of  tli'Iivorimcc  iVoiii  tlicir  ()i>iirc.ssur.i,  tin-  Wyaiulnt.-*.  nl"  Siiudiisky.  iiiul  imliu'cd 
tlii'iii  to  tlt'liviT  lip  tlii'ir  anus,  axi's,  mid  working  iinplciiiciits.  as  wtdl  as  to  collect  at 
n  place  ol'  iviidezvoiis,  |)ic'paiatoiy  to  a  proposed  iiiarcli  to  I'ittslairg.  At  tliis  rendez- 
vous tliev  lonnd  tlienisolvcH  completely  in  tlio  power  of  tlieir  enemies,  wlio  began 
to  treat  tliem  roughly;  l)nt  resistance  or  lliglit  were  now  alike  inipossilile.  They  were 
next  accused  of  horse-stealing,  and  other  acts  of  which  tlii-y  were  entirely  guiltless. 
It  was  then  determineil,  in  a  coimcil  composeil  of  Williamson's  followers,  to  decide 
tiicir  fate,  lie  paraded  his  men  in  line,  and  ihi'U  put  the  (piestion,  "  Whether  tliey 
^llollld  lie  sent  t(t  Pittshing,  or  sliot,"  rei|wesling  thoso  who  wore  in  favor  of  their 
removal  to  step  in  front.  The  majority  condemned  them  to  death  :  sixteen  or  eighteen 
decided  in  favor  of  mercy.  Tin;  Delawarcs,  wliosi'  fate  had  thus  heeii  sunnnariU 
decided,  knelt  down,  prayed,  and  simg  a  hymn,  whilst  a  consultation  was  heing  held 
as  to  the  mode  of  putting  them  to  death.  Not  iui  imploring  word  was  uttered,  nor  a 
tear  shed.  They  sul)miited  silently  to  their  fati',  and  were  successively  struck  ilown 
with  a  mallet.  Ninety  iniarmed  Indians  were  thus  slain.  Sixty-two  of  tiie  numher 
^\^•\•v  adults,  one  of  them  a  woman,  ami  the  remaining  thirty-four  children.  Tho 
demoniacal  troop  then  returned  to  their  homes,  giving  plausihlo  hut  false  reasons  for 
tiie  atrocities  committed,  which  were  iuserteil  in  the  newspapers.' 

'  Ilofkcwi'Idfr's  Nurmtivo  of  tlio  .Momviiiii  MisMiouH. 


-h% 


|)|   lMN<i   TIIK    A.MKIJK'AN    It  K  V  0  L  LTKiN. 


810 


("IIAI'TKK    XV. 

TIIK  (KKMKS  MAKK  A  .MlhNKIIIT  ATTACK  uN  Till',  AMKIiK'W 
CAMI',  N'KAlt  SAVANNAH,  INDKIl  CuM.MANK  U 1'  (iJ-M'MAL 
W  A  ^  N  !■: . 

Tiji:  last   Mow  which  the  rmliims  Inthctfil  iiimhi  thi-  rcirul.ir  triH)|is  nf  ilic 

Cdlollii'.M,  \V!IS  (Inilt  liV  till'  Creeks  nl'  (leul'lii:!.       As  ihi-  Cfilltesl   was   |>riPL:l'e>-iii:,;'  IT>- 

to  its  cidsi',  till'  troiips  III"  liiitii  |iaities  inoveil  tnwarijs  the  Suiiili.  I)iiiiii'_'  I  lie 
iH'oii|mti<in  of  SiivaiiiiJih,  (iciierai  Wayne  was  ciieaiiiiied  with  an  army  alnnit  Hm'  miles 
from  th;it  citv.  eiiiiaireil  in  watehiii'/  tlie  iiiiiliuiis  nf  ihe  enemy.  <iini>ti  r-em.  :i 
(listillL'uisiieil  Creek  jeailer  iif  western  (ieornia.  pnijeeteil  a  .secret  e\|ieililiun  a'-'ainsi  the 
resolute  Iiero  of  .'^toiiy  Point,  who  antii'i|pateil  no  ilaiiL'i'r  I'rotii  an  liuliaii  foe.  ilisluiil 
from  iiim  nearly  the  entire  hrejnltli  lA'  (ieor^ia.  Tiie  Iiiili.in  cliief.  nniliseoveieil, 
reaeheil  a  ]ioint  near  the  uhjeet  nt'  altai'k  lieliire  ilayhreak,  mi  the  "Jllii  of  .Iniie. 

(ieiieial  Wayne,  who  was  a  eiuitioiis  ami  wiili'liriil  ollieer.  Iiail  heeii  on  the  alert 
a'_':iinsl  the  enemy  from  ."savannah,  wlieiiee  he  exiieeteil  an  atlaek  ;  aiiil  his  men,  who 
hail  heen  haras.>^eil  hy  se\eri'  iliity.  slept  on  their  arms  on  the  niiiht  of  tin'  'J'lil.  so  as  Id 
Ih'  really  for  aetioii.  They  were  siulilenly  aron.M'il  at  niiiiniiilit  hy  the  wai'-wlioii|).  ami 
the  warriors  of  (inristersi^io  attaekeil  them  with  sueh  fury,  anil  in  sneh  iuiiiiIhis.  thiit 
the  troops  seeineil  to  he  uiiahle  to  withstanil  their  onset,  (leneral  W.ayne  ;niil  Colonel 
I'osey,  who  hail  lain  ilown  in  the  (leiieral's  tent,  instantly  aruse,  ami  proeeeileil  to  the 
■sei'iie ;  the  latter  leailinn  his  regiment  oi  infaiilrv  to  the  ehari;e.  therehy  restoiin',^ 
confidence  anil  order  in  the  line.  Cieneial  Wayne,  at  the  same  time,  eharucd  at  the 
lu'ad  of  the  cavalry,  who  cut  down  the  naked  waniors  with  their  hixiadswonls.  and.  hy 
tiirnini;  their  llank,  put  them  to  lli.iiht.  The  Creeks  foiii^ht  with  des|)eration,  and  none 
with  fireater  conraire  than  (iiiristi'rsii;o,  who,  hy  his  voice  and  exam|>li',  ifave  aniniatioii 
to  his  men,  .seventeen  of  whom  fell  around  him.  lie  continued  to  lijht  wilii  heroic 
(losporation,  nntil  he  finally  lidl.  pierced  with  two  hayonel  wonnds.  and  one  from  the 
thrn.st  of  an  ctpoiiton.  Many  of  the  Indi.ins  were  killed  hy  the  hiiyonets  of  the  troops, 
and  tlie  loss  on  hotli  sides  was  very  considerahle.  The  Creeks  never  rallied  aftei'  tin; 
fall  of  their  chief,  and  L'ave  the  army  no  further  tronhlo,' 


l.il'.'  .,1'  <;,  II.  ImITIcpIM.I-   1'm-'\.  |.    ■■>]         ^\<:ul-'    l!i...l;l|,ln.   V..1     \l\ 


l 


iri 


'I 


m 


SJX'TION    FOl  iriKKNTII 


KVKNTS  FROM  TIIK  I)  K  K  I  MT  I  \  K  TKKATV  OF 
1M:\('K.  in  I7s:l.  TO  TIIK  Si  |{  K  KX 1)  KR  OF 
TIIK  LAKK  POSTS  HV  TIIK  HKITISII.  I\ 
171)11.  AM)  TIIK  CKOSK  OF  W  ASH  I  NCTON'S 
A  DM  IN  1ST  RAT  I  OX. 


CIIAPTKIJ     I. 


THE    INKIAN    POLICY. 


A  PKriMTiVK  frciity  nf  jwaco  was  sii^iioil  at  Versailles.  .Taiinarv  1  Itli.  17S:!. 
1  T^'l  .\s  the  Indians  liail  rnn;;lit  tin'  no  national  (ilpject.  tliey  received  no I'onsidt  ration 
in  lliis  instrnnient.  It  (vmtained  no  pfovision  lin'  tlieir  welfare,  a  I'art  ofwliieli 
till  \  iiail  lieeii  lorc\varne<l  liy  the  Aineiieans ;  as  it  would  have  contravened  the  policy 
ol'  JMniipe  to  have  recojznised  the  national  diaracter  of  a  people,  whom  they  had  so 
lonir  regarded  as  mere  savaires.  Tin'  Americans,  who  succeeded  to  their  LMiardianship, 
treated  tiiem  ns  quasi  nationalities,  dexoid  of  sovereiiiUtN.  hut  having  an  alisoliitt; 
possessory  rijrht  to  tin'  soil,  and  to  its  nsut'ruct ;  power  to  cede  this  ri'iht.  to  make  peace, 
ami  to  ret;ulate  the  lioundaries  to  their  lands,  liy  which  the  ahoriirinal  himtinjr-jrrounds 
were  so  delined,  that  they  could  readily  be  distinguished  from  the  districts  ceded. 
Thus  was  at  once  laid  the  foimdation  of  that  long  list  of  Indian  tin-aties.  which 
l()riM  a  perlbct  record  of  our  Indian  history,  and  accurately  mark  the  progress  of  our 
settlements  hetween  the  Atlantic  ami  the  I'acilic.  Umler  this  [)olicy  commenced 
that  system  of  ainuiitiev  liy  which,  as  their  exhausted  iiiniling-groiuids  were  ceded, 
(hey  were   supplied  with   the   means  of  siihsi.stence ;  and   tliis  system   proinotecl   their 


I'IMtM    Till-;    THKATV    or    I'KACi:.    17h; 


iVi\ 


^railiiiil  inlviiiici'  in  iiurii'iilliii'i-  iitid  iiil^.  m^  will  ii>  llnir  itii|>rii\i'iiii'iil  in  ninnni-i'f, 
ninr.'iN,  I'lliiiuliun.  :inil  civili/iilinn. 

Till'  |irii|ii'i'  niunii'ji'nii'nt  nC  Indian  iiiliiiis  IimiI  lurn  lui  ulijcri  nl'  iji'i'|i  tinil  run-t:Mit 
(Dniiiii  In  < '()ii:rii>-.  .iiiil.  Niirlli  ami  Sunlli.  tlir  ilutv  wif.  liir  imuis  \rar,^.  riitin-lrii  tn 
ii  linaiil  i>r  (•i)nnni>>innt'i'.-',  roniiiusnl  of  nu'ii  nC  tiir  liii:lir-l  (•xpciiinic.  Jml'^Mirnt.  ami 
wiMlc'in.     Nor  \\i-\v  llic  means  of  tlic  |irovi>ional  ^'ovi'i'innt'nl  ii;;liil\  la-ki'ij   lin-  tin' 

'oin|ilislin)rnt  ol"  tiiis  oiijcct.     Ih  rrli'r<'n<'i'  to  tin-  v n'lls  of  the  Irca-mx  ili'iiailnn'iit. 

liurinL:  llii^  linn'.  \\r  liavi-  ast'i'itainril  thai.  Iirtwccn  thr   |iriiiii|  nl   llic  jlrchiraliiin  ol' 


IIC( 


lnil<'|ii'nili'ni'i>  an 


I   tlir    nil  of   Maivh.    I7s'.i.  mil 


ilii'ai'iii'^    till'  (Til  ol'  till'    lli'Miliiil 


ii'iMi.lO.'r  1 1  wiTi'  ili-liiirsi'il  on  ai'roiint  of  tin-  i'\im'ii^i's  of  trratii's  willi.  ami  nl'  jirr-i'iit-' 
to.  till'  Imliaii  trilii'-' ; '  ami  this  wa.s  iloiii'  wliili-.  ijiniii'.;  |iart  of  tiir  tiiiii',  tlu'  ai  iii\  hail 
iii'iihrr  ."liui's  nor  I'lolliinjr.  ThiTi-  was  tin'ii  no  nirans  ol'  ohtaiiiinir  an  ari'iir ad'  ai'niiinl 
of  llii'ir  iiiiinlHrs;  Imt  an  rstiiiiati'.  |Mi'|)aii'i|  hy  .Mr.  .MailiMin,  lalrs  tlnir  toiiil  Imri' 
(liirinir  tin'  contrst  at  JL'.J.'Kl  li;^iitin'i;  nun.' a  vi'iy  larji'  |>art  of  wlioin  wm  nmliT 
IJritisli  iiilliu'iii'i'.  Tliis  cstiinatr  may.  iis  tin;  antlior  says.  Iia\i'  ln'i'ii  aiiovi'  tin'  (rnili  ; 
iiiit  it  was  far  mori-  rdialilr  than  thf  i'.\a'."^i'rati'il  cnnmi'iatiun.  |iiii)li>hi'il  iinl\  ti'n  or 
cii'vrn  yars  iiri'\ioiis.  hy  Coloiii'l  lJiiiii|ni't.  who  n'|ioili'il  tin'  warriors  at  •"iil..")(iii.' 

Thf  [lolii'y  to  hi'  laiisni'il  with  tiihrs  wiio  I'onlrnini'il  all  tlw  nia\inis  ami  |iiinii|ilrs 
of  civili/.i'il  lili',  was  a  iini'stion  |irt'si'ntini;  many  ililliiiiltit's.  History  hail  ilrnion>tiMt('il 
the  instaliility.  niU'lty.  ami  lirai'hrry  of  llii'ii-  I'liaracliT.  Kvrr  suhj'.'rt  to  hi'  inllni'ni'i'ii 
h\  ihoM' wlii»i' inti  irsl  it  was  to  misU'ail  thi'm;  to  nii-tal;i' tlirir  iii;lits  ami  linr  iio>itiuii ; 
anil  to  III'  tiniii'il  a^iili*  from  thr  |ini'snit  of  iioliii'  ami  pi'iinanrnt  oliji'i'ls.  to  iIiom'  that 
wrii'  ti'mjioraix  ami  iilu>i\r;  i  i\  ili/.ation  itsrll'  a|iiiraivil  to  tiirin  as  oni'  oi'  ihr  nio-t 
intoliTahli' ex  ils ;  anil  lliry  wrii' as  innili  o|)|ii)-i'i|  to  thr  ialmrs  of  thr  plow  and  tin- 
loom,  as  tliry  \\v\v  to  thr  siii'mc  of  IrttiTs  ami  thr  iloitrincs  ol'  ('hrisiianit_\.  'I'lio 
iiistrnctions  of  an  I'iliot.  an  Ki  I  wan  Is,  a  ISiainaril.  ami  a  Kirklaml.  wcii-  distastrfnl  to 
till'  Imlian  massrs ;  nay.  trii  tinirs  moir  so  than  thr  tnost  I'lalioiatr  li'-^sons  in  arts, 
('(immi'n'i'  ..'ui  a'lriinltnrc ;  ainl  tiirrt"  cNistcil  not  a  trihi'  whii'li.  as  siii'li.  thioirjli  all 
till'  liin,L'  jii  I!'  li  of  iinr  liistory.  hail  snllirirnt  moral  lirimir.-s  to  I'xalt  itself  ahoM'  tin' 
^laMTV  of  thi'  intoxii'alin'j;  howl. 

Altlmniili  till'  task  was  (iillicnlt.  it  was  ncithi'r  hopeli'ss  nor  ilisroniaLiiiii:.  and  w  In'tlnT 
pleasant.  Ol'  othcrw  i.sc.  it  hi'i-aim'  oih'  of  the  earliest  suhjeets  liir  the  exerci.-'e  of  i:o\  ern- 
mental  powers.  The  true  prineiples  of  the  finidamental  poliey  were  at  mire  adopled. 
'I'd  ai'kiiowled,i;e  their  .sovereignty  in  the  vast  territories  o\er  which  they  roamed, 
rather  than  oeeiipied.  would  have  heeii  siiii|ily  ridienloiis ;  hut  the  reeoiiiiitioii  of  their 
inchoate  riulit  to  the  soil,  leplaeed  in  tlnir  hands  the  means  of  aihaneinu  to  pm.-peiils 
and  happiness,  after  the  Liaiiie.  its  only  worth  to  them,  had  failed.  .\s  this  would  he  a 
jiiadiial  ]iri)i'ess.  snp[ilyinL:',  troiii  deeade  to  decade,  the  loss  siillered  from  the  depreciation 


V.il.  IV  .  .'^i.iii.Miis.  1 
\i.l.  \  i         II 


t'li'.i.i. 


v.. I    III  ,  )i 


'Vnl      HI    .   ,,     .VV.I 


r 


I.   ! 


I 


'ii  >i\ 


■■  lu  '' 


.'VJ'i 


^  . 


m 


:i 


I'lHt.M    tin:    TItllATY    <iK    PKATK,    |7h;J. 


in  \Mluf  iiftlicir  liiiiiliiiji-v'ioiiiuU.  Iiv  I  In-  ivmmiii-c!*  nrisiiij,'  Iruiii  llnir  Xdliinliirv  ffXHiim, 

lllr  .»_V.«I(II1  Wlis  «i||c  sililcd   to  llicir  wiiiil^.  Mini    til    wilMV    |H'nil;llli'lit    lit'iicc  (III  till-  11(111- 

lii'i>.      'I'll.-   |iiiii.i|.iil.   mill,   iiiili'i'il.    tl Illy   ival   (lilliiiilty  «• iiiilcnMl.  wiis   in    tli.- 

a<l,iii.".|iiiinl  ul'  its  (IclitiU:  iiml  llii^  tlillii'iilly  was  .•oiii|.liciiln|  l.y  the  iviiiuxal.H  of  the 
IiilM'^* ;  li\  iiiU'licilv  (ir>itiiatinii.  iiwinu  In  ailNaiifiiiL'  srttli'iiiciits  ;  ami  lp\  tlii'  ti'ni|ilatiiiiis 
til  iiiiliilL't'iu'c  ill  iilli'in':<s.  (|i.«>i|iatiitii.  ami  sivaui-  iiiatim'iM  ami  cii^tDiiiH.  Kii'miiciiIU 
tin-  VfiT  ari-iiiiiiilatiiiii  of  tlu'ir  aiiiniiticF'  liccaiiu'  tlu-  iiicaiis  ot'  tlicir  (li'|iri'ssi(iii,  ami 
111'  acfiiiiiiilati-il  |n'r|i|i'\itii't.  Civili/.atinn  lias  cvit  lici'ii  rciianlrd  as  an  iiitiiisivc 
•  liMiii'iit  I'V  till-  Imliaiis  ami  tlicy  liavr  llr.l  to  tin-  U'r,(  to  uvoiil  its  iiii|)ortiiiiitics.  It 
is  piiiiivcd.  l»y  sfainiiiii.'  tlu'  >talisii.i  of  ilic  triln-s  in  thf  Wt-st.  that  tin-  uifiiilM-rs 
of  many  of  tlio.-f  triiirs  wliiili  |io>«..s.-.  ili<>  laiii.'st  funds  in  -rovfriiinciit  scciii-itii's, 
and  |iailiriilarly  of  iliox-  siiiall  liiln's  wliirh  rciTivc  jmt  ra|iita,  tlu,'  laiyost  annuities 
ill  coin,  aiv  llic  must  idle,  iuU'ininTiiU',  and  duinoiiilijiud. 


f] 


TO    CI.OSK    ()K   WASH  INOTONS    A  l>  M  I  N  1  S  I' 1{  A  T  I  o  N, 


:J23 


CIIA  I'TKi:     II 


rilWCK  or  I'osiTKiN  (iK  'I'm:  IIMM.UOIS.  rKSSInXS  OK  Ti;i!- 
IMIoKV  ItY  Til  KM  T«>  TIIK  STATK  (H-  NKW  VoUK.  T II K  A  T  V 
ol'    (AX  AN  I'A  Iti  r  A. 


Tin;    liiiiiN    (if    \'fi>Millrs    liii\ii 


ii;-  lu'imr 


111!'    iiMticiinl    (■\i>liii( 


.r   III 


iiiiliiiiiN,  tlicy  wen-  ('iiiii|i('|li'il   tu  ni'i:nii:iti-  iliii'ttiv  \\iili   tli"  lu'|iiil>lii'.     'I'lic        ITS  I 

lriii|llnis.  or  Si\    N:itiiiMS,  uIidIiihI    Ih'CM    tllc    lllit^l    (h'ti'i  iiiillol    ciii'iliirs    iil'   tin' 
AiiiciiiMiis,  iii.'iiji'  IIh'  lir>l  li'i'Mtx    ill  wiiii'ji  tilt'  i|iicNlinM  ^l\'  liTiiliiiv  \\;is  iikmiIiiI.  wliich 


\v;is  CD 


lli'llliii'il  :iiiil  >iuiiiMl  ill    l''i)ll  Sliiii\\i\.  Oi'liiiiiT  ■_'!'.   17^1.  ill 


ini'srlicc    II 


r  ill Hii- 


inisxiiiiicrs,  (Mivcr  Wnicott.  ItidiMnl  liiiilii'.  miiiI  Aiiliiir  l.ii'.  Ity  lln'  li'ini-^  nl'  lliis 
iiislninit'iit  tiii'V  ct'iliil  ii  sti'i|i  (if  liiiiij.  Iii'jiiiiiiii::  iil  lIu-  iiicnitli  i>\'  (lumwaM'  ciick  mi 
I/iki'  OiitiU'iii,  liiiii'  iiiilfs  Miiitli  III'  till'  NiiiL'iirii  |>iirlML:('  |i;illi.  Mini  riiiiniii;^  Miiillirrix  In 
till' iiiiiiilli  dl'  till' 'ri'iiiisMrnrii,  III'  ISiilliilii  ri'ci'k.  tiu'Mi'i-  III  till'  i'l'iiiiss  K  aiiiii  liiir.  ami 
iilmiir  ils  niH'tli  :iiiil  F-miili  liiiiiiiilary.  In  tlir  ( Miin  river.  'I'lu'v  n'liiii|iii.'>lii'il  :iii\  I'laiiii 
In  riiilil  ul'  ('iiiii|ii('sl.  to  till'  liiiii.iii  niimiy  \\i'>t  of  lliiil  liuiimliirs .  Tln'ir  ii.:lit  nl" 
])rii|»'rly  in  tin'  Icriilury  hitiiiiti-  in  tin'  Slate  of  Ni-w  York,  fastwanl  of  tin-  (Kiiiiwa_\>' 


11 


lie,  ('iiiiira( 


iiii:  llic  li'itili'  ri'^riuii  itl'  wcstfin  New  Ymk.  ri'inaincil  iiiiairi'cti'ii.  anil  lli 


tonitory  of  the  Om-iilas  was  f;naranti'ftl  to  llii'in.  IJy  this  tnaty,  the  trilii's  wlm  Inul 
i()iiv:lit  auaiiist  tin-  culoiiics  CDVcnaiilril  to  di'livcr  np  all  |>risiiiicrs.  vvliili'  ami  Mark, 
tiiki'ii  (Ini'in;;  tlu'  war ;  ami  as  a  i;iiaraiil\  that  tliis  sIkiiiM  Ik-  dnn'',  six  rliirls  wen-  Inl.l 


us 


liosla'jcs.     Tliis   trcatx'   was   liiialU    cimlirincil    liv   all    tlir    1 


iiii|iiiii>    >arlirins   III   u 


(•(iiincil  lirlil  liv  (it'iH'ral  St.  Clair,  at  l''iiit  ilaniii'i'.  on  tin-  (Hiiu.  .Ian 


iiar\ 


I7MI. 


Ni'W  Yolk    hail    hi't'ii    till'   arena  of  till' I'litiri'  lriii|iii)is  ili'\ilii|iniiiit.      ,\ 


I'l'iniiiii'.;    to 


tilt' rarliest  trailitimis.'  tliey  eiilereil  il  in  tians-liistorirai  linu's,  l)\  \\a\  of  the  ( )>\M'i;o 
river,  ami  assiiineil  sejianite  names  ami  tiilial  (listiiietions  after  ilnir  ueiii:ra|ilii('al 
ili>|)ersiitii  over  it.  'i'lieir  confeileration.  iimler  tlie  title  of  Aki|ninaslii.pni.  is  li\  f.ir  the 
most  interesting  prolilem  in  the  liistor\  of  tin'  \'es|ierie  \i;rini|is  of  the  Norili  Aimrieaii 
trilies.     'IMiis  eomhiiialiiin  enalileil   them  to  iiltain  the  promiiieiit   |lo.^ition.  a<  nii.ilars 


trilies.  w 


hich  thev  helil  when  the  eonntl'x   was  (liseovereil.      J{\    il  liie\    ha 


il  niaiiilaiiii'i 


V.  S.  TnvK 


l.'s.  IP.  ■-'II. 


-  Ciisir,  Vi.l.  A'. 


I'l.'lll. 


A  tiilil  r.\:i<ilv  niiiiriilriit  wil'i  tlic  tini.-nipliiiij  ariM  '•(  llir  I  liilril  St.iti 


i 


I 


1'^ 


;lfi 


1 

B,       ^' 

MM     i 

1 

t  :»•: 


'.vn 


riloM    TIIK    Tin:  AT  V    itK    I'KAri;,     I7«:(. 


llu'    iiiliuiilv  111   llicir   ti'iiilcin  Mjiiiii^l    llii'   iici»rM'niii;  iillciii|it-<  nl'  iIm'  I'i'imIi.  uIVt 
the  ^t'tlll'llll■llt  111' <  itii.iila.  til  I'lii'i'ii  It'll   ii|iiiii   llit'i''  i'i.:lil.i;  ami   ln'iu'i'  llii'\   nnitiil   tlir 


iiiiii'c  icailily  Nvitli  till'  Kii^li'li  in  lln-  ltrMiliili>iiiai',\  ^tiii'j'jli'. 

It  ir*  llfl't'  lli'fc.-Mll'V  In  imtiri'  tin-  tli'illii-^  iiilH'lllili'il  witll  tin-  Stati'  nl'  NrVV  N'lilk  li\ 
llli'  lr'>i|lli>i<.  Ill  I'lilllllllllliratril  li\  (iriii  l.ll  ( ii'iil'^i'  Clilllnll.'  'I'llc  ri'MillltiiMllU'V  wac, 
lia\  iiij.  ill  I'lli  it.  ili^Milsiil  till'  riiiili'iliTalinii,  Icl't  tlii'  MiMTci^iit  v  nl'  tin'  iiiili\  iiliiiil  Slati'S 
iiitart,  llirri'liirc.  to  New  YmU  aloiii'  t'oiilii  I'l'ssinii.x  nl'  li'iritiiry  In*  rij;litl'iilly  iiiiuli'. 
'I'lii'M'  i'i'>-ii>ii^  lic'.'aii  >liiii'll\  alti'i'  ilii'  iir'jiitlMtiiiii  III'  till'  initial  natiniial  tiraly  at  I'liil 
SlanwiN.  Ill  I7>l.  (tii  tlir  "J^tli  nl'.liiiic,  17^1.  at  a  I'luiMpralinn  nl  tin-  I'liirl's  anil 
.larlii'iii",  lirlil  at  ili'rkiiiii'i'.  tin'  Oiiiiila^  aiiil  Tii^'i'arora.i.  in  I'un.-'iili'i'atiiin  nl'  llm  |ia\  iiirnt 
in  liaml  nl  a  siim  nl'  iimiu-y  ami  vi""'''-  I'l'ili'il  <'i  H'X'I  nl  \!\uA  nii  tlir  Nrw  Vnik  nIiIi' 
III'  till'  Sii-iiiii'liaiiiia  ii\ri',  iiii'liiiliiiv.'  rnaililla. 

At  a  iniiiii'il.  lii'iil  witll  till'  Oiinmlaua  .sai'lii'ins.  liy  (li'nri;i'  ('lininii.  \'.>i^.  ami  iiis 
a>«iiriatc'   i'iiiiiiiii<«ii)iii  r>,   Sr|i|rnilMT    I2lii.  I7>^.  llir   (Imiiiilaja    iiilic  cnlccl   all    lln'ir 


aiicN  \uiliiii  till'  Mali'.  niakniLr  >iu'li  ii'srr\aticiii<  as  rnxniil 


tlii'ir  r  islli'  ainl  I'lriili 


|{y   a    M'paiali'   arlirii'   nl'  lliis    liraty.  lliry  ciilril    In   tlin   Slain    tlin   ."alt    s|iiiiiL'    tiai't. 
niailt'   ill  cnin   ami  pnoils,  ami  a  pi'i'iirtnal   annuity  nl  >^'tiMl  in 


I, 


ii'_'i'   payinciits  \\i';i' 


mImt  ;;rantril. 

|i\  ihi'  ti'ini-^  nl'  a  trraty.  rniii'liiiinl  with  ilir  Omida  sarluiii-'.  at  l''nit  Slaiiwix. 
licji.ri'  till'  -anil'  i'niiiiiii««iniii'r.  Si'|iti'iiilKi-  "J'Jil.  I  7>>.  llin  Oiii'iilas  rciji'il  all  tin  ir  la  mis 
williin  till'  Stair,  with  till'  rM'|ilinii  nraiii|i!i'  vi'M'i\atiniis  t'.ir  tlii'ii'  nun  n.^c.  ami 
till'  r!_;lit  In  lia-i'  iiart  nl'  tin'  -aim'.  l''i\i'  tli'Mi-aml  ilnjlar-.  in  iiinncy.  •^nnils.  ami 
|irii\isinns  wiTc  tlnii  paiil  'n  tlntn.    ami  a  |M'r|M'tiial  aniinil\   nl'  ."•liiiil  "lantiil. 

'i'iiis  tr''at\  wllli  till'  (•miila-  inntaiiii'il  an  iiii|'ni  taut  |iin\  i-inii.  ,-am'tiiiniii:.'  tin- 
arraiiLii'im'nts  prnx  imisly  inailc  liy  tlntn  in  iii'hall"  nl'  tin'  i'\|iali  iatiil  Imliaiis  nf  New 
Kiiiilaml.  ami  nthi'is  nf  tin'  Al'-'nininiii  'jriiii|i.  wlm  liail  In  en  allnwnl  In  M'ltlc  mi  tlnir 
lamls.  Till'  titli'  tn  a  ti'art  nl'  laml.  tun  niilrs  in  liii'ailtli.  ami  lliii'c  in  liii'jth,  in  tin- 
Ori.-kany  \all''\.  w  as  rnnlinnril  tn  tin'  trilics  wliii'h  a--uniril  tin'  iiaim' nl'  limtlnTtdiis. 
amlwiTi'  iimirr  tin'  rari' nf  l!.\-.  Sanismi  Oci'uni.'  Aiintlirr  tract.  -i.\  iiiik's  Mriiari'. 
Inratril   ill  lIli'  Olli'iila    iTri'k   Nalk'y.  was  rnlirnini'il   tn  till'  .Mnhiiaiis  nl'  tin-   llnnsatnllir. 

hraiimj  till'  iiaiiii'  nf  Stiirkliriiliii's.  wlm  wnn'  iimli  r  tin'  rliai'-'r  nl'  tin'  llrN .  Mr.  Sarm  ant. 

( )ii  till'  "J-'ilh  <A'  l''i'lifn.iry.  1  7^''.  tin'  ( 'a_\  iiv;a  sarlinns  a^cnilili'il  at  All>an\ .  ami  ci'ilnl 

all    tli'ir    l.imls   within    tlir   .'*>tali'.   with    thr  fxri'iitinii   nf   nni'   Iniiiiliiil    .-(iiiari'   iiiilrs, 

r.\i'lnsi\('  111' till'  aiva  nl'('ayiiL:a  iakr.  a  iTsri'M'  nl' a  lishini!  siln  at  Sia\rs.  ami  niif  mile 

( 'ay  H'ja  ll'iry.     Our  inilr  si|iiari'  was  Liraiitnl  tn  tlin  ( 'ayiij.i  ihid'.  ( )niaiiL'riita. 


si|nafi'  at 

nr  I-'isli  ('an  ill',      'i'wn  liiniti'il    aiiiiiiit 

ami  a  |irinam'nt  .•iiiiuiity  nf  .<"jn(l.  unn  iiraiitcil  liy  tin'  Stalt 


ii's.  aniniiiitin^'  In  .I'liMl  ami  ?;'iili"i,  i'cs|H'i'ti 


r.  S.  'rnalici.  p.   Ill, 
Villi-  Vul.  V  .  Iti...ji;,|,lc 


•  llli.!  .  p.  II 


IM'I.,  p.   II. 

I'.  .'*   Triiiir.-,  p.  17. 


Ti>    rl.usr,    <»|'    W  AS  II  I  N(iT(»N   S    A  l»  M  I  N  1  >  T  It  A  T  K  i  N  , 


Kviiji'iici'  «'si>ls'  that  tlu',-«'  iiurri'iii.'iit.t  tu  [lay  tin'  tiilii'^.  in  cuiii.  l' N.  iiml 

{)i'ovir<ioii«.  \vi'i'<>  M'i'ii|)tili)u«ly  <'<iiii|ilii'il  with,  mill  hiiM*  I n  luiitiiiin  i|  to  tin'        IT'U 

|iii',-('iii  ila\  ;  I'vi'i'v  iitti'iiticiii  un>lr<'>|ii'rt  liaviiiir  licfii  iiiaiiili'-liil  l.\  NCw  \'>'rk 
till'  thi'  hahits  atiij  want:*  iil'thc  liiiiiaiiH,  whn  hiivi',  likiwiir,  i'i'i'i'i\ri|  >|M'i'iiil  uiatiiitir^. 
'rhi"-c  liaifai'tiniis  niiir'titiiti'il  iju'  fn^l  prartical  li'^"!)!!  in  civil  |iiilii\,  ami  tin'  ili'tail.-< 
til'  |inliiif  liuninr^.x.  Nvliii'h  llie  lriH|ncii-<  I'l'i'i'ixrd.  'I'Ih'  ri'^|ii'  i  piii.!  to  llirir  .«ai'lii'iii« ; 
till'  call'  ami  accurai'V  \\  ilii  «  liiili  tin'  I  il  Ic -^  uf  tin'  ic'>|i('cli\i'  ti  iln  -  in  ihi  ir  I  a  ml"  \\i  re 
iMijnirril  into;  ami  th<-  >:iii)il  l.iitii  with  wliii'li  liii'  Slati'  at  all  tiini's  riilliliiil  ii~  I'hL'ii;;)'- 
ini'Ml'^,  icnili'iin'.'  ami  iri|niiin'i  i-Mai-liamli'il  Jn.-lii  i'.  liiiinril  an  r\ani|i|i'  wiiich  was  ndt 
|ii.«l  nil  a  |ii'<)|ilr,  ct'li'lirati'ii,  tVniii  ^ailv  ilay,  liir  ihcir  iinlitical  |iii«iti(tn  anil  inlhii'iii'i'. 
Civil  lili"  WHS  rcuardi'il  \>y  tli<'iii  with  iirnittT  rcsiicct  than  licri'tciliiif.  ami  it-  inlhiriici' 
ransi'd  llii'in  til  act  \sitli  a  ^liiilrr  m'Iim'  nl'  ii'.i|iiiiiMiliilily  than  tlii'\  liail  iluin'  in  {ia>t  liinrs. 

llitliiTto.  ihi'ir  cliic-ri  iiml  .-ai'hcins  hail,  as  inilr|ii'iiili'nt  ri'iirc«ciitali\i's  nl'  I'li'i'  ami 
|iriiMil  trihi's.  visitcil  tin'  snrial  ili^tiirts  uf  laNtmi  anil  Minlluin  Ni'W  Ymk.  citlu'i  liir 
jHiiitiral  111'  riinnni'ri'ial  |)nr|iiPM's,  wilhnnt  |ia\  iii'_'  nnii'h  ivi^anl  In  a  .-lair  nl'Mnictv 
wliii'ii  iliil  lint  suit  tlii'ir  |ii'i'riin('i'i\i'i|  iili'iis.  I!nl.  rrmn  this  |ii'iini|.  ili<'  a-|M'i't  nl'  iliiiiLi.s 
chiinK'ril.  Thi'V  rr>ii!i'il  i'.\rhi>i\rly  mi  .-mail  ii'.-i'r\alinii-,  wliirli  wrio  mmhi  >Miiniiiii|ril 
li\-  rariiii'is.  tniirlianl.s.  inaniirai'lMii'r.s.  iiiri'hanii's.  and  |iin|i'<>innal  iiii'ii.  wln>  |iii'*riiliil 
to  thi'in,  d.'iiiy  and  hourly,  an  r\ain|)li>  of  tin-  lirni'Hi'ial  i-lli'ris  nl'  thril't.  and  drinnii- 
hfratrd  that  only  llu'  idli'  and  vicious  hi'jucd  hi-hind  in  tin-  uciH'ial  lacc  to  Ihr  uoal  nl' 
liro.-^|iciil\-.  I'livatc  ri'ulils  Will'  .-tiiclly  |iinti'clcii.  and  lljn-c  n\iT  u  liniii  the  a'.:i>  ol' 
till'  law  was  rslciidi'd  were  taxed  lor  its  >M|i|)ort.  The  deidor  ii.id  his  choice,  either  lo 
meet  his  oiili;j:alioiis,  or  lie  |placed  in  durance  until  his  creditor  was  salislinl.  There 
was  hut  one  rule  and  one  law  i'nr  all.  Litlle  atleiilion  was  Mi\(>ii  to  the  Imlian-. 
\Vise  in  their  own  conceits,  reiiardinii'  proliciency  and  excellence  in  tlie  arts  nt'  war  and 
tiuiitinij;  as  the  limit  of  all  attainiueiiN.  tliey  haled  education,  deemed  \nlunlary  lalmr 
lis  ei|iiivaleiit  to  r<lavi'ry,  and  desiiised  morality,  as  well  as  the  teachiiiiis  of  the  'in-|ie|. 
ll'siicli  a  |ieo|)le  ra])iil!y  disappeared,  tiie  iiia;^istrales  I'elt  hiit  little  or  no  .--nnpatliv  I'nr 
their  fate;  the  merchants  meri'ly  snid  tlieiii  what  they  could  pay  Tor.  and  the  imijoiily 
III'  the  citi/.eiis.  wlio  reiiieinlieied  their  cruel  and  treacherous  cnmluct  diniiiu  the  lle\i.i- 
Inlion,  were  ulad  to  see  tlieiii  pa-s  away,  and  liixe  place  to  a  .-uperinr  race. 

The  pnlilic  I'unctionarie.s  ol' the  State  (iovernnieiit.  however,  regarded  their  condition 
I'loin  a  higher  point  ol'  \  iew.  They  were  deemed  an  nnrortuiiate.  yet  not  criininal 
])eii|ile,  who  had  heeii  misled,  hut  could  mil  lie  I'ouileiuiied,  liir  lackiiiii:  political  or  moral 
wisdom.  Their  title  to  the  territories  was  undisputed,  and  was  freely,  as  well  as  fulh. 
acknow  letliied  and  respected  liy  all.  .Another  aspect  of  the  position  of  the  Iniipiois 
alter  the  llevolntioii  luiiiht  likewise  lie  presented.  That  contest  had  produced  a  di-as- 
troii.s  elloct  oil   them;    hiiving,   hy   means  of  Its  eoiitiiiual  alanii.s  and  excitements, 


U" 


;!!'! 


! 


' 


.!■ 


t: 


r     .^^     'rir;lti.>,    p.    I"*. 


u 


326 


FI{(»M    TIIK    THKATY    OF    I'KACK.    ITS;;, 


i    ;« 


ilivcrlcil  tlicir  iittciition  fur  nil  fxtfiidi'd  pfriod  iVnin  tluir  iir^iial  piiiMiits.  Tlu'V  liad 
so  Iuiil;  \vii\laiil  llic  tanner  at  his  |ili)w.  ami  tlic  planter  in  liis  lielil.  that  their  enrii- 
lieKls  were,  in  retaliation,  ilevastatetl.  their  on-haiiis  lelleil  to  the  frrotnul.  their  vil- 
hi'jes  hurned.  and  themselves  ol'teii  reduced  to  extreme  iiovertv  and  destitution.  The 
Siale  inithorities.  however,  interfered  in  their  l)ehaif.  and.  iimh'r  the  treaties  just 
Miiiilioned,  rescued  them  tVoni  want.  Iiv  the  |iavnient  to  them  oi"  annuities  in  money 
and   ufoods. 

'I'lie  (Jeneral  Covernmont  also  took  this  view,  ami  a  coniiiiissioner  of  iii.i;h  standing:' 
was  ap|iointed  to  meet  the  tril)es.  duriu'^-  tlie  autunni  of  ITl'l.  at  Canantlaijina,  in 
western  New  York.  This  convocation  was  numerously  attendi'd  hy  all  the  trihes  who 
iiad  hei'ii  actors  in  the  war  (except  the  .Moliaw  ksi.  inciu'im.''  the  StcK-khrid.ires.  Tho 
noted  Oneida  chief,  Ski-nandoa.  attended,  witii  a  deleiration  of  hi.s  people.  The 
war  chief,  Littk'  Heard,  or  Se(|uid()m;(piee.  niailo'd  for  his  I'lnidties  during;  Sullivan's 
eampaiirn.  representi'd  the  (lenesee  Senccas.-  I'iie  edehrated  orator.  Assoiriroyawaii- 
tiniii.  or  Hed  lacket.  first  distinjzuislied  hiniseif  at  this  council.  Jlonayawns.  or 
Farmer's  Brother,  representi'd  the  central  Niajjarii  Indians,  and  Kiantwauka,  or  the 
('(U'nplanter.  those  of  the  np|)er  .\llei;hany.  The  Tuscaroras  sent  the  Indian  aninilist, 
Nicolas  Cusic ;   tiie  Ihnisatonics.  llendric  .\u|)Uinut. 

The  treaty  was  concluded.  Noveniher  II.'  and  reeojfiiised  thi'  principles  of  all  prior 
treaties.  It  jirovided  for  the  payment  of  a  Ltratuity  of  ."^Hl.dOII  in  money  and  .uoods, 
which  wen-  delivered  on  the  iiround.  .V  i)ermanent  annuity  of  ■'?4")()(t.  ])ayable  in 
coin,  clothes,  cattle,  implements  of  husliandry.  and  in  the  services  of  artilicers,  was 
likewise  stipulated  tor.  All  the  attendant  circunislanees  of  this  convocation  were 
imposinir.  and  its  results  auspicious,  lieinu  marked  hy  the  development  of  a  kindly 
feeiiu"'  lor  tin'  I  iiion  1>\   the  Indians. 


'  Tinintliy  I'ii-kciint:.  Iv-cj. 

- 'I'll!'  wunl  Sfii^ka,  iir  ."'^I'liec;!,  li:i>  lici'ii  a  puzzl''  l.i  iiii|iiin'rs.  Ifuw  a  Itdiiiaii  ])rii|ii'r  iiaiiic  slumlil  liavo 
Ini'dinc  till'  (li>linctivi'  cciiriiuiiuii  tiir  a  trilic  of  .Vimrican  hidiaii".  it  is  imt  cai^y  to  ,*ay.  Tin'  I''n'iicli.  wlio 
Hfi-t  I'liomiiti'ivd  tlicm  in  western  New  Vink,  ternieil  tliom,  aL'reeaMy  to  their  .•ivstoni  of  liestdwiiii;  niekninie.«, 
'r>nnnnliiwaiis ;  tliat  is,  Hattlesiiake-i.  IJeini.'  mu'  (pf  tlie  ineniliers  .it'  tlie  five  .Natimis,  tliev,  like  ;ill  tin' 
i.tlier-.  I'lire  llie  L'enerie  name  cil'  lvcM|tiipis.  Tlie  lluteli,  wlni  reenL'ni.-ed  lliem  in  tlie  traile  e.-talilislied  iin  the 
>ili'  nl'  Alliaiiy,  as  early  a>  llil  I,  .a]. pear  tn  have  intniiliiecil  the  term,  as  the  eatih-woni  i>(  traile,  I'lnin  which 
the  wuril  is  (iiiiveil  This  nuiiieluii^  ami  warliki'  trihe  iipjieais  tn  li;ive  hail  a  ]iartialily  t'nr  the  iiso  nl'  veriuilliiHi, 
11^  a  war  paint.  Tlii»  arliele  is  ealleil,  hy  the  Diileh,  einnahar  .  vi.le  Niew  /ak  Winirilen  iiuek  :  llnrlreelit, 
ls;!l ),  Frian  smiie  nntiee-  nf  the  early  times,  we  learn  that  the  prnnnneialiiin  nt'  the  letter  /<,  in  this  wurd, 
was  i-hanL'eii  to  that  nl'  /.•  or//,  t'min  which,  it  ni;iy  lie  inl'irp'il.  they  were  nameil  Siii-iii-kur.i.  In  one  of  the 
oldest  maps,  puhlishcd  at  Amsterdam,  the  word  is  written  .V'  »-)i< -.•<(,(.«.  The  dmilile  ./  in  this  laniiiiaL'e  assumes 
the  sound  of  '(  in  imiLi .  and  ni  in  iiiin  ;  which  is  precisely  the  sound  still  retained.  .Ml  the  earlv  .New  Kn^- 
liind  writers  consulted,  adopted  llii-  snuinl,  with  little  variation. 

In  ••  l.awson's  Travels  in  the  Carolinas  in  lT"n,"  he  calls  them  ••Siii-ii'-i/nr/:,"  and  sonii'liines  '•./niiilnf," 
iind  idi'iitilics  them  as  a  trihe  of  the  lri)i|Uiiis.  The  Senocas  c.dl  themselves  \l'NJiiiw.\,  or  "  I'eople  of  the 
Hill."  from  an  eniimnee  at  the  head  of  Canandaiu'ilu  Luke,  which,  is  the  locality  of  a  popular  allecurv,  related 
by  .Mr.  liradford  in  Vol.  III.,  p.  :;m'. 

^  Li.  S.  Treaties;   Si.\  .\alions,  p    -Is. 


To    CLOSE    OF    WAS  II  lN(i  TON'S    ADMINISTRATION. 


C  If  APT  Eli   111. 

TREATIES    WITH    THE    WYANDOTS,    DELAWARES,    CIIIPPEWAS. 

AND    OTTO  WAS. 


TiiK  oriruni/iitioii  ol'  a  ti-nitoiiiil  'jDvormnciit  nortli-wcst  ol'  tlie  Oliio. 
oxorcisi'd  a  favorahlo  intliicnci'  on  liidiini  all'airs.  Tlic  iiiajorit}-  of  tin-  tiiln's  IT^o 
oil  that  luinlur  wciv  tired  of  war.  liaviim'  lost  as  many  warian's  \>\  disfaso,  as 
by  casualtii's  in  l)attii'.  Tlio  niaivliin'_'  ol'  armies  Iiad  IVi'ilitcncd  away  the  ImI'/c  i^ame. 
and  dis()iyanizo<l  the  Indian  trade,  'i'iiey  iiad  heeii  li^iilinii,  also,  as  tliey  now  Ik  uan  to 
see.  for  a  pliantoin  ;  I'or,  ^^rantinir  tiint  they  imajzined  tlw  inselves  to  iiave  luen  eiiuia.iicd 
ill  jirevi'ntinir  the  colonies  from  proLrressin;:-  lieyond  the  Ohio  (an  earl\- device  ol' I'ureijjn 
traders,  whose  interests  in  the  West  would  ha\e  suiU'red  liy  the  extension  of  the  settle- 
ments), tlioy  could  not  fail  to  nndei'stand  that  it  had  never  constituted  an  ohject  w  ith 
tlie  IJritish  riovernnient.  as  it  received  no  consideration  in  the  treaty  concluded  at 
Versailles.  The  Wyandots.  Delawares.  Chioiu'was.  and  Ottowas.  were  the  first  of  the 
western  trihes  to  express  sentiinenls  of  iieace.  'L'hey  united  in  a  treat\'  con<'luded 
with  tiie  coniinissioners.  (ieorue  liogers  ( ■laik.  iiichard  IJutler,  ami  Arthur  Lee.  at  Kort 
M'lntosh.  on  tlu'  Ohio.  January  'Jl,  ITH-V  This  treaty  was  iin|)ortant.  princifjally,  as 
inaujiuratin;.;- a  system  of  dealin.i:' with  the  trihes  hv  written  contracts;  evincini;'  the 
disposition  of  the  (lovernment  to  treat  them  with  friendly  consideration,  and  at  the 
name  time  demonstratinir  that  it  jHissessed  the  means  of  enliirciuLT  its  mandates. 
IJ(Uindaries  were  estahlished  hetween  the  W_\anilots  and  Delawares.  who  desijriuited  the 
C'nyahopi  and  the  Tuscarawas  as  the  division  line,  thus  ;:iv  im;-  them  an  idea  of  the 
necessity  of  i-stahlishinir  and  respecliuir  Lieo,i;ra pineal  locations  anil  limitations. 

None  of  till!  southern  trihes  had   iieen  so  much   involved  in  the  hostile  proctH'iiiim's 
of  the  western    Indiims.   as  the  Cherokecs.  who  resided  nearest  the  scene  of  coidlict, 


d  ha.l 


parti 


lated 


in  some  of  tin'  Knavs  and  outra'ies  committed  on  the  (,>h 


Tl 


ilso.  at  an  early  period,  expresseil  a  desn-e  tor  peace, 


On  the  'J")th  of  Noveiid)cr.  ITS'i. 
le    Keowa  liu'k    of   the  Savamndi 


treat V  was  cou(d\ideil  with  them  at  lloijew 


'I" 


\^'   commissioners  were    Henjaniin 


Hawk 


ley, 


on 


His 


Andrew  Pickens,  and  Joseiih  Martin.     l?y  this  treaty  a  linn  Iriendshij)  was  estahlisiieil, 


U.  S.  InJiaii  Tiviities,  .\.  P.  1837.  p.  4. 


828 


KUOM    THE    TIMIATY    OF    I'KACE.    1783, 


>■■' 


till'  MinciKliT  1)1'  ]iii-^oiicrs  mill  nc^irui's  sli|iiil;il('il  for.  ;iiiil  a  (li'duito  hoiiiuliiry  lino 
ostiilili.-litil.  williiii  wliicli  til''  I'lir  traiK-  .-IkuiIiI  lu;  ('oiuliicttd.  cxi'lusivcly  uiulcr  an 
Aiiicricaii  system  ol'  liiviise.  or  aiitlmrity.'  A  similar  iiulicy  govcnicd  the  ('lioctaws 
ami  Cliifkasaws.  Tlic  liirmor  trilio  cnti'ivd  iiiti)  iiciiotiatidiis  \vitli  the  samo  commis- 
sioners, on  tlie  ;!<!  of  .lanuary,  17S(),-  and  tiie  lattiT  on  tlie  lOtli  of  tlie  samo  montli.' 
Tlie  suutiiwestein  fronliiTs  were  tiius  placed  in  a  condition  of  secnrity,  by  the  jiroceed- 
iiiiis  of  a  conuiiissiou  eomiiosed  of  active  and  eneriretic  men.  well  acijuainted  with  the 
cliaiacter  of  the  Indians.  l)y  whom  they  were  held  in  iireat  iH'sjiect. 

There  was  still  another  tril>e  which  had  lieen  tlii'  sconrL'e  of  the  frontier.s;  no  one 
orj:ani/alion  liaviin;  evinced  snch  nnmitijiatcd  hatred,  anil  nnrelontinjr  crnolty  as  the 
Sliawnees.  ISearinjr  a  name  indicatiiii,'  a  sonthern  oriudn.  tlie_\-  had,  i'roin  the  lirst, 
resisted  with  desjierate  fiu'v  all  attemjits  of  tiio  front iersini'n  of  North  Carolimi  and 
A'iruinia.  to  extend  tlieir  settlements  heyoiul  the  Ohio  river.  With  the  agility  and 
sulitK'ty  of  the  panther,  they  crept  stealthily  thron^dl  the  lorcsts,  and  sprang  suddenly 
on  their  \ictims.  They  fc'm:lil  at  the  liattio  of  Kenawha  with  an  intrepidity  jirevionsly 
uidoiown  in  Indian  warfare:  lhoiiL;h  A'irginia  had.  in  every  decade  of  lier  existonci'  n.s 
a  colony,  snccessfidly  reiielled  their  incmsions.  After  the  lapse  of  twelve  \ears  from 
the  coiudnsion  of  their  treaty  with  Lord  Dmnnore.  on  tiie  Scioto,  in  1771.  their  cliiels 
assemliled  at  the  numtii  of  the  fircat  Miami,  signified  their  submission,  and.  January  .'U, 
1  7Mi.'  signed  a  treaty  of  peace.  ]5y  its  terms  they  stipulated  to  surrencU-r  all  the  prisoners 
in  their  iiossessioii.  and  wei-e  assigned  a  territorial  position  south  of  the  line  fixed  for 
the  Wyandots  and  Delawares.  hy  the  treaty  of  Fort  M'lntosii,  of  Jaiumry  lil,  l7S"i. 


ill^ 


I'    S.  Trnili^'.-,  jp. 


-Il.i.1,  1..  !_'. 


'  IbiJ.,  p.  1; 


'  (bill.,  I),  IS. 


,  d'       i  i._l 


TO    (JLUSK    OK    WASHINGTON'S    ADMINISTRATION. 


;;j'.> 


CllAl'TER   IV. 

HOSTILITIES     IN    THE    AVEST.       WAR    WITH    THE    MIAMIES    AND 

THEIR    CONFEDERATES. 


O.vK  of  tho  cjirliost  ol)jeot.s  of  iittciitioii  on  the  part  of  tlio  riovcrn- 
niont,  uiuKt  the  old  iiiticlos  of  ciuifidcratioii.  liad  Ih'i'ii  tlit'  iiK'orporation  1 7S!). 

of  tlie  liidiiin  ti-rritorv  northwest  of  the  <  )hi().     No  sooner  had  tlie  war       WAsnixtiTo.v, 
tenninated,  tlian  all  eves  Itojran  to  he  directed  to  that  (jnarter,  as  the  Pkksidknt. 

futnre  land  of  promise  to  the  Union  ;  wliicii  expectations  have  lieen 
most  amply  fid  111  led  ;  for  it  has  hecn.  eniiiiialically,  the  Mother  of  States,  the  most 
j)rominent  amonir  tlu'in  heimr  the  stalwart  cninmonwi-alths  of  Ohio.  Indiana,  and 
Illinois.  General  Arthnr  St.  Chiir  was  appoind-d  hy  Washini;ton  the  first  jrovernor  of 
the  leri'ilory.  The  most  imiiorlant  topic  which  caiU'<l  lor  his  atti-ntion  was  the  .state 
of  the  Indian  tril)es.  which  ipiestion  hi'  foinid  to  he  surronnded  with  pecnliar  dinienltiex. 
None  of  the  trilies  had  sullered  so  little  hy  the  war  as  the  Miainies.  Weas,  and 
Piankashaws.  of  tho  Wahash.  On  the  trihes  who  had  si,i;ned  tieaties  of  annty, 
hiit  little  reliance  could  he  ])laced.  For  several  years  the  Indians  i-xceeiled  in  nnml)cr.s 
the  settlers,  wiio  were  located  at  prominent  points,  and.  conseipiently.  these  frontier 
settlements  were  entirely  at  the  mercy  of  the  savai:cs.  It  was,  therefore,  necessary  to 
stren^'then  the  honds  of  amity  with  the  Indians  hy  treaty  stipulations.  Treaties 
furnish  tiie  very  hiirhest  evidence  of  civilization  amonir  intellectual  and  polished 
nations;  and,  when  tho  .sy.stom  was  introduced  in  negotiations  with  the  Indian  trihes, 
who  could  neither  read  nor  write,  an  e.xin'ctation  of  security  and  advantage  from  such 
instruments  was  indulfred.  far  heyond  what  the  niorid  character  of  the  ahoriaines.  and 
their  act':al  |)olitieal  appreciation  of  them,  justified.  Still,  this  system  promised  the 
surest  means  of  attaining  success.  From  the  earliest  traditionary  times,  it  had  hoen 
the  custom  of  the  Indians  to  hold  formal  meetings  of  their  chiefs,  for  the  purpose  of 
adjusting  their  afl'airs.  to  which  the  greatest  ceremony  and  solenniity  was  given,  hy 
smoking  the  sacred  weed,  and  hy  the  exchange  of  wani[)um  helts.  The  like  ceremony 
and  solenniity  was  u.sed  hy  the  connnissioners  and  commanders,  to  whom  the.se  negotia- 
tions were  entrusted,  on  concluding  the  treaties,  hy  exchanging  the  muzzin'mjitus,^  on 


m. 


'  .Monniiiir  trcntii'",  "r  LT;i|>liir  iKipi'i'^. 


Vol..    \"1. 


VI 


a:;o 


rUOM    Till':    TKIIATV    OF    I'EACE,    178.1, 


vli'u'li  llicM  rhal  iiLTCi'ini'iits  liiul  liccii  writlcn.    To  rciiow  and  cxtcnil  tlicso  ()l)llu'iiti()iis 


Wiis,  iici'on 


iiiir  to  liidiiiii  |)liriisi'olt)L!V.  to  tiulitcn  tlu'  I'luiiii  ol'  Iriciul^liip. 


Oil  tli(^  !>lli  of  Jiiimary,  ITS'.',  nearly  tlnrt'  nionllis  iH-t'orc  the  aildptinn  oftlic  jirosont 
C(in>tilntiun.  (icniTal  St.  Claii'  conclndcil  a  treaty  witli  a  lar^c  delciration  of  the  Six 
Nations,  assonilili'd  at  Fort  llarnicr,  at  the  niontli  of  tlie  Mii.skinL'iiin.  Tlic  cliiil' 
ohjcct  of  tills  treaty  wius  to  renew  and  (•ontlrni  tiiat  entered   into  at   Fort    Stanwix.  in 


17S1.     T 


o  secure  o 


I'der,  a  liod_\  of  rnili'd   States  troops  was  ( 


neannied 


tl 


lere.  niidel 


Colonel  llariiier,  and  tlie  treaty  of  Fort  .M-Intoslu  of  .laiiiiary  lilst.  ITS't.  was  re-eon- 
lirined   by  tlie  orijriniil  parties  to  it.  to  wlioin  was  added  a  delei^atioii   from  tiie   I'otta- 


wattaimes 


111.1  Sa 


From  an  explanatory  article  appended  to  tliis  triMly.  it  appears   that   tlie  Wvandots 


accii>e( 


1  tlie  Sliawiiees  ot'  lia\  inu  laid  claim  to  lands  that  did  not  lieloii';  to  them  ;   tin 


tlie  Sliawiiees.  who  .si,!:ned  the  trei'"  of  peai 


lands  lieinu'  a   part   of  the  AVyandot  domain,      'i'lie  respected  Wyandot   chii'f,  'r.Mtiii:, 
was  pri'seiit  at  the  iieiiotiation  of  this  treaty.      It  was  allinned   liy  the  Wrandots,  that, 

included  at  the  Miami,  li.id  lieeii  iiiiilly 
of  injustice;  and  they  further  av!  .red.  that  ••  the  .'^hawiiecs  lia\e  lieeii  so  restless,  and 
caused  so  niiieh  tnnihle.  both  to  them  and  tin-  United  St.ites.  that  if  they  will  not  now 
lie  at  peace,  they  (the  Wyandots)  will  dispos.sess  them,  and  take  the  country  into  their 
own  hands;  for  that  the  country  is  theirs  of  rij^lit,  ami  the  Sliawiiees  are  only  living 


upoi 


1  it  Ijy  their  permi 


111  178'J.  (icneral  St.  ('lair  also  ne^'otiatetl  a  treaty  with  the  Wyaiidots.  Delawares, 
Ottawas,  Chippewas,  Sacs,  and  I'ottawattamies,  through  the  ehiel's  asseinhled  at  Fort 
Ilarmer."  This  treaty  iias  hceii  called  "a  |iiece  of  Iiulian  diplomaiy,  saying  the 
Indians  never  intended  to  aliide  In  it  any  longer  than  suited  tlu'ir  convenience."^ 
Tlie.M'  assenihlages,  however,  were  eoiiveiK'd  ill  pursuance  of  the  pacific  policy  of 
Washington,  and  had  their  ell'ect. 

The  positinn  of  the  Indian  relations  was  at  this  time  very  critical.     iMiiigrnr 
17'JO        tion  llowed  over  the  Allei;liaiiies  w  itii  i;ieat  raiiiditv.  and  the  hands  to  which  the 


Indian   title  iiad  lieeii  extinguished  were  daily  tilling  up.     The  nu(deiis  of  tl 


le 


future  State  of  Ohio  had   heeii   established   at    .Marietta,  in   17SS.      ('(jllision   could   not 
be  avoided  between  two  races  .so  anta^ioiiistic  in  habits  ami  fcelim:s  sis  the  An^lo-Saxon 


and  the  Iiidi 


.M 


iirders  were  committed,  w  hiidi  were  retaliateil  b\-  similar  oiitraLi'es. 


It  became  e\ideiit  that  an  open  liiili.in  war  iniist  speedily  ensue.  The  Delawares.  the 
Sliawiiees.  and  the  Wyaiidots  ha\  iiig  measured  swords,  to  their  cost,  with  the  Hritish.  as 
also  with  the  colonies,  it  wa.-  clear  that  the  is>ue  \viiuld  not  be  with  either  ol'  these  tribes. 
Hostile  demonstrations  were  apiueheiideil  from  the  Miamies,  and  their  co-tribes,  the  Woas 


aiK 


1  1' 


iankasliaws 


Tl 


le  residence  o 


)f  this  tribe  was  located  in  the  Wabash  vallev.  ono 


of  the  most  favorable  anil  genial  re;:i'ins  in  the  West.     Possessing  an  oxtraordinari 


U.  S.  Tivati 


l,i.l., 


.\llR'l'il'ail    I'inlu'lT,    \'nl      I   ,    p.    'JS 


TTl 


TO    CLOSK    OF    WASIIINOTONS    A  DM  1  N  1  ST  II  A  T  lO  \ 


ll'l'tiU'  w)il.  wliicli  ^  ifldc'tl  l;ir;:i'  ((iniiilitics  (irconi.  ^rniii.  and  I'liiit,  an  cxulKTiUit  forest, 
iibuiniding  in  di'iT,  Ijeiirs,  iind  other  uniinals.  tlioir  population  was  ivmarkaMy  vi}j;oroiis, 
wliile  tlii'ir  iiisolonci!  knew  no  bounds.     Colonel  llaiiner  was  directed  to  advance  into 
their  country,  and  endeavor  to  hrin^'  them  to  terms.     Such  a  nuirch,  uncumherod  with 
Htore.s  and  supplies,  through  a  wilderness  destitute  of  roails,  was,  in  itself,  an  arduous 
undertaking.     The  pioneer  work  of  an  armj-  ha.s  always  been  one  of  the  .severest 
duties  of  a  western  cainiiaign  ;  it  is  the  toil  and  the  triumph  of  the  ([Uiirtermaster's 
df'partiiK'nt.     lioads  nuist  be  made,  bridges  built,  provisions  paclied,  arms  and  .■mnmi- 
nition    eairied;    every  dehiy  nmst   lie  endured,  every  dilliculty  overcome.      Coloni'l 
Iliirmer  rcaclied   the  eligilile  and  elevated  grounds,  forming  tin;  present  siti'  of  Fort 
Wayne,  which  aiv  waslied  by  the  Kiver  Miami,  of  the  Lukes,  whose  swift,  but  siiallow 
rapids,  are  easily  forded.    ()bservatii)ns,  made  on  the  rising  grounds  beyond  the  stream, 
di'tected  the  presence  of  the  i'nem\',  who.se  demonstrations  were  intended  to  convey  tlie 
idea  that   (hey  were   in  force  in  that  (piarter.     But   this  proved  to  be  only  a  decoy ; 
they  had  crouched  down  in  the  thick  undergrowth  and  weeds,  and  wnv  concealed  along 
the  western  shore.     Tiu*  army  wa.s  directed  to  cros.s  the  stiiam  at  tliis  rajiid,  but  had 
not   procei'ded  far,  when  a  heavy  \'nv  of  nnisketry  was   poured  in,  accompanied  by  the 
most  frightful  (!ries.    The  nu'n  were  rallied  by  spirite(l  ollicers  ;  .Major  Wyllis,  and  other 
lirave  ollicers,  lieing  killed  in  this  ell'ort.     The  Indian  fu'e  was  continued,  and  well  sus- 
tained, they  being  j)lentifidly  suiiiilied  with  guns  and  ammunition.     The  line  having 
faltered,  and  fallen  back,  the  retreating  cohnnns  were  marched  to  an  elevated  position, 
where  they  were  reorganized.     The  loss  among  tlie  regular  troops  ainounted  to  75 
killed,  and   three  wounded.     Of  tiie   militia,  1(18  were   killed,  and   28   wounded.'     So 
se\ere  a  defeat  could  not  be   repaii'ed  without  a  reiniorcement ;  iind   llarmer  deter- 
mined to  return  to  the  banks  of  tlie  Ohio,  which  he  did  without  further  molestation 
from  the  Indians. 


'  JU'k'iilf's  tViiloctkiii  of  N'arrativcH  of  Iiidiuii  Warfaru  in  tlic  West:    Li'xiiiutnii,  Ki'iiliukv,  |sj|,  1  vol. 
Svo.,  p.  lO'J. 


Y,t 


I* 


11 


I 


111 


I     ll 


I'l. 


II    ^ 


I;;    !!■ 


m 


FROM    THK    TREATY    01'    I'KACK.    1788, 


CHAPTER   V. 

THE    MUSCOGEES,   OR   CREEKS,   NEGOTIATE  A  TREATY  OF   PEACE. 

Tvro  (listurl)inj^  elements  exercised  an  intluenco  on  tlic  powerful 
ITSl).  ("reck  nation  diirinj:  the  I'utire  Ki'vohitionarj  contest;  anil,  after  pm'- 

Washixgtdx,  suing  a  tluctuatinjr  policy,  recjuiring  perpetual  vigilance  on  the  part  ol" 
1'kksiijext.  the  authorities  of  Georgia  and  Snitli  Carolina,  their  hostility  was  (Inally 
evinced  by  the  loruiidable  night  attack,  made,  under  Guristersigo, 
on  the  cam])  of  General  Wayne,  near  Savannah,  in  ITSli.  The  disturbing  causes 
aliutleil  to.  were,  the  inlluence  ol'  the  Spanish  in  Florida,  and  of  the  French  in  Lou- 
isiana. 15ut.  when  the  issue  of  the  Kevolutionary  contest  i)ecanie  a  fixed  fact,  they 
expressed  a  wish  to  enter  inti)  friendly  relations  with  the  Union.  For  this  pm-pose,  in 
the  year  171)0,  a  lielegatioii.  comprising  twenty-four  of  their  most  distinguished  chiefs, 
visited  the  seat  of  government,  tlien  located  at  the  city  of  New  York.  This  delegiv- 
tion  represented  all  the  jirincipal  towns  and  septs,  from  the  Coosahatchee  and  Chatta- 
liooche  to  the  sources  of  the  Altamaha ;  it  also  embraced  a  delegation  of  the  Somi- 
noles.  and  was  headed  by  Alexander  M'Gillevray.  wlio  had.  during  many  years,  exer- 
cised a  controlling  inthience  over  this  nation.  The  distinctions  of  Upper,  Middle,  and 
Lower  Creeks,  were  insisted  on,  they  being  regarded  as  so  many  septs.  General  Wash- 
ington received  the  delegates  with  comity,  and  deputed  General  Knox,  Secretary  of 
War,  to  treat  with  them.  After  a  full  discussion  of  all  the  questions  involved,  the 
terms  were  agreed  on,  and  the  treaty  signed,  August  7.  171)0.'  The  most  important 
of  its  provisions  was  the  establishment  of  boundaries.  It  contained  the  usual  professions 
of  amit\,  and  stipulated  for  t\w  surrender  of  prisoners  taken  during  the  war,  whites 
and  negroes,  many  of  the  latter  being  refugees."  To  iiuluce  them  to  uiake  greater 
advances  toward  civilization,  a  clause  was  inserted,  providing  that  they  should  be  fur- 
nished, from  time  to  time,  with  cattle  and  agricultural  implements.  In  that  genial 
climate,  where  cattle,  horses,  and  sheep  recpiire  neither  feeding  nor  liou.sing,  this  wise 


'  I'nitoil  States  Imliaii  Trcnti<<,  p.  l.",1. 

'  Tlicsi'  ri'I'ii'jres  in  flii'  Imliuii  trniturirs,  fiiriiislicil  tlii^  iiucloiis  of  slavery  anions;  tlio  Tn'oks,  ■'^olninlllo^^, 
('liiictaw'i,  Clilrkii.-iaws,  and  ("lu'rHki'i><.  'Die  AlVicans  wore  nnt  adopted  as  ineiiiliers  (if  tlio  tribes,  but  lield  a.s 
persiUis  in  servitude  ;  and,  l)v  perlnrMiin'j  tlii'  lield-lalmr.  enableil  tbese  tribes  to  pursue  a^'rienllnre  without  beini» 
themselves  compelled  to  enuaL'e  in  iiiannal  lalifir;  thus  produeim.'  the  relaticui,  continued  to  this  d.'iy,  of  master 
and  slave.      I'or  a  census  of  the  ('reel;  slaves,  s.-e  Vol.  IV.,  ,'>itati>ties,  p.  '>~i>.  ri  .«(/• 


TO    CLOSK    OK    WASIlINliTONS    AUM  I  N  1  STll  A  T  1  O  N  . 


;;.'5:5 


provision  liiis  iviulcrod  tiic  iiatioii  wriiltliy  in  iininmls  ami  .•■twk ;  thus  on;il)liim  tiii'm 
to  make  fiirtiur  proiiii-ss  in  tlu-  social  scale. 

After  all  the  nctrotiatioiis  wore  coiielmleil,  the  riovernnient  appointed  a  special  UL'ont 
to  accompany  the  dcle^iites  to  their  homes,  and  ri'port  on  their  condition.  This  agent 
performed  his  task  skiifnlly.  I)eing  a  cantioiis  and  shrewil  ohserver;  and,  after  iiin 
return,  he  comniunicateil  to  (leneral  Kiio.x  a  valnahle  report,  accompanied  liy  a  map' 
of  the  fonntry,  a  detailed  aecmnit  of  their  principal  places  of  residence,  luid  a  carefully 
prepared  and  coinpn-hensixe  vu'W  of  their  manners  and  customs.'  He  ^lue  the  names 
and  designated  the  locations  of  (ifty-two  towns,'  which  were  estimated  to  contain  I'mm 
l2.').()()(f  to  .•](l.(M)0  Minis.  Of  these,  hetween  -VMId  and  0(100  were  reported  to  l.e  -un- 
nieii.  or  warriors.  It  may  he  remarked,  '//  y«/ss<(//^  that  the  confederacy  of  the  Crc  ks 
is  wi'll  deserving  of  study,  as  an  element  of  Indian  history. 

By  .s()me  of  the  older  writers,  they  are  (billed  Muscogulgcs,'  a.  term  which  has, 
ap|iarently,  heen  shortened  to  Muscogees;  the  English  api)cllation  of  Creeks  ha\ing 
Ix'cn  derived  from  a  geographical  feature  oi'  the  country,  which  is  remarkahie  lor  its 
numerous  streams.'  The  a|)pellations  of  Alahama  and  (Jkechoyatte.  have  heen  Imruo 
hy  them"  at  an  early  [U'riod.  Their  language'  is  one  of  the  most  musical  of  tlie  Imlian 
tongues,  hut  agrees  with  the  other  languages  in  its  principles  of  synthesis,  its  coaleseenwi 
of  the  pronoun  with  the  noun,  and  its  power  of  combination. 

Politically  speaking,  they  possess  a  standing  and  inlluencu  second  to  none  of  the 
other  tribes,  being  one  of  tin;  most  strongly  characteri/cd  families  of  the  aboriginal  race, 
and  one  from  whom  we  may  e.xpect  great  development. 


'  V.il.  v.,  p.  ■::<■■). 

"  Kiir  tills  rc'pdrt,  liy  .Miijnr  Caii'tt  Swim,  niid  its  accdinpanitiu'nts,  viilc  Vol,  I.,  Tnpical  Ilistm-y,  ]>.  L'.M. 

■'  Vdl.  v..  p    L'liL'.  '  *  liaitraiii,  p.  liSl,  lie.,  A.  I).  177^.  '  Hawkins. 

"  Vol.  I.,  Tribal  Orgauizatiuii,  p.  'JCO.  '  Vul.  I\'.,  l,:'ii;_'uai;i>,  p.  ^10. 


!     il 


u  «■ 


m 


n 


I  ji 


I'KOM     riM-:     rUKATY    OI'    I'KACK.    178:!, 


CHAPTEI}    VI, 


KXrKDITIONS  OF  C  KN  Kl!  Al-   C  II A  ULHS    SCOTT,  OF  KENT  TO  KY,  AND 
OF  (.IKNKUAL   ST.  I'LAIll,   AliAINST   THK  WI^lSTEllN   INDIANS. 


IJlT  tl 


iri'C  tl'llics  ;ii 


:lc(i  tl 


ii-  colonii's  in  till-  rcvdliitionarv  coiitc^'t :  (lio  Oiii'idiis, 


I  7:1! 


T 


llSCIU'dl'l 


.MdliicMiis.     Tims  I'ar,  ticatii's  nt'  iiciicc  Iiail   lict'ii  I'Diicliiilcd 


lilli  tlic  iffivant  OiKuidauas,  I'aviiij 


iiiid  Sfiu'i'us,  in  tlu'  uoi'lli:  tlio  ('^'('k^ 


Ciiickasaws.  Cli()cta\ 


\\arc 


SI 


law  net': 


Cliii 


a  I 


I|H'\V1 


id  Ciicrdkt'os,  111  tiic  soiitli ;  and  witli  tlii'  Wxaiidots,  Dclii- 


Ottowi 


Totti 


iwattaiiiic: 


ind    Sacs,  in  tiic  west ;  hnt 


tiic  scxcn  lattrr.  wlio  lioiv  a  wvy  (incslioiiahlf  charai'ti'i'.  could  not  lie  rclii'il  on,  uliilo 
til"  Miaiiiiis.  Wcas,  and  I'iankasliaws  of  tiic  Wahasli,  were  in  open  hostility.  'I'licv 
liad.  diiriinr  tlii'  pri'vions  ycai-.  dclcatcd  Harincr,  at  the  joint  sources  of  tlic  (ircat 
.Miami  of  tlic  Oliio  and  tlic  .Miami  of  the  Laki's.  The  liiver  Miami  of  tiic  fiakcs 
formed  the  L'rand  iiu'dium  of  noithern  Indian  comininiicatioii  with  the  Oltowas  of  tlu! 
lower  |iai't  of  that  \alle_v,  the  Wyand(jts  of  San(lii>k_\,  and  eastern  .Michi::an.  anil  tiic 
('hi|H)cwas  of  Detroit,  as  well  as  other  lake  AlgoiKjuin  trilies,  who  were  in  the  jiractiec  of 
joiniiiir  the  Wyandots.  Delawares,  and  Shawnees.  in  their  inroads  on  the  Ohio  frontiers. 
Till'  Miamies  were  an  acti\c,  hold,  and  numerous  race,  who,  under  the  name  of 
Tweetwces,  had  iiccn  the  oliji'cts  of  special  attack  l>y  the  Inxjuois,  ever  since  tiio  I'ra 
of  the  Frcncli  occupanc_\.  They  had  hcen  ilrivi'n  In  them  to  more  soutiierly  and 
westerly  locations  than  tiiose  which  tliey  liad  iormcily  inhahited,  and  wero  now  tlie 
undisputed  masters  of  the  Wahash  valley.  During  the  fierce  and  sanguinary  warfare  of 
lli^'l,  when  so  many  expeditions  wore  sent  against  tlio  Slnrwiecs,  Wyandots,  and 
Delawares,  the  Miamies  rvreived  no  specific  notice,  but  appear  to  haw  been  included 
in  tlie  widely-diU'used  Ottowa  and  Cliippewa  race,  whom  tlicy  rcscmhle  in  I'eatures, 
manners,  customs,  and  language.  General  James  Clinton,  during  tlie  campaign 
against  the  Six  Nati(jns,  in  1778,  observed  that  tlie  synipatliy  existing  lictween 
tlie  races,  even  wlicre  tliey  wero  placed  in  antagonistic  jiositioiLs,  was  .so  great  tiiat  but 
little  reliance  could  be  placed  on  them  in  exigencies.'  Wiieii  war  broke  out,  it  reciuircd 
do.se  observation  to  discriminate  very  i)articularly  ijetwecn  tlio  grades  of  ho.stility,  if 


Stone's  Krniit,  Veil.  II. 


To    ("I.osi;    or    W  ASH  IN(iT(>\S    A  hM  I  N  [STI!  \Tln\. 


tliiTi'  \VM>  liny  :il  nil.  cxi^tiiiu  iiiiKiii^-  tlii>  (lilU'iciit  iiiiinlcrs  dI'  iillili;it<''l  Irilics.  Nur 
dill  till'  liicliiuis  miikc  any  ilistiiictiini  liftwiM-ii  tlic  vMrimis  iai'<  s  ol'ilic  wliiti's.  It  was, 
in  liiitli.  II  war  iit'  racrs ;  an  atli'nipt.  it'  wi'  may  so  term  it.  ol'  the  (Icsccndanis  nl" 
.la|ilMt  to  sliacklc  tlic  wilil  .sons  of  Slicin.  iiml  to  '•  dwell  in  liis  tnit^. " ' 

Tlic  earliest  niovenioiit  of  liny  note,  in  tiie  eainiiai'jii  of  IT'.U.  a'^ain-^t  tlie  \Val>:i>li 
Indians  and  tlieii'  allies,  was  iiiadi!  Ity  tlie  e\|)edilion  eiitrnsted  to  (iriieral  Cliaiics  Sentt, 
ol'  KentiieUy.  On  tlie  -■'M  of  May  in  that  year,  (ienc  ral  Scott  set  out  I'lom  tlie  hanks 
ol'  tile  Ohio,  with  a  total  force  of  ^"Id  men,  a  part  of  whom  were  icjidars.  under 
command  of  (Jolonel  James  Wilkinson;  lint  far  the  lar;icst  ])art  of  his  aiiny  consisti'il 
of  Inave  and  exiu'rloiicod  moinited  volunteers.  The  mouth  of  .lum-  was  pa-sed  in 
tra\er>ini:'  the  \ast  extent  of  exnliefant  forest  watered  liy  the  trilmtirics  of  the  \V;i'ia-h 
riser.  On  the  1st  ol' August,  he  readied  the  vicinity  of  Oiiialloiicm,  liie  iari;e>i  of  tin- 
Miami  towns.  This  jilaco  was  proinptly  attacked,  sexcral  \\aniois  killed,  ami  the 
liiilians.  under  a  severe  lire  from  the  rillemen,  were  dri\eii  acro-s  the  Waliash.  their 
laiidin'.;  heiiit;'  covered  hy  the  warriors  helon^iuj;'  to  a  silhuje  dl'  Kirka|ioos.  who  main- 
tained a  constant  lire.  A  detachment,  mider  Colonel  llardiu.  haviii::  heeii  ordrreil  to 
cross  the  river  at  a  point  lower  down,  did  so  nnolpser\'ed  iiy  the  iiidiaiis,  and  stormed 
the  Kickajioo  town,  killini:  six  warriors,  ami  taking'  lifty-two  prisoners.  The  liiljnw  iicj; 
morniiiir,  •"•••H  iiu-n  wore  directed  to  capture  and  iK~troy  tiie  iniportant  town  of 
Kithlipecaniik,  located  on  the  west  hanks  of  the  Waliash.  at  the  imnitli  of  Kcd  river,  ;i 
distance  of  ei,i:liteen  miles  from  the  e;unp.  After  demolishing'  the  Indian  towns  and 
villages,  devastating'  their  corulields  and  f;nrdens,  and  klllin;;'  tliirt}-two  warriors,  liesidt; 
taking  llfty-eijht  prisoners,  (ieiieral  Scott  retiuiied  to  the  Ohio,  which  he  reached  on 
Auiiust  1  1th,  without  the  loss  of  one  man,  and  with  Imt  live  wounded.^ 

This  detail  is  Init  a  necessary  juvfaee  to  what  follows.  The  Indians  lieimr  a  people 
of  im[)ertnri)al)le  character,  are  not  much  alU'cted  hy  tliose  le.ssuiis  of  military  warfart> 
which  are  not  fraiij;ht  with  calamities  of  a  contiiiiH)iis  character.  Tliex  dexleroiisly 
avoid  the  danger  tliey  c.innot  resist,  ami.  when  no  lonpM'  threatened,  they  as  (piickly 
return  to  their  former  acts  of  piilauc  and  iitroeity.  Some  more  liirmidalile  ami 
iiermaneiit  elliuts  weri'  eviilentl\-  iiecessar\  to  liiiim'  the  trilies  to  terms.  For  this 
purpose,  Arthur  St.  Clair  was  ctimmissioned  ii  major-general  in  the  army  of  the  I'nited 
States,  early  in  March,  17'Jl.'  (Jencral  WashiiiLitoii  was  very  anxious  oii  the  sulijeel, 
and  urged  on  tlie  veteran  General  the  iiuportaiice  of  piocicdiiiLi-  with  all  [nacticaiile 
prouiiilitiide.' 

St.  Clair  was  a  disciplined  soldier,  who,  havini:  served  under  Wolfe.  Moncklou.  and 
Murriiy,'  enjoyed    the  confidence  of   Washington,   as  a   miui    of   midoulited   luaveiy 


'  (;,-iif>is  ix.  :.'7.  ■'  M'ti'Mlfs  Wtii-s.  |..  11.'). 

'  .\    .\;iinilivi'  ul'   ii  (';uiiji:iii:ii  ii^uiiist    tlio    liHli.iiis,   uiuli'i'   tlic    ciMiiiiiiiiul  nl'    .Al;ijui'-( lent  nil    .»<(.  Cfiir: 
I'llihlililplli.l.  ISlL',  ,,.  1. 

'  ll.l.l,  1.    ^--j:..  Ilii.l,  1'.  :!". 


•.VM 


FROM    TIIK    TUKATY    «U"    I'KACK.    ITM.'l, 


?il^ 


ami  |ini(Ic'nc('.  On  tlio  I'jIIi  i)f  May.'  ho  iciichfil  Fori  Wnxliiiiirton,  now  llii*  silo  of 
('iiiciiinali.  Tlic  tlcliiyH  iittoiiilin;;  tlic  arrival  of  troops  mid  Hup|)lk'M,  and  the  ori;uiii/a- 
tioii  of  tliu  nrmy,  giivo  riso  to  coniplaiiitH,  tlu'  wliolo  «timint>r  ln-iiif;  paxscd  away  in  thin 
iiiainiiT.  Full  Ilaniilton,  the  point  offiipport  on  tiio  (Iroat  Miami,  was  not  coMipU'tcil 
until  tlic  I'llli  of  SoptrnilHT.  and  the  niontli  ofOctolicr  had  anivcil  lidim'  tlii'  dilU'ri'nt 
idips  ol'  troofw  anil  ii'vios  wvw  ail  nnistfrcd  into  sfrvico.  On  tin'  l.'ith  of  October,  tlio 
iiiiiiy  had  advanced  forty-four  niiU's  from  Fort  Hamilton,  and  t'licainpcd  on  an  (dijiihlo 
.xpot.  wliLMi'  St,  (/'lair  Imilt  Fort  .lelVcrsoii.  'I'lu'ii  advancinji  with  caution  and  order, 
on  the  ;id  of  Novcmlii'r  he  arrived  at  the  St.  MiirvV  river,  a  stream  twelve  yards  in 
width,  one  of  the  principal  sources  of  the  Miami  of  the  LaUcs.  It  heinf;  four  o'cKn-k 
in  the  afternoon  when  the  army  reiudied  this  stream,  St.  Clair  procci'ded  up  its  banks 
nine  miles,  and  encamped  on  an  .'li^'ilile  piece  of  ground,  in  military  order,  lie  had 
desiL'iicd  constriictinir  a  breastwoiU  at  this  place,  for  the  security  of  his  ba;rgaj;i' ;  but, 
belbre  he  could  I'ffect  this  ]iiirpose,  the  Indians,  at  half  an  hour  Ind'ore  sunrise  the 
Itdlowinu-  nmniin^  (lth),made  a  furiuis  altaclcoii  his  lines.  They  were  in  great  (i)rce, 
conseipieiit  upon  the  s'owness  of  St.  Clair's  nuircli  up  the  Mauince,  thu,s  allowing  them 
an  opportunity  to  concentrate  all  the  forces  of  their  allies.  Uid'ortunately,  the  Indians, 
who  were  led  into  action  by  the  valiant  Wapacomegat,' a  Mississagie,^  (irst  eiicounteii'd 
the  militia  and  raw  troops,  who  immediately  lied  through  the  line,  pursued  by  the 
Indians,  thus  producing  the  most  irremi'diable  confusion.  The  Indians  were  cheikcd, 
liowe\('r,  by  a  spirited  lire  from  the  front  line;  but.  in  a  I'ew  moments,  that  and  the 
fccoiid  line  were  vigorously  attacked,  and  the  soldiers  of  the  artillery  corps,  who 
formed  the  centre,  shot  down  at  their  guns.  The  slaughter  was  terrific  <in  every  side, 
and  the  confusion  e.vteiided  to  the  centre.  At  this  moment.  St.  Clair  ordered  the 
second  lino  to  charge,  wdiiuh  they  did  very  gallantly,  under  the  command  of  ('olonel 
Darke.  The  Indians  lied  several  liundred  yarils,  but  again  rallied  when  the  troops 
returned  to  their  position.  At  this  time,  the  .second  line  also  charged  with  elfect;  but 
the  lire  of  the  Indians  was  very  galling,  and  produced  greater  coid'nsion,  because  of 
the  large  number  of  olli<'ers  killeil  and  wouniled.  (ji'ueral  St.  Clair  attributes  much  of 
the  disorder  to  this  fact.  The  artillery  were  silenced,  all  the  otiicers  being  killed  but 
one,  ami  he  was  wounded.  The  Indians  simultaneously  attacked  front.  Hanks,  and 
rear,  (jeneral  Uutler,  the  second  in  connnand,  was  killed,  as  also  Colonel  Oldham,  and 
Majors  Hart.  Ferguson,  and  (.'larke.  General  St.  Clair  attempted  to  mount  three 
difli-renl  horses,  which  were  shot  before  he  could  du  so.*  More  than  oncdialf  the  rank 
and  file  of  the  army  were  killed,'  and  the  extermination  of  the  rest  seemed  inevitable. 


IM    il 


'  N'iirnitivc  (if  .*>t.  Diiir's  CainiiiiiLMi,  p.  4. 

'  Tliis  iiiMii   liiiil  iittiMidiil   the  ^.'outnil  peace  convention,  and   submitted  to  the  Hriti.'?b,  undiT  General 
Brail>tri('t,  in  I'lit.      Vide  Maiitc. 

'  Metwiif,  p.  loH.  «  Xarrativc,  p.  51.  '  Ibid.,  p.  r)0-ol. 


TO    CLOHK    OF    WASinN(iTONH    A  DM  [  N  ISTR  ATION. 


;i37 


Tlio  cotiilint  liiiil  lastt'd  from  alnrnt  (•  o'clock  to  '.).  A  .M..'  wlirn  Ot'iiPiiil  St.  Clnir  Ifd  n 
<-liiu'i;(>  tlirmigli  tlic  iiiiliaii  liiH>  in  tli(>  I'ciir,  \iii(1it  cover  of  wliicli  tlic  rciniiiiiH  of  the 
iiniiy  rclivaliMl  in  (iistuticr,  until  tlicy  ri'iiclicd  Fort  JclU'ifton.  'I'liu  iinny  liiul  oiifjiniilly 
C(in.xist('il  of  iilioiit  I'JOO  men,  of  wlioni  it  was  i-c|ioi-t('d  that  tXIO  wcru  killed,  includiii|j 
01  iilliccrs,'  a  loss  c(inal  to  that  ox|H'ri('ncc(l  at  UraildtM-k's  defeat. 

Tlio  cllects  of  tliis  dufi'ttt  wt'io  most  ilisiistioiis  to  tlio  western  settlements.     Immi- 
gratioii  wuH  checked,  and  dismay  prevailed  along  the  entire  frontier. 


'  The  HUH  rises  in  this  lutituJo  nt  112  minutes  pnst  ((. 


•  Jletmilf'H  Wars,  ]>.  1;17. 


Vol..  VI.— 4:5 


n::s 


FIIOM    THK    TltKATV    <»r    I'l'VCK,    17sn. 


CII  A  I'TKK    V  I  I 


(  AMl'AlUNa    OK    (iKNKH.M.    nAVNi:     A(iAIN.ST    TliK     WKSTKKN 

I  M  M  A  N  S . 


I-   I 


TliK  oflt'cf  prodiunl  in  Pliiliiili'l|iliiii.  Uh'Ii  tin-  caiiital,  li_>  tlic  iiitcili- 

1702.  p-ncc  ol'  this  (Ic'lfiit,  was  rlciMiic.     Wasliiii'itiiii  lia<l  iicvfi' (•oiinscllrd 

WA>iii\(iTiiN,        liall-way  inrasiiics  with  llic  liiilians.  and  tlii.s  rcMill  had   disapiinintfd 

PUKSIKKNT.  hi.H    i'.\|)t'ct!itii)iis.      Kniix.   Iii'    Sccrt-tarv  nl'    War,    liad    nn    |nTS()iiul 


i'X|»t'rii'iu'i>    III 


Indi 


III   warfai't 


It    uas   III'  tilt'    utmost    niiiini'iit  to 


iiiakf  aiidthcr  clVort.  as  curly  tin'  litlluwiiii:  ."iiiiii'.' as  |His,<iMi',  t<>  j;aiii  tiic  asct'iidi'iicy 
ill  the  West.  All  cxaiuiiiatiiiii  oC  the  list  dI'  olliccrs  fxpi'iii'iici'd  in  savairi'  iiiilitai'V 
liinii(«'ii\  ri's.  I'csiiltt'd  in  tho  clioicc  iii'  (ii'iicral  Wayne,  whose  decision  of  character  was 
veil   kiii'Wii.      lie  hail,  ill  ITS'J,  led  a  snccessrui  ca\ali\  eharw  a'^ainst  a  iii;;lit  attack 


ol'  the  (' 


liail 


II'  Savginnali.     Finn  and  cautious,  hut  ol'  chivalrous  dariiiL',  naliiru 


Hstowed   on   him   the   talents    and  eiieiyv   neeessarv  to  cope   wi 


th    tl 


le   western 


IM! 


iP 


Prior  to  the  march  ol'  (leneial  Wayne,  Washiiiffton  resolved  to  imike  aiititlu'r  attempt 


to  liiiiiL'  the  hostile  Indians  ol'  the  West  to  terms  h\'  nef.'otiiif 


ion. 


]•• 


this 


l""'l 


lose. 


Coluiiel  Hardin  and  Major  'rriieman,  two  experii'iiced  men,  were  appointed  commi.s- 
sinnei>.  and  clirected  to  visit  the  towns  on  the  ."^cioto.      Hut  llie.se  jri'iitlcmeii  were  Imth 


waslaiil  and   kille<l  while  descendiiii.'  the  Ohio,  and  thus  the  overture   i'aili 


(leiieral 


Wa\ne's  movements  were  also  dela\ed  hy  annther  olijcct  of  prosim;  moment,  which 
was  to  intercept  a  threatened  iiiva>ioii  of  Louisiana  from  Kentucky.  For  this  purpose, 
he  was  detained  at  Fort  Massac  durimr  a  poitiiui  of  the  ye.ir  ''.):];  after  whii'h,  he  con- 
tented himsell'  with  ascondinir  the  Miami  valley,  si.\  miles  ahovi'  Fort  JclU'ison,  where 
he  cstaliiished  himself  in  a  fortified  camp,  calli'd  flitKK.vvil.i.K. 

It  will  he  uniii-'cessary  to  detail  the  jiroccss  of  orjiaiii/inL'  the  new  army,  or  the  difli- 
cultio.s  and  delays  it  encountered.  Wiiynu  was  duteriniiied  not  to  he  defeated  ;  and 
this,  when  opcratii.^r  aL'.ainst  an  enemy  so  snlitili?  as  the  Indians,  jind  h)  intimatelv 
ac(piaiiited  with  the  pi'culiar  geoirraphical  features  of  the  surrounding  country,  could 
only  he    friiarded    aj;aiiist    hy  the    most    iiiitiriiif^  vij:ilance,    prudence,    ami    caution. 


Th 


for  acti\e  operations  elapsed  in  <'ollectinLr  the   li 


111  a  remote  frontier. 


an 


d  briiiiiinir  them  into  the  lii'Id.     It  was  necessary  to  proceed  slowlv',  a.s  roads  must 


TO    ri.uSK    OF    WASH  INCTON'S    ADMINISTHATIOX. 


;:«» 


III'  n|ii'ni'il.  liriil;.'i'H  Imilt,  iiihI  lilitckliotiricM  rrrcliil,  In  sct'sc  iiH  |iiiiiits  III'  ^ii|i|ily  iiiitl 
t'liiniiiiiiiiriitiiiii.  A  liir^r  ('iir|is  iif  |)i(iiii'ei'i4  wii'^  i'('i|iiii'i'i|  in  U'  ciiiiMtiuitlv  I'liiiiliiNi'*!, 
wliifli  it  wiiM  iiccf.ssiirv  to  iiroli'ct  liy  ii  slronn'  lini'i'  of  iMsalrv  iiinl  lillciiicn.  'I'lm 
ili'luyH  iirixiii;,'  ri'iiiii  tlicst'  ciui.xcN  wiTc  the  Hulijt'ft  of  iiiiju.<'t  (iiiitiiluiiit  in  tli<!  (liuiiiitl 
]>i\'»<M  of  tliiit  {MTioil.  'I'vvo  iirinii'H  hnd  Ix'cii  dclcaU'd  in  nulcnvni-M  to  peiiL'tiutu  tliu 
j^ri'iit  wM<)orm>^<M  to  tiit>  Waliii>li ;  n coiiiitiv  well  r<uiti!(l  to  tin'  o|iri'iiti(iiis  ul'  ii  i<avii^t) 
t'o<>,  hut  alioiiiidiii^  ill  olii^tiiclcH  to  the  [iroLMi'ss  of  ii  civili/.t'd  uniiy,  I'lii'iiinlKTcd  wilii 
l)ii^').'''i^'*'<  I'liMiiiiii,  mid  .itiircM  ;  ulio  iiiiist  liiivc  ii  pu^Hiililt'  rniid.  and  cuiild  imt  ('rii>s  ti  Hiri'Mtii 
ol'i'vcii  ijic  iliit'd  iii:i'-'iiitiiil)- witlioiit  II  lirid'.'t',  Tliu  iiriiiy  was  f<y>(i'iiialirally  ••iii|ilii\ril 
ill  lliis  ilillli'iiit  and  laliiiiiniis  MiTvicc,  cvrr  dislastt'l'iil  to  Miliiiiti'iTs,  wliu  ciiniiinM'd  n 
jiarl  III'  llii'  liii'ci'M.  'riiii*  iiilior,  liowi'ViT.  whh  tlu'  rori'niiiiiri'  of  siiei'c.'^.x.  I'!vcr\  dav 
di'Mili'd  111  llii'sc  tiiilf.  mid  to  llic  dix('i|iliin'  of  tlii'  aniiy,  riiidcii'd  it  iiioii!  aclivi'.  illl- 


it.  mid  lit  till'  till.'  |iiii'|i(isi-  ill  V 


li'W. 


Way  IK'  tlii'il  took  pos.Mi's.Hiiiii  ol'  the  lTouihIs  nn 


till'  liaiiks  of  tin-  St.  MarvV,  wlicrc  St.  ("liiir  liiid  beoii  dtd'i'iitfd  in  171)1.  mid  Imviii"  imilt 


Kiii'l  i; 


riivrry,  tliiTf  vviiitiTcd  Ills  iniiiy. 


On  llic  ■"lOtli  of  tlic  rollowiii','  .liiiic,  this  fi)rt  wiis  invested  by  ii  hii';r('   hudy 
of  IiidiaiiH,  wliiisc  spii's  jiad  clii.scly  I'ccomiiiilii'd  it.  while  tin-  main  liucc  lay        I  71)4 


mar  li\,  iniilt-r  cover.     'I'heN'  had  iiulieed  that,  at  certain  I 


mil's,  till' 


if 


tl ilieiTs  Well'  adinitted   intn   the    I'nrl    lliii 


iiii:li    the   sali\-|iiii'l.  ami    mi   uiie   i 


if  tl 


le.xe 


oceasimis   they  followed   thein  with   a   ile,«iieiati'   onset,  kiinwiiin   that    iL  ■   miler  ;;ates 
would  he  o|ieiied.     The  tr()o|is.  Imwever.  iieiir^  well  iliseiiilined.  ri'|iilli'i|  this  assault  of 

iiwiiij^  day  they  iiiade  ihc 


The  H 


IV  jiiiiili(,'iuii.s  liiici'  of  the  hitherto  eonei-aled  liiilian 

forest  echo  witli  their  whoops,  renewing''  the  attack  in  gfuiiter  lince.  and  with   <^\v:\\ 


er 


ml  ll 


ley  were  a;:ain  ri'|iulseil 


ith  lo.'^s 


l'"iirt  lu'covery  was  located  at  the  head  of  the  .Miami  of  the  Lakes,  mid  loriiied  the 
key  of  the  foiite  to  the  north-west,  this  valley  heiii^,  at  that  time,  the  irreiit  tlioronudj- 
fare  of  the  north-westeiii  Indians,  fniiii  Di'tioit  and  the  upper  lakes.  thniU'.di  which, 
with  jiieal  vindictiveiicss,  they  had  so  loii'.^  iiuured  their  infinialed  hoiiles  over  the  fertile 


rc'-iioiis  o 


f  the  Ohio  valle\.  and  the  scltleinciits  west  of  the  .VIlciihaiiN  chain.     The  ji 


iva 


if  attack  eiiiliraced  not  only  the  present   limits  of  Ohio,  indi 


Mil 


I  III 


iiiois.  hut  al 


Wl'S 


fern  IVnnsji  Ivaiiia.  N'iiuiiiia,  Keiiliicky,  and  [larl  of  'I'ennessee.      It  was  frmn  tlii 


States  that  Wayne  drew  all   his  levies  and  voluiit 


ceis.  will)   wen;    llliliiiei 


I    with   such 


hati 


tl 


le  sava'jcs.  ciiiiscipi'iit  upon  a  \i\iil  reiiiembraiice  n 


f  Indi 


III  cnieltii 


that 


It  reipiircil  a  man  Ilk 


W; 


\  lie  to  restrain  them 


»asii  courai 


iiid  \iiiilicti\ 


hut 


loor  (pia 


ilificatioiis   for  an  encnunter  with    Indians  in  a  forest,  as  niain- 


[•artisan 


cominander  has  realized  to  iiis  cost. 

A  fortniuht  iiftor  the  last  Indian  attack,  Wayne  eimtinued  his  march  down  the 
Miami  valley.  .\ii  iin|ieiietralile  forest  lay  hcli.r.  liim,  throiiiih  which  iiotliiiiL:;  Imt  an 
Indian  footpath,  or  a  trader's  trail  could  he  discerned.  But  every  comjiaiiy  of  hi.s  men 
wa.s  in  itself  a  phalanx  ;  and  the  order  of  inarch  was  .such  ii.s  to  set  surprise  at  lioliaiice. 


]rii 


310 


F  U  U  M    T  1 1  !■:    '1"  l{  E  A  'I'  Y    0  V    PEACE,   1783, 


In  f()ur(l;i}s  lie  reached  tlie  junetioii  ot'tlii'  river  An  (iliii/e  witli  the  Miami,  wliere  he 
buill  b'ort  Delianee.  ('ro.ssin'j;  the  -Miami  at  this  point,  to  its  west  l)anUs,  he  eontinued 
Ills  march  to  the  liead  of  the  (irsl  rapids,  ealU'd  l{oche  du  Uout,  or  tlie  Standing  Rock. 
At  Miis  ])hii'e  a  temjiorarv  woriv  was  const lueted,  wlierein  to  deposit  tlie  lieavy  .stores 
anil  bajiga.ire  ;  and  In^  then  pnshed  forward  in  the  same  oriler,  and  with  like  vigilance, 
for  the  principal  Indian  towns  at  the  lower  rapids. 

Using  the  lignralive  language  ol"  the  Indians,  (ieneral  Wayne's  army  resembled  a 
dark  clond  moving  steadily  and  slowly  forwai'd.  lie  had  drivi'n  them  150  mih-s  from 
theii'  siiceessfid  lighting-ground  on  the  IJiver  St.  .Mary's,  and  the  sources  of  the  Wahash, 
and  it  appeared  impossihle  for  them  to  oppost;  him  in  hattle.  At  every  point  of  attack 
they  had  found  him  prepared.  Thi'y  said  of  him  that  he  was  a  man  who  never  slept, 
and  they  named  him  the  Stkoxc;  Wind.'  They  had  found  it  impossii)le  to  stay  the 
impetuosity  of  his  march,  and  it  was  doubted,  in  their  councils,  whether  a  general 
battle  shoidil  he  hazarded.-'  but  after  much  discu.ssion,  this  measure  was  resolved  on.' 
The  place  selected  was  I'resipie  Isle,  a  thickly-wooded  oasis,  such  as  is  common  to 
prairie  districts  ia  the  West,  encompassed  by  low  and  grassy  meadow-lands,  the  upper 
jiart  of  which  was  encundjered  l)y  old,  fallen  timbers,  where  horses  could  not  bo 
employed.  On  the  'Jdth  of  August  the  Indians  arranged  their  forces  in  throe  lines, 
within  supporting  distance,  and  at  right  angles  with  the  river.  Wayne  knew  not 
whether  they  would  light,  or  negotiate,  as  ofl'ers  of  peace  had  been  made  to  them.  His 
army  marched  in  compact  cohmnis,  in  the  usual  order,  preceded  by  a  battalion  of  volun- 
teers, so  far  in  advance  that  tiiui'ly  notice  could  he  given  to  the  troops  to  tbrm,  in  case 
of  an  attack.  This  cor[)s  had  progressed  about  five  miles,  when  they  received  a  heavy 
lire  from  the  concealed  enemy,  compelling  them  to  fall  back  on  the  tnain  army, 
wiiieh  immediately  formed  in  two  lines.  General  CharU's  Scott,  with  his  mounted 
volunteers,  was  directed  to  turn  the  right  ilank  of  the  enemy  by  ii  circuitous  move- 
ment, while  (!aptain  Campbell,  with  the  legionary  cavalry,  effected  the  same  object  on 
the  left  flank,  by  following  an  open  way  close  to  the  banks  of  the  river,  and  between 
it  and  the  clifls  of  I'resipie  Isle.  The  first  line  of  inl'anti'y  was  ordered  to  advance 
\Tith  trailed  .arms,  rouse  the  Indians  from  their  coverts  in  the  gr.ass,  at  the  point  of  the 
ba\onet.  and  then  deliver  a  close,  we IWi reefed  fire.  These  trtK)ps  were  promptly 
followed  by  the  .second  line;  the  martial  music  of  drums  and  trumpets  giving  anima- 
tion to  the  .scene.  The  whole  of  these  movements  were  executed  with  alacrity  and 
entire  success.  The  Indians  lied  p.recipitately,  and  could  not  be  rallied  by  their 
leaders.  The  army  pursued  them  for  [wo  miles  through  the  wood.s,  and  the  victory 
obtained  was  completi'.  Wayne  hail  about  2U()()  m(Mi  under  his  command  in  this  con- 
test, not  one  half  of  whom  were  engaged.      His  loss  in  killed  and  wounded  wan  133 


'Culnlirl    IJu-li   lirM.ly. 

•Si'liii'ilrnirt'..^  'I'niv.'N  ill  till'  ('.•iitnil  l'iiiiinri.i  .il' 


Miv 


ipjii  \'.'ill('v,  ]).   l!t. 


■'  ll.id.,  p.  ;■)(). 


il'J 


TO    CLOSE    OF    WASHINGTON'S    ADMINISTRATION. 


341 


men.    ('ii|itaiM  Campboll  was  killoil  at  tin-  lu-ad  of  liis  Icuion,  and  Caplain  Van  I'cnscl.irr 
was  sliDt  tlivondi  tlio  boilv,  but  n'(U)V('r('(l.      For  a  ilistance  of  two  miles,  tlie  lini'sl  was 


strewed  witli  tlie  dead  bodies  of  tlie  eneniv,  among 


wbicl 


1  wiM'e  reeoi;niseii  .•^onie  ol 


tbeir  wliite    aliie 


Tl 


ley   we 


re    denied  entrance    into  the    Hritisli    loil  at  -Maun 


tb 


)l!lei 


of   wiiieb    wiTC   eonipelled    to   witness    the    burning   of    tlie    towns,   and 


tlie  destrnetion  of  tbo  Indian  .settlements  in  the  valley.     General  \Va\i 


le  was  niuiiK- 


ineenseil  a":ain 


St  tl 


le  garri.son  o 


f  Fort  Mauniee,  and  sought  to 


ive  tneni  cause  to  open 


liostilities.  Tiiere  being  a  line  spring  near  the  fort,  the  conversations  at  wiiieb  could 
lie  overheard  on  the  riunpurts,  the  gvneral  rode  around  the  fort  to  it  with  bis  stall', 
dismounted,  took  olf  his  hat,  and  drank  of  the  water,  at  the  .s;ime  time  using  expres- 


sions ol    lIRl 


liirniition  against  tlio  iiUit's  of  the   Indian.s,  who  had   fust    incited   them   lo 


attack 


_,i.iii.i 


him,  and  tlieii  closed  their  gates  against  then 


Tl 


lose  wild  are  aware  ol   llie 


al's  enthusiastic  character,  need  not  be  told  that  lie(!X[)res.-ed  himself  encrgi'tieall\ 
Tlu'  savages  made  no  further  effort  to  oppose  the  course  of  the  victorious  aniiv,  wbicl 
linallv,  returned  to  Greenville,  where  it  went  into  winter  (juarters. 


il! 


i:  ' 


m\ 


;  1 


;!4-j 


l-'llOM    THE    TllEATY    OF    I'EACE,    1783, 


■i  I  I 


Cn AFTER  VIII. 


THE  POST-REVOLUTIONARY  WAR  WITH   THE  WESTERN  INDIANS  IS 
TERMINATED    BY    THE    VICTORY    OF    MAUMEE. 


m 


TiiK  ohji'ct  for  wliicli  tlic  Indiana  had  foudit  liad  jirovcd  to  bo  illusorv,  and 
1796  tlicir  dofeat  on  tlio  Miami  of  tlio  Lakoa  terminated  their  utrniigle  lor  the  jios- 
s(>ssion  of  tlie  eountry  iiortli-wi'st  of  the  Oliio.  This  rennlt  eould  not.  under 
any  jiossilile  cinMnnstanees.  Iiave  l)een  averted.  Had  they  jiossessed  leaders  who  under- 
stood tiie  oHeets  of  eomhination  and  discipline,  iiiid  been  supplied  with  the  necessary 
means.  the\  mijrht  have  protracted  for  several  years  this  contest  auainst  the  white 
lace.  With  ample  supplii's.  and  under  competent  leaders,  this  del'eat  would  only  have 
iiilded  fresh  streuirth  to  their  determination,  and  would  have  been  succeeded  by  other 
l)attles.  triumphs,  and  dell-ats ;  but,  as  the  war  was,  in  fact,  a  direct  issue  between  civi- 
li/.ation  and  barbarism,  the  ultimate  result  would  have  bci-n  precisely  similar.  The 
reasoning  ]iowers  of  the  Indians  did  not.  ])roiiably,  enable  them  to  arrive  at  this  con- 
clusion ;  but  they  apjiear  to  have  intuitively  deduced  the  truth  of  this  fact  from  their 
late  reverses,  as.  in  a  short  time  thereafter,  tiiey  determined  to  l)nry  the  hatchet  and 
smoke  the  pipe  of  ])eace. 

It  had  been  the  recoLMiised  policy  of  Wa-^liington's  administration,  to  use  force  tigainst 
the  Indians  oidy  when  absolute  necessity  required  it ;  and  compulsory  measures  were 
never  adopted  until  after  every  otiier  means  of  acconnnodating  existing  difl'erences  had 
failed.  Tliey  were,  to  a  certain  extent,  regarded  as  [)ublic  wards.  Th<'  assassination 
of  Harden  and  Truennin  on  the  Ohio,  with  the  olive-branch  in  their  hands,  after  the 
defeat  of  St.  Clair,  and  ])reviiius  to  the  ex[)edition  of  Wayne,  is  irrefragable  evidence 
of  this  conciliatory  policy.  Kven  after  Wayne  had  reached  Roche  du  Hout,  and  but  a 
day  or  two  antecedent  to  the  ilecisive  battle,  he  tendere(l  overt\n'es  of  peace  tr)  the 
Indians,  of  wljich.  it  is  allirined.  tliey  wen.'  kept  in  ignoranc(!  by  I'nreigu  agents.' 

In  response  to  the  renewal  of  these  ovc^rlures.  the  Indians  crowded  to  Wayne's  camp, 
,'it  (Ireen\ille.  during  the  summer  of  IT'.*-"),  Thi'  entire  iU'ea  embraced  between  tin; 
banks  ol'  till'   (Jliio  and    \.:\kv  Krie.   bixin'iaut   with   indiuenous  veiretation.   had    been 


'  Si-liuulrncI'lV  Tnivcls   in   tl,,'   ('.nirai    I'm-linMs  ut'  tlic   .MisNis>i|)iii  X'allry,  |i.  .')!  :   New  Vcirl;,  (Ailliiis  and 
JlaiiiiMV,  I*-'i,  I  \"\.  svip.,  pp.    |."iil. 


TO    CLOSE    OF    WASIITXOTONS    ADMINISTRATION, 


o4o 


trodden  down,  bv  tho  niarcliinij-  iiiid  coiiiitcriiiiiic.liing  of  war  parties  and  arrnii's.  from 
the  period  of  the  coneltision  of  the  sliani  treaty  made  with  liord  Dinnnore.  in  1774, 
and  tho  no  less  nnreliahlo  one  signed  at  Fort  M'Intosh,  in  17S.");  hut,  dnrinji-  tlie  five 
years  which  had  just  eU)sed,  it  had  been  beaten  with  hostile  feet  until  it  had  beeonie 
like  one  of  their  own  chunk-yards.'  Tho  bitter  chalice  which  they  had  so  lonir  held 
to  the  lips  of  the  ix-ople  of  Kentucky.  Pennsylvania,  and  Vir.L'inia.  was  now  beinf; 
drained  by  themselves.  After  \he  <leiuonstration  at  the  Mauniee  llapids.  thc\  lied  to 
their  winteriiiijj-iirounds,  and  to  the  extensive  forests  of  Lake  Erie,  .MichiL^an,  and 
Canada.  The  local  foreign  traders  of  these  ))recincts,  the  very  eonnnandants  of  tlie 
posts,  who  had  counselled  them  to  war,  could  no  lomier  bo  rcfrarded  b\-  tiiem  as  ora- 
cle.s.  They  had  been  unable  to  keep  the  whites  east  of  the  Ohio;  nav.  it  bejian  to  be 
perceived,  by  tiie.«e  subtile  sons  of  the  forest,  that  the  race  could  not.  eventually,  be 
confnied  within  the  limits  fi.x-ed  by  the  treaty  of  Versailles.  Spriuij:  succeeded  these 
desolating  military  movements  of  (ieneral  Wayne;  the  genial  warmth  of  ,Mav  and 
June  caused  the  wild  flowers  to  raise  their  heads  from  the  war-path,  on  which  they 
liad  been  crusht'd  by  the  feet  of  contending  i)artisans.  The  Indian  derives  manv  of 
liis  ideas  from  the  mild  teachings  of  Natin-e ;  and.  at  this  time,  wherever  the  eye  turned, 
all  its  [)roductions  inculcated  peace.  Before  the  month  of  July  arrived,  the  savage, 
with  altered  feelings,  entered  on  the  forest-[)aths  that  led  to  Greenville,  where  the 
American  chief  was  seated,  surromided  t)y  all  the  i)ano[)ly  of  war,  with  the  emblems 
of  peace  intermingled.     Wayne  now  impersonated  their  own  Hiawatha. 

Foremost  among  the  triljes  who  turned  their  steps  to  his  camj),  weri'  the  proud  and 
influential  Wyandots,  who  had  so  long  been  regarded  as  wise  men  and  umpires  among 
the  tribes  of  the  West.  Driven  f'nmi  the  St.  Lawrence  valley,  in  1659,  by  the  Iro- 
quois, they  had,  for  a  century  and  a  half,  hold  a  high  jjosition  in  the  West;  .sustained 
a  part  of  the  time  by  France,  their  earliest  and  most  constant  friend,  and  after  the 
conquest  of  Can.ida,  by  the  English.  Tiny  were  astute,  reflective,  and  capable  of 
linrsuing  a  steady  line  of  policy,  whicli  hail  been,  with  some  lap.ses,  the  st.ay  of  the 
western  tribes,  who  were  willing  to  tread  in  their  footsteps.  This  tribe  was  the  last  to 
as.sent  to  the  scheme  of  Pontine;  and  when  the  confederation  was  broken  up  by  the 
British,  they  adhered  to  that  power  witii  extraordinary  devotion. 

In  this  train,  also,  followed  the  Delawares,  who  had  been,  since  tho  time  they  first 
fled  from  Pennsylvania  and  crossed  the  AUeghanies.  bitter  enemies  of  the  settlers  in  the 
West.  There  al.^o  came  the  Shawnecs;  the  most  vengeful  and  subtile  of  all  the  wesli'rn 
tribes.  Every  day  witnessed  the  arrival  in  the  surrounding  forests  of  delegates,  decked 
off  with  all  their  peculiiir  ornaments,  of  feathers,  paint,  silver  gorgets,  trinket.*,  and 
medals.  The  ("hippewas,  Ottawas,  Pottawatamies,  Miamies,  Weas,  Kickapoos,  Piau- 
kashaws,   and    Kaskaskias,    were    all    present.       The    entire    oflicial    power   of    the 


\  imblic  ;iivii;i,  in  wlii(!li  iirisuiiors  are  l)iirilt  at  tlio  staki',  ami  war-dances  field. 


■m 


■tvt 

;  ^■  » 


:i. 


I 


Ij 


I'l       ) 


tf' 


11    k' 


\: ' 


'I':  II I 


Hi, 

'hi 


! 


m 


,11 1' 


I 


li 


344 


FROM    THE    TREATY    OF    PEACE,   1783, 


AltroiKiniiis  was  <in  tlio  Q:r()un(l.  Each  dole^ratidii  carried  tlio  ])lpc  of  peace,  and  expressed 
pacilic  desires.  Tlie  wliole  camp  presented  a  gorgeous  display  of  wild  and  savage  mag- 
nificence; and,  for  the  niiniher  and  variety  of  costinncH,  the  scene  has,  prohabiy,  never 
since  been  cqnalled  in  America.     All  came  bending  to  Wayne. 

A  treaty  was  signed  on  the  3d  of  August,'  and  constitutes  our  first  reliable  date  in 
tlie  iiistorv  of  treaty  stipulations  with  tlie  Indians.  The  draft  of  this  treaty,  sent  to 
firneral  Wayne  from  th((  War  Department,  was  drawn  up  under  tiie  supervision  of 
Washington,  and  appears  to  liave  lieen  full  and  elaborate.  It  established  the  system 
of  boundaries  and  reservations,  and  introduced  tlie  fundamental  r(\i:ulationH  as  to  trade 
and  intercourse  with  the  tribes,  which  have  been  emijodied  in  all  subsequent  treaties. 
A  donation  of  ?S2().<HlO  in  goods,  and  a  permanent  annuity  of  ^9000,  jiayable  in  mer- 
chandise, at  invoice  prices,  to  be  divided  pro  nttn  among  the  difl'erent  nations,  were 
granted  to  the  Indians. 

Having  traced  the  negotiation  of  treaties  from  their  first  inception  imder  the  Ame- 
rican Government  to  this  important  period,  when  the  Indians  buried  the  hatchet,  it 
will  not  be  necessary  to  pursue  the  subject  further.  Subserpient  negotiations  with  the 
tribes  are  connected  with  a  lengthy  detail  of  dates,  names,  and  figures,  which  are 
readily  accessible  in  the  volumes  containing  the  treaties  between  the  United  States  and 
the  Indians.  The  treaty  of  nreenvillo  forms  a  definite  era  in  the  Indian  history,  from 
which  the  tribes  may  be  viewed.  Both  parties  regarded  this  |)eace  as  a  fiind  conclu- 
sion of  the  aboriginal  war,  which,  following  the  close  <il'  the  IJevohition,  had  spread, 
as  it  were,  a  bloody  mantle  over  not  only  the  Ohio  valley,  but  over  the  entire  region 
to  the  north-west  of  it.  The  position  attained  by  the  United  States  through  this 
treaty,  had  been  the  result  of  at  least  a  decade  of  years,  characterized  by  wars  and 
negotiations,  in  which  the  sword  and  the  olive-branch  had  either  failed  of  etl'ect,  or 
oidy  ])roduced  temporary  residts;  and  the  leu'itli  of  time  the  treaty  was  observed  by 
the  aborigines,  is,  in  |)art,  attributable  to  the  full  assent  it  receive(]  t'rom  the  united 
judgment  of  the  principal  eliiefs  of  all  the  leadiug  tribes,  who  were  parties  to  it.  On 
the  part  of  the  Wyandots.  it  received  the  siguatiu-e  of  the  venerated  Tarhe,  or  the  Crane  ; 
on  that  of  the  Delawares,  it  was  subscribed  to  by  the  gifted  Hukongehelas;  the  Shaw- 
necs  assented  to  it  through  the  venerable  Cutthewekasaw,  or  Black  Iloof,  and  Weyapier- 
senwaw,  or  IMue  Jiicket ;  TopinaI)i,  or  TlMipencbu,  signed  it  for  the  Pottawattamies,  and 
for  the  Miamies  it  was  signed  by  Meshekunnogh(]uoh,  or  the  celebrated  Little  Turtle ; 
the  latter  of  whom,  with  the  Shawnee  chief.  Blue  Jacket,  iiad  been  the  marshals  or 
leaders  of  the  Indians  at  the  final  battle  on  the  Maumee.'  As  long  as  these  chiefs,  the 
last  of  the  forest  kings,  lived,  this  peace  was  observed. 

Tiie  lake  posts  were  surrendered  by  the  British  in  1 790,  and  American  garrisons 
replaced  those  of  the  English  at  Niiigara,  Pre.sque  Isle,  Maumec,  Detroit,  Michilimack- 


U.  S.  Treaties,  p.  54. 


'  Ibid,  p.  57. 


»  Goneiiil  Hugh  Brady. 


TO    CLOSE    OK    \VAS1IIN(}T0NS    ADMINISTRATION. 


WS 


inack,  uiid  Green  IJiiy.  The  liKliaiis,  wIk)  are  quiek  at  rccogiii.s'mg  the  nationiility  of 
a  ling,  hegan  to  aecoiiiiiiotliit(!  tlicii'  visits  and  addresses  to  this  new  state  of  idl'airs. 
Tlie  Ciovenunont  also  sought,  as  nuich  as  possible,  to  divert  the  Indian  trade  from 
foreign  hands  into  those  of  the  Americans;  but  this  was  a  diflicult  matter,  and  required 
time  to  ellect  it.  Along  the  Georgia  and  Carolina  borders,  thi.s  trade  had  been  concen- 
trated in  the  hands  of,  and  continued  to  be  carried  on  principally  by,  enterprising  and 
talented  Scotchmen,  who  intermarried  with  the  Indians.  The  most  noted  of  these 
were  M'Intosh,  MGillivray,  Iloss,  and  Rutherford;  the  latter  somewhat  liettcr  known 
as  the  Black  Warrior  of  1818.  Throughout  Louisiana,  in  all  its  anq)litude  of  exten- 
si<m  north  and  west,  the  French  exercised  the  controlling  inlluence;  and  this  was 
especially  the  case  in  the  territory  now  constituting  the  States  of  Arkansas,  Teniussce, 
Missouri,  Illinois,  Indiana,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  and  Iowa.  The  same  fact  was  triu? 
respecting  the  trade  carried  oil  in  the  basins  of  the  upper  lakes,  and  at  the  sources  of 
the  Missis,sippi  river,  where  the  British  and  Scotch  factors  for  many  years  controlled 
the  trade  and  influenced  the  tribes. 


Vol.  VI.  — 44 


i  Ml 


! 


:■    i 


:!■' 


JlJ 

11:. 


i 


i  '  .  ■■  ■ 

i- 

\ 

i-)  '  ■ 

i 

1 

■ 

i 

1 

i 

1 

m 

t 

1^ 

\ ' 

SECTION   FIFTEENTH. 

PERTURBED  STATE  OF  THE  TRIBES,  AND 
THEIR  POLITICAL  RELATIONS,  DURING 
THE  GROWTH  AND  EXPANSION  OF  THE 
UNION    WESTWARD,    FROM    1800    TO    1825. 


CHAPTER    I. 


=■;'! 


:     I:      ii 


GOVERNMENT    AND    LAW    ESSENTIAL    TO    INDIAN    CIVILIZATION. 

Divine  prescieuco  liav'm;r  ilotrnnined.  tliroufrh  the  insfrmnontality  of 
1800.  Moses,  to  elevate  the   Hebrews  IVoiii   their  dejiressed  and  servile  state, 

J.  Au.\MS.  and  to  liberate  them  iVoiii  the  bondair(>  nnder  which  they  had  so  long 
President.  LToaned.  the  {irophet  had  no  sooner  jriiided  them  to  a  locality  suitable 
lor  the  experiment,  than  he  taiitrht  them  the  principles  of  law  and 
government.  Private  rights  and  duties  were  accurately  prescribed,  and  these  were  again 
distinguished  from  political  and  religious  obligations.  Among  a  people  so  long  estranged 
from  the  true  objects  of  society,  and  who  had  lived  in  a  country  where  they  were 
surrounded  by  the  symbols,  as  well  as  examples,  of  idolatry  and  heathenisin  in  many  of 
their  most  repulsive  forms,  it  was  essential  to  prescribe  laws  for  the  protection  of 
personal  proi)erty ;  for  compensation  and  compromise  in  cases  of  depredations  of 
cattle,  or  accidental  munlerh;  to  guard  the  rights  of  serviints ;  and  to  establish  other 
]>olitical  and  social  rules.  The  public  tithes,  or  governmental  taxes,  and  the  scale  of 
valuation  for  animids  used  in  sacrifice,  were  tixed.  Nothing  of  practical  im|)ortance 
was  left  to  the  o])eratious  of  chance.  It  was  not  deemed  sullirieiit  to  t(>ach  them  general 
moral  maxims  id  princi|iles,  or  to  u\fi<  ly  place  belbre  them  the  decalogue.  It  was 
followed  out  by  the  application  of  its  ])recepts  in  society;  and  its  observance  was 


DisTi'iin .\\n:s  amon<i  tiir  tiuties. 


■m; 


onjoincd  by  a  tciuU'r  of  tlio  Iiidicst  rt'Wiinls,  on  the  0110  liaiid.  miil  a  (leminciation  nf 
Ur'  most  sevi'iv  iimiixliinciit.M  on  the  other.  To  tlio  supivniacy  of  the  hiw  and  tlie 
•rovernmcnt  tlie  very  liijihest  testimony  was  home.  Thcf  Jew  could  not  ho  exalted  in 
tlie  scale  of  .society  l)y  a  miracle.  For  a  period  of  forty  years  were  they  isolated  from 
tiie  rest  of  mankind,  and  snhjected  to  the.so  severe  teachinjrs,  hefore  they  were  permitted 
to  enter  the  proini.sed  land,  tlie  soil  of  which  was  to  he  tilled  hy  their  hu.shandmen, 
and  the  cities  occupied  by  their  people.  DuriiiLr  all  this  time,  the  law  was  nnllinchiiiyly 
and  rii-'idly  siipixirted  and  enlbrced.  Death  was  inllicted  for  ^^athering  sticks  on  the 
Sahiiatii,  and  a.xsu!ninir  the  duties  of  the  priesthood.  Tiie  power  of  goverinncnt  was 
never,  for  an  instant,  wielded  hy  any  t)ther  than  (Jiod,  who  had,  I'roni  the  lirst  revelation 
to  Moses,  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  it.  It  wa.s  strictly  a  theocracy;  hut,  irom  an 
early  ix>riod,  it  embraced  a  representative  system  for  the  choice  of  triljal  rulers.  The 
temple  service  and  the  Sanhedrim  were  united  in  this  system,  but  never  conflicted. 
The  policy  of  the  state  and  that  of  the  church  were  distinct  and  clearly  defined,  con- 
eurrinjr  only  in  tiie  i^reat  purpose  of  a  government,  designed  to  exalt  the  nation  in  its 
industrial  and  economical  wealth,  as  well  as  in  the  .scale  of  high  moralit}'. 

Can  we  expect  tiie  Indian  Irilies  to  Ijo  reclaimed  without  similar  means  are  empioxed? 
Or  are  they  expected  to  spring  perl'ect,  as  it  were,  i'roiii  tlie  brain  of  .Tupiter,  without 
any  established  governments,  courts,  .sdioois.  ciiiirciies.  and  witiioiit,  at  least,  forty 
years'  tuition,  in  their  wilderness  of  bari)arism '.'  Is  tiiis  the  true  signification  of  tiie 
promises'.'  or  is  it  not  a  contradiction  of  tiiem?  Can  the  Indian  lie  elevated  in  tlie 
.social  .scale  while  lie  remains  a  iiunter?  or  can  civilization  Ije  put  on,  like  a  garment, 
while  the  trilies  are  in  a  noniiidio  state?  Is  tlie  waste  of  large  annuities  on  a  nation 
of  idlers,  a  means  of  advancing  tliem?  and  are  idleness  and  intemperance  conjoined 
calculated  to  improve  a  people?  Do  tlie  nations  of  Europe  expect  sucli  a  miracle  from 
America?  Is  it  not,  on  the  contrary,  through  their  persevering  industry,  in  husbandrv, 
arts,  mechanics,  letters,  and  science,  that  Europe  has  risen  ?  It  is  by  means  of  tiieir 
enterpri.se  and  virtue,  and  liy  a  .system  of  approved  political  economy,  that  tlie  Anglo- 
Saxon  and  Celtic  races  in  tliis  Union  have  advanced  and  difl'iised  themselves  over  the 
country. 

Mr.  JelVer.son.  on  lieing  called  to  occupy  tlie  Presidential  chair,  in 
1801.  felt  the  importance  of  tiie  claim  wliicli  tiie  existing  state  of  1801. 

Indian  society  had  upon  his  attention ;  all  his  letl(»rs  and  communi-       T.  .If.ffkr.son', 
cations,  private  as  well  as  public,  demonstrate  tliis.    Even  in  alluding  PRiisinENT. 

to  tiicir  iiistory  and  origin,  his  views  were  of  tiie  most  com[)ieiiensivc 
ciiaracter.'     To  liim  we  owe  the  passage  of  tlie  fundanientai  act  to  preserve  peace  on 
the  IVoutier.s.  and  regulate  intercourse  witii  the  Indian  tribes.     By  this  act,  the  liouii- 
daries  of  the  Indian  country,  and  the  operations  of  tiie  laws  in  it,  are  clearly  defined. 


)'! 


I  i 


'  Jefforson's  Notes  on  VirpiniH,  p.  162. 


^    I 


~  If, 


i 

1'       -i 

H 

!    * 

,! 


848 


l>lSTrR  DANCES    A.MONO    TITK    TRIBES, 


l{t'irul  itioiis  aio  (\stal)lisli(>(l  for  tlio  <:ovornmoiit  of  tlio  Iiiilian  trade.  Tlio  torritorv  of 
till'  Irilios  is  [trotectoil  from  dc'iJi't'datioiis  hy  the  wliitos.  wlio  n\v  porinittfd  to  vi.sit  it 
for  no  other  jiiirposo  than  trade,  or  mere  transit  throii;j;ii  it.  Tlie  jiiri.sdietion  of  courts 
is  estahiisiicil,  and  tlie  metliods  of  iirooecdinj;  [larlicidarly  pointed  out.  Tn  fme,  ii 
system  of  pohey  is  hiid  ilown,  caleuhited  to  advance  tiie  prosperity  of  tiie  Indians,  and 
at  the  same  time  secure  a  just  puMie  economy. 

Tiie  act  estalilisiiinur  tiie  Nortli-west  Territory,  was  tlic  first  step  towards  the  induc- 
tion of  tliis  |)raetieal  mode  of  teaeliinjr  amonir  tin*  Indians — teaciiimr  by  example. 
However  sliiilit  tlie  ell'ect  its  les.-<ons  may  iiave  heen  on  tiie  remote  tril)es  iind  l)aniis, 
yet  tlii'v  were  not  wiiolly  inop<'rative.  even  tliere;  wliile  at  points  witliin  tlie  civil 
jurisdiction,  tiny  carried  with  them  a  monition  which  caused  them  to  hi'  oheyed. 

The  eommonwealth  of  Ohio  was  the  first  organization  of  public  territory  in 
1802  the  West,  and  the  extension  of  State  so\ereijrnty  over  the  once  sanguinary 
boundary,  west  of  the  Ohio  river,  ensured  to  that  area  an  expansion  which  has 
no  ])arallel  in  history.  Wlii'ther  the  Indians  of  the  West  will  iiecome  participants 
in  the  biiiefits  of  civilization,  is  a  proposition  depending  solel}-  on  themselves,  their 
strength  of  purpose  and  I'liergy  of  character;  Mr  its  jirice,  alike  to  red  or  white  men, 
is  knowleilge.  industry,  temperance,  and  virtue. 

While  Oliio  lieialdeil  to  the  western  triijcs  the  rule  of  government  and  law,  Louisiana, 
liy  a  wise  forecast  of  executi\e  ])oliiy.  came  in,  at  this  critical  time,  to  confirm  anil 
grt'ally  exteiul  the  system.  In  lifl_\'  years  the  limits  of  the  I'liion  had  reached  the 
shores  of  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Neither  men  nor  States  i)ractic(f  what  is  not  conceived  to 
be  best  suited  to  promot(>  their  |irosperity.  I>y  oiVering  to  the  liulians  the  protection  of 
the  laws,  and  the  benefits  of  intercourse  with  civilized  society,  the  highest  assurances  were 
given  that  we  were  sincere,  and  sought  only  to  advance  them  in  the  scale  of  knowledge 
and  happiness.  But.  as  the  Indian  is  an  extraordinarily  suspicious  being,  the  good  faith 
of  this  oiler  has  ever  been  doubted  by  him.  and  some  sinister  ])iir|iose  lias  In-en  sui)- 
posed  to  be  concealeil.  lie  has  allirmed  that  the  so-much  prized  civilization  of  the  white 
man  contains  elements  which  are  not  suited  to  his  nature;  but  what  these  elements 
are.  neither  ])liilosopln'  nor  revelation  has  informed  us.  Persian  education  consisted  in 
learning  to  ride  a  horse,  to  draw  the  bow,  and  to  .speak  the  truth.  If  tlie  former  com- 
priseil  a  militaiy  ediieatiuii.  the  latter  did  a  moral  one. 


FROM    1800    TO    18-2  5. 


840 


■!.  i 


CHAPTHK   II. 


(JEOORArillCAIi  EXI'LOIIATIONS  OF  UPl'KR  LOUISIANA,  AND 
THE  rOUNTRY  DHSTINED  TO  BE  THE  FUTURE  REFUGE  OF 
THE    INDIAN    RACE. 


ISO.^. 

'P.  .Ii:i  TllKSON, 
PliKrilDKNT. 


To  aHcortain  the  clmrncter  and  extent  of  Lousianft,  and  tlio  numbers 
of  the  Indiiiti  tribes  witliin  its  area,  Mr.  .Ti-flerson  (h'spatclicd  expedi- 
tions uj)  the  Missouri  and  Mississijij)i.  Tiic  fu'st  was  led  bv  .Nh'rri- 
Avetber  liewis  and  WiUiaui  ('iari\,  eaptaiiis  in  the  army.  l)oth  of 
whom  were  counnissioned  for  tliat  pur|)(>se.  They  left  St.  Louis. 
jNIay  11.  1804.  and  aseended  tlu'  Missouri  through  tiie  territories  of  tlie  Osagcs.  Kansas, 
Otoes.  and  .Sio\ix,  to  that  of  the  Mnndans,  wlicre  they  wintered.  The  followiuu-  year 
tiiev  continued  tin'ir  route  tiirouirli  tiie  emintries  of  tiu!  'I'etous.  Crows,  and  i>liiel<feet. 
to  tlie  .source  of  the  Missouri,  in  the  Roclty  .Mountains,  and,  crossing;  this  ratifre. 
di'scended  tiie  valley  of  the  Cnluinbia  to  the  point  where  it  empties  into  the  I'acific. 
Retracing  their  steps  from  this  remote  position,  they  descended  tlie  .Missouri  to  .St. 
Louis,  where  they  lanch'd.  September  'J'?.  ISOd.  This  was  the  first  exploratory  ex])e- 
ditioii  sent  out  by  tlu- Goveriuuent ;  ami  its  results,  while  they  I'viuci'd  the  great  personal 
intri'pidity  of  the  explorers,  wcu'e  suited  to  convey  au  exalted  opinion  ol'  the  \alue 
and  resources  of  this  newly-acciuired  section  of  the  I'liion.  It  was  found  to  be  a 
dillicnlt  task  to  eninnerate  the  Iiulian  populati(m  of  the  ('olnud)ia  valley,  owing  to  the 
confusion  of  synonyines  aiul  other  causes  ;  consp(piently.  ovei'-estimates  were  inevitalile. 
The  alioriginal  population  was  rated  at  80.000;'  and  the  distance  travelle<l.  from  tlie 
mouth  of  the  Missouri  to  that  of  the  Columbia,  on  the  I'acific,  at  So")")  miles. ^  Tlu; 
observations  made  by  -Mr.  Lewis  on  tlie  Indian  trade,  disclosed  gross  irregularities, 
which  were  directlv  traceable  to  the  era  of  Spani>li  rule,  and  su(>h  inodilications  were 
susirested  ns  would  tend  to  [)lace  the  natives  in  a  better  position,  as  well  as  to  imiirove 
the  svstem.'  The  amount  of  information  obtained  by  the  ollicers  of  this  expedition 
constituted  a  valuable  addition  to  our  knowledge  of  the  liul  ins  and  their  country; 
and   the  observations  of  General  William  Clark,  joiiie(l   to  his  acquired  experience, 


Infnrniatiun,  Vol.  Ill  ,  pp.  .'>T0,  571.         '  Lewi^  .iml  (lark.  Vol.  II.,  p.   Hi'.'.         '  Ibid.,  pp.  135-470. 


4*- 


i:! 


I-! 


m 


m 


n">o 


niSTl'lMlAXrKS    A  MONO    T  FI R    TRIHKS, 


luliiiiiMtilv  c|iiitlilic'il   liiiii   liir  tilt'  (liitii'M  of  till'  tillici'  to  wliidi   ho  wan.  in  iil'tcr  time, 
a[i|i(iiiit('il,  thill  ol'  Sii|)<Tiiit(Mi(hMit  of  Iiiiliaii  Afl'iiii'H  nt  St.  Iiouis,  on  tlii.s  frontier. 

At   till'  same  [icridd.  Licutcniiiit  /.  AI.  I'iUc.  V.  S.  A.,  wa.x  conuiiisMioned  to  explore 
tlic  .■iouri'cs  (if  the  !\Iissis.-*i|i|)i.      He  .stiirted  from  St.  Loui.x  witli  his  e.xpedition.  Aii^rn.xt 


•  th 


ISO.- 


I.  anil,  accdnlini:  to  liis  own  e.-itimiile.  reached  a  point  '-■ 


>.>   miles  aliDVe 


til 


fail.-*  of  JSl.  .\iiliioiiy.  wliere  tlie  aeciiiiiuhiled  .•^iinw  and  ice  |ircventcd  iiis  fiirtlier  pronre.-s 
li\  water.  He  liieii  proceeded,  oil  Minw  >lioc>.  to  Saiiilv  liaise,  and  was  tiience  drawn 
l)V  ti'iiiiis  ol  doLis  to  Lcecii  Lake,  llie  laiiicsl   sdiitlierlv  source  of  the  Mississippi   river. 


( 'oninieice  with  the  Indians  \\  as  loiind  to  lie  eiilirtdv  in  the  hands  of  llii'  IJrilish  traders 
who  wieldeil  an  inllneiice  adverse  to  the  insiiinlions  of  the  United  States.     Karl\' 


111 


the  vpi'iiii; 


il'  iSdCi.  Lieut.  Pike  descended   the  .Mississippi   ri\('r,  arrixiiiir 


at  h 


IS    |l 


(if  depiirliire  on    ilie   .'ililli  of  April.      His  esiiniates  of  the  Indian   |)opnlation  of  th 


I'l" 

'ill! 


M 


ks.  1- 


ississii 
dXes.  Iowa 


iin.  cdiiijirisi 


e  a  total  of  1  1.1 ' 


mis.  ineliidiinr  the   Sioiix,  Chipi 


lewas. 


W 


iiiel)aL''iM's,  .Meiionionees,  and   the   various  scattered   hands  of 


Dakotidis.  called   Yalietdlis,  Sessatolis.  alul  'relnlis.' 

A  ( onsideralile  addition  was  tlius  niai\   to  oiir  knowledire  of  the  character  and  hahitfl 
of  ihe  extreine  Western  aiid  northern  Iniiuis.  and  the  duties  of  tiie  Indian  nepartmont 


thereiiv   i;reall\'  increaseil 


The  State  ol  Ohio  was  admitted  into  the  l' 


n  ISO.'!,  at 


>  hiell 


>d     11 


li'll 


ilorv  of  Indiana  w 


Uiianized,  and  fJeiicral   William    Heiirv 


H 


irnson  appn 


iiited  its  rioN'eriior.  as  widl  as.  e\  ollicio.  .'^llpe|•illtelldenl  of  Indian  Alliii 


Han 


h 


d 


an  aid  to  (leneral  Wa\ 


lie.  Ill 


his  I 


upon  the  duties  o 


this  cijlice  with  llie  additional  exnerieii 


iidian  caiiipaiiins.  and  entered 
cipiired  under  thi,-,  redonhtahle 
chief;  his  skill  in  military  tiieti("s  beini:  fully  eipialk'd  liy  his  knowledge  of  the 
alj<irii:inal  character.  \\1  \:'h,  I'omhineil  with  ids  address  and  activity,  soon  made  him 
respected  as  a  pleiiipoteiiliarv  at  their  council  lires.  For  many  years  he  shared  with 
Geiiei'.il  <'lar!<e.  of  St.  r..onis.  the  onert)Us  and  respoiisihle  duty  of  j)reserviiig  peace  on 
the  iVolltiers. 

'J'wii  or  three  (dements  of  discord  had  existed  in  llie  Indian  comnuinitios  located 
uloim  the  frontiers,  from  the  ontinvak  of  the  Ke\'oliition.  which  were  not  extinguished 
hy  its  successful  termination,  and  still  smouldered,  afli'r  the  close  of  the  Indian  war,  in 
170-J.  Among  these,  was  the  preference  of  the  western  trihes  for  the  Briti.sh  nation, 
arising,  perhaps,  from  the  comiuest  of  ("anada.  Imt  kept  up  by  political  fallacies, 
England  had  .secured  the  good  will  of  the  French  residents,  in  whose  hands  the 
important  conimer<'e  with  the  Indians  was  conceiilrateil,  and  still  I'emaiiied.  The 
p>>session  of  the  Indian  trade  has  cscr  exi'icised  a  controlling  influence  on  the 
policy  of  the  Indians;  which  is  wielded,  not  li\-  ministers  iilenipotentiar^ ,  or  high 
secretaries    of   stall',   hut    hy   ihi'    little    local   traders    on    the    frontiers,   [letty  clerks, 

'  liilViniKitidii.  WA.  III..  I'll.  i'ltlO-liO. 


H  : 


Fii     1   ii«oo  'I    •  isao. 


811 


intorprctors  emiiloycd  hy  ''0111111.  .a  hoiist-s.  0,11!  coiirit'l'(«  du  Uils,  wlio  iu'vcr  fiiil  to 
iii;ilu' llicir  jiiiiiciiilcH  sciuarc  •'  llioir  iiiti  4^ ;  mid  it  is  11  miittiT  t)l'  little  moment 
to  tlio  limited  miiliit on  ol'  tiii^  ■  ,  •  li'>  inlliaenei!  tin;  de.stinie.s  of  courts  or  ol'  nation."*, 
proviiled  tliey  he  |ieiinilted  to  omtrol  ilie  liiUlK;  in  bcuver  ^kin^. 

Wlule  the  Fivm  li  iield  l<oMi.>tiana,  no  Lounter-intercsts  diwlurlxid  tlio  hiirmony  of 
tlieir  interi'oui'.se  willi  tlii'  nati\es;  lnil.  wlieii  tliu  f^ovi-rnment  was  vested  in  tlio 
S|ianisli  crown,  the  lival  inleri'sls  of  the  Sjiani.-h  and  French  mi'ichants  had  produced 
discord  hetween  tiieir  suhonlinates,  wiiich  extended  al.-o  to  the  Indians.  The  cession 
of  fionisiami  to  tho  United  States  calmed  tiiOMu  troubles;  all  dilliiences  weic  I'or.iiDtten, 
and  the  conlendini;'  parties  readily  accommodated  themselves  to  tiie  American  system. 
Milt  in  Floiiilii  there  was  never  the  least  al)atement  in  this  strife  iiir  commercial 
supremacy;  the  thirst  lor  gain  iicUiiowledfiing  no  nationalit}.  On  the  contrary,  during 
the  short  jieriod  when  Florida  was  held  hy  the  British  crown,  a  new  li'ature  was 
ilovelopeil  in  the  character  ol'  the  Indian  trade,  which  imparted  to  it  additional  \  i;:iir 
and  system.  Wo  have,  in  a  preceding'  pi'n'')  alluded  to  this  lad,  which  was  tlii;  inlro- 
dnction  of  the  Scottish  olenienl  amoiiy  tho  aboiij^iniil  po[mlatioii.  One  of  its  most 
important  results  was  the  intermarriage  of  the  Scotch  traders  with  the  native  females,' 
thereby  giving  a  permanent  idianicter  to  their  intlucnce,  and  e.vercising  11  bonelicial 
ethnological  elU'ct  on  tho  chiefs  and  ruling  families  of  tho  native  race.  Though  it 
produced,  or  rather  precipitated,  the  inevioiisly  existing  tendency  to  the  liaination  of 
Iwtxdasses  in  Indian  society,  it  gave  a  delinite  direction  to  the  Indian  mind  ;  and,  while 
the  (iali)liiiis,  the  Milliilges,  and  their  compeers,  reaped  tiie  harvest  of  trade,  the 
M'iiiloshes,  the  M"(lillivra\s,  and  other  chiefs  of  their  raci'.  by  inl'iising  their  blood  into 
the  aboriginal  current,  gave  to  the  Creeks,  (Jherokees,  Chickasaws,  Choctaws.  and  Seini- 
noles.  a  higher  .social  and  national  character.  The  fact  that  this  intermi.xture  id"  the  races 
was  coincident  with  the  eiiiployment  of  African  .slave  labor  by  the  higher  Indian  class, 
was  niendy  incidental.  The  negroes  tied  into  tho  Indian  territory  to  escape  servitude! 
in  the  Southern  States,  and  voluntarily  assumed  the  performance  of  laijor,  as  an 
ecpiivalont  for  the  shelter,  support,  and  comparative  ease  and  enjoyment  Indian  life 
allorded  them. 

Along  tho  entire  northern  borders,  .southward  to  tlio  lino  of  demarcation  desig- 
nated by  tho  treaty  of  Versailles,  and  throughout  Michigan,  Indiana,  and  Illinois,  as 
well  as  tho  present  areas  of  Wi.sconsin,  Iowa,  and  Minnesota,  British  capital  and  entor- 
prise  were  the  great  basis  and  stinitilus  of  the  Indian  traiUc.  The  limits  of  this  trade 
had  receded  very  far  to  the  north-west  after  the  victories  of  Wayne;  Maiimee,  Vin- 
cenne.s,  Ka.skaskia,  Detroit,  and  .Micliilimackinac,  no  longer  formed  centres  for  the 
trade.  There  had  been,  uj)  to  the  coniineiicement  id"  Mr.  Madison's  administration,  no 
public  ollbrt  made  to  prevent  foreigners  from  pursuing  their  trallic  with  the  Indians 


'  Vitlo  fiurtiaiu,  \>.   lSl-?;2. 


■ 


IM 


I  '! 


ri; 


I   l! 
1 
it 


I 


'I  i, 


i 


m 


1; 


4 


K  I 


:l(i 


'!      <i 


m 


iii> 


DlSTl  UUANCKS    A.MoNd    TIIK    Till  UK  8, 


iiortli  111'  till'  slions  dl'  I/iki's  lliiinii  ninl  .Mii'liiiraii.  Oiu' of  tlic  |it'ciiliiir  clmriu'tciis- 
tit'M  of  llu'  Imliiuis  is,  tliiil  tlii'y  iiw  wcuil  to  >;i\i'  tlifir  iilti'iititui  In  tin-  lowest  oiil<  r  of 
eoiiiiHi'lloi.s;  not  bcciiiU'c  of  any  iirol'L-ivncf  tlicy  liiivi-  lor  an  iiilerior  grade  of  intflli'i't, 
but  thini  II  niitiirul  siisjiicion  timt  (lerMin!*  in  liighur  pusitionH  ari>  iilwii}8  govi'nicd  liy 
Miiiistrr  iiiotivosi  ami  sii'-'v'i'stions  IriMn  tlit'Hc  suljordiiiate  soiirccs  would  ajipcar,  sniiic- 
tiiiii'.",  to  III'  iiivi'sti'd  with  iiii|i()rtam!i',  in  tliu  jni'tisu  ratio  that  they  arc  riMn  >v('d 
Irom  plausibility  or  truth.  Whoever  has,  oitliur  as  ii  plfuiiiotontiary  or  ii  coininis-inin'r, 
passed  throuLdi  the  ordeiil  of  an  Indian  council,  controlled  iiy  the  diverse  interests  of 
the  triulo,  and  of  the  hidl'-brei'il  relatione  and  [irotiJjieeM  ol'  the  tribes,  will  appreciate 
the  force  of  this  remark. 


H    h  ' 


1 


' 


t     »l 


>l  '  ii 


11     :     I 


:ll 


'n 


m 


'f  f . 


,i,feH 


■  I 

f 

.  i 

t 

1 

1 

FROM    ISOO    TO    182;-). 


;!:.:'. 


CIIAl'TEU   111. 

IRE   OF   THE   INDIAN  miESTIIOOD   AS  A  IHSTURinXd   POLITICAL 
ELEMENT.      15ATTLE    OF    rilM'ECANOE, 


AxoTHKR  power  was.  ixt  this  period,  in  tlie  rapid  process  of  develop- 
nioiit,  tliroii.udi  the  iiiliiionce  attained  liy  the  Shawnee  prophet,  Ellksiif-  ISO'.), 

tawa,  over  the  entire  i)0(h'  ol"  trilies.  This  person,  thouuh  helonnioL^  to  J.  MADrsoN. 
tlie  reservation  of  his  tribe,  at  Wappccanotta,  had  located  liis  residence  rHi;sii)i:NT. 
principally  on  the  Wabash,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  nioutii  of  the  Tippe- 
eanoo  river,  wliich  became  tlie  centre  of  his  power,  and  whence  emanated  hi.s  oractdar 
revelations.  By  the  recital  and  interpretation  of  dreams,  by  fast in;j',  and  by  an  assmncd 
iiulillerence  to  all  worldly  considerations  and  rewards,  he  had  attained  a  hi,!ili  position 
and  inlhience.  EUhsattawa  had  lost  one  eye.  which  defect  he  concealed  by  wearin'j  a 
black  veil  or  handkerchief  over  the  disli,i;nred  orjian.  lie  afl'ected  great  sanctity;  did 
not  engage!  in  the  secnlar  dntics  of  war  or  hnnting;  was  seldom  in  pnblic ;  devoted 
most  ol'  his  time  to  fasting,  the  intei'pretatioii  of  dreams,  and  olTering  si\crifices  to  s])i- 
ritiial  powers;  pretended  to  see  into  fntnrity,  and  to  foretell  e\ents.  and  ainiounci'd 
liimself  to  lie  the  nionthpiece  of  God.  Tiie  Indians  (locked  to  liim  fiom  every  (jnaiter; 
there  was  no  name  that  carried  such  weight  as  his.  They  never  ceased  talking  of  his 
power,  or  expatiating  on  the  miracles  he  wrought ;  and  the  more  extraordinary  the 
revelations  he  made,  the  more  readily  wore  they  believed  and  confided  in.  He  jios- 
pessed  a  remarkably  clear  conception  of  the  Indian  character,  great  shn.nvdness,  and 
astuteness.  It  being  essential  to  his  purposes  that  ho,  who  was  the  concentrated  wisdom 
of  the  Indian  race,  should  have  no  rivals,  the  minor  prie.-ts  ami  powwows  became  lint 
the  retailers  of  his  words  and  prophecies;  and.  when  one  was  found  who  disputed  his 
authority,  or  resisted  his  power,  he  diil  not  proceed  against  him  in  a  dire,  maimer,  but 
insidiously  operated  upon  the  suiierstitions  of  the  Indian  mind.  In  this  way,  he  dis- 
posed of  Tarhe,  the  wise  and  venerable  sachem  king  of  the  Wyandots,  who,  beinj,' 
accused  of  witchcraft,  was  condennied  to  be  burnt  at  the  slake.  The  very  knowledge 
that  he  possessed  such  an  indomitable  will,  increased  the  fear  ami  respect  (Mitert:iined 
for  him  by  the  Indians;  which  was,  however,  based  on  an  implicit  belief  in  his  mira- 
culous gifts.     It  has  b(^i'n   miMitioned   that    ihi^  ]iroph(>t  was  not   a  wari'ior;   his  sole 


(II. 


VI. 


i; 


i- 


-;>■: 


!   r 


k    i 


i 


H,  l!li 


ill 


it'i'} 


854 


DISTl'lJ  IJANM'MS    A  M  O  \  (.!    TIIK    TKinKS, 


object  was  to  cinpliiy  liis  jkiwit  in  riii'tlioriinco  of  tlio  projects  of  liis  hrotlicr 
Tocuinsrli.' 

Tlii'i'o  was  a  lii^licr  jiiiriiosc  coiiccalcil  iiiulcr  tlioso  iiiaiiircstations  of  Mllksattawa. 
}lc  U>\d  tlio  Iiidiiuis  tliat  tlii'ir  pristiiii!  state,  aiitocedeiit  to  tlie  arri\al  of  tlio  Europeans, 
^vas  most  aj;roeal)le  to  tlie  (Jreat  Spirit,  and  that  tliey  had  adopted  too  many  of  the 
manners  and  customs  ol"  the  whites,  lie  counselled  tliem  to  return  to  their  [jrimeval 
pimple  condition;  to  throw  away  their  Hints  and  .steels,  and  resort  to  tiieir  original 
mode  of  obtaining  fu'o  by  percussion.  lie  denounced  the  woollen  stufls  as  not  e((ual  to 
iskin.s  for  clothing;  he  commended  the  u.se  of  the  bow  and  arrow.  Like  Pontiae,  who, 
liowever.  bad  made  no  i)retensioiis  to  jiriestly  power,  he  i)rofessed  a  profound  respect 
for  the  ancient  manners  and  customs  of  the  Indians ;  whether  inlhienced  thereto  by 
his  knowledge,  derived  from  tradition,  of  the  potency  of  this  iirgument.  as  made  use 
of  liy  that  renowned  chief;  or,  which  might  have  been  tlu'  case,  the  idea  t)riginated 
■with  himself.  Fifty  years  only  had  pa,ssc<l  .-^ince  the  era  of  Pontiae,  and  young  men 
who  had  been  t'Ugaged  in  that  l)old  atti'm[)t  to  resist  Ib'itish  ))ower,  might  yet  bo 
on  the  stage  of  action.  Now,  however,  the  real  purpose  was  not  to  resist,  but  to  invite 
the  c()-o|ieration  of  British  power.  This  was  the  secret  of  his  actions.  This  was  the 
argument  used  by  the  subordinate  emissaries  of  the  Indian  trading  ag(,'ncies  U)cated  in 
Canada,  who  visited  the  Miami  of  the  Lakes,  the  Wabash,  the  Scioto,  the  Illinois,  and 
the  upper  .Mississippi.  In  tlie  course  of  a  i'aw  years,  the  doctrines  of  Ellksattawa  had 
t<l>read  amomr  the  tribes  in  the  valiev  of  the  Missouri,  o\er  those  located  on  the  most 
distant  shores  of  Lake  Suiu-rior.  and  throughout  all  the  Ap[)alaciiian  tribes  of  the 
South.  Tliey  were  as  current  on  the  Ockmulgee,  the  Chattahootchce,  and  the  Alabama, 
as  they  were  on  the  Wabash,  and  the  Miami.     He  was  Iiimself  a  half-Creek. 

The  speeches  of  the  Indians  in  their  assemblages  had,  for  some  time,  savored  of 
these  counsels,  and  the  name  of  the  Shawnee  ])riiphL't  was  known,  and  the  inihience  of 
his  teaching  disseminated  throughout  the  country.  In  1811,  the  congregation  of  hirgt; 
masses  of  Indians  around  the  residence  of  this  oracular  personage,  on  the  banks  of  the 
npper  ])art  of  the  Wabash,  created  eonsideraljle  alarm,  and  (ieneral  Harrison,  who  had 
closely  watched  this  .secret  movement,  re[iorted  it  to  the  government,  by  which  he  was 
authorized  to  march  a  military  force  from  ^'incelnles,  up  the  Waljasb.  This  army, 
tonii)rising  one  regiment  of  regular  infantry,  an  auxiliary  body  of  mounted  Kentucky 
volunteers,  and  also  volunteer  militia  from  other  Western  States,  left  ^'incennes  in 
October,  ISll,  and,  in  November,  reached  the  Indian  villages  located  on  eligible  open 
grounds  near  the  eoi.liuenee  of  the  Tipi)ecanoe.  A  preliminary  conference  was  imme- 
diately held  with  the  Indians,  who  recommended  a  locality  at  a  Tiioderate  distance 
inland,  as  a  suitable  one  Ibr  an  encampment.     General  Harrison   had  no  reason   to 


ai  ik 


'  This  SliiiwriLC  iiiiiiic  tiT]iiin:iti-i  willi  tlio  (iri'i'K-  .irja;  Imt  tin;  puinilar  promuii'iatioii  cannot  nuw  bo  dis- 
tiirbej. 


FROM    IHOO    TO    l^i2,j.  :>jr,0 

8iis|u'ct  IiKliiin  treachery,  nor  is  it  (jiiite  elear  tliat  uiiv  was  ori'iiiially  iiiteii(l"(l.     IJiit 
that  iiiiilit  tiie  proiiliel  was  uliserved   [)raetisiiiu:  his  secret  rites  dl'  (liviiiatinn  ;  and   he 
reported   tiiat   the  omens  were   I'avorahlo   lor  an   iinniediato   attack.     Tlie   army   was 
encamped  witii   tiio  skill  and   precaution  indicated   hy  the  teaehinirs  of  Wayne ;  aii<l, 
aureeahly  to  his  ri,nid  rules,  (ieiiei'al    Harrison   had   arisen   to  order  the  reveille,  and 
was  in  his  tent  cnira^ed  in  ili'awinj:  on  liis  l)oots,  when  the  tdiiel"  nnisieian  stepped   in 
to  ask  wdiethor  he  should  connuencc  tiic  boat.     '"Not  yot ;  hut  presently,"  was  his 
reply.'     Thu  expression  had  scarcely  passed  his  lips,  when  the   Inilian  war-cry  was 
lieurd.     One  of  the  sentinels   on    post    had   observed    tin    arrow  I'all   on    tiie    urass, 
which  did  not  it  seems  reach  its  destination;  and.  liis  cuiiosity  being  amused,  he  was 
endeavoring  to  peer  through  the  intense  darkness  in  the  direction  whence  tiie  arrow 
eanie,  when  the  Indians  made  a  sudden  onslaught.^     A  thousand  wolves  coidd  not 
liave  proiUieed  a  more  horrilic  liowl.     The  lines  were  driven  in  ;  tlie  horses  of  the 
ollicers,  fastened  to  stakes  in  the  s(iuare,  broke    loose;    confusion    everywhere    pre- 
vailed;   and   the  army  was  assailed   from   all    points.     General    Harrison"'  gallantly 
mounted   his   horse,  and    endeavored    to   restore   order   at    the    princi[)al    ]ioiiits  of 
attack.    The  mounted  volunteers  from  Kentucky  and  Indiana  charged,  as  well  as  they 
could,  through  the  darkness.     The  fourth  regiment  of  United  States  infantry,  which 
was  in  a  high  state  of  discii)line,  restored  eonlidence  to  tlio  foot,  iind  as  soon  as  the 
dawn  of  day  [)ermitted  them  to  act,  tliey  repulsed  the  Indians.     At  the  same  time  the 
volunteer  cavalry  drove  the  enemy  across  the  prairie  to  their  coverts.    There  had  Ijeon, 
however,  a  most  severe  and  lamentable  slaughter.     Daylight  rendered  visible  the  dead 
bodies  of  the  chlvalric  Colonel  Davies.  of  Kentucky,  Colonel  Owens,  of  Indiana,  a 
Senator  in  ('ongress,  and  of  a  vast  number  of  brave  ollicers  and  men.     The  army  was 
only  saved  from  destruction  by  the  rising  of  the  sun,  which  rendered  tiie  enemy  visible. 
Such  a  battle  had  not  been  fought  since  St.  Clair's  defeat,  and  the  sensation  ])roduced 
throughout  the  Union  was  inunense.     Numbers  of  the   Iniliaus  had  Ikhmi  slain  liy  the 
broadsword,  in  their  retreat.     This  battle  was  not,  however,  fought  by  Tecumseh,  who 
was  then  absent  on  a  mi.ssion  to  tiie  Creeks,  his  relatives  by  his  mother's  side.     Thus 
commenced  a  new  Indian  war. 


'  Niirrativo  iif  .\il;im  Walker,  ii  inusitiiiii  iti  the  -ttli  ri'i;iiiioiit. 
'  Tills  oflicTr  wii.s  tloi'tcd  President  iif  the  I'liitod  iStatos  in  1^11. 


'  Walker. 


!   ;= 


t 
1   . 


i-i 


;»;^ 


I-I     !f 


1    i 


aGG 


DlSTUlllJANCKS    AMONG    TIIK    TUIBKS, 


en APTKR  IV. 


THE    INDIANS    H  JK'KL  KSS  LY     I:N(!A(;K    IN    TIIK    WAR    <»K    18  1l'. 


m 


«i:,  i 


On  the  iStli  dl' llu-  .Iimc  lullouiii;,'  tliis  hattlo.  fViiiiircss  dtclai't'il  war 
|Si"J.  Miiiiiiist  (irent   I'rilain.     Tliis  Wiir,  acconliiig   to   tlic   iicwlv  iiimoiiiu'ctl 

.1.  .Maihso.v.  oracular  vu'W,  apiii-arfd  to  tlio  Imlians  as  tlic  iiiaiiil'i'statioii  of  tlic  jjowor 
l'i;i:siiiKNT.  of  tlio  flroat  Spirit,  ami  was  rciiardcil  as  tlio  iiicaiis  oinplovcd  to 
disciitliial  tlii'iii  Iroui  tlio  liatcd  rule  of  tlic  wliitc  I'acc.  'i'licii'  j;icat 
Sliawiicc  proiilict  iiad  annoiinccd  to  tlic  trihcs.  from  liis  oracular  jcsukcaii,  or  projilict's 
Iodic  oM  the  haiiUs  of  tlic  Wabash,  the  ai)pi'oacliiiiji'  cjioch  of  tiicir  deliverance,  and 
the  news  had  liccii  dill'uscd  far  and  wide.  Tlii'  intimate  political  relations  of  his 
brotlii'r,  Teciimsch.  witli  the  IJiitish  authorities  of  Canada,  as  now  fully  disclosed,' 
I'oniicd  the  nucleus  of  their  power;  and.  hence,  tiiey  could  depend  on  liie  I'lritish  for 
ariii^.  pro\  isions.  and  clothiiii;'.  Was  it  any  wonder  that  they  Hocked  to  the  JJritisli 
standard  as  soon  as  it  was  disphi_\i'd  V  'rweiity-se\-en  days  after  the  declaration  of  this 
war  by  (.'oiiiiress,  the  Indians  were  in  possession  of  Michilimackiiiac ;  and.  on  the  same 
liay.  tiii'ir  tomahawks  were  red  with  the  i;ore  of  tiic  slauj^htered  .uarr'^oii  of  ("hii'iigo,  who 
had  abandoned  the  fort  walls.  Jiiid  soiiLdit  safety  on  tlu'  sandy  shori's  of  Lake  Micliiiiaii. 
it  is  not  (IcsiLined  to  creato  an  impression  that  our  Indian  relations  had  had,  originally, 
any  coiitroUiiiLT  inihienco  on  this  (piestion.  The  war  resulted  mainly  from  loiiL'-pendiiitl 
disputes  concernimr  maritime  riiihts  and  national  injustice.  The  concurrent  Indian 
hostilities  on  the  frontiers,  were  but  ii  seipieiico  of  tluMiriuiiial  cause  of  complaint.  Yet 
the  assuminion  that  they  were  oriuinated  by  British  cmissarii's  was  clearly  deduoiblo 
fidiii  the  events  w  hic'h  transpired  on  the  frontiers,  and  it  derived  additional  cunllrmation, 
III  a  short  time,  from  the  fact,  that  these  Indian  tribes  were  eimaucd  to  '•  liirlit  by  the 
.-ide  of  white  men."  -  and  to  serve  as  auxiliaries  to  the  British  army  in  the  West.  It 
was  the  tlinat  of  the  Indian  tomahawk  and  scal[)in,ir-knife  that  nnstrim^'  the  alieaily 
weak  nerves  of  (<eneriil  Hull,  at  Detroit;  and  the  employment  of  these  l)arbarou.s 
weapons  lent  an  additional  horror  to  the  massacres  per[)etrate(l  on  tlu!  Hi\ei'  Kaisin, 
and  at  Chicago.     In  the  war  of  1S12,  (ireat  Britain  made  the  same  unjustiriable  uso 


'  TixuMiM'li's  Spcwh  uf  lsl;j  :   r  S,  ( Ml'u.i,il  TiraliL'.~,  p.  2  to. 


'  Hull's  rroflaiiiatiuii. 


ii:  \ 


FllOM    1800    TO    \H-2r,. 


867 


of  tlu'  Tiidiiins  as  sIk-  liiul  iircvioiisly  done  in  lliat  of  ITTii;  tlicy  woio  lior  fniL'l  mid 
lildody  natclliti's.  Tli_vciidaiiii;_a'ii  liad  goiiu  to  tlio  hunting  iriound.s  of  tlio  spirit  land ; 
but  iiis  tvjuntcrpart  still  existed  in  Ti'cnnisidi,  who  pusscssud  .urcatcr  onciyy  of  j)ur[)osc, 
tMpial  liiavciT,  anil  had  more  deeply  enlisted  the  warmest  sympathies  <if  the  Indians. 
The  foiiner.  it  is  hoped,  had.  ere  his  deiith,  overcome  his  violent  prejudices  airainst  the 
Americans;  !)nt  the  latter  fell  in  delencu  of  rights  and  of  a  cause  which  he  helieved 
to  he  just,  while  his  dishonest  adviser  and  auxiliary  in  cnnnnand.  (ieneral  Proctor,  tied 
ingloriously  from  the  field.' 

The  Indians  helieved  that,  in  tiie  war  of  ISlli,  they  had  an  opportunity  of  regaining 
Itos.se.ssion  of  the  western  country,  perhaps  to  the  lino  of  the  Illinois,  while  the  Hritish 
thought  to  .secure  a  more  ,H)utlierly  line  of  houndary  than  that  })rescrihed  hy  the  treaty 
of  ITi^o;  a  motive  which,  in  the  minds  of  soher-thinking  people,  hardly  ivdoimded  to 
their  credit.  Their  conduct  in  this  war,  as  in  that  of  tin-  Kevolutioii.  served  only  to  add 
to  its  horrors,  and,  hy  acts  of  cruelty,  in.'ited  the  Americans  to  griMter  exerlions. 
It  is  hut  .sorry  testiinouy  to  the  intellectual  calibre  of  IJriti.sh  statesmen,  to  say  that 
they  siH)|)oscd  the  fury  of  savages,  however  demoniac,  could  produiie  permanent  national 
appreiieiisioii,  or  exert  any  practical  inllueiico  on  a  peo[)le  inured  to  hardships,  and 
educated  I'or  centuries  in  the  princi|iles  of  political  self-reliance,  and  faith  in  (iod.  If 
the  Indians  were  in  error  as  to  the  jjossiliility  of  reco\ering  their  lands,  or  limiting  the 
westward  progress  of  civilization,  those  who  led  them  into  this  error  were  certainly  not 
deceived,  and  <'onld  not  havi'  supiios(>d  this  probable,  or  even  possible.  That  the  Indians 
had  been  told  that  thi'y  woukl  be  able  to  recover  their  territory  north-west  of  the  (Jhio, 
is  evident  from  the  speech  of  Tecumseh,  made  to  Genoral  Proctrjr,  at  Ainhertsburg,  in 
ISI:!.  "When  the  war  was  declared,"  said  the  great  Indian  captain,  "our  Father 
stood  up,  and  gave  us  the  tomahawk,  and  told  us  that  he  was  now  ready  to  strike  the 
Americans ;  that  he  wanted  our  assistance;  and  that  he  would  certainly  get  us  our 
lands  back,  which  the  Americans  had  taken  from  us."^ 

After  reciting  the  long  course  of  maritime  injustice  and  wrong,  the  Congressional 
Committee  on  Foreign  All'airs  emphatically  say,  "  ForbearaiKie  has  ceased  to  ho  a  virtue." 
"  Whether  the  IJriti.sh  fJovernmeiit  has  contributed,  by  active  measures,  to  e.xcito 
against  us  the  hostility  of  the  savage  tribes  on  our  frontiers,  your  Committee  are  not 
disposed  to  occu[)y  much  time  in  investigating.  Certain  indications  of  general  noto- 
riety may  supply  the  place  of  authentic  documents,  though  these  have  not  been  wanting 
to  establish  the  fact  in  .some  instances.  It  is  known  that  symptoms  of  Briti.sh  hostility 
towards  the  United  States  have  never  failed  to  produce  corresponding  symptom.s  among 
those  tribes.  It  is  also  well  known  that,  on  all  such  occasions,  abundant  supplies  of 
the  ordinary  munitions  of  war  have  been  allorded  by  the  British  commercial  compa- 
nies, and  even  irom  British  garrisons,  wherewith  they  were  enabled  to  commence  that 


'  IJattlc  of  tlio  ThaUK'S. 


"  Branan's  Uiricial,  .Military,  and  .Naval  Lcttors,  p.  I'JO. 


,1 


¥ 


u 


A 


.H' 


iiii  1 


^  + 


f 


I 


r.r.8  DISTrRBANCES    AMONG    THE    TRIBES, 

systi'in  of  sjivngo  wiirfiiro  on  onr  frontiers,  wliich  Ims  boon,  at  all  timos,  imliscriininiito 
in  its  flll'i't  1)11  nil  ngt's,  sexes,  nntl  coiiditioiis,  luul  so  revolting  to  huniivnity." ' 

'•  Siniinier  belbre  last,"  [/.  c,  ISlO.]  says  Tecnmseli,  -*  when  I  eaiiie  Ibrwanl  with 
my  ri'd  i)rethren,  and  was  ready  to  take  up  the  hatchet  in  lavor  of  our  Hritish  Father, 
wi'  were  told  not  to  he  in  a  hnrry ;  that  he  iiad  not  i/it  determined  to  lijiht  the  Anieri- 
eans."  -  This  impatience  on  the  part  of  the  Indians  was  so  ^;reat,  that  it  np[)ear.s 
they  took  tiie  initiative  at  tiie  battle  of  Tippecanoe.  That  ;.'tion  thrilled  through  the 
nerves  of  the  Americans  like  an  electric  shock,  and  was  thu  lU'st  intimation  that  the 
frontiers  were  about  to  become  the  scene  of  another  severe  contest  witli  tlie  i)lo(id- 
thirsty  and  infuriated  savages.  But,  though  the  impatient  Indians  chafed  at  the  delay, 
it  served  to  give  a  degree  of  unanimity  to  their  hostility  which  even  the  war  of  the 
Itevoliitiou  had  not  witnessed.  From  the  termination  of  the  Appalaeiiiaii  chain  to  tiio 
gri'at  lake  basins  of  Erie,  Huron,  Michigan,  and  Superior,  anil  onward  to  the  Falls  of 
St.  Anthony,  the  Indians  assumed  an  attitude  of  determined  hostility;  and.  as  soon  as 
tlie  ki'v-note  was  ,H)unded  in  Canada  by  the  British  bugle,  an  answering  yell  of  (liscord 
resounded  through  the  lainl,  which  electrified  the  people  on  tiie  frontiers,  made  tho 
mother  quake  with  dread  in  her  nur.sery,  and  the  patriotic  militiaman  lly  to  arms. 

During  the  winter  following  the  action  on  the  Wabash,  Fllksattawa  eontiinied  liis 
incantations,  delivering  his  oracular  responses  with  more  than  Kjjhesian  authority; 
whde  his  distinguished  brother  ^  ...inued  those  negotiations  with  the  tribes,  v,  hieh 
were  necessary  to  prepare  them  fur  conllict ;  and  we  would  not  have  known  they  were 
ready  to  take  \ip  the  hatchet  two  3ears  previously,  luid  imt  Tecumseh  stated  it  in  his 
celebrated  speech.^ 

Farly  iu  tlu;  spring  of  ISl-'J.  the  forests  surrounding  every  military  post  in  the  West 
weu',  at  nearly  the  same  time,  iilled  with  armed  warriors,  who  watche<l  the  gates  witli 
the  keen  eyes  of  a  panther  ready  to  s])ring  upon  its  prey.  Their  central  rendezvous, 
and  the  depot  whence  they  drew  their  supplies,  was  Fort  Maiden,  at  Amhertsbm'g, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Detrt)it  river.  They  had  watched  the  movements  of  Hull  in 
Michigan  with  the  accuracy  of  a  vulture,  or  of  an  eagle  on  its  perch;  inul.  with  tho 
same  rapacious  vigilance,  had  permitted  no  one  to  escapi^  who  ventured  from  the  gates 
of  a  I'ort.  or  of  any  guartled  enclosure.  When  the  appreheus'ons  of  Mull  had  reached 
their  climax,  and  the  British  flag  was  hoi.sted  on  the  ramparts  of  Fort  Shelby,  their 
e.xultation  was  extreme.  The  Chii)pewas  and  Ottawas,  with  delegations  of  tiie  Menomo 
nees,  Winnebagoes.  and  Sioux,  had,  on  the  1  7th  of  July  preceding,  enabled  Captain 
Eoberts,  witli  a  trilling  force,''  to  surprise  and  capture  Michilimackinac.  On  tlie  4th 
of  August,  a  large  body  of  Wyandots   and  other   Indians,  lying   in   ambu.scade    at 


'  Journal  of  ('un.^rcss,  Jiiiii"  :!il,  1^12,  ■'  OITu'ial,  Jlilitary,  aii.l  Naval  Lrttrrs,  p.  l^ll).  »  Il,i,I. 

•  Af:rcr;ilily  to   l.iriitcnaut  Hanks,  tlicro  wcru  but  IU  ri'irular  liriti.-h  trruciis,  willi  l!()U  Canailiau  militia, 
auj  715  Indians. —  Offieial  Lilhi:<,  p.  3(). 


■'■'I 


'VI 


%Mr^ 


I'linM     IS  (Ml     'I'O     IS; 


;',■.'.) 


Bi'ownslon,  dcfoatod  MiijorViiii  irorn.  witli  ii  I'orcc!  oClifKI  rillomcn.driviii!.'  liim  Inn'k  to 
Dotioit  witli  fziviit  loss.'  Oil  tli(j  '.'ill  of  August,  iil'toi'  Hull  liiid  if-crosscd  Detroit  river, 
Colonel  Miller  iilso  eiieouutered  iit  I'lowiistou  tlie  siinie  I'oree  of  ludiiuis,  led  l>y  Tecuiii- 
scli,  Jiiid  .suiiporlod  by  ii  large  body  of  IJritish  rcguliiis,  looiitod  lieliiud  teiiipoMiry  hreiist- 
works,  wlioiii  lie  f-iillaiitly  cliarf^ed  with  the  bayonet,  and  defeated. "  On  the  JiUh  of 
the  same  month.  Detroit  waH  surrendered  to  an  inconsiderable  army,'  hastily  mustered 
by  (Jeiieral  15rocU,  who  oira^ially  intimated  that  the  Imlinns  could  not  be  restrained. 
General  Hull  observes  that  '"the  history  of  barbarians  in  the  north  of  Europe  does  not 
furnish  examples  of  more  fj:reedy  violence  than  thes(!  savajres  have  e.\hil)ited  ;"  '  and 
thii.s  consoles  himself,  by  a  historical  truism,  liir  a  surrender  which  is  a  lasting'  stigma 
on  the  military  history  of  the  Union. 

Decision  and  address  were  alone  ii'quired  for  the  maintenance  of  that  jiost.  The 
Indians  had  nelthor  the  dispcsition,  capacity,  nor  will  to  contend  witii  the  garrison  of 
a  strong  fortification;  and  thi.s  fort  mounted  eight  brass  guns,  beside  twenty  five 
pieces  of  iron  ordnance,'  and  likewise  contained  li)iir  hundred  rounds  of  twenty-four 
pound  shot." 

On  the  loth  of  Angnst.  the  garrison  of  Chicago,  under  Captain  rfeald.  was  surrounded 
by  I'ottawattaniies,  while  on  its  march  to  Detroit,  along  the  oikmi  shores  of  Tiake 
IMichignn,  and  all  but  about  fifteen  massacred,  including  the  women  and  children  who 
followed  the  camp.     The  stock  of  stcu'es  and  baggage  was  captured.' 

On  the  Sth  of  September,  the  Wabash  Indians  invested  fort  Harrison,  then  garri- 
soned by  a  few  men.  under  command  of  Cai)taiii  Zachary  Taylor."  They  kilU'd  si'veral 
jierson;  outside  of  the  fort,  and  iincsteil  it  closely  for  two  days.  Finding  they  could 
not  force  an  entry,  they  tired  one  of  the  blockhouses,  the  lower  part  of  whicii  contained 
tli((  provisions  of  the  garrison.  Attempts  to  save  it  jiroving  unsuccessful,  it  .vas  burned 
down,  leaving  an  opt>iiing  about  eighteen  feet  in  width.  With  great  self-possession  and 
cool  courage.  Captain  Taylor  caused  the  breach  to  be  repaired,  tlii>ugli  suljected  to  an 
incessant  fire  from  the  enemy,  and  tinally  beat  them  ofl'.'^ 

On  the  ")th  of  the  month,  the  savages  laid  siege  to  Fort  Madison,  of  ^lissoiiri.  on 
the  Upper  Mississippi,  commencing  their  operations  by  shooting  and  scalping  a  soldier 
near  the  gate.  They  then  opened  a  brisk  attack  with  ball  and  buckshot,  killed  the 
cattle  in  an  outer  enclosure,  fired  at  the  tlag-stafl'.  and  cut  the  rope  which  liold  the  Hag, 
causing  it  to  fall,  and  also  made  several  bold  and  dexterous  attempts  to  set  the  works 
on  fh'c. 

On  the  2Sth  of  September,  a  series  of  severe  skirmishes  took  place  on  the  St.  John's 
viver,  between  the  Creeks  and  Seminoles  and  a  party  of  2-jO  Georgia  volunteers,  in 


'  Oirifial  Loiters,  p.  nO.                  '  Tliid,  p.  .*!>*.  '  lOfiO  men.     Tbid,  p.  59. 

»  U/hl,  p.  4L'.                                    «  Ibid,  p.  o!l.  '  Ibid,  p.  S4. 

'  Tliirty-si'von  years  ai'tcrwards,  tlii.s  uHiecr  was  olocted  IVosidoiit  of  the  I'liited  States. 
•OtVuial  Letters,  p.  CL 


*  Ibid,  p.  4«. 


.(! 


»i'l ! 


lit  ID 


I>lSTllt  ItAXCKS    AM  ON  (I    TIIK    TUIHKS. 


wliicli  liolli  |)iirii('s  siilli'rcd  ji  loss  in  killed  and  wounded.  The  j>riuci|nd  liands  otigngod 
wiTi'  tliiise  111'  tiie  l,iptclino:iy  iind  Alli'jator  Indians.  Marly  in  Octolier.  (loNi'rnni' 
I'lihvavds,  of  Illinois,  man  lied  ajjainsi  the  Indian  town  ol'  I'eoria.  anil  the  sava,i;i's  in  itH 
\ieinity.  Ill'  was  atlaeked  hy  the  Indians  in  their  usual  nininior,  hut  succeeded  in 
hurninu:  their  towns  and  dcstroyiiiir  their  corn,  losinj?  only  ii  low  men.  In  the  nuuitli 
of  Novondier.  the  liostilitie.s  of  the  Waliash  Indians  heeaiue  so  ti'onhlesoine,  that  ii  lorco 
of  about  Ili'itt  volunteers,  under  (ieneral  Hopkins,  was  marched  from  Vinrenncs  ajruinst 
them.  On  the  'JOth.  21.'«t.  and  *J"_'d,  ho  a|>i)lied  the  torch  to  several  of  their  villaws, 
utterly  destroyed  tiie  proiihet's  town,  and  drove  the  enemy  from  their  stroie.diolds.  w  ho, 
however,  avoided  any  decisive  liattle.  On  the  I'Jth  of  nccemlier.  a.  jiarly.  comiiri.sing 
L'(.(l  or  ;)IM(  Indians,  assaulted  tlie  eamii  of  Colonel  ('ain|iliell,  on  the  Mississiuiiway 
branch  of  tho  Wabash,  killing;  eiuht  men  and  woundiu'j;  thirty-live  or  foi'ty.'  fleneral 
Harrison  commemled  the  inti'epiility  with  which  this  attiu-k  was  repulsed. 
This  event  closed  tiie  campaign  of  ISl'J. 


0!\h 


I,(tl,rs,  i.[,.  |(il-|ii!i. 


Ii! 


KKO.M     1«00    To    18-jrj. 


•Ml 


("II  A  I'TKK    V. 

nVKtJTS    OF    TIIK    INDIAN    WAR    OK    1HI;1. 

Kacis   (Icinoiistriitc?  tliiit  tlic  IiidiaiiH    tliroiiiilniiit    llio  Ifnioii,  rnmi 

Moiitli  to  iinrtli.  Iiji'l  I'litcri'il  into  tlic  war  witli  llic  uiciik-.'^t  iiiiiiiiimity  |sl'l, 

ami  spirit.     Tlu-y  liclii'vril,  as 'IV'cuiiisl'Ii  dcclarcil  ti>  I'locttir.  in  IMo,       ,1.  Madisun, 

tlmt  tlicy  wiTL'  aliiiiit  ■■  to  uct  l)at'i<  tlu'ir  lands;"  '  tliat  it  was.  in  a  iiifat         1'ki:smii:m. 

nicasin't'.  a  contest  lii-twi'tMi  tlicinsclvcs  and  the  Uiiitt'd  Stairs;  and  tliat 

tilt'  crisis  riMidcrcd  it  necessary  tliat   tliey  slioiild  endure  e\ery  liardsliip  and  privation 

I'or  the  purpose  of  seciirinj;'  victory.      Indeed,  it  must  lie  conl'es.-ed  tlial,  adiiiittiii;:  tlieir 

sincerity,  tliu  ,<taiid  they  made  was  heroic.    Of  the  Diikeol"  MarllioroiiLjIi,  his  paiiy^vri.  t 

exolaiiiis : 

"  liivn-  (pf  IjIiiuiI  !i|i|i(iir,  anil  hills  of  slain, 
An    Iliad  I'isinL'  nut  iif  iino  caniiiaii^n  ;" 

If  tlnj  Indians  did  not  peiliirm  eipial  teats,  it  could  not  he  denied  that  lliey  caused 
not  only  the  frontiers,  lint  also  tlie  entire  territorial  area  of  the  Union,  to  reaii/e  the 
perfiily  and  cruel  cariiajiv,  witii  which  a  sasage  foe  dis^'raced  tlu'  military  nioveiiients 
of  an  ally,  in  which  they  participated. 

'I'ht^  year  \Sl'2  closed  vi'ry  inaiis|)icioiisly.  in  wars  with  his  own  race,  the  Indian 
never  continues  hostile  operations  iluriiiu'  the  winter  sciison.  'I'he  trees  li;i\-e  then  lo^t 
tlieir  lldiajie,  and  do  not  hide  his  movements;  the  snows,  at  that  season,  present  a  com- 
plete map  of  his  track  ;  the  cold  is  too  intense  for  him  to  dispense  with  lire,  the  liuht  ol' 
which  would  reveal  the  iiositioii  of  his  encampment.  IJiit,  when  an  Indian  is  ([iiartered 
amom;  civilized  troops,  he  is  protected  in  the  use  of  camp-tires ;  he  hnilds  huts  to  ward 
oil'  storms;  draws  his  [irovisions  I'rom  a  coiinuissary ;  and  clothes  himself  in  woollens, 
which  are  not  paid  for  hy  heaver  skins.  Under  these  eircumstaiicos,  a  winter  campaijin 
can  he  endured,  and  does  not  liecomo  di.stasteful. 

The  l!i\er  I)etrt)it  had  iieen,  from  tin;  earliest  jieriod.  the  priiKMpal  entrance  to  the 
Indian  territory  in  the  north-west,  ami  the  area  of  lower  or  eastorn  jMii'liiiiau  coiise- 
(pieiitly  hecame  the  Ineetin^-pla<■o  of  Indian  councils,  and  tlio  Lrrand  reiide/vons  of  war 
jiarties.     The  surrender,  hy  Hull,  of  this  territory,  appeared  to  have  abandoned  it  to 


llllirial    l.rtUI.-, 


III! 


\iii   \  I  — 4r> 


I 


r    i: 


!)■  i:; 


!"il 


ti-   P 


ill 


I' 


III   I 


i,   ! 


.''  ,> 


'M  ( 


'  1 

(  '  , 

i 

1' 

: 

1^ 

i 

862 


DISTI' I!  I!  \  MI'S     AMoNt;    TIIM    TIMIIKS. 


lliriii.  iiiicliT  the  |i|ii|i'flinii  111'  I  liiir  .illii's,  It  w  MS  I'liiiiwiii'd  in  ilirir  invllinld'^v  IIS  li;i\  in^r 
lii'i'ii  ii'iiil  liv  llic  liiMril  liiTor^  :iiii|  iIi'Iiml'imIs,  I'iiii'.'oi  i<i.  .Maimlisolm,  iiiiil  IliawMlli:!  ; 
mill  ('('l>'linili'il.  ill  tlii'ir  triiilitimial  history,  liy  tlii<  ili'cils  nl'  a  I'liiitiiii'  ami  n 
Miiiiiii\iviiia.  Till'  iii'cat  oli'n'ft  nl"  tlif  inaiin'iivn's  (if  tin-  I'liilcd  States  tniojis  was.  tn 
rcmiiii  |inss('ssi(m  of  .Miclii'jaii.  'I'cciiinM'li,  wlinsi-  licailiiiiailiTs  wcic  locatcil  near 
Aiiilii'rl*liiir'j.  st'|iarati'il  lioin  ji  niily  |p\  lln'  liiviT  iKtinit.  Iiad,  as  has  Iiim'ii  alii'ail\ 
iiiriiliiiiicil.  (Id'cati'il  Majiir  \  an  Horn  at  Ma'.'iiaira.  on  tlir  lllinl'  AiiLiiist,  Islli.  ami. 
liki'wisi'.  iiidcil  in  till'  dci.i'inincd  rrsistancc  made  to  Coluncl  Millfi',  at  tin-  saiiif  |ilaii'. 
on  till'  I'tli.  lie  was  in  hiniscira  li">t.  and  nii;:lit  well  liaxc  cNi'laiiiii'd.  in  the  syniliolical 
laii'una'jf  nscd  hy  his  lautol  \  |it'.  I'mitiai'.  "I  stand  in  the  path!" 

(iriii'ial  Winclu'slrr.  in  his  ra'.i'nii'ss  to  ciinsiiinmatr  the  |Mn'|M>sc  nf  the  ciuiiiiaijrn. 
inari'hfd  thntii'^li  the  snows  in  niid-wintcr.  I'loni  tlio  rapids  of  tin'  Miami,  iit  tlu'  lu'iul 
ofii  L'allant  ai-iny.  and  ri'achcd  tlir  Hixcr  llaisin  on  the  'J-d  of.ianuury.  He  cncanipcd 
thcii'  in  a  hinrifd  and  conl'iisi'd  iiianncr.  and  was  dd'catt'd  liy  a  consiild'ahlc  force  of 
r>iili>-li  irunlars  and  Indians,  iiiiiiniandi'd  liy  'rccninsch.  'I'lie  eiti/.eiis  of  the  I'nion 
were  lionilied  with  the  details  of  the  ni!is>aere.  hy  the  Indians,  of  the  woinided 
]aisoners  taUeii  on  tlii-  oeeasion.  This  scene  of  diahnlical  cnielt_\'  was,  it  is  allcLied. 
the  result  of  the  lack  of  a  ])roper  controllini;  [lower  in  the  white  \ictors.  for  which  they 

all'  'jenerally   held   to  he   les|ion»il)le.' 

'  tii  the  ni'/lit  of  the  :^7th  of  .laniiaiy.  a  lai'Lie  hody  of  ( 'reeks  stealthily  sei/ed  the 
s'^iilinel-.  and  then  attacked  the  ai'iiiy  of  (leiiera!  I'Moyd.  some  lorty  miles  west  of  the 
Chatlahootcln  e  river.  They  were  perfectly  wild  with  fury,  and  rushed  to  within  lift\ 
\arils  of  the  artillery.  e\incini:  a  conraifi'  which  the  Indians  had  hut  once  |)re\ioiisl\ 
display  ed.  \i/..  in  the  action  aiiainst  St.  Clair,  oil  the  St.  Mary's.  They  were  encoiin- 
teied  with  liriiiiie-s.  and.  as  soon  as  day  daw  in  1 1,  siiccessl'iilly  cliari:ed  with  the  hayonet 
and  the  hroailsword.  (leneral  Floyd  L;ained  a  coiiiplote  \ictory :  thirty-sevoii  dead 
liodii's  well'  found  on  tlu'  Held,  of  which  fifteen  hail  lieeii  sahred.' 

The  northern  Indians  asseinhled,  niider  15ritisli  colors,  around  Fort  Meius.  on  the 
Miami  of  the  Lakes,  aided  niateriall\  in  ellectiiii:  the  deleat,  on  the  oth  of  Ma\,  of 
rjOII  vdlunteers.  unilei'  (ieiieral  (ireeii  Clay  and  (.'olonel  Dudley.  On  the  oOtli  of 
Aii'.;ust.  the  Creeks  and  southern  Indians  made  an  attack  on  a  lint  at  Tcnsaw,  com- 
manded tiy  (Ieiieral  Claihonie.  They  ,-toiiiied  one  of  the  gates,  after  a  desperate 
strniiirle.  kiiliiii:'  many  men.  as  well  as  several  hrave  ollicers,  and  set  (ire  to  and  con- 
siim<d  some  of  the  tiiiildiii'js.  Theii  liirce  is  estimated  to  have  heeii  from  "idO  to  TOII 
Avarriors,  of  Avliom  at  least  1 'lO  are  idaimed  to  have  heeii  killed.' 

The  north-western  Indians,  who  were  under  the  intliieiice  of  Tecnmseli.  and  of  thi; 
Shawnee  prophet,  !iis  hrotlicr,  had  manifested  considerahlo  restlessueti.s  and  dis.sati.sfae- 


'  Ullkiai  JaIIli-s,  p,   lliL'. 


'  I  bill.,  p.  'JUT. 


Mbid.,  p.  '_'o;j. 


II 


I'HoM    IMOO    To    |H'2.'>. 


'M:\ 


linii   iit    iIm'  niMix'  |iiii>iii('(l   li\    till-  nriti>li   ijciK'iiils  cliiriii'r   llii'  MpciiiLr,  Hiiinini'r.  iiml 

aiitiiiiiii  III'  l^l.'i.    'riirir  di'ciili'il  iiimI  uiii'S| trd  ili'li'ut  li\  < 'kiuIiiiii.  in  llic  ^liiir|i  Milimi 

III  r|>|"'i'  S{iiiilii-I\\,  tlii'ir  iiliiiiKliiiiini'iit  ol'  till'  nii"^i'  III'  l-'ort  .Mi'iL;s,  mi  tin'  Miiiini.  iiinl 
willnliviwiil  iVniii  liic  AiniTiciin  hlioici  ol'  Luke  Kiic  iinil.  iiIioni'  nil,  ihr  cuiiliiri'  of  iIh' 
Mritifli   llii'l  li\'  l'i'n\.  liml  iippcurril   In  llic  liiiliiiii-i   to  1m'  iucmi'.'i's  nt'  evil       As  t'liilv 

lis  ill.'  iMli  ul'  Aiijii-^l Iv  ciulil  <lii\s  iillcr  I'i'rrv's  victmy.  'r<i'iiiiiscli  lnnl   iiKilr-icd 

ii;.'iiiii>l    llii'sc   ret  lilt;  I'Mili'   iiniNciiic'iils.      Ill'  wiis  llii'ii  ill  i'jiiiirMiici' 111'  flic   rcMili  ul'  iIm' 

niiviil  iiiitllc.  wiiii'li  liiid  iii'cii  run ili'il  I'lniii  liiiii ;  I'lil  In'  rcMicil  llii'WDrst.    ■•  W'l'  liii\i' 

lii'iirij  tlic  nuns,"  lie  siiiil.  ••  liiit  l\ii(iw  iiiilliin;_'  nl'  wliiit  li;is  li;i|i|"'iiri|  Id  iiiir  liitlicr  willi 
MM  ;iriii.'  Our  siiips  Iiiim'  j:niic  oiic  wiiy.  ami  we  arc  \ri\  iiiiiili  iisiniii>liril  in  mc  mir 
I'litlii'i'  tyin;;  ii|i  cvt'rylliiiii;  iiml  |)ii'|i!niim'  to  run  iiwiiy  iiiiuiln'r,  wiiliniil  Ic'tiii.'  iii-^  nil 
cliiliiron  know  wliMt  liis  intcnliiiiis  inc.  Voii  iilwiiys  tojil  us  in  ri'iniiin  lu'ic,  ;iiiil  luki' 
ciiri'  ul' tiur  liiuils  ;  it  uiniit'  our  ln'iiils  l'IikI  to  lii'iir  tliiil  wns  \our  wish.  Our  uri'nt, 
I'lillii  r.  till'  Kiiii  ol'  l']n;>'liniil,  is  iIm-  liciul,  ami  ymi  ri'|iii'sriit  liiiii.  ^llll  iii\\;i\-;  luld  iis 
tliiil  N'oii  would  iii'ViT  draw  ymir  fool  oil'  Mrilisli  '/round.  Mill  iiow,  liillirr,  wi'  si'i'  you 
art'  drawiiij.'  Inu'k,  and  wr  arc  sorry  lor  our  latlu'r  iluiiu,'  so  willioiit  si'ciiif;-  tin' 
ciiciuy," 

'riic  victory  ohtiiincd  hy  I'crry  was  llic  turiiiii;;-|ioint  in  ilic  (•aiiiiiaij^n.  A  llrct  hciii^ 
now  at  tlic  ('oniuiMnd  of  (iiiicral  Harrison,  lie  could  ai  mu'i'  lraus|iort  iiis  I'litiri'  iiriiiN, 
witli  itH  artillery  and  IpicjiiaLic  across  tin;  lake;  thus  avoidiiii:'  loULiiind  perilous  lutirchcs, 
tliroiiuli  more  than  scrlioiiian  li(n:s.  such  as  that  of  the  lilack  Swamp,  and  the  peril  of 
luuhuscadcs  in  the  rorests  (Icucial  lliirrisou  landed  his  army  on  the  shores  of  the 
hike,  II  I't'W  mill's  hclow  AmhcrL-luiiir,  on  the  2-'5il  of  Septemlicr;  and,  in  less  than  one 
hour,  he  marched  into  tlic  town,  where  not  ii  sinirle  Hritish  soldier  was  to  he  round. 
(ii'iieral  I'roctor.  the  commandaiit,  hud  lied,  with  all  his  troops  and  the  ludian  iiiixili- 
aries,  ai'tei'  l)uriiiny,  the  liirt.  harracks,  iiiivy-yard,  and  pulilic  stores.  He  was  [iiiisued 
the  I'oliowiii'i'  day,  and,  on  the  "illi  ol'  Octoher,  o\ei'taken  at  the  Mora\  iaii  town  on  the 
riviT  Thaines,  when  a  general  action  ensncd,  in  ^^■llich  he  was  iii icily  defeated.  In 
this  liattle  the  Indians  occupied  low  i^roiinds,  hcliind  a  dense  liircsl  ol'  heccli  trees, 
wliicli  coiikl  not  he  peiietrutcd  liy  horscineii.  The  position  was  well  chosen,  and 
evinced  the  judjiiiient  of  their  ureal  ciiptaiii,  Teciiniseli,  who  (uimiiiaiided  the  Indians, 
and,  h\  word  and  I'xainplc,  aniinati'd  them  to  a  vigorous  resistance.  The  defeat  of 
I'roctor  in  front,  hy  a  well-pliiniied  eiuirire  of  (icncnil  Harrison,  left  Teeniiiseli  iiupro- 
Iccted.  and  he  would  nocossiu'ily  have  hcen  compelled  to  rctreiit,  luul  not  the  action  in 
this  (piarter,  which  was  liercely  jnuintained  hy  ihi'  disiiioiinted  Kentnckiiiiis.  under 
Colonel  Hichard  .lohn.son,  tenninated  in  the  death  of  the  Indian  chief.  With  the  fall 
of  Tecuinweh,  tiio  Indian  league   wa.s  virtually   hroken;  the  Indians  ahandoned   thi; 

'  ('iiiiiniiiiliirt'  Hiiri'hiv. 


I         '•   I, 


'I    I 


M 


:!(i » 


h 


w 

;  .  /. . 

i'  1 
■  '■■  ■ 

DISTrunANCKS    AMON(}    TIIK    TRIBES, 


cnnlcst.  and  (lisporsod.  On  tlu-  Kltli  of  Odubcr.  (ii-noral  Harrison  issued  .1  piwlMina- 
tion.'  untnlin,!.-  an  annisficc  to  tin-  Miuniies,  Pottawattaniics,  Woas,  Kol  Kiver  Indians, 
Ciiippowas.  Ottawas.  and  Wyandots;  each  of  tlieso  tiihos  liavinji  dolivoivd  into  liis  ous^ 
tody  liostauvs  lor  tiio  laitld'nl  piTJunnanoc  of  their  ajjreenient.  The  sanio  tribes,  toge- 
ther with  iheKiclvapoos.had  jireviotislv  sent  tlele.irates  to  Generals  M'Avthur  t.nd  (Jass, 
eoninianding  at  Detroit,  olfering  to  eonclude  a  peace. 


'    Ollk'KlI    I.Otl.TS,    ]l.    'J-Ki. 


1"I!()M     ISOO    TO    1825. 


W 


CU  A  TTEl?    VI. 

IIOSTITJTIES  WTTir  THE  fUKKKS.  >[  A  SSA  <'l!  K  AT  K(»1!T  MIMMS. 
V.ATTLKS  OF  TlLl-l'S  II A  TC'll  I- S,  T  A  1,LA  DK*;  A  ,  II  1  M,  A  II  K  H.  AM) 
ATTASEK. 


,i  Hi; 


Wk  must,  iKuv  turn  onr  attiMitidii  to  tlic  ^iiiIIkmmi  trili(>s.  'Plic  iMllncy  iA'  cnnclniliiiv 
tvciitics  witli  an  iiriiiiriiiit.  will],  iinil  nonKnlic  |)('()|)1(>.  dcstitnti'  cirsoiiiid  inor:il  principlrs. 
WHS  never  more  fully  deinonstiMted.  tluin  in  tlie  cise  til' the  A]ti);ilMehi;in  i^roup  iil'  trilies. 
Tlie  Creeks,  ii  full  dide^iitidn  of  wliom.  witli  M'dillivr.'iy  at  its  head,  \isiled  New  Ynrl<. 
in  170(1,  and.  amid  iireat  cerenionw  tMitereil  into  solenui  e(ini])aets  with  (ieiier.i!  Wash- 
ington. I'enewinu  the  same  in  ITOd.  ami  ai^ain  in  I  SOl^.  as  well  as  in  ISll'i.  were,  all  the 
while,  only  earryin,!:;  out  a  diplomatic  scheme.  They  hated  the  Aniericinis.  and  tin' 
niinv  so.  it  seems,  hecanse  they  had.  as  colonies.  ])revailod  over  tlie  Ihilish.  This  iiieat 
trihe  had.  in  early  days,  snhdned  the  once  proud  rt<dies  and  Xatches.  and  othei- 
Florida  trities,  and  in  truth  wiidded  the  power  ol' a  conledei-acy,  which  tiny  a\i'rreil  i  i 
consist  of  seven  trihes  or  eleuuMits.'  Unt  in  a  conlederMcy  ol'savaLics,  it  was  nece^-;iiy 
to  keep  tJK;  tomahawk  ever  lil'ted.  Di-stitnte  of  politic;il  compactness,  ami  its  leaders 
hickinji  the  pow<'r  of  mental  comhination.  as  well  as  moral  steadiness,  this  Iincjiii'  was 
])oworfnl  only  auainst  savaL'es  like  themscdves,  hut  proved  to  he  an  utter  fnilnre  wiieii 
opposed  to  the  iioliey  of  iudusti'ial  and  civilized  nations. 

Tecuniseh  had  harangued  in  their  councils  early  in  his  career.  His  motlier  liaxinji' 
been  a  ("reek,  they  listened  to  his  wonis  with  peculiar  favor.  iiKa'c  especially  as  he  w;is 
fresh  from  the  hanks  of  the  Wahash,  where  ho  had  liciu-d  the  voice  of  inspiratlou.  In 
conumai  with  the  western  trihes,  th(>  ("reeks  h(die\cd  they  were  on  the  eve  ol'  a  L:re;it 
rc\olution,  throuLrh  which  the  Indians  would  once  move  icuain  their  ascendeiic\  in 
America.  At  the  coininenrement  of  hostilities  with  them  in  ISl'i.  tin'  residents  alon- 
the   Mobile  and  Alabama  rivers  souuht   iirotcction   witliin   the  walls  of  Fort   ]\limms. 


lormed  a  relu'jc 


for 


A  battalion  of  niilitiii  garrisoned  it ;  and  its  huts  and  stockad 

larL^e  nnndier  of  families.     It  was  not  a  ]iosItion  of  nnich  niilitai'y  strength,  and  smh 

laxity  of  discipline  was  tol(>rated  in  its  garrison,  that  in  a  few  months  after  lis  eri'ctinii. 


IK: 


the  T.nilians  observing  the  carelessness  with  whi(di  it  w 


\s  <s\v.\ 


rded,  suddeuh 


-unouiiilcil 


ll;i\vl<i 


j.>^ 


1!^ 


sjj  ;;■ 


m 


S66 


DISTURBANCES    AMONG    THE    TRIIJES, 


the  fort  anil  oapturod  it  hy  r^tratngoin.  A  IViglitfiil  sccno  t'lisiicd ;  men,  women,  and 
childron  hcing  indiscriminately  l)utcliered.  Suidi  an  incident,  so  early  in  tiio  war, 
betolvciii'd  tiio  sanguinary  character  of  tiie  vest  of  the  contest. 

Tiie  nortiiern  tvihes  were,  to  a  eonsiderahle  extent,  eontrolled  hy  climatic  intlnonces. 
They  could  not  continue  together  in  large;  bodies,  williout  being  liirnislii'd  with  regular 
supplies  of  food,  and  some  of  the  requisites  of  a  military  camp.  When,  tiicrelbic,  tiieir 
white  allies  and  supporters  were  del'cated,  tiicy  were  dismayed;  but  wlien  tlieir  own  great 
leaders  and  captains  were  kiileil.  they  were  placed  entirely  "  liors  chi  c()ml)at.""  Tiiere 
were  no  reseives  from  whicli  to  lecruit  defeated  rndian  armies;  thens  was,  in  truth,  no 
recuperative  jiower  in  tiie  Indian  ciiaractei'.  To  some  extent,  the  tribes  south  of 
latitude  40°  north,  were  an  exct'[)tion  to  this  rule.  From  40°  to  4(i^  north,  the  snow 
I'alls  to  a  greater  or  less  depth  lietween  the  mouths  of  Xovembcr  and  ]Mar(4i.  North 
(if  4()°,  c(jrn.  on  which  the  Indian  relies  for  his  supply  of  vegetable  food,  nuist  be  pur- 
chased from  tiie  Indian  traders  who  visit  his  villages  during  the  winter;  but  a.  war 
with  Kuropeans.  whose  armies  can  operate  either  in  winti'r  or  summer,  is  adverse  to 
hunting  and  destructive  of  his  means,  as  the  northern  Indian  can  neither  raise  corn  in 
summer,  nor  hunt  deer,  nor  .search  tlie  streams  lor  i)ea\er  in  winter.  It  is  fir  other- 
wise with  the  triiies  located  between  the  latitudes  of  the  ca|)es  of  Florida  and  the 
Ap[)alachian  ^Mountains.  A  large  ])art  of  this  territory,  l\ing  between  the  longitudes 
of  the  Atlantic  coasts  of  Cicorgia  and  Florida,  and  the  baiik;-.  of  the  M!  'ssippi,  have 
a  tropical  climate,  and   prodi:,'e   trojiical  ^■egetation.     Here   is   prodnco<!  " -ly  the 

indigo  [ilant.  cotton,  rice,  and  sugar  (transplanted  species),  but  also  the  o.  'n.  '  inami, 
plum  and  other  native  fruits.'  The  forests  are  redolent  with  'lie  aromatic  odors  of 
••gnjves  of  illicium,  myrtle,  laurel,  and  bignonia."^  The  Indian  spreads  his  simple 
mantle  here,  and  lies  down  on  the  ground  without  a  tent,  or  a,  lire.  Tiie  forests  are 
lilled  with  the  <leer  and  wild  turkiy.  Its  soil  yields  the  arrow-root,  and  betata  ;  ;;!id 
its  s(^a-coasts.  as  well  as  its  lakes,  abound  with  the  most  delicious  slieli-lish,  and  the 
various  spccii's  of  water-fowl.  These  tribes  had  not  yet  been  circnmscrilied  in  their 
movements  by  the  onward  progress  of  tlie  emigrant;  and  no  such  idea  iiad  mingled  in 
their  dreams,  as  tliat  tlie  fertile  and  extensive  territories  on  the  t'hiittahootcliee,  tlu! 
Aliibuuia.  and  tiie  Tuscaloosa,  were  designed  for  uoiiler  pursuits  than  the  mere  iiunting 
111'  Avi-\:  Antiquity  ol'  opinion,  manners,  and  arts,  is  what  tiie  native,  unsophisticated 
Indian  U)Vi's ;  novelty  is  distasteful,  progress  unwise,  agriculture  regarded  as  ser\itude, 
li'tters  and  religion  detested,  and  Christ  nut  considered  as  comparable  to  .Manito,  Aba 
Inka,  Owayneo.  Wakondah.  or  Hiawatlia. 

In  effect,  the  laying  down  of  the  war-<dub  by  the  northern  tribes,  who  had  been  led 
on  by  Tecmiiseh  in  their  crusade  against  civilization,  had  little  ^n•  no  I'ili'ct  on  the 
Soutliern  tribes.     On  tlie  .'!d  (if  November,  within  one  iiunith  after  the  decisive  battle 


|{;irti- 


"'  Ibid.,  ]i.  4". 


FUOM    18  00    TO    182r). 


367 


ol'  tlic  'riiaini's,  in  the  nortli,  tlio  ('ret-ks  assiiinod  such  un  iittitudo  of  liostility  at 
'riilhisliiitclios,  on  thf  Coosa  river,  that  Goiicral  John  ('ofVet'  nuirclied  against  them  witii 
a  l)ripiil(>  of  cavalry  and  inounte'd  rillcnicn.  Tiio  Indian  town  was  ivaeiicd  at  sniirise, 
when  the  licating  of  the  drums  of  tlie  savages  indicated  that  they  were  prepared  to 
meet  them.  A  siiam  atlaciv  and  retreat,  by  a  single  company,  elVectually  succeeded  in 
decoying  them  from  their  houses  in  close  pursuit.  This  sally  was  checked  by  their 
eiicoimtering  the  main  Ijody  of  Co'l'ee's  command,  which  charged  them,  and  drove  them 
back  to  tiieir  shelter,  where  they  were  in  a  very  short  time  surrounded  by  siipeiior 
nund)ers.  They  fougiit  with  great  desperaticm,  without  "shriid<ing,  or  com])laining; 
not  one  asked  to  be  sjiiU'ed.  but  Ibuglit  as  long  as  they  could  stand  or  sit."'  One  hun- 
dred and  eighty-six  dead  bodies  were  counted  on  tli((  lield,  and  eighty  prisoners  were 
taken,  chielly  women  and  cinldren.  Cleneral  Coll'ee's  l)rigad(i  lost  fiv(;  killed,  and 
forty-one  wounded. - 

Only  a  lew  days  elapsed  when  the  Creoles  appeared  in  great  force,  at  Talladega;  but 
General  Aiulrew  Jackson  advanced  against  tliem,  and.  l)y  great  exertions  and  night 
marches,  reached  the  vicinity  of  that  place  at  sunrise,  on  the  7th  of  Novend)er.  He 
formed  his  militia  in  line  on  the  left,  his  volunteers  on  the  right,  and  his  cavalry  on 
the  wings  in  a  curve,  so  as  to  enclose  the  enemy,  gi\ing  directions  to  pour  in  I'our  or 
live  rapid  discharges,  and  then  fall  liack.  The  Indians  pursued  them,  and  had  well 
nigh  thrown  the  entire  force  of  infantry  into  conliision.  'I'iic  militia  lied;  but  Jackson 
nnniediati'ly  ordering  a  corps  of  reserved  cavalry,  under  Colonel  Dyer,  to  dismount  and 
fill  up  the  gap.  confidence  was  restt)reil.  The  militia  seeing  this,  rallied,  and  tln'  fire 
liecaiiie  so  hot.  general,  and  (k'slructive.  that  the  Creeks  tied.  Tiu?  right  wing  pursued 
them  for  three  miles,  until  they  re;iclied  the  iuouutaiii>.  Two  hundred  anil  ninety 
dead  bodies  of  the  enemy,  left  behind  on  the  lield.  proved  that  they  had  made  a  s|)iiited 
resistance.     Jack.'^on  iiad  .seventeen  killed,  and  eighty-three  wounded.' 

On  the  lltli  of  No\ember,  Urigadier-l Jeneral  James  White  marched  agi.inst  the 
llillabee  Creeks,  a.  distance  of  ai)out  100  miles  from  Fort  Armstrong.  He  captui'ed 
live  Creeks  on  the  liittle  Oakfuskee,  and  buriUMl  a  town  comprising  thirty  houses.  Tiie 
town  of  (lenalLii),  consisting  of  ninety-tiiree  iiouses.  shared  the  same  fate.  Having 
arrived  at  a  point  within  live  or  si.\  miles  of  the  HiUaliee  town,  wlii're,  he  was  inioriued. 
the  Indians  would  make  a  stand,  he  dismounted  part  of  his  forces,  and  prepareil  to 
make  a  night  attack.  It  was.  however,  daylight,  on  tlie  ISth.  before  the  troo[)s  reached 
the  town,  which  they  suctx'oded  in  surrounding  and  surprising.^  Si.\ty  were  killed  on 
the  spot,  and  2-")()  |iersons  taken  [jrisoners. 

On  the  liiHh  of  November,  Urigadier-CiMU'ral  .lohn  Kloyd  fought  a  general  battle 
witli  the  Creeks  at  Attasoe,  .some  eigiiteen  miles  from  the  Hickory  Ground,  on  the 


'   (\l({fi\—()jihl',ll    I'll,  IS,    p.    lijO. 

'  Ibid.,  11.  Mo. 


''  l!lMll:lll.  I>.  'J."l'i. 

*  Ulliuial  \.,-lWvs.  [..  Ij^ 


,{.        I 


368 


])I8Ti:it  liANCKS    AMONC;    THE    TRIBES, 


wiitris  ul'  till'  'r;ill;i[)(U)sa.  His  llMi't-  \v:is  cuiiniosi'd  ol'  'J')0  Georgiii  militia,  between 
.'SOU  ami  U)(l  iViiJiitlly  t'uwi'tas.  uikIlt  M'liitosh,  ami  the  TuokahalchiaiiH,  under  their 
iliii  r.  Mad  Dog.  Tliesc  loiiiiit  witli  iidri'pidity  when  iiieorfjorated  with  the  line  of  the 
ti'(>o|is.  Alter  some  ehaiij;es  of  jilau,  iiidiieed  hy  igiioranee  ol'  the  local  geognnjliy,  the 
ai'iiiv  a|)[)roaehed  the  upper  town,  where  the  aetion  became  general.  "  The  Indians 
pn'scntc'il  themselves  at  every  point,  and  Ibught  with  the  desperate  bravery  of  real 
I'anaties. " '  IJy  the  use  of  artillery  and  the  ba\()net,  the  enemy  were  obliged  to  retreat, 
and  take  .shelter  in  houses,  thiekets.  and  eaves  in  a  high  blulf,  on  the  river.  The  aetion 
tt'rmiiiated  at  nine  o'clock  in  tiie  morning,  when  the  town  was  burneil.  The  loss  of 
tlu'  enemy  is  not  defmitely  stated;  l>ut  IHO  liuildings  are  estimated  to  have  been  con- 
sumed.'     Floyd's  lo.ss  was  7  killed  and  "i  1  wotmded. 

Ou  the  li'Jd  of  l)eeend)er,  (leni'ral  Clailiorne,  with  a  brigade  of  volunteers,  and  a  p.art 
of  the  ."id  regiment  of  United  States  tri)o[)s,  attacked  the  Creek  town  of  Kccanachaca, 
on  the  Alabama,  about  eighty  ndles  above  the  nmuth  of  the  (.'ahaba.  Ueing  advised 
of  bis  approach,  they  \\ere  [)i'i'[)artMl  for  iiim.  and  innnediately  commenced  an  attack; 
but  lliiy  were  (piiekly  repul.si'd,  with  the  loss  of  thirty  warriors  killed.' 

On  the  northern  frontier  the  Indians  ellected  little,  except  as  Hankers  anil  guerilla  par- 
ties, in  conueetion  with  the  lirilish  armies.  Tiie  most  noted  movement  of  this  kind 
was  the  attack  on  Hull'alo.  A  strong  party  of  them,  accompanied  by  the  British  troops, 
criissril  tiie  Niagara  before  da}  break  on  the  '-'Ahh  of  Decendier.  and  laid  the  village  of 
Jjiill'aio  in  ruins.' 


'  ((liirijl  1,.  tirrs,  11.  -.'S.t. 


•'  Ibi.l 


!>■ 


'  (ieiuriil  \.  \hM.  —  Oj^cial  Lelfrs,  yi.  1*89. 


)iiii: 


■  i 


FROM    1800    TO    lH-2r,. 


3g;i 


CHAPTEK    VTT. 

BATTLES     OF    EMUCFAU,    ENOTOCIIOrCO,    AND    TOIIOPEKA.      THE 
IIOllSE-SIIOE    CREEKS    SUBDUED. 


The  (Ictorniiniition  with  wliicli  tin-  Crct'ks  liiul  oiiterod  into  this  war 
li;is  no  prcccilciit  in  Indian  contests.    They  had  hucn  fivf  times  dcfoatcd  181  I. 

ill  battle;  tiiey  iiad  lost  several  hnndred  men  on  the  hattle-ficld ;  and  J.  M.vnisoN', 
upwards  of  forty  ol'  their  towns,  sonu;  of  them  comprisinir  ninety  honses,  Puksidknt. 
liad  been  eonsiirned  to  the  llames.  The  f'lioetaws  ami  rinckasaws  did 
not  assist  them;  and  the  ("Iierokees.  being  remote,  either  stood  entirely  aloof,  or  only 
sent  out  small  jiarties  of  friendly  scouts  and  spii^s.  A  limited  nundier  of  the  Crocks 
themsidves.  the  tribes  of  the  Cowetas  and  Tnckabatehcs.  were  friendly;  ^et  the  main 
body  of  the  nation  fought  as  if  their  salvation  de])ended  on  deleating  the  Americans. 
If.  as  nia\-  naturally  he  conjeitured.  they  opposed  Narvaez  and  Do  Soto  in  1028  and 
JGll  with  this  determineil  spirit,  no  wonder  need  be  ex[)ressed  that  the  former  j)ro- 
ceeded  no  farther  than  the  mouth  of  the  Appalachicola.'  or  that  the  latter  was  driven 
out  of  the  Mississippi  valley.'  The  numerous  po})ulatiou  of  th(!  tribe,  located  in  a 
gonial  climate,  in  which  all  the  productions  necessaiy  for  the  subsistence  of  Indians 
grow  spontaneously,  constituted  them  a  powerful  enemy.  Their  intellectual  develop- 
ment and  stability  of  character  had  also  been  promoted  by  intermixture  with  the 
Scotch  race.  It  is  not  improbable,  when  we  consider  their  heavy  losses  in  battle,  that 
we  have  never  possessed  anything  like  an  accurate  enuini'ration  of  their  strength. 
Major  Swan,  who  visitwl  the  country  as  an  odicial  agent  in  1701,  enumerates  fifty-two 
towns;'  and,  with  our  knowledge  of  their  fecundity  and  means  of  subsistence,  thev' 
coidd  not  well  be  estinuitt'd  at  less  than  200  souls  to  each  towti ;  which  would  give  an 
aggregate  population  of  10,400.  There  could  not  have  been  le.^s  than  .'^OOO  Creek  war- 
riors in  the  field  during  the  greater  portion  of  the  years  1812  and  181'],  and  a  part  of 
1814.  The  tribe  appears  to  have  jiossesi^ed  an  active  military  element,  and  the  spirit 
to  con(jnor  other  tribes.  According  to  Hartram,  they  had  been  involved  in  wars  and 
contests,  before  they  cro.s.scd  the  Mississippi  on  tlieir  route  to  the  present  areaof  Floiida; 


Vnl.  II!,.  [,.  -js. 

Vol..  VI.— 17 


\,.l,  11.  ]..  'JO. 


'  Vol.  v.,  p.  •2(i2. 


H.  i'l 


'    f 


m; 


■.if 


i\ 


8T0 


DK^TrilBANCES    AMONG    THE    TRIBES, 


and.  I 
to  us 


laviiip,'  iirourt'sscd  to  the  Altiiinaha,  still  (iglitlng  tiu'Irway.  tlicv  lii'st  "sat  down.' 

old   fu'lds."  on   that  river.     Wlidi?  tlii'ir  i'oMiicil-(iri 


tlicir  nii'ta|)li()r,  at   tl 


wa.s  located  at  tliis  place,  they  siibduod  tlio  Savannas,  tliu  Ogeetciios,  tiio  Wapoos,  San- 
tees,  Yanias,  Utinas,  Icosans,  I'aticas.  and  various  otlier  trihes,  always  making  it  a  rule 
to  incorporate  tlie  reninants  with  themselves; '  and  within  the  period  of  our  own  history, 


til 


rpor 
ev  have 


tl 


nis  unsov 


bed  the  Utchees  and  Natchez. 


My  a  scrutiny  of  the  ollicial  documents  of  that  jn'riod.  we  aro  led  to  infer  that  the 
Cri'ek  war  had  hecn  carried  on  by  spirited  and  jrallant  leaders,  who  were,  however, 
dedcient  in  an  accurate  knowledge  of  the  geography  of  the  country.  Military  expedi- 
tions were  led  into  the  interioi',  under  the  guidance  of  ignorant  men,  who  freipienlly 
misled    the    oilier 


am 


1  the  latter  were  occasionally  content  to  escape  from  perilous 
jiosilions.  with  the  ,'-/.(/  (if  a  victory  wliicli  neither  seenreil  the  possession  of"  the  country, 
nor  humbled  the  tribe.  Tennessee,  however,  [iri'sented  an  ollicer  of  a  vury  dillcrent 
chiiracter.  in  Andrew  Jackson,  a  gi-neral  of  her  State  militia.    He  despi.sed  fair-weather 


soldiers  and  mouthin 


latriots 


Hi 


is  olwrvatious  of  Indian  life  had  "iven  him  bi'tter 


delined  \iews  cf  their  character;  and,  like  Washington,  he   saw  at  a  glance  that  half- 
measures  would  not  do.     The  Indian  is  not  a  sensiti\e  man,  but  a  stoic,  b\'  nature  as 


^\el 


asb 


y  education,  ai 


id  (Uiiekh'  recovers  from  calamities  which  are  no 


)t  of  1 


ouii'  con 


tinuance.     The  Indian's  akrtness,  and  (piickness  at  the   adoption  ol'  expedients,  must 


)e  ojipi 


ised   b\ 


imilar 


course   oi    poluy. 


Tl 


le 


general   wlio  oiirrati's  aiiainst   tlien.i 


hould  not  eiKMunber 
liiuiself  with  baggage;  must  occasionally  run  the  risk  of  losing  all  his  camp  e(pii|)age 
for  the  purpose  of  defeating  his  enemy,  and  nuist  endure  hardships  and  fatigue  like  an 


must  be  willing  and   ready  to  light  by  night,  as  well  as  by  day; 
;   must  occasionally  run  the  risk  of  losing 


Indi; 


m. 


.lai'kson's  lirst  march  to.  and  victor\-  at.  Talladega,  tamilit  liiiii  all  this.     Th 


ystfiii  ol  rapitl   m(i\cinents  am 


ipel 


uous  eiiarucs.  inlrodueed    ij\-  N 


uioieon.  wliicl 


o\ertlirew  the  old  military  tactics  of  liuroiie,  al; 


;o  L;a\'L' 


•cess  to  Jackson's  o}K'ralions 


iiiainsl  the  Indi 


His  attacks  wt 


ere  (lUicK,  anc 


terriblv  el1'ecti\i 


Tl 


lattle  of  Talladciia  occurred  on  the  Ttli  of  Xoxcniber.  l^l•■ 


just  four 


after 


that  of  Tullushatches.  fought  b)-  Coll'ee,  and  was  fullowed  in  i| 


MICK  succession 


bv  th 


of  illllabee.  Attas 


and  otlier  successful   actions 


leicnt   |)arts  o 


f  tl 


le  coniitr\, 


urriim'  at  various  intervals  until  the  "J-ld  of  Deceinbe 


N 


o  siLiiis  01   .suumissiou. 


liowever,  appeared,  but  instead  thereof,  they  assumed  rather  an  attitndi  of  deliance. 
The  Creeks  inhaijiting  the  valley  of  the  Talla[)oosa  iiiaiiitaiued  a  i-esolute  mien;  and 
oven  those  of  the  town  of  Talladega  were  in  no  manner  intimidated.  Very  early  in 
January  (1811).  (ieiu-ral  Jackson  having  beei.  ••  'aori/.ed  to  march  ai^aiiist  the  hostile 
bands,  designated  the  lOth  ol'  that  month  lor  the  assembliii'.'-  of  his  new  le\ies  of 
volunteers,  including  cavalry  and  infantry,  wlni  amounted,  in  the  agufegate.  to 
I'JoO  men.     They  were  not,  however,  liually  mustered    until  the  17th;  and  on  the 


'  liiirtnini,  [i.  Is." 


■  !!.  Il;.«kin> 


'  Villi'  IrUvr  uf  .laiiiKd-y  Js,  \-\  \,_(qll,-!,il  L,u, 


>•.  p. 


FROM    ]X00  TO    1  S-2r). 


:^:i 


IStli  .liicksoii   riilic'd  Tiilliidt.'fzii  (int.  \vli(?rc  In-  wiis  joiiiod  hy  ln'twcrn  200  ami  ;'iOi) 
fi'iiMiclly  Iniliiiiis,'  of  wliom  0')  wlti;  (,'lu'R)k<'cs,  aiul  lli<;  iciiiiiiiKli'r  (/n-cks.     Ii(.'arMiii,i;' 
that  tin-  ciitiro  I'orcc  of  warriors  of  the  Oukfuskt'o,  New  Yarcau,'  and  Ufaidcy  towns, 
was  conci'ntnitod  ftt  a  creok  called  Einncfati,  in  a,  bond  of  tho  Tallapoosa,  ho  detcnuincd 
to  j)roc('od  tliitlior.     The  march  was  a  hazardous  one,  boini.'  over  a  varied  surface,  and 
throujrh  many  defdcs,  which  presenteil  great  diilicnlties  to  raw  and  undiseipliiied  tronps. 
On  the  20th  he  encamped    at  Enotochopco,  a  Ilillaboe    village,  twelve  miles    from 
Emiicfaii,  where  he  was  nuich  chagrinetl  at  ascertaining  tlie  geiigrapliical  igmu'ani'e  of 
his  guides,  as  well  as  by  discovering  the  insiil)ordinati(m  and  want  of  skill  wliicli  becanie 
apparent  in  his  troops.     They  were,  howover,  spirited  and  conragenus  men;  and  the 
following  day  he  pushed  on  with  them  to  the  banks  of  the  Tallapoosa,  where  he  struck 
a  new  and  well-beaten  trail,  whi(;h  disclosed  his  proximity  to  the  enemy.     JJeing  hiti! 
in    tho   day,  he  encamped    his    troops   in    a  square,  doubled  his    pickets,  and  mad(! 
j)reparations  to  reconnoitre  the  enemy's  camp  the  same  night.     At  eleven  o'clock  his 
spies  returned,  with  the  information  that  the  Indians  were  encamped  in  great  force  at 
the  distance  of  three  miles,  and  either  prejjaring  for  a  march,  or  an  attack,  before 
dajlight.     At  six  fudock,  the  following  morni.ig,  tiie  Indians  comnu'iiced   a  desperate 
onslaught  on  . Jackson's  loft,  both  in  front  and  rear,  which  was  vigorously  met.     The 
contest  ragi'd  with  great  violence  for  half  an  liour,  and  was  participated  in  by  the  most 
ellicient  of  the  held  antl  stall'  ollicers,  as  well  as  by  a  reinforcement  uf  infantry,  which 
inunediately  marched  to  the  relief  of  the  troops  attacked.     As  soon  as  it  was  sullicii'utly 
light  to  discern  surrounding  objects,  a  charge  was  ordcu-ed,  which  was  led  liy  General 
ColTee ;   and  the  enemy  being  routed  at  every  point,  were  pursued  witli  great  slaughter 
for  two  miles.     Jackson   then  ordered  their    town   to  Ix;  burned,  if  practicable ;    but 
(leneral  Coll'ee,   after  inarching  thither,  deemed   it  unadvisable,   and   returned.     The 
Indians  hero  evinced  some  skill  in  nniniinivring,  for,  after  (Jollee's  return,  they  attacked 
Jackson's  right,  thinking  to  draw  to  that  point  reinforeemonts  from  tho  left,  which  had 
been  weakened  by  tiie  battle  in  tho  morning;  having  made  this  ieint,  they  immediately 
prepared  to  renew  their  onslaught  on  the  left.     This  movement  had  been  anticipated 
by  .lackson,  who  prepared  for  it  by  orderin;:'  a  cavalry  charge  on  the  Indians'  lelt,  and 
b}'   strengthening  his  own  lell  with  a  body  of  infantry.     Tiie  entire    lino  met  the 
onoiny  with  great  intrepidity,  and,  after  discharging  a  few  rounds,  made  a  general 
charge,  the  oll'ect  of  which  was  immediate  —  the  enemy  Ih'd   with   precipitation,  and 
were  pursued  by  the  troops,  who  poured  upon  them  a  g;illing  and  destructive  tire.     In 
the  meantime,  OolToe,   who    had   charged    the    left    of   tho    Indians,   was   placed    in 
considerable  jeopardy ;  some  of  his  fore?  not  having  joined  hiin,  and  a  part,  comprising 
the  friendly  Creeks,  having  left  tiicir  position.     As  soon  as  the  front  was  relieved,  the 


I  Oflieiiil  I-etters,  p.  'I'M. 

'  For  the  I'tymulofiy  of  this  compound  word,  sec  Caleb  Svmu.  \\>\.  \'.,  p.  -<V2. 


;f72 


DlSTUIlllANCES    AMONG    THE    THIBEri, 


;■■   : 


Creeks,  wlio  had  tiikeii  part  in  the  first  charge,  rejoined  Coflee,  and  enabled  him  to 
make  anntiicr  charge,  which  accomplished  his  purpose.  The  enemy  Hed  in  confusion, 
and  till"  lii'ld  was  left  in  jiossession  of  the  Americans. 

Jackson  jjassed  tiie  night  in  a  fortified  camp,  and  on  tiie  li.'id,  at  ten  o'clock  in  tlio 
morning,  commenced  his  return  march  to  camp  Strotlier,  whence  he  set  out.  lie 
encamped  on  the  Enotochopco  before  dark,  liaving  been  mnnolested  on  his  route, 
which  lav  tiirough  a  dangerous  defde,  caused  by  a  windfall.  Having  a  deep  creek  and 
another  dangerous  defile  before  him,  he  decided  to  avoid  it  by  making  a  detour;  but 
the  ne.xt  morning,  while  in  the  act  of  crossing  the  creek,  the  enemy,  who,  from  signa 
observed  during  the  night,  had  been  expected,  commenced  a  furious  attack.  The 
vanguard,  a  part  u(  the  flank  colunni-s  as  well  as  all  the  wounded,  had  passed  over, 
and  the  artillery  were  about  to  follow,  when  the  alarm-gun  was  fired.  He  refaced  liis 
whole  line  for  a  backward  movement ;  but,  while  the  columns  were  manoeuvring  to 
gain  a  position,  a  i)art  of  the  rear  of  both  the  rij^iit  and  left  columns  gave  way,  causing 
a  great  deal  of  confusion.  There  then  ren.ained  but  a  part  of  the  rear  guard,  tlio 
artillery,  and  the  company  of  spies,  with  which  the  rout  was  checked,  and  the  attack 
repulsed.  It  was  on  this  occasion  that  Lieutenant  Armstrong  (the  late  General  Arm- 
strong) jjerlbrmed  deeds  of  heroic  valor,  by  ascending  an  eminence  with  nis  gun,  under 
a  hot  lire,  and  driving  back  the  enemy  with  volleys  of  grape-shot.  This  l)attle  was 
fought  on  the  24th  of  January.  In  these  actions  the  loss  on  each  side  was  very 
great,  and  several  bnive  oflicers  fell.  There  were  24  Americans  killed,  and  75  wounded, 
and  the  bodies  of  189  Indian  warriors  were  found  on  the  field. 

The  Indians  of  the  Tallapoo.sa  did  not,  however,  drop  the  tomahawk ;  but,  having 
determined  to  make  a  more  efi'ective  stand,  they  assembled  on  a  peninsula  of  the 
Tallapoosa  river,  called  by  them  Enmcfau.  or  Tohopeka,  and  the  Horse-Shoe,  in  conformity 
to  the  name  given  it  by  the  whites.  On  this  point,  surrounded  on  all  sides  but  one 
by  the  deep  current  of  the  river,  lUUO  persons  assembled.  Across  the  connecting  neck 
of  land  they  had  erected  a  solid  breastwork  of  earth,  from  six  to  eight  feet  high,  which 
aflbrded  a  perfect  covert.  This  breastwork  was  .so  sinuous  in  its  form,  that  it  could 
not  be  raked  even  by  a  camion  placed  at  one  angle. 

General  Jacksim,  who  approached  it  with  his  army  on  the  27th  of  March,  thought 
the  position  had  been  admirably  seUu-ted  for  deliMice,  and  well  fortified.  He  began  his 
approaches  l)y  directing  General  Coflee  fo  so  occupy  the  opposite  sides  of  the  river  with 
his  mounted  men,  as  to  prevent  the  Indians  from  crossing  in  canoes.  He  then  proceeded 
slowly,  and  in  complete  order,  to  move  towards  the  breastwork  in  front,  at  the  same 
time  opening  a  cannoiiiule,  at  th(>  distance  of  loO  to  200  yards,  with  one  six,  and  one 
three-pounder,  using  muskets  and  ritles  where  an  opportunity  offered.  Thia 
demonstration  having  produced  no  striking  eflecls,  a  detachment  was  then  .sent  from 
the  troops  on  the  opixjsite  banks  of  the  Tallapoosa,  to  burn  some  buildings  located  on 
the  apex  of  the  peninsula,  which  having  i)ei!n  .accomplished,  they  then  bravely  attacked 


FROM    IHdO    TO    IS -jr.. 


;!T:^ 


the  Indian  forces  boliind  the  breastwork.  Rut  this  manoeuvre  also,  though  gaUantly 
exccuti'd,  proved  inefTective.  Jaciison  then  ordered  his  troops  to  storm  tlie  breastwork. 
Colonel  Williams  led  on  the  right,  and  Colonel  Montgomery  the  left  column,  who 
performed  this  duty  with  great  alaerity,  mounted  the  wall  in  tl  >  Ikce  of  a  tremendous 
discharge,  and  poured  in  a  destructive  fire  on  the  backs  of  the  Indians,  who  were 
defeated  with  immense  slaughter;  557  dead  bodies  being  found  on  the  peninsula. 
Among  the  killed  was  Momihooe,  the  Creek  prophet,  who  had  rcci'ived  a  grape-shot  in 
his  mouth.'  Many  Indians  were  found  secreted  under  the  banks,  and  shot.  Two 
hundri'd  and  fifty  prisoners  were  taken,  all  of  whom  were  women  and  children,  except 
two  or  three.  Twenty  warriors  escaped.  "  The  power  of  the  Creeks,"  observes 
General  Jackson,  in  his  despatch,  "is  forever  broken."" 


'  Official  Letters,  p.  3:23. 


» Ibid.  D.  319. 


ll 


- 

■ 
- 

' 

Ill 

■i 

I  ? 


874 


DISTI"  K  ItANCES    AMON(>    TIIK    Tlillil-S. 


FORESIlADOWIN(iS    OF    PEACE. 

TllE  wnr  with  the  Crocks  wns  now  (Iniwiiij:  riipidly  to  n  Hoso ;  tlic 

ISlf).  ontiiv  extent  of  the  viille\s  ol"  the  Coosii  luul  Talhipoosa.  tlieir  strnni;- 

tl.  .Maimson,        1io1(N.  llil\ili::  heen  scoinvil.  anil    thtir  alili'st  elliel's  (K'I'eiited.      Wetliers- 

Pkksidknt.         I'oi'd.  the  iniltiniilalilr  i'>laek  Warrior.  i>n  whos'  heatl  a  priee  liad   lucn 

fixed,  jiavinj-,  alter   tin'   memorable  deleat   at    Knuiefau,  or  tiie   Ilnrse- 

Slioe,  surrendered  hiniseil'to  the  eoniniaitdiii'-^  '.:('n('rai.  had  heen  allowed  to  return  to  his 

nation  unharnied  ;  the  ohjeet  ol'  the  war  bein;:  to  convince  them   that  the  I'oun.-cl.-*  of 

their  prophets  were  only  c\  il.  ami  destructive  tn  llirir  hest  interests,     Ri'ason  luniuL' 

failed    to   make    tiiem   acipiainted  wiih    this  fact,  tin;   sword   was  the  only  resurl    left. 

Fortunately  for  the  country,  this  duty  was  entrusted  tn  a  man  noted   for  his  decision, 

and  who  idso  possessed  a  just  conceptinii  of  the  Imliau  character,  capacity,  and  resources. 

Jiad  it  lieen  otlierwise.  liie  war  would  have  heen  protracted  in  the  same  manner  an  the 

^^u^se(plent  contest  with    tiie  Semiiioles  of  i'loiida.  and,  like  that  war,  would,  possibly, 

lia\e  cost  the  treasury  millions  of  ilullars. 

One  of  tlie  most  atrocious  acts  couuuitteil  hy  the  Creeks,  was  the  nia.ssacre  at  Fort 
Minnns;  and  many  of  the  ne;:roes  taken  at  that  time,  as  also  a  woman  and  her  children, 
were  now  liherated.  Tustidiatchee.  kinu;  of  the  llicUory-Cround  hand,  liillowed  the 
exam|ile  of  IJlack  Warrior.  l>y  deliveiimi  himself  up;  and  llillishajree,  tlu'ir  jossakeed 
and  prophet,  ahsconded.  UuriuL;  the  month  of  .\pril  the  army  swept,  like  a  resistle-is 
wliiilw  i;id,  over  the  Creek  country  ;  and.  hy  the  early  part  of  May,  all  its  operations 
Wert'  closed,  excepliuii'  the  cautious  retention  of  garrisoned  posts. 

It  nnist  he  noticed,  that  the  Indian  priestly  inlluenei'  was  the  real  orijrin  of  the  Indi;in 
wars  which  raiied  from  the  extreme  north  to  the  south,  hetween  the  years  ISlli  and 
]8l(j.  Tecum.seli  had.  through  the  wily  arts  of  EUksattawa.  incited  this  new  crusade 
against  the  Americans.  lie  had  visited  the  southern  trihes,  and  was  reci'ived 
with  particular  favor  hy  his  relatives,  the  (."reeks.  From  the  oracidar  teachings  of 
EUksattawa,  on  the  Waliash.  Monahooi'  and  llillishagee  then  received  tlieir  clue,  and, 
thenceforward,  became  activ(>  iigents  in  the  dark  mysteries.  War  had  sealed  witii 
(lealli  two  of  the  jirincipal  ori;^inatois  of  thest'  hallucinations,  these  servants  of  the 


B'ttOM    Ih(M)    To    1H2."). 


wotcni  ('li('ii\i)>li,  mill  ili,xci|)l('.s  uf  ISaal  iiiiil  Molocli,  wliosc  ma>!;u;  iiieaiitiitioiiji  ami 
,x|iiiii(s  M)iiiiiit.'il  a!4  iloU'l'iilty  at  tlio  Holcinii  iiiiiliii^lil  lioiir,  on  lliu  watui'H  of  tlu>  Appa- 
liirliiaii  h1o|i('s,  a.s  (licy  I'Vir  did  on  tliu  biiiikM  of  tlie  Kuphmtcx,  or  along  tlio  rivers  and 
plains  of  PalcstinL'. 

Ai*  the  Amorican  annii-H  acipiirod  lu'tliT  dis(M|)lini;  and  givator  rxporionci'.  llio 
as>istanfc  of  Indian  anxiliarics  on  the  Hanks  of  tlie  eniMny  liecanii'  less  a  ,siil)ji'(a 
of  inliTcst  or  uppreluMi«ion ;  the  most  important  Irihes  in  the  Soiilli,  West,  ami 
North  having  also  snllered  siieh  defeats  as  caused  them  rather  to  Ui'cp  aloof  fnan  thi- 
eontest.  Still,  tiiough  deli'ated  whenever  they  t()nght  without  the  aid  of  their  Mrilish 
allies,  the)  were,  as  a  mass,  unfriendly,  and  ill  concealed  their  seeret  Imstility  under 
the  guise  of  ni'utrality.  'I'iiej-  did  not,  however,  fail  to  rally  in  their  sirength,  when- 
ever the  presence  (da  detachment  of  regular  troops  promised  them  protection.  In  the 
sharp  action  fought  hy  Major  A.  II.  Holmes,  on  the  llh  of  .March.  ISl  I,  within  twenty 
miles  ol'  tiie  Kiver  Thames,  and  near  Detroit,  the  Indians  llu'iuud  a  jiart  of  the  H)rces 
which  he  hail  to  encountei.'  Also,  in  tlie  attempt  to  retake  the  H)rt  at  Mirhilimackinac, 
in  the  montii  of  August  of  the  same  \ear,  the  ('hip[)ewa,  Ottawa.  ^Menouionee,  Wimu'- 
h.'igii,  Sae.  and  Siou\  Indians  occasioned  the  defeat  of  the  army  under  the  ordi'rs  of 
( 'olouel  ( 'roLih.iu.  The  lri>ii|»s  employed  on  this  .service  comprisi'd  n  regiment  of  inl'autry 
and  a  detachment  of  artillery,  with  a  supiily  of  ordnance  and  aimnunition  adequate  to 
the  reduction  of  the  jilace.  had  mil  tin?  plan  of  attack  been  ill  advised.  Instead  of 
calling  directly  for  ilie  harlmr  and  post  located  on  this  clilf-ciow  ned  (iihraltar  of  the 
lake.s,  time  was  wasted  in  nud\iug  an  excursion  ni)  the  St.  Mary's  stiait  and  river,  for 
the  [)urpose  of  liui'uiug  the  empt\'  liirt  on  St.  Josei)h's  Island,  and  detaching  a  party  to 
jilumlei'  the  North-west  I'.ictory.  This  Itirce  likewise  pillaged  some  private  properl\, 
and  connuitted  other  a<'ts  of  ipicstionable  public  morality.  When  the  lln't  of  Com- 
modore St.  flair,  with  the  army  on  hoard,  made  the  white  dill's  of  tiie  island,  it 
nuimeuvri'il  and  sailed  aiound  it,  thus  expending  s.ime  days  u.selessly,  instead  of 
jiromptly  entering  the  harbor  and  assaulting  the  town,  which,  being  but  li'ebly  garri.s- 
soned,  would  have  been  easily  cai)turi'd.  On  lirst  <le.scrying  the  lleet,  the  pupulacc 
were  in  the  wildest  coul'usion.  Meantime,  the  Indians  thronged  on  lo  the  island  from 
the  contiguous  shores,  tilling  the  woods  whieli  extemleil  bacjv  of  the  l(>i't.  On  tlu! 
mai'gin  of  this  dark  fon'st  the  attack  was  made.  Major  Holmes,  who  had  recently 
displayed  such  intrepidity  in  the  engagement  on  tlu'  Kiver  Thames,  laudi'd  wiiii  the 
infantry  and  artillery,  and  leil  them  snccessfull}-  thruugh  the  paths  which  womid 
among  the  thick  foliage  of  the  undergrowth  on  that  part  of  the  island,  and  deployed 
his  men  on  the  open  ground  of  Dousman's  farm. 

Meantime.  Colonel  M'Dowell.  wiio  hiul  but  sixty  regulars  in  the  fort,  n-cruited  as  mativ 
of  the  Canadian  militia  as  he  could  nuistiu'  and  equip,  marched  out  to  Dousman's.  and 
connnenced  liriugwith  a  six-pounder  from  an  einiui'uee  which  overlooked  the  battie-lield. 


Ill,  I  ;i   i 


;ir,i 


Itiaiiuii.  |>.  :>tl. 


if 


»l 


i    'i 


I  *•! 


-I' 


if 'I 


h-  ■■ 


876 


DlSTUllHANCES    AM  ON  (I    THE   TRIBES. 


■• 


Not  li'ss  tliim  •")()(>  \viiirii)r«  witu  on  tlir  iHlmul,  who  opponod  tlu'  liuidin^  from  tlicir 
covcils;  ontiit'ly  wiirroiimliiig  tlio  ficlil.  ami  croiicliiii).;  hcliiiid  clmniis  of  trt'cs  on  ilic 
plain,  I'roni  wliicli  t\wy  pouri'd  an  clU-ctivi'  fn'e.  Major  llolnicH,  as  noon  mm  Ids  nion 
veil'  tornu'd.  piislird  (iirwiinl  with  jiicat  fiidiantry.  wavin^ihis  sword,  and  had  i)r(i>;n'ssfd 
bonic  hinidrc'il  jards,  wiion  lu'  was  siiot  hy  an  Indian  who  was  cont'cali'd  hi-hind  a 
bnsh.  When  tiiis  olHcor  Irll.  the  troops  i'allcrcd,  and  tlion  rrtrcati'd  to  tho  hniding- 
piacc.  .Mr.  Madison,  in  ins  nii'ssagc  oC  ScpltinlK-r  20tii.  ISl  I,  ohscrvi's  of  .Major 
Jlolnifs,  in  alluding  to  this  I'xpi'dition,  that  "hi'  was  an  olliccr  jnsliy  distingnishcd  j'or 
his  gallant  exploits."  ' 

Tho  gt'ni'ral  hattL's  of  tlu'  Thames  and  Kiniicliui.  Iia\ini:  in  reality,  laokeii  np 
the  Indian  ('oiiilpinution  in  the  North  and  .'^ontli.  they  played  oidy  a  secondary  l)art 
in  those  events  of  the  war,  winch  occnrred  suhsetpienlly.  A  lew  of  tiie  friendly  Iro- 
(piois  valiantly  aided  (ieneral  1'.  H.  Porter's  regulars  and  militia,  in  the  severe  and  tri- 
umphant sortie  made  from  FiU't  Krie  against  the  Miilish  cani|)  on  the  17th  of  Se|>- 
tenilier.-'  There  were  also  parties  of  frii'iidly  Creeks,  of  tiie  Cowetas.  under  M'lntosh. 
as  well  as  of  the  Clu'rokees  and  ("hickasaws.  who  perl'ormeil  good  service  on  the  side 
of  the  Americans.  The  hostile  Creeks,  who  had  been  expelled  from  the  southern 
plains,  ha\ing  taken  shelter  at  IVnsacola.  in  Floi'ida.  (ieneral  .lackson  ileemed  it  essen- 
tial to  the  pri'servation  of  \)vmv  on  tla-  frontieis,  that  the  governor  of  thai  town,  and 
the  cduimiuiiler  of  the  tint  theri'  located,  slinidd  have  an  iippoitunity  of  making  an 
i'.\[)lanalioM  of  his  policy  in  furnishing  proteitinn  and  supplies  to  the  Indians.  With 
this  view,  he  appeared  in  that  vicinity  on  llie  (itli  of  NoNcmlii-r.  at  the  head  of  tla? 
army  whicli  hail  traversed  the  Creek  countrv.  and  forthwith  dispatched  a  field-ollicer  to 
the  town,  with  a  Hag.  desiring  a  contl'reuci' ;  l>ul.  the  Ix-arer  of  it  heing  lired  ou  liy  the 
cannon  ol'  the  fort.  .lackson  iunnedialely  ilitermineil  upon  storming  it;  and,  liavinfl; 
madi-  some  prelindmiry  reconnoissanci's.  he  attacked  the  town  with  his  entire  force  on 
the  7th.  He  was  assailed  hy  a  (ire  of  miiski'try  from  the  houses  and  surroimding  gar- 
dons,  and  a  hattery  of  two  guns  openeil  nn  his  front.  This  Ijattery  was  iinniedi;itely 
stoiiued  hy  Captain  Lavall's  company;  inid.  after  sustaining  a  lu'avy  and  continuous 
lire  of  musketr\ .  the  garrison  of  the  Hirt  suhmitteil  unconditionally.  The  Choclaws 
wer(>  highly  commended  hy  .lackson  tor  their  hravery  on  this  occasion.  The  l()llowiug 
dav.  the  IJariincas  was  aljand(Mie(l  and  hlown  np  hy  the  enemv.  and  Colonel  Nichols, 
the  governor,  retreated  to  tho  ve.s.sels  of  the  JJritish  .s(jnadron  lying  in  the  iiay.  which 
then  put  to  sea. 

This  action  wa.s  the  closing  event  of  the  Indian  war  in  that  quarter.  "  It  has  con- 
\iuced  the  Red  Sticks,"  '  remarks  the  fieneral.  "that  they  have  no  stronghold  oi'  pro- 
tection except  in  the  friendship  of  the  United  States."* 


'  otlii'uil  l.ciiiTs.  p.  t:;:i. 

'  'J'lii.-*  tcnn  is  n>r(\  in  n  lluiirativf  sciiso,  tii  doiioti'  tlio  .scjutlu'ni  liustilo  Inili.'iiis. 


liraiiaii.  |i.    I.'i'i. 


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I  i  :  ,!  i 


■m  If  I  I  '  I 


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SECTION   SIXTEENTH. 

EFFECTS  OF  THE  EXPANSION  OF  THE  POPU- 
LATION WESTWARD,  AND  OF  THE  CREA- 
TION OF  NEW  STATES  ON  THE  EXHAUSTED 
INDIAN  HUNTING-GROUNDS  OF  THE  MIS- 
SISSIPPI   VALLEY. 


CHAPTER    I. 

A    NEW    PHASIS    IN    INDIAN    HISTORY. 

The  close  of  the  war  of  1812  not  only  ended  tlic  Indian  hostilities,  but  also  initiated 
a  thorough  geographical  exphn-ation  of  the  Mississippi  valley;  the  extent,  fertility,  and 
resources  of  which,  were  then  fully  ascertained.  Noble  river.s,  the  names  of  which 
had  been  for  years  only  known  by  their  connection  with  romantic  tales,  and  the 
narratives  of  adventurous  exjjloits,  now  attracted  attention  by  the  facilities  they 
afforded  for  navigation.  The  entire  valley  seemed  to  be  one  vast  series  of  plains, 
reticulated  by  streams,  which  poured  their  resistless  current.^  into  the  Mexican  gulf. 
These  plains,  once  the  haunts  of  uncounted  herds  of  deer,  elk,  and  buffalo,  were  now 
deserted  by  them,  and  elicited  interest  only  by  their  fertility,  and  by  their  adaptiveness 
to  the  purpo.ses  of  agriculture. 

Changes  of  such  a  striking  character,  and  apparently  fraught  with  such  disastrous 
consequences  to  the  Indian  tribes,  produced,  however,  a  favorable  eflect.  It  was  the 
triumph  of  the  arts  of  peace.  This  was  the  beginning  of  a  new  era  in  their  hit;tory. 
The  chase,  it  was  seen,  must,  perforce,  be  abandoned,  and  agricultural  and  industrial 
pursuits  adopted.  But  the  question  was,  how  could  this  be  done  by  a  people  so  reduced 
Vol.  VI.  — 48  (377) 


t 


J'' 
'1 


ill 


!i 


8T8 


EFFECTS    OF    WESTKRN    EMIGRATION.    AND    OF 


ill  ciiriiinslniirc's.  so  destitute  of  all  apparent  moans  as  the  Indians?  At  this  time,  the 
populiition  of  tlic  Eastern  States  hegan  to  emigrate  to  the  West  in  renewed  foree, 
creating  a  demand  for  those  fertile  lands,  whieh,  being  denuded  of  their  game,  were 
no  longer  useful  to  hunter  tribes.  By  the  eession  of  these  lands  to  the  United  .States 
Coveriiment,  tlie  Indians  were  provided,  through  the  medium  of  money  annuities,  with 
the  means  of  procuring  the  requisites  neeessary  to  their  advaneemeiit  in  the  soeial 
.^cale.  They  became,  in  a  few  years,  permanently  i)os.se,>ised  of  cattle,  implements  of 
husbandry,  and  schools  :  n  life  of  industry  was  commenced.  Tims,  what  appeared,  at 
first,  to  have  sealed  their  destruction,  was  in  reality,  the  means  of  their  elevation 
and  deliverance. 


k  h' 


THE  CREATION  OF  NEW  STATES. 


079 


CHAPTER   II. 

CONDITION    OF  THE    TllIBKS  AT  THE    CONCLUSION  OF  THE   WAR, 

Till-:  iiintli  article  of  tlic  treaty  of  Glient,  signed  December  24,  1814, 
left  the  Indian  tribes  to  make  tlieir  own  terms  witli   the  United  States.  1817. 

They  iiad  foiijrht  in  vain,  and  received  so  little  consideration  from  their  J.  Moxkok, 
late  i'.liy  at  the  clo.se  of  the  contest,  that  they  were  not  even  accorded  a  I'kesidk.NT. 
national  jiosition  in  the  treaty  of  jjcace  conclnded  between  the  beiliixeren* 
powers;  conseqncntly,  the  year  ISl-")  •  as  to  them  the  conimeneeme  ;t  of  a  period  in 
tlieir  history,  of  very  self-reliant  interest.  Misled  by  the  false  theories  of  their  prophets, 
.nnd  defeated  in  numeri)ns  battles,  they  had  yet  believed  that  they  were  (luhting  to 
pre.serve  intact  tlieir  ancient  territorial  limits.  They  had  lost  ,i;reat  nnnibers  of  tlieir 
warriors  in  battle;  the  Creek.s  alone,  in  the  contests  at  Talladega,  Tnllushatches, 
Ilillabee,  Attasee,  and  Emncfan.  or  the  Horse-Shoe,  had  snll'ered  to  the  extt-nt  of  not 
less  than  1000  men.  The  losses  experienced  in  battle  by  all  the  tribes,  constituted, 
however,  but  a  fraction  of  what  they  suH'ered  from  diseases  engendered  in  camps, 
superinduced  by  unsuitable,  bad,  or  scanty  supplies  of  food,  as  well  as  by  the  toils  and 
accidents  incident  to  Ibrced  marches.  Fevers,  colds,  and  consumptions,  to  which  they 
are  liable,  had  been  fearfully  prevalent ;  cliicken-})ox  and  the  \arioloid  had  nearly 
decimated  them.'  In  addition  to  this,  their  families  had  been  left  in  an  unprovided 
and  starving  condition  at  home.  In  1S12.  the  inimbers  summoned  by  the  voice  of  the 
Shawnee  prophet  to  the  banks  of  the  Wabash  were  immense.  They  abandoned 
everything  else  for  the  purpose  of  participating  in  this  new  revolution,  and  many  who 
left  their  western  and  northern  homes,  on  this  errand,  nc-ver  returned.  The  writer 
has  walked  over  the  sites  of  entire  villages  thus  desolated,  whicii  had  been  in  a  t'vw 
vears  covt'red  by  weeds,  and  a  young  forest  growth. 

This  was  not,  however,  the  worst  of  their  misfortunes.  Their  hunting-grounds  had 
been  rendered  valueless  by  the  operations  of  the  contending  armies.  The  deer,  elk, 
and  bear  always  precede  the  Indians  to  more  dense  forests;  the  cunning  beaver 
immediately  abandons  a  stream  into  which  he  cannot,  by  gnawing,  make  the  trees  fall. 


'  itr    \Villiaiiis..n,  \\,\    I  ,  p.  •24T       Dr    Pitflior.  Vol.  IV  ,  p   .=>0:i 


i 


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iSi    ':f 


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11 

I:'' 


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EFFECTS    OF   WESTERN    EMIGRATION,    AND    OF 


!,   :J     I 


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oil  till'  bulk  of  wliich  he  subsists;  the  otttr,  which  lives  on  lisii,  roinains  for  a  loiT'cr 
period.  But  the  entire  species  of  runod  auiiuiils,  wiiose  skins  form  the  staple  of  the 
Indian  trade,  were  greatly  diinini.'^lied,  and  the  vast  region  of  country  extendin"'  from 
."8°  to  44°  iu)rtli,  between  the  Ohio  and  the  Mississippi  rivers,  had  been  rendered  use- 
less as  a  hunting-ground.  Another  result  of  the  passage  of  troops  through  remote  parts 
of  the  Indian  country,  was  the  discovery  of  tracts  of  arable  land,  of  great  value  to  tlie 
agriculturist ;  of  water-powers,  mines,  and  resources,  offering  tempting  inducements  to 
tiie  iiiill-wright,  manufactuier.  and  I'm-  m-.  ("oal,  iron,  and  lead,  were  found  in  abun- 
dance, and,  sub.xeijueiitly,  copper  and  geld.  War,  bad  seasons,  and  the  depreciation  of 
a  vi'i'v  extended  and  inllated  paper  currency,  with  a  resulting  decline  in  the  prices  of 
all  merchantable  articles,  had  alarmed  thousands  of  persons  in  the  Atlantic  States,  who 
sought  to  repair  their  fortunes,  or  ihid  a  field  for  the  exercise  of  their  ingenuity  and 
talents,  by  emigrating  to  the  West ;  .so  that,  by  a  singular  coincidence,  when  the  Indians 
began  to  part  freely  \vitli  thi'ir  exhausted  hunting-grounds,  by  sales  to  tiie  Government, 
the  emig.int  masses  clamored  for  new  and  ample  farms  on  thc^e  ceded  tracts,  where 
both  they  and  their  children  might  lay  the  foundations  of  happy  homes.  This  was 
the  germ  of  new  States. 

We  have  placed  the  coinmencement  of  this  era  in  the  year  Islii;  which  was  as 
early,  indeed,  as  tiie  full  cessation  of  Indian  hostilities  rendered  it  siife  for  tin-  emigrant 
to  enter  remote  districts.  The  Creeks  had  signed  the  treaty  of  Fort  dackson  as  early 
as  August 'J,  1814 ;  and  they  were  followed  by  other  tri!)es,  botli  in  the  North  and 
South.  On  the  8(li  of  St'pli'inber.  ISlo,  an  important  treaty  was  concluded  with  the 
Wyandots,  Senecas,  Shawiiees,  Miamies,  (Jhippewas.  Ottnwas,  and  Pottawattamies,  by 
which  these  tribes  were  restored  to  all  the  immunities  accorded  them  by  the  treat v 
entered  into  at  Greenville  in  1795;  and  the  three  latter  tribes  reinvested  with  all  the 
territorial  rights  which  they  po-s.-^e.-j.^ed  at  the  outbreak  of  Tecumseh's  war,  in  1811.' 
Treaties  were  also  concluded  during  this  year  with  the  Kickapoos.  Weas,  Winneb.igoes, 
Sacs  and  Foxes,  Sioux,  O.sages,  Chickasaws,  Choctaws.  and  other  tribes.  These  trea- 
ties were  negotiated  by  coniiuissioners  appointed  by  the  I'uited  States,  who  were 
well  acquainted  with  the  territories,  eh-racter,  resources,  local  history,  and  iielings  of 
the  tribes.  Some  of  tlie.se  commissioners  had  been  military  commanders,  or  had  occu- 
pied liiuh  civil  stations  on  the  frontiers.  No  one  of  tiiem  was  .so  celebrated  for  his 
knowledge,  experience,  and  standing,  as  General  William  Clark,  of  St.  Louis,  the  com- 
panion of  tiie  intrepid  Lewis  in  his  adventurous  journeys  to  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Columbia,  in  18(J4.  and  in  I80o  and  'G.  He  had  succeeded  Lewis  as  governor  of  the 
Missouri  Territory,  in  ISOli,  and  had  acquired  the  respect  and  confidence  of  the  south- 
■westcrii  and  western  tribes,  who  were  located  on  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi  and  Mis- 
souri rivers,     llf  was  a  mnn  pos.sessed  of  great  sagacity,  amenity  of  manners,  and  a 


'  U.  S.  Trcatio^,,  p.  173. 


THE    niKATlON    OF    NEW    STATES. 


3HI 


coniprcliPiisivi'  kiiowloilgc  oi'  tlif  fii'djrrupliy  ol' the  country.  In  inaiiy  rospi'ctH,  lie  was 
<'()in[iiinilik'  to  Sir  Williiim  Johnson,  who  so  long  exurcisod  a  .similiir  power  in  the  North. 
Indiiin  dispute.s  were  iVequcntly  referred  to  him  for  Mcttlement  by  the  tribes  themselves; 
and  the  number  of  Iiidiim  treaties  lie  negotiated  in  the  course  of  his  long  administra- 
tion of  Indian  allairs  on  the  frontiers,  is  a  proof  of  Ids  al)ilities  in  this  department. 

Reference  is  partieulirly  made  to  the  era  commencing  witli  ISUl,  when  an  extensive 
system  of  cliangi.'s  and  movements,  the  long  smouldering  elfects  of  the  by-gone  wars, 
difliculties,  ami  mutations  of  past  years,  began  to  develop  itself  prominently  in  the 
West.  The  war  of  1812,  on  the  north-western  frontiers,  had  brought  into  notice  another 
man,  who  was  destined  to  exercise,  for  many  years,  an  imi)ortant  influence  on  our 
Indian  relations.  Lewis  Cass  was  a  iirigadier-general  in  the  United  States  army,  and 
had  served  in  the  war  of  1812  with  great  credit  to  himself  A  lawyer  by  profession, 
marshal  of  the  State  of  Ohio  at  tiie  conmioncement  of  tin-  war.  lie  united  civil 
with  nnlitary  tali-nt.  nnd.  on  the  conclusion  of  peace,  held  the  commission  of  command- 
ant of  Detroit.  Succeeding  to  the  executive  chair  of  .Michigiui,  al'ter  the  disastrous 
rule  of  Governor  William  Hull,  and  the  Kub.so(|uent  interregnum,  great  energy  was 
required  to  revi\i'  and  reinstate,  on  their  former  i)asis,  its  civil  and  social  institutions. 
Six  years  of  wild  wars  and  turmoils  had  left  tiie  territory  without  either  civil  or 
military  organization.  It  might  have  bei'U  justly  conii)ared  to  a  ri'gion  submerged  by 
tt  sudden  deluge  in  the  geological  ,  "stems,  in  which  the  evidences  of  its  former  con- 
dition were  to  be  sought  in  boulder.^*,  drifts,  and  heaps  of  ruins.  Society  was  literally 
down-trodden. 

Michigan  had  been,  more  or  less,  occupied  by  the  French  from  the  days  of  La  Salle. 
A  fort  was  Hrst  erected  at  Detroit  in  1701 ;  in  17G0  it  was  surrendered  to  the  British; 
and  did  not  come  into  the  possession  of  the  United  States  until  1790.  Hull  surren- 
dered it  in  1812.  A  fierce  and  sanguiiuir}-  war,  begimiing  at  that  time,  had  so  desolated 
the  territory,  that  to  resuscitate  its  energies  was  no  ordinary  tasK,  which  any  person  of 
less  strength  of  character  and  foresight  than  the  newly-appointed  executive,  would 
probably  have  failed  to  accomplish.  It  was  a  work  of  time  to  restore  the  Indian 
relations  to  a  permanent  footing;  to  induce  the  inhabitants  to  return  to  their  old  loca- 
tions; to  apply  the  civil  code  to  an  almost  anarchical  condition  of  society  ;  and,  above 
all,  to  ascertain  and  develop  the  true  resources  of  the  territory. 


■  ' '  i 


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f!^l 


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li 


KFKKCTS    (IF    WESTKItN    EM  IG  K  ATlOJM.    AM)    OV 


CHAPTER   III. 

IxNDlAN    TRIBES    OF   MICHIGAN.      EXPLORATION    OF    ITS    BOUND- 
ARIES,   REACHING    TO    THE    UPPER    MISSISSIPPI. 

MiciiifiAN  had  bei'ii  tlie  stnuicrcst  nillying  point  for  the  Imlians,  from 
tS20.  tho  clays  of  IX'iumville.     It  was  lirst  vLsited  hy  La  Salle  in  lliT'J.  and 

J.  Mo.vROK,  formal  possossion  was  taken  of  the  straits  between  Lakes  Erie  and  Unron, 
PnKSiDEXT.  in  the  inontli  of  .lime,  1()S7;'  hut  Detroit  was  not  occupied  bv  an 
authorized  airent  of  tiie  French  jiovernment.  at  (^lehee,  until  the  year 
1701.'  One  htnulred  and  twenty  years  had  servi'd  to  spread  its  tiime  and  importance 
in  IniHan  wars,  Indian  trade,  and  Indian  all'airs.  Hut  tiie  hand  of  time  had  still  left  it, 
a  I'emote  ontiio-^t.  surrounded  by  the  original  French  settlements,  among  which  might, 
here  and  there,  be  found  an  adventurous  American.  The  houses  of  the  French  iiabitanw 
were  .surrounded  with  cedar  palings,  as  if  to  resist  an  attack;  and,  in  their  orchards, 
they  raised  a[)pie  trees,  the  parent  stocks  of  which  were  originally  brought  from 
Normandy.  In  their  dress,  manners,  suavity,  nonchalance,  gaiet\',  and  loyalty  to  the 
governing  j)ower.  the  B^'encli  of  .Michig;in  pn'sentcd  a  striking  similitude  to  the 
pea.santry  under  Francis  I.  and  Louis  XIII.  It  wa.s  at  thi.s  ancient  scat  of  French 
dominion  on  the  Lakes,  that  Pontiac  li)rmed  his  confederacy,  in  ITtJO.  and  Tecumseh 
convened  the  natives,  in  ISIO-II.  The  failure  of  the  latter  scheme,  stoutly  backed 
as  it  was  by  the  British  army  and  navy,  convinced  the  Indians  that  their  effort.s  to 
resist  the  onward  march  of  civilization  were  vain,  and  that  education,  arts,  and  labor 
jnust  triumph.     This  was  the  language  of  Ningw(''gon,  in  ISlli. 

This  low  po.sition  of  their  all'airs,  in  a  politico-economical  point  of  view,  in  strength, 
numljers.  |i(iwer  of  combination,  and  every  thing  like  national  capacity,  we  regard 
as  tlii'ir  zero  ])oiut ;  \\>r  it  now  became*  evid(>nt  that  their  whole  system  was  a 
congerii's  of  errors:  that  the  p\n'suit  of  tin;  chase  only  sunk  them  iu  barbarism  and 
want;  and  that  if  they  were  ever  elevated  in  the  scale  of  society,  it  must  l)e  l)y  the 
practice   of  industry,  temperance,    virtue,  the   dissemination   of  education,  and    the 


'  Oncota,  p.  40(1. 

'  M.  ("adillao  arrivotl  nf  this  ?pnf,  on  the  'J-tth  Jnly,  1701,  iiiid  iiuiuediatuly  lominunced  cleariu);  tlie  tjrouud, 
and  preparing  to  fortify  it  — Ontotn.  p    40S 


TllK    CRKATION    OF    NKW    STATKS. 


R88 


adoption  of  iiioriil  tnitli.  Tlimigh  tliis  view  did  not  slrii<t!  tlio  Indian  mind  at  uuro,  it  wii.s 
only  lu-eosnary  to  tiikc  ii  wider,  liroiidcr.  iind  more  roniiirciion.sivo  retrospect  oC  tlieir 
fltiite  to  render  it  manitest ;  and  tiie  lapse  of  ii  lew  years  niadt:  tlie  truth  apparent. 
The  Indian  tribes  hud  heen  tlioroiigldy  defeated  ;  tlicir  jxilitical  institutions  were  l)Ut 
"as  a  rope  of  sand;"  their  fury  Ijut  the  ra.L'o  of  a  madman.  To  learn  this  truth,  two 
centuries  had  heen  necessary.  The  contests  with  N'iriiinia,  New  Mu'ilami.  and  tlio 
West,  had  not  heen  watred  in  vain;  persuasion,  as  well  as  blows,  iiail  been  used  to 
produco  this  preat  result.  The  voices  of  John  Kliot  and  Hrainerd.  iiad  not  been 
thi'own  til  tiie  winds ;  nor  the  sword  of  a  Wayne,  a  Harrison,  and  a  Jiiekson.  drawn 
for  noU!^ht.     To  convince  the  Indian  of  his  weakness,  was  the  lirst  stip  toward  his 

attaining;  .strenfj;th ;  and  herein  he  may  be  said,  mentally,  to  have  ailvai <\. 

In  IS  10  President  Monroe  appointed  (ieneral  I/ewis  (!iiss  jiovernor  of  this  territory, 
the  condition  of  which  has  been  shown  to  have  been  one  of  extreme  prostration.  Deso- 
lated by  wars,  its  inhabitants  decimated  b_y  ajipalling  nuu'ders  ami  massacres,  with  but 
few  lesources,  some  fragments  ol"  disconnected  population,  and  neitlier  enterpiise.  nor 
capital,  another  such  forlorn  district  could  not  have  been  pointed  out  in  America.  It 
had  neither  roads,  nor  briiljres.  iind  its  very  soil  was  considered  so  worthless,  tiiat  it 
was  deemed  inilit  to  lie  given  in  bounty  lands  to  the  surviving  soldiers  of  the  war  of 
1812.  The  Indian  tribes  who  bad  rallied  under  I'roetor.  iuid  other  weak  and 
inhunuin  ollicers.  were  yet  unfriendly  and  vindictive.  15y  tln!  inter[iosition  of  a 
friendly  hand.  Cass'  lil'o  was  once  saved  from  being  taken  by  a  vilie-liall,  aimed  b\'  an 
Indian  from  behind  a  tree ;  and  most  of  the  tribes  hovered  around  Detroit,  destitute 
of  everything,  daily  besieging  the  doors  of  the  territorial  executive.  The  tide  of 
emigration  had  not.  at  tliat  period,  set  stronglj-  in  that  direction,  and  the  business  of 
the  Superintendent  of  Indian  All'airs  on  that  frontier  was,  for  .some  years,  the  most 
important  function  of  the  gubernatorial  ollice.  He  commenced  his  negotiations  with 
the  sons  of  the  forest  at  the  rapids  of  the  Miami  of  the  Lakes,  on  the  2'.)th  of 
September,  1817.'  This  event  was  followed  in  1818  by  an  important  assemblage  of 
various  Algonquin  triijes  at  St.  Mary's,  on  the  sources  of  tlie  .Miami;  and  in  ISl'.l  by 
the  conclusion  of  an  important  treaty  with  tiie  Chipjiewas  of  Saganaw,  in  Michigan, 
which  gave  an  imi)etus  to  settlements  in  tiiat  tei-ritor}-.  Tlie  wide  area  over  which 
the  Chippewa  tribe  extended;  its  multiplicity  of  liands,  or  tribal  connnunities.  each 
of  which  professed  to  be  independent ;  and  the  imperfect  knowledge  of  their  location  and 
stastistics,  as  well  as  of  the  geographical  features  and  resources  of  their  territory, 
induced  him  to  call  the  attention  of  the  War  Department  to  their  examination.  The 
cherished  policy  of  Mr.  Calhoun  being  to  ke(>p  the  military  posts  in  the  West  in 
udvance  of  the  settlements,  that  they  might  cover  the  progress  of  the  new  emigrants, 
and  shield  them  from  Indian  depredations,  tliat  gentlenuui  cordially  approved  of  tiiis 


'  r.  !?.  TmllfN,  p.  210 


> 


IMi!} 


ir ! 


884 


K  !••  1'  !•; ( "r s  <)  V   w  K s t  i-;  li  n   i, m  k ;  n  \  t  i  < »  n .  and  ( >  v 


motxxww,  to  carry  out  tlic  olijccts  of  wliii'li.  an  <'X|)('ilitioii  coiniioscd  oC  ii  corps  of 
Hcii'iililic  ol).serMM'.x,  iimlcr  tlic  escort  of  a  Miiall  (k'tiicliiiu'iit  of  infantry,  was  or);aiii/.('il 
at.  mill  (Ic.-imtclicil  from,  Detroit  in  tlic  .xprinf,' of  1820.  'Miis  cntcrprif'c  first  liroii'.'lit 
Mr.  Schoolcraft  into  tlic  new  field  ol'  observation  on  liiiliiin  life  and  manners.  Hein;; 
iipiHiinted  ^'colouist  to  the  exiiedition,  lie  hcciiine  its  lii>toriogra|iIier,  and,  duriiifi  tlio 
followiiiii'  yeiir.  iiulilislieil  a  joinnal  of  its  jiroirrcss.  Its  mineiidoiiv  and  jreolo^ry  wcro 
examined,  and  tlie  copper  mines  on  llie  Ontonaiioii  river  and  iiake  Superior  explored. 
A  detaelie(l  expedition  \isited  tlie  !r;id  mines  of  Duliuipie.  'I'lie  fivsli-wiiter  conclioloiry 
(if  the  coimtiy  w;is  exiiiiiiued  ;  collections  made  of  the  tlor.i  and  fauna;  an  elaborate 
report  of  its  ireoloL'^y  presented,  accompanit'd  with  a  map;  and  concholoj;y,  us  well  as 
other  departments  of  .xciniue  considerably  aiiL'inented  by  the  addition  of  now  species. 
From  this  source  wns  obtained  an  accurate  kno\vled,i;e  of  the  tribes,  their  locution, 
streiiL'tli.  and  character,  anil  also  df  the  natural  history,  climatolofry,  resources  and 
l)hysicul  gcogrivphy  of  that  region.'  The  ex[)e(lition  left  Detroit  on  the  'J4th  of  May, 
in  large  and  well-<'onstructe(l  Cannes,  of  the  Indian  inoiK'l ;  and  the  explorers  circum- 
navigated the  shores  of  Lake<  Union  and  Superior.  From  the  head  of  the  latter  bike, 
tlicy  crossed  the  interveniiiir  highlands  to  the  valley  of  the  Ujiper  Mississippi  ubieh 
they  entered  at  Sandy  I/.ike,  and,  ascending  it  in  search  of  its  true  source,  they  passed 
its  upper  falls,  at  Pakagania,  as  well  as  the  source  of  licech  Lake,  laid  down  by  Lieu- 
tenant Pike,  in  ISOO,  anil  thence  through  Finke  Winnebeegoshish  to  the  large  body  of 
water  in  lat.  17°  lio'  2.')",'  since  denominated  Cass  Lake.  This  point  is,  following  the 
course  of  the  ri\er,  27")")  miles  from  the  (Jiilf  ol"  .Mexico,  anil  was  reached  on  the  lilst 
of  Jidy.  The  Mi,xsissi[)[)i  was  then  descended  to  the  falls  of  St.  Anthony,'  and  Prairio 
(111  Chien,  and  the  chain  of  the  great  lake  basins  again  reached  through  the  Wis(;onsiu 
and  Fo.x  river  valleys,  at  Green  Bay,  on  the  western  shores  of  Iiake  .Michigan.  The 
extent  of  Indian  hunting-grounds  traverseil  was  nearly  4000  miles,  and  at  only  one 
point,  namely,  St.  Mary's  Falls,  at  the  lower  end  of  Lake  Superior,  was  there  any 
demonstration  of  hostile  feelings.  The  elfect  resulting  from  this  extensive  exploratory 
tour  was,  to  comince  the  Indians  that  a  wise  government  sought  to  ascertain  the 
extent  of  their  territory  and  its  resources,  as  well  as  to  bring  the  tribes  into  friendly 
communication  with  it.  The  Chippewas  were  found,  with  some  slight  change  of  name, 
to  occupy  the  entire  Itorders  of  Lakes  Huron  and  Superior,  together  with  the  eastern 
side  of  the  valley  of  the  Upper  Mississippi,  a})ove  lat.  44°  o.'V  20"  north.  On  the  west 
banks,  in  about  lat.  4G°,  the  frames  of  Sioux  lodges  were  still  standing,  which  had 
evidently  been  but  recently  occupied.  On  the  .3(ltli  of  .Tnly  they  reached  the  falls  of  St. 
.\ntliony  (Plate  XV.)  ;  bi.'tween  which  and  Prairie  du  ('hien,  but  nearer  to  the  latter, 
the  Sioux  inhabited  both  banks   of  the  river.     The  Sacs  and  Foxes  occupied   the 


'  Schoolcraft's  Xarrative  Journal  of  an  Expedition  to  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi ;  1  vol.  8vo.,  with  a  map 
and  plates:  .\lbany,  1821. 

'  Hydrogrnpliical  Memoir  of  the  Mississippi  river;  J.  J.  Xicollet,  1842. 
'  Plate  IX  ;  Vol  IV..  Plate  XXVII..  ri.  U''.' 


!  ,      I     1 


W  V 


'I    II 


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il 


►E 


I  1 


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Vsi-ifi 


!     il' 


h 


|ii!i 


'5!.    !.ii:i 


•'« 


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m 


f  I  fP 


I-' 


;  -m. 


iirl 


'i'-! 


liJffll 


Sf 


TllK    CRK/VTION    OF    NEW    STATKS. 


3,s.'» 


Mississippi  vailt'v  lictwci'ii  I'i'airio  ihi  (.'liicii  luid  Kock  Isiuiul,  at  Ihr  cnli'iincc  to  llii! 
river  J)<>i  Muiitcft.  Tiu'  WiiiiU'l)iim)i's  wero  in  posscs.siuu  of  liif  AViscoiisiii  iiiul  IIdcIv 
river  \all('ys.  Tin;  MciKHiioiu'i's  wore  scattori'il  alon^  liio  Fox  river  to  I5iilles(les  Moris 
iiiiil  Wiiiiiei);ij^'o  liaUe,  tlieiuu;  (iiiite  to  (jreeii  15ay,  and,  witli  iiiti'rcliiuiiics  oi'  location 
Mitii  tlu!  WinnehajiiJL's,  to  MiiwauUie  on  fialce  Michigan.  Tiie  I'oltawatlainies,  Cliip- 
])t'\vas,  and  Oltowas,  wen;  located  at  Cliicajro,  as  also  in  nortln'rn  Illinois  and  stmlliern 
Micliigan.  I'lie  Ottowas  liwd  in  Graml  lliver  valley,  as  well  as  on  1/ittle  Travers(.' 
Uay  ;  and  the  ('liippewas  on  tho  pcninstdii  and  .shores  of  Grand  'rra\erse  May.  An 
escort  of  infantry  having  accompanied  this  expi'dition,  the  Hag  of  tli"  I'nion  was  ihns 
(lis|ibiyed  in  regions  where,  previonsly,  it  had  seldom  or  never  iieen  st'en. 

This  expedition  had  ^lie  ellL'ct.  not  only  to  attract  the  attention  of  the  Indl.nis  to  the 
power  and  \igilance  of  the  (loM'rnnient,  hnt  also  to  direct  popniar  eiiterpri.'^e  to  this 
liitherto  nnceded  part  of  the  I'nion;  the  vakie  and  importance  of  which  can  already 
he  attested  hy  an  examination  of  I'lijx'r  Michigan,  \\'i~^consin.  Iowa,  and  .Minnesota. 
An  instance  of  the  interest  excited  in  tiie  Indian  mind  liy  this  \  i>il.  orcmri'd  at  AVinne- 
bago  iiake.  ^Vilen  the  party  halted  on  its  shores,  the  i;eologi>t  lirojvi,'  oil'  sever.'d 
simcimens  of  some  novel  rocky  formations,  with  a  \ie\v  of  (h  termining  their  character. 
A  very  ajicd  Winneltago  observing  this,  said  to  his  companions  :  ••  This  is  remarkable. 
Oiu'  connlry  was  long  oci'n[)it'(l  by  tiic  f'rench  and  the  Knglisii.  who  weri>  satislicil  to 
trade  with  ns ;  bnl  no  sooner  lia\-e  the  .Vnierii'ans  come,  than  tiiey  mnst  examine  t)nr 
very  rocks.     What  can  they  [lossibiy  expect  to  get  from  themV" 

Diu'ing  the  progress  of  this  memorable  eX[)loraLion.  several  instances  were  observe(l 
of  till.'  Indian  mode  of  coinnnmieiiling  ideas  by  pictographic  inscriptions  on  scrolls  of 
hark.'  k>latistics  of  their  po|)ulation  and  trade  were  obtained,  and  accurate  knowledge 
acipiired  of  their  manners  and  enstums,  li'elings,  and  disposition.  One  of  the  pccnliar 
( iistoins  observed  while  in  the  Dakotah  conntry,  was  that  of  olfering  the  lirst  oar.s  of 
the  green  corn  to  the  (ireat  Sjjiiit;-  of  which  ceremony  the  party  were,  by  pormi.ssion 
of  till'  chiefs,  idlowed  to  be  spectators.     Plate  XV^. 

In  the  (.,'hii)pewa  teriitories.  exteniling  from  the  precincts  of  l!ock  island  to  the 
Kources  of  the  Mississi[)pi,  the  rnling  power  was  fonnd  to  be  exerci.-^ed  by  ceitaiu  totemic 
J'amilies,  who  claimed  the  right  liy  descent.  This  right,  however,  was  a.sccrlainetl  \.o 
be  nugatory  when  not  supported  by  iho  popular  voice  of  the  clans;  which  act  \irlually 
hi  st.)wcd  upon  it  all  the  force  of  a  representati\e  .•system.  Tin'  ancient  seat  of  the 
Cbippewas,  located  at  Sanlt  Sf  -Marie  at  tin;  lower  end  of  Lake  .Siii}erior,  iiad  for  its 
riding  chief  Shingabawassin,  a  tall,  well-made,  grave  nrin,  who  pos.se>>ed  iin  easy,  tiigni- 
fied,  and  i)leasing  maimer. '  (I'late  X\'l.)  The  Indians  residing  on  the  upper  shores 
of  the  lake  were  ruled  by  a  chief  called  I'ezhikee,  or  Bull'alo,  and  .Stij  im.     At  Sandy 


'  Si'luiiilrnirt's  Ivvpriliiinii  tu  llio  Soui'cfs  of  till'  Mis>issi]iiii,  .secuii'l  cilili"ii  :   Pliihul'lpliia,  IVi.'i,  j.   4.')0. 
"I'hitoXV.  'I'hitoXI. 

V,„„  V  1,-11) 


;     :ltl 


i-:i 


fi 


■  I'i 


%»'• 


im 


KFFI^irrS    (»!-•    WKSTEKN    K  M  f  (i  11  A  T  I  O  N,    AND    OF 


liMkc.  (Ill  tlic  l'ii|i('r  .Mississippi.  Kiitawiilii'ilii,  IJahcsilvuiiilahiiy,  iiml  (Iiicli.'  I'lnt.  were 
llic  presiding  cliicls.  Tlic  .Mi'iKlawiikiiiitoiis,  or  DaUotiili.s  of  tlic  livcr.  in'Uii()\vlr(li;fil 
ilic  tiovfi'iinu'iit  of  tlif  voiiiigt'i'  Wiiliasliii.  Tlio  Wiiiiu'luijidi's  wvw  miIimI  \>y  Dv  ("onji? 
and  Tsliddp,  iho  i/ittitn  j<iiii/>.  {)[•  "  Four  l.i'iis,"  ol'  tlu;  Frcncli.  Tlii'  I'ottauiittainit's 
afknowlcdj^cil  tin-  sway  nl' Topinalico.  an  ai;i'(l  man.  who  liad  siuni'd  tlic  treaty  of  pcaeo 
conelnded  at  ( Iieein  ille  l)y  (ieiiiial  Wayne  in  ITl'l.  At  (iraiid  river,  jiresided  tin; 
Ottowa  eliiel".  Nawaiii/lii,  or  Nooii-Day ;  at  (Irani!  Traverse  ]5ay,  AislKinauoiiahi,  or  tlio 
Keatlier  of  Honor;  and  at  tlio  Ottowa  towns  of  f/Arhre  t'roclie,  tlio  very  old  I'liief, 
Xislieandjinino.  or  tlio  Aiiury  Man,  and  I'ansUoo/.iemin.  or  tlie  Smoker. 

'i'lie  Indian  liovciinnent  hoini;  llanided  oin'ortaiii  ostahlislieih'iistoinsiuul  prescriptiuiis, 
waselearly  cunt  ml  led  by  pojiular  opinion,  wliieli  changed  with  tl«  passage  of  time  and  tlio 
occurrenco  of  events.  Although  the  toteniic  sovci'oignty  was  hereditary,  ^et  the  trilial 
siu'cession  could  ho  set  aside  at  iMiy  time  when  it  was  thought  necessary  to  rowai'd  with 
the  chiel'taiicy  lira\i'iy  on  the  war-path,  great  oiiorgy  of  character,  tiiloiit  as  a  speaker, 
or  skill  as  a  nia'iiciaii  i  and  the  trihes  were  thencefurth  ruled  liy  the  newly  installeil  chief. 
Treaties  were  coi  inded  with  the  Indians  at  L' Arlin-  ('niclit.'  and  at  Saiilt  Si" 
j\I;irio.''  An  incideul  oicnrred  at  the  latter  which  for  a  time  foreboded  serious  dilli- 
cidty.  The  negotiations  fortius  treaty  were  coimneiiccd  about  the  middle  of  .luiio  ; 
at  which  period  of  the  year,  the  liimtinLi'  season  being  I'lided.  the  Indians  crowd  to  the 
towns  nearest  the  Iroiilii  is.  to  enjoy  theinseKcs  in  dancing,  li'asting.  and  the  cidebra- 
tion  .'f  ceieinonii's.  liut  four  or  live  years  having  (.dapsed  since  the  comdiision  (jf  tho 
\\c  ■.  there  wiis  >\\\\  a  vivid  fooling  of  icstility  existing  among  thorn  towards  tlio  Aino- 
icans.  It  chanced  that,  among  the  largo  number  assembled,  was  tho  war-captain  who 
bad  leil  the  Thippewas  into  action,  and  an  ambitions  chief,  calh'd  Sassaba.  of  tho 
!■'.'!  L'l  I  in:;;  totem  ol'  the  Crane.  \\h()se  brother  had  been  killeil  lightiiiLr  beside  Ti'cumsi'h, 
iit  the  battle  of  the  Thames.  An  attempt  was  made  to  deter  the  party  from  rnrrying 
the  American  Hag  ihroii'jh  the  Chippewa  country.  Sassaba.  having  broken  np  a  public, 
council,  raised  the  Uritish  tlag  on  a  brow  of  the  height  where  the  Indians  were  encamped. 
;\iid  it  was  oliservcd  that,  at  the  same  moment,  women  and  children  were  precipitat(dy 
st'iit  from  till'  lodges,  across  the  riser,  to  the  Canada  shore,  \'i\id  appreheiisinns  were 
oiitertained  of  a  hostile  encounter;  the  jiarty  gras[ieil  their  rilles.  and  stood  read\'  lor 
conllict  (iem^ral  t'ass.  by  his  knowledge  of  the  Indian  character,  his  cool  sell-posses- 
sinii.  and  lai  .sicin.  ilisconcert(;il  their  jilaiis.  iiml  a\ei'teil  the  danger,  riiarmod,  and 
uceompanied  only  ly  an  interprelei'.  he  ascended  the  ele\ated  [ilain  on  which  the  liidi;ins 
Avere  enciim]ieil.  and.  proceeding  to  the  l(id;;e  of  ,"»assaba.  he  pulled  down  the  llag.  and 
addressed  the  Indians  in  teinisof  Just  reproof  llir  this  act  of  lira \ ado.  This  rebuke 
\vas  reeii\cMl  without  aii_\  further  demonstration  of  hostility.  On  the  following  da\-, 
iiegotiati.':  were  I'rMcw  eil.  and  ihe  ti'ialy  cdiicluded.  which  recognised  the  old  grant 
to  tho  French  b\-  a  ee.~sioii  ot'  lenitor\'  liiiii-  miles  sipiare.' 


.  i 


'  V    S    Tniili.'S,  y    L's 


Mi.;.i.,  |).  'jsi. 


'  IIm.I  ,  |i.  -jsu. 


W.v>.     ■       >V 


;«V 


THE    Clil'ATION    OK    NEW    STATES. 


88T 


ciiArTKi:  IV 


AVAR  BETWEEN  THE  (' II I  I'l'K  W.\  S  AND  SIOTX.  A  rEClMAI!  MoIUl 
OF  NEGOTIATION  ]5ET\VKEN  TIIE.M  I!V  MKANS  OK  J'KTu- 
(illAl'llV,    OR    DEVICES    INSC  I!  11!  K  I)    OX    I'.AJIK. 

Wiii:n  llic  Froiicli  trailers  iiiid  missioiifu'ics   first  \isitO(l   tlu'   iiciid   of  fiiiko 
Sii|H'riiii'.  wliicli  L'vont  niiiv  li(>  pliiccd  as  early  as  tlie  year  Ifi'Jd.  (lie  Clii|)|i('\vas       IS:J(). 
mid   Siiiiiv  were  at  ^var.      'I'lie  iiinst   aiirieiit   JDcai   traditions.  Iinth   nl'  the  re(l 


111(1  while  men.  1 


eiiresen 


t  tiieCl 


llppewa^ 


to  lia\i'   iiii-rateii   I'roiii  th(>  ea-t  towards  th 


west,  and  to  liavi?  coiKiuered  tiie  |ire-existiiii;'   Indian  trilies,  I'roiii  whom  they  w  rested 
the  territories  lyint;'  west  n['  those  waters.'     Traditional   testimony,  attesting  tlie  earlv 


existeiiee  of  iiostilitv  lietweeii   thi's 


t  trihes.  was  ohtained   in    IS'JH 


ISSISMppl. 


T 


e  two  iirominen 
tiie  exiieditioii  liironiiii  their  territory  to  the  sources  of  tlie   .M 
of  the  ('oiitest.   as  ;vell   as  its  (a'iiiin  and    canst',  were  investijiated. 
.step  towards  etrectinj:'  !i  pacilication  hetweeii  the  contending  trihes.    In  an  olllcial 


le  history 


as  a  ]iiv|imiiiary 


COIU- 


oiiser\'al  ions 


iiiunieation  to  the  uoveriniieiit.  flovernor  Cass  makes  the  followiim- 
re.Liardiiii;'  this  iiere(litary  war,  wlii(di  are  worthy  of  notice,  not  only  as  eiiihod\iii;^  tin; 
views  of  aL'^eil  and  respecfahle  chiefs  then  liviiiL;'.  with  whom  he  conv('r>ed.  hiit  hecause 
thoy  reveal  the  existence  of  a  means  of  oonnnimii-ation  botwoon  them,  through  the 
intercliaiiiie  of  ideographic  notes,  by  devices  inscrilied  (Ui  slips  of  the  inner  lun'k  of  the 
betiila  pa[nrace;i  : 

"An  iiiciilent  occurred  npon  my  recent  tiuir  to  the  north-west,  so  rare  in  itsidf.  and 
which  so  clearh'  shows  tlic  I'acility  with  wiiicli  coiiimunications  may  be  opened  lietween 
savage  nations,  without  the  intervention  of  letters,  that  I  lia'e  thought  it  not  im 
to  conmiunicate  it  to  you. 

•• 'I'lie  Cliippewas  an<l  Siiaix  are  lu'ieditiiry  enemies,  and  Ciiarlevoix  says  tiie\  -were 
iit  war  when  the  French  lirst  readied  the  .Missis^i[ipl.  I  eiideavoreil.  when  amoiiu' 
them,  to  learn  the  cause  wliiidi   lirst  excited  them  to  war.  and   the   tiim'  wiieii   it  com- 


]iroper 


nielicei 


r>iit  ii 


ie\'    ( 


an  uive  no  rational  account.     .\n    inlelli'jcnt  (' 


liippewa    chle 


iiifuruiod  mo  that  the  dis[)uled  boundary  between  them  was  a  subject  of  little  iniport- 


Vnl    II  ,  y.  1: 


'!.:;-! 


;!88 


Kri'KCTS    OK    W  i:  S  T  K  l{  N    K  M  I  (!  K  A  T  I  ON.    A  N  I>    OK 


mice,  iiiiil  tli;it  lln'  (|iii'slioii  rospcctiim  it  coiilil  lie  cii^ily  iidjiisfi'd.  lie  ii|)|H'iii'('(l  to 
tliiiilv  tliiit  tliiy  liiiiL'lit  liccMii^c  tlirir  liillicrs  lim^lit  ht'lnrc  tlii'in.  This  wiir  lias  Ihcii 
wiiiji'il  with  \  iuiuiis  .-iicccss.  ami.  in  ils  [Ji'dscciitioii,  iiisfancc.-i  nl'  ('(uiraui,'  and  m'H- 
di'Milidii  ha\('  Dcciiri't'd.  within  a  few  years,  which  would  not  liasc  disgraced  the  paiics 
of  (li'iH'iaii  or  of  lionian  hisloi'y.  Sonii'  ycais  since,  iniitnally  weary  ol'  liostililies, 
file  diiels  of'hotii  nations  met  and  au'reed  upon  ii  trnce.  IJiit  the  .Sioux,  disregai'dinu;  the 
solenni  e()ni|iact  which  they  had  i'ornied.  and  actuated  hy  some  sudden  impidso,  atlac!<ed 
the  ('hipiiewiis.  and  murdered  a  unmln'i'  of  them.  15ahisiknndahi.  the  old  ('lii|i|)ewa 
ehiel'.  who  desceniled  the  Mi>>i-si|iiii  with  us.  was  present  upon  this  occasion,  and  his 
life  was  .saved  hy  the  intrepidity  and  Lieuurous  sell-devotion  of  a  !^ioux  chief.  This  man 
entreated,  remonstrated,  .'ind  threatened,  lie  ur!,'e(l  his  counti'vmen,  hy  escry  moti\e, 
to  alistaiii  from  any  violation  of  their  i'aitli.  and.  when  he  I'lunid  his  remonstrances 
useless,  he  attached  hinr^elf  to  this  ('ld|)pe\v;i  ehiel'.  ami  avowed  his  determination  ol' 
sa\  iuLi'.  or  perisliiiiji'  with  him.     Awed  hy  his  intrepidity,  the  .'^ion\  linally  a-reeil  that 

lis  ohiect   all   the 


ne    shonl( 


1   ransom   tlio  ('lii[p|iewa.  and    he   accordin^:ly  ap[)lied   to   t 


property  he  owned,      lie  then  'accouipanit'd  the  (.'lii[ipewa  on  his  journey,  mitil  1 


le  con- 


dered  him  safe  I'roni  anv  jiarties  of  the  Sioux  who  miiiht  he  disposed  to  follow  liii 


lie  >ioux  are  miicli  iiioi'e  nunierou,' 


than   the  (' 


lippewa-.  and  would    lia\'e   o\er- 


powered  them  lonjr  since,  had  the  opm'atioiis  ol'  the  f  n'liier  heen  consentaneous.      i!ut 
tlie\'  are  divide(l  into  so  iiiaiu'  dillerent  hands,  and  are  scattt  red  over   such   an   ext 


-IVe  COUIl 


tr\-.  that  their  elforts  have  no  regular  coiuhination 


i; 


lie\  lliu  It  ('(pially  coii>i 


iteiit  with  hiiinanily  and  sound  policy,  that   these   hoi 


cu- 


ller 


contests  should  not  he  .vull'i'icd  to  continue;  satislled  thai  yoiiwdiilil  a]i|iro\e  ol'  any 
j)lan  of  pacification  which  mii;lit  he  ailopled  ;  aiwl  feeliiiL;-  that  the  Indians  have  a  full 
portion  of  moral  and  pli\sical  e\ils.  without  adding  to  them  the  calaniilies  of  a  war 
which  lifid  no  delinite  ohji'ct.  ami  no  prohahle  termination,  on  our  arrival  at  ."^andy 
Lake.  [  proposeil  to  the  Chippewa  chiefs  that  a  deputation  should  accompany  ns  to  the 
mouth  of  the  .St.  Peter's,  with  a  view  to  estahlish  a  permanent  peace  ln'tween  them 
jiiid  the  .Sioux.  The  ("hippewas  readily  acceded  to  this  pro[)osition,  and  ten  of  their 
[irincipal  men  descended  the  .Mississi[i[)i  with  us. 


Tl 


le    coniin 


ited    distance    from    Saml\-    Lake    to    the   St.  i'eti'r's.    is    six    hundred 


miles;  ,ind.  as  I  have  already  had  tlii'  honor  to  inl'onn  yon.  a  considerahle  ]iroportioii 
o!'  the  country  \\n<  heen  the  theatiH;  of  hostile  enterprises.  The  .Mississippi  here  tra- 
ver.st-s  the  immense  plains  which  extend  to  the  Mi.^.sonri.  and  which  present  to  the  e_\e 
a  siK'ctaele  ;it  oiiee  interestini'  ami  fatiLniiuL^  Scarcelv  the  sli'jhlest  variation  in  the 
surface  occurs,  and  they  are  (Mitirely  destitute  of  tiinher.  Fii  this  dehatealile  land,  the 
frame  is  veryahundant ;  hull'aloes.  elks,  and  deer  raiiL;e  unharmed  and  nuconsciousof  hariii. 
The   mutual   hostilitit's  of  the  (.'hippewa.s   and   .'^ioiix   render   it  daiiiicrons  lor  either. 


less  in   stroi):;'  parties,  to  \isit   th 


unless  in 


lis   portion   ol   the  connlrw      1  lie  coiiseiinence   |i,-i 


rii 


h 


been,  a  jiroat  increase  of  all  the  animals  whose   llesh  is  used  lor  food,  or  whose  fur 


m'v 


TIIK    CREATION    OF    SV.W    STATUS. 


Mn 


Niiliiiililc   ll)r  iiKirki't.     Wf  t'oiiiul  licnls  of  hiillUlDi's  (iiiict 


jiiii'tly  li'iMliii'i  upon  tlio  p'liiiis. 
'I'lii'i'c  is  liillc  (litlicultv  ill  iipproacliiiiLr  siitliciciilly  in'.ir  to  kill  tliciii.      With  nil  cii^'ci- 


iii'ss  wliicli  is  iKitiinil  to  nil  liimtcrs,  niul  with  nii  iiiiproNidciu'i'  \vlii<'Ii  nhv;i\s  n 


ttrlld.-' 


thc'-c  cNciirsioiis,  the  aniiiinl  is  Irciiuciilly  killi'd  without  niiv  iiccfssity,  uml  no  otiicr 
])iirl  of  tlu'iii  is  prc'sorvcil  hut  the  toniruo. 

'• 'I'hci'i'  is  soint'thiiit;  cxtrciiicly  novi-i  nml  intcrcstiMir  in  this  piiisiiit.  Tin'  iiuiiicn^c 
plains,  extending  as  I'ar  as  the  eye  can  reach,  an?  spotted  here  and  there  with  droves 
of  hnlliiloes.  Tlio  distiuicc,  luid  tiio  iihseiice  of  known  ohjeets,  render  it  dillieult  to 
estimate   the  siy.e  or  the  iminher  of  these  animals.     The  hunters  approach  eantiouslv. 


■pinii'   to    tiie   leeward,  lest    the    hiilValoes.  whose    scent  is  \ery  acute,  should 
'I'll 


ohservc 
them.  'I'lie  moment  a  uuu  is  lir<'d.  tin;  hull'aloes  scatter,  and  scmir  the  lields  in  every 
direction.  I'liwieldy  as  they  ap|iear,  they  move  with  coiisiih'raMe  eiderity.  It  is  ililll- 
•■nlt  to  divert  tiieni  from  their  eonrse,  and  th(>  attempt  is  always  ha/ardoii.-.  One  of 
(air  party  hand}'  escaped  with  his  lile  I'rom  this  act  of  ti'iiieiity.  The  hinilers,  who  ai(^ 
stationed  upon  ililli'ieiit  parts  of  the  plain,  fire  as  the  animals  pass  them.  The  repi'ated 
discliarL''e  of  jriins  in  every  direction,  the  shoiils  of  tho>c  who  are  eiiLiavzed  in  the  pur- 
suit, and  the  siiilit  of  the  hiid'aloes  at  full  speeil  on  every  side,  L:i\e  all  animation  to 
the  scene  whi(di  is  rarcdy  e(pialle(|. 

■•  Tho  dro\es  which  we  saw  were  eom]iarati\ely  small.  Some  of  the  parly,  whom 
we  found  at  St.  I'eters.  and  who  arrived  at  that  place  hy  laud  from  the  Council  IJliills, 
i'slimiite(l  one  of  the  droves  which  they  saw  to  coiitaiii  two  thousaml  liiilValoes. 

"As  we  a[)pr()ached  this  part  of  the  eoimtry.  our  Chi|ipcwa  friends  hecaiiu;  cautious 
and  ohservinu'.  The  IhiLT  ol'  the  United  Stati's  wiis  llyiiit;'  upon  all  our  canoes,  and, 
tliaiiks  to  the  (diaraeter  which  our  country  ac(|iiired  hy  the  events  of  the  last  war.  I 
found,  in  our  proiiress  thnaa^h  the  whole  Indian  country,  after  we  had  once  let't  the 
f;reat  line  of  coinmunicati(ai.  that  this  llai;'  was  a  passport  which  reiulered  our  journey 
safe.  We  conse(|iieiilly  felt  assured  that  no  wanderinj;'  [lartyof  the  Sioux  W(Uild  attack 
oven  their  enemies  while  under  our  prt)teotion.  liiit  the  ('hip]K'was  coiilil  not  niipre- 
ciale  the  inlliienct-  whi(di  the  American  llair  would  ha\e  upon  other  nations;  nor  is  it 
jirohahle  that  they  ostiniatcd  with  much  accuracy  the  motives  which  induced  us  to 
assume  the  (dinracter  of  an  umpire, 

•■  The  Chippewas  landed  occasionally,  to  examine  whothor  any  of  the  Sioux  had 
recently  visited  (hat  tpiarter.  In  one  of  th(>se  excursions,  a  Chippewa  found,  in  a  eoii- 
spiciious  ])hicp,  a  piece  of  hirch-hark.  made  tint  hy  hein;;'  fastened  hetvveen  two  sticks 
;it  eacdi  end,  anil  ahout  eiuhteen  inches  loni:'  hy  fifteen  hroad.  This  bark  contaiiieil 
the  answer  of  the  Sioux  nation  to  the  proposition  which  had  heen  made  liy  the  Clii|)- 
pewas  for  tho  termination  of  liostilities.  So  sanguinary  has  Ihhmi  the  contest  hetween 
these  trihes,  that  no  piu'sonal  communication  could  take  jilace.  Neither  the  sanctity 
of  the  ollice,  nor  the  importance  of  tho  mcssngo,  could  protect  the  ainhassadors  of  either 
party  from  the  vengeance  of  each  other.    Some  time  preceding,  tho  Chippewas,  anxious 


li. 


ti  ji'  '■  I 


■illi! 


1}  \ 


=':l;: 


!"i 


;:!r1 


^ 


111' 


i 

H  ■§ 


noii 


i:ri'K(  TS  ,(>l''    WFSTFKN    K  M  Id  I!  A  T  T  ON,    AND    OF 


I'or  llic  rt'rliiriiliiHi  111"  pcMci .  Iiiid  Miit  ii  niiiiilu'r  ol'  tlicir  vtmiii:  men  into  tlir,<i'  iilniiis 
willi  ii  siiiiiliir  [liccc  ol'  liiiiU.  upon  wliicli  tlii')  liail  rcpivsnittMl  tlicir  flcsirc.  'I'lic  >('iiill 
ol'  liink  liud  lii'i'ii  U't't  lmiii:iii.L>  to  ii  li'rt!  in  im  cxpoMMJ  ^itllIltion.  iiixl  liad  lu-i'ii  liiiiiiil 
iiml  l.ikt'ii  nway  by  a  party  of  tlic  Sionx, 

••'I'Ih'  pi'opiisitioiis  iiaij  liccii  cxaiuincd  and  di.'^tMisxMl  in  tin'  Sionx  viliafrc.-,  anil  tin' 
liarii  wliii'li  wo  i'ound  fontaini'd  tlicir  answer.  The  (;liip|n'\va  wlio  Inul  pre[)are(|  tin- 
liai'lv  l!ir  hi.s  trilio  wiis  witli  a.",  ami  on  our  arrival  at  St.  I'eter'.'^,  finding  it  was  lo>l.  I 
reipiesled  liim  to  nial.e  anotla  r.  He  did  so.  and  prodneed  wliiU  1  have  no  donlil  was 
a  prrlect  /!((•■  ^////i7( .  We  JirnnLihl  wilh  ns  Imlli  of  thes<'  /irnjif^.  and  they  a'  now  in 
tiie  iiands  of  Captain  l)cHi:jiass.  lie  \^ill  lie  aMe  to  ,;:i\'e  a  more  intellifzihle  (i«  .-eription 
of  them  than  I  can  t'rom  reenlleetion.  and  they  eonld  not  he  in  the  po.-ses.-ion  ol'  one 
more  conipeti'nl  to  the  t;isk. 

•■The  ("hipiiewas  explained  to  ns  with  'treat  facility  the  intention  of  the  Sionx,  and 
apparently  wilh  as  nuieh  reailine>s  as  if  >ome  common  character  had  hecn  cstahli,-lied 
hi'twcen  them. 

••  The  jnnctitMi  of  tlie  St.  Peti'r's  with  the  Mississippi,  where  a  principal  part  of  the 
Sionx  reside,  was  icprescntt'd.  and  also  the  Anu'rican  liat.  with  a  sentinel  on  ilnty, 
ami  the  llai;  ll_\ini:.  The  principal  Sionx  chief  is  nameil  the  Six.  allndim;.  1  lidieve, 
to  tlie  hands  or  \illaL;cs  nnder  his  intlncnce.  To  show  that  he  w.is  not  pi'cscnt  at  the 
lieliherations  ujion  the  suliject  of  peace,  he  w a.^  i'e|ircsent'  ,1  npon  a  smaller  pii'ce  of 
hark,  which  was  atlachc(l  to  the  othi'r.  To  identily  him.  ho  was  drawn  with  six  heads 
and  a  lar:;!'  mcilal.  Annijirr  Sionx  chief  .-lood  in  the  l'(a'ei:r(MnHl.  holdinij  the  pipe  of 
peace  in  his  rii:ht  h.nul.  and  his  weaimns  in  his  left.  I'aaw  wc  could  not  misunderstand 
that.  Like  onr  own  ea'^le,  with  the  (jli\e  hrancli  and  arrows,  he  was  doirous  of  peace, 
hilt  ]ire[iar<Ml  for  war. 

•■  The  Sionx  party  contained  lll'ly-nine  wai'riors.  and  this  mnnher  was  indicated  iiy 
lifly-nine  iinns.  which  were  dr'.'.vn  npon  one  coi'ner  of  the  hark.  The  only  sniiject 
which  occasione(l  any  dillicnlly  in  the  inti'rpretation  of  the  Chippewas.  was  owin^r  to 
an  incident,  of  which  they  wore  i,:;n(ji'ant.  The  I'ni'ampment  of  our  troops  had  hecn 
remo\od  from  the  low  nrounils  upon  the  St.  I'otor's,  to  ii  liiiih  hill  upon  the  .Mississippi ; 
two  forts  were  therefore  drawn  n[)on  the  hark,  and  tlio  solution  of  this  enigma  could 
not  he  di>ci)vei-i'(l  till  our  arris'al  at  St.  I'eter's. 

••  The  ell'ects  of  the  discox'cry  of  this  bark  upon  the  minds  of  the  Chippewas  was 
visible  aii'l  inuueiliate.  Their  doubts  and  ap|)i't'hensi()ns  a[)pearL'd  to  ho  romo\ed, 
and  duriiii:  the  resiiluo  of  the  journey'  their  conduct  and  feelin^.s  were  com[)lctely 
chamred. 

•■The  Chippewa  balk  was  drawn  in  the  sanw  L^enei'al  manner,  and  Sandy  r,ake,  the 
])rincipal  place  of  tiieir  residence,  was  represented  wilh  much  a<'<airacy.  To  ri'mmi' 
anv  dimbt  respertini;'  il.  a  \ii'W  was  j^iven  of  the  old  Nurth-W'est  establishmenl.  situated 
upon  its   shore,  and    now    in    tho    [lossossiuii  of  the    American    Fur   (Jompany.     No 


Till",  CI!  i;  A'i'ioN  or  Ni:\v   statks. 


801 


lii(>i)(trticiii  will  |ircsi'rvi'(l  in  tlirir  Mtti'mpt  nl  (Iclini'iilioii.     Oiii' milt'  ..I'ln   Alif^Kissipiii, 
iiifliuliiiii'  lilt'  iiioiilli  nf  \\[i\  Si,  I'rh'i's.  ornipicil  as  imicii  s|i!ii'i'  "^     ;ii'  wli  •!  •  distiiiu'it 


to  Siiiiilv  \.i\kr;  iioi-  Wiis  tlii'iv  imvtiiiiiy  to  Miow  tliat  (>ii< 


r   I  u     was   iiiMii'iT 


to    til 


siu'ctator  tliaii  aiiullicr;  yot  tin'  olijfct  of  i-ai'li  parly  was  coiiiplrti'ly  olilaincil. 
S|ii'al\iii,u'  ianiiiiai^cs  radically  ilill'iTeiit  from  each  otiici',  liir  llu'  Sioux  coiisiitiiti'  oin-  uf 
llircc  'jiaiiil  iii\i.*iniis.  into  wliicli  tiiccaiiy  Kmicli  writt-rs  liiivi'  arnmjrcd  tlicalHiriuiiM'sor 
our  couiiliy,  wliilc  till'  <  liiiiju'Wiis  ui'u  11  la'aut^ii  of  what  tlicy  call  Al^oiii|iiiiis,  and 
williout  aiivcoiivt'iilh  mil  cliaractiM' t'staldislicd  iM'twccii  tlioni.  these  tiilics  thus  opened 
innnicalion  upon  ili(>  nmst  iinportant  siilijeet  which  could  occupy  tiicir  attention. 


a  coin 


e  nioile 


l*ropo<iii(ins  IrailiiiL:'  to  a  peace  were  niuije  and  accepted,  and  the  siniplieily  oi'  ih 
could  onl\    lie  eipialled  li\-  the  di-tillctness  (if  the  reprosulltlltioils.  and  In    llie  easi'  with 
which   llie\    were  liniier-lood. 


An   ii 


li'lileill     II 


ke    tl 


IIS,  I,     rare  (i( 


currciice   at  this  da\'.  and   ijirowin'j   ^oine    lijiit 


upon  ihe  mode  of  coinmuui(  alion  hella't^  the  invention  of  jetlers.  I  tiioii'jhl  il  nol 
improper  to  cumnuinicate  to  voii.  It  is  only  necessary  to  adil.  that  on  oiir  arri\al  at 
St.  IVter's.  \ve  jiiinid  Colonel  l.ea\-enwortii  had  been  as  alteiitivo  and  indeliitiLiaiile  upon 
this  snhject  as  upon  every  othei-  \vhi(;h  lell  within  the  spiiere  of  his  conimaiid. 

••  We  ili.-coveri'il  a  reinarUaliie  coincidence,  as  well  in  tiie  sound  as  in  the  appiicalion, 
lietwei'ii  a  word  in  the  .^ioiix  laicjuaiic,  and  one  in  our  own.  'i'lie  eircnmstance  is  so 
singular  that  I  deem  it  worthy  ol'  notice.  The  Sioux  call  llu?  Falls  of  St.  Aniiiouy, 
/A'  //('.  and  tlie  pronunciation  is  in  e\tiy  ropi'ct  similar  to  the  same  words  in  liie 
i'lniilisii  laii'jiia'je.'      I  could  not  learn  thai  tiiis  woril  was  used    liir  any  other   |iiir[io>.', 

d  1  hidievc  it  is  eonliiiid  in   its  aii[ilicati(jii   to   that   place  alone.     'I'lie   Iraveljer.  in 


an 


dini;    the   M is,-i>sippi.  tnriis   a   projectiiiii'   [loiiit,  and   these    Calls   Mid.''>nly  a] 


liiear 


liefore   him   at    a  short    distance.       Km'I'v  man,  savage,  or  civil;/  d,   niii.  I   lie  >trur 


with    the   maLHiilicent    spi'clacle   which   ope 


to   h 


is   view,     'riiere   is   an   assenili 


la-.! 


ol'  olijeets  which,  added  to  the  solitary  i;randour  ol'  the  scene,  to  th(;  hei'jlit  of  the 
cataract,  and  to  the  eternal  loar  ol'  its  waters,  inspire  the  spectator  with  awe  ami 
admiration. 

'•  In  his  ANi:rrtoTi:s  or  P.xintixc.  it  is  stateil  hy  ll.n-acc  Waljiole.  tliat  -on  tlio  inven- 
tion of  fosses  for  houndaries.  the  common  people  called  tiiem  Ha  ha's !  to  express  tlu'ir 
.surprisi>  on  lindin^'  a  sndileii  and  nnpercei\-ed  check  to  their  walk.'  I  Indieve  the  word 
is  yet  used  in  this  mamiei'  in  J']in;land.  It  is  certainly  not  a  little  remarkalile  that  the 
same  word  should  he  tliiis  applied  liy  diie  of  the  most  ci\iliy,ed.  and  hy  one  of  the  most 
harliarous  people,  to  ohjects  wliicii.  although  not  the  same,  were  yet  caleuhited  to  excite 
the  admii'ation  of  the  ohserver. 

••  Nothini;'  can  show  more  clearly  how  falhicious  are  those  deductions  of  comparati\e 
etymology,  wiiiidi  are  l()uniled  n[)on  a  few  words  carefully  gh'aiieil  iiere  and  tluM'e  I'roiu 


'  .^^cliuuliTift's  Ivviiliiniliiiii  of  tlio  l^mire'L's  of  tlio  .Xlissis>i|ii)i,  in  Isi'i),  j,.  l.M. 


iffii'i^'' 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


|5o  ^^"     mi^M 
Ui  Ui2    12.2 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14SI0 

(716)872-4903 


^ 


RV 


^ 


ri>^ 


o\ 


'^ 


(■II 


.'!02 


EFFECTS  OF  WESFEKN  EMIOUATION,  AND  OF 


liuiLniiiuics  liavinu;  no  coiiiiiioii  ori^^in.  mihI  wliicli  aiv  used  liy  people  who  liiivi'  iieilluT 
eoiiiiection  nor  intercourse.  The  coimnon  ilesi'eiil  of  two  nutionsi  can  never  1)0  traced 
1)\-  tlie  accidental  consonance  of  a  l'"\v  svllaliles.  or  words,  and  th(>  attempt  must  lead 
us  into  the  regions  '.if  fancy. 

"  Tiic  Sioux  lanirnago  is  probably  one  oi'  the  most  barren  whicii  is  spoken  by  any 
of  our  aboriginal  tribes.  Colonel  Leaven  worth,  who  madi'  considerable  (jroiiciency  in 
it,  calculated,  I  believe,  that  the  number  of  wtirds  did  not  exceed  1(M)0.  The}'  u.sc 
more  gestures  in  their  conversation  than  any  Indians  I  have  seen,  and  this  is  a  neces- 
sary result  of  tiie  poverty  of  their  language."  ' 

'  Si'liiiiilcrafl's  Kxjilonitiim  nl'  tlio  .'^nurccs  o(  tlio  Missi.ssippi,  in  ISJO,  p.  A'W. 


I-      '» 


ft  ! 


T  ! I  !•;    C  li  !•:  A  T  i  ()  .N    ( )  L'    N  H  W    S  T  \  T  I-,  S . 


■\'x\ 


ClFAl'TKH   V. 

rilE    CIITPPEWAS,    POTTAWATTAMIES,  AND   OTTAWAS   CEDE   THHiP. 
TEllRITORY    IN    ILLINOIS    AND    SOUTHERN    MICHIGAN. 


1821. 


J.  n 


Rkferkvce  lias  been  |irevionsly  made  to  tlic^  iminif^ration  which  ram- 
moiiccil  af'ti'i'  tliu  clo.sc  of  llio  war  ul'  1814;  wiu'li  a  transfer  of  poim- 
hitiim   liail  never  tlieii  been  known   to  Inive  oi'cuiivd.     In  all  other       .J.  iMonkoi;, 
coinitries.  prior  to  this  era.  civilization   IkuI   proecedeil  with  slow  and        I'i.-ksidixt. 
nieasnr<Ml  steps;  but  here  it  jnoved  liirward  witii  such  rapid  strides  tliat 
the  e\pe(lition  of  the  AriiDnaMts,  the  niareh  of  the  1 1  mis,  or  the  Seythi.nis,  into  Muiniie, 
sink   into  insiirnilieaiice,  when  contrasted  with  it.      Tiilike   tlmse  elliirts.  it  was  not   n, 
liostili'  inroad  backed  by  tin-  spear  and  the  sword,  but  a  jieaeebd  inoveiiieiit  ol'  ajiicnl- 


tnrists,  artisans,  and  arti 
tending   tl 


The  iilow.  the  I 


lamtner 


tir 


lid  tlie  hoe.  were  tin 


means  oi  e.\ 


iiig  tins  vast  (Miipin 


,Iiich 


was  eoiirniere(l  in  a  ver\-  short   period. 


( )hio.  Keiltlick\-,  Teniie; 


am 


I   L 


iiiisi;uia,  were  inatiireil,  and  entered   the  I'liion  at 


ail\-  dav,  thniiiih  not  without 


some 


little  d(day  ;  but  Indiana.  Mississippi.  11 


Alal 


laiiia.  aiK 


I  Mi 


iiiri,  .seeineil   to  spiiii':'   into  (>xisteiiee   as 


ir  1 


y  niaiiic. 


and    well 


diiiitted  into  the  contedenic\'  within  six   \cars  after  the  coiudiision  oC  the  treat \  t  t' 


(Iheiit.     Owinu;  to  tli 


is    (' 


anse  the  deinaiid.- 


luade  on 


the    I 


iidiaiis   lor  new   tenitorv 


were  eontimious;    and    the    circle    ol"  ci\  ili/atioii    was    constantly    expandini:.   wliil 


that  of  the  Imiiter  w 


IS  proportionally  conlractiiii. 


It 


lid 


aii\  thiiiir  but  a  lisilit 


unities,  and  stipiilatioi 


IS  lor 


task  to  trace  the  resulting  se(pieiice  of  treaties,  cessions,  an 
the  payincnt  of  coin,  inercliaudise,  seeds,  implements,  and  cattle,  to  tlie  savage,  in 
return  for  his  land  ;  but.  whih'  an_\' section  of  their  territories  alioiinded  in  game,  the 
Inilians  idectc'd  to  retire  tiiither,  and  bestowed  liiit  little  attention  on  eitiier  gia/.iiig  or 
aiiriculture.    There  was,  therefore,  a  siiejular  concurrence  in  tlie  desir( 


th. 


migrants 


to  buv,  and  in  tiie  will 


niKiic 


^s  of  the  Indians  to  sell,  their  hinds 


Some  of  tlie.se  treaties  merit  notice,  on  account  of  the  wid( 


spn 


am 


I  bi 


intluence  they  exercised.  In  the  month  of  August,  1821,  the  Pottawattaiiiies, 
Chippewas,  and  Ottowas,  of  Illinois  and  western  Michigan,  having  been  summoned  to 
attend  a  council  at  Chicago,  about  3000  persons  as.sembled  at  that  place.  On  the  ITlli 
of  that  montii,  the  public  conferoncos  were  opened  with  tli<'  chiefs,  when  the 
Vol,.  VI._r>0 


5  1 


i  !, 

1     ;■•': 


1   ; 


1 


P'i 


I, 


:v.n 


KKKI'CTS    OF    WKSTEUN    M  M  1  C  I?  A  T  I  u  X.    AND    i)V 


(■ihiililis-iiiiK'I's  hliil  lirliiii'  tliciil  till'  lill^iin'-s.  fur  tlif  tl'illls;iclion  of  wliicli  llic  ciiiiiii'il 
liiiil  hrcii  cdiiNi'iicil.  Iliiviiii;  liclil  till'  iiiipDiiitiiii'Mt  1)1'  Scci'ftiii'y  t(t  till'  IJiimkI  ul" 
('oiiiiiiissioiicrs.  I  liiivc,  ill  iiimtlirr  work.'  related  in  detiiil  tlie  lu'iH'ei'iliiijs  wliicli  took 
place  at  tlie  iieLKitiatiiHi  ol' this  treat  v.  Till'  venerahle  eliiel',  'l"ii[iiiialii'e.  who  had  Iteeii 
]iresi'iit  lit  (Ireein  ille  in  IT'.'"),  wliere  he  signed  tiie  tieatv  tiieii  eoiii  hided,  and  wliohad 
also  ii|i[ii'iided  his  name  to  tliat  liniiied  at  the  liapids  of  the  .Miami  in  1>I7,  was  tin; 
]irineilial  jiersoiia^o  amoinr  tlic  sacliems  and  coiinsi'lloi's.  The  most  eiiii>pii'iious 
speaker  was  .Mi;ti:\.  a  Pottawattamie.  IVoiii  the  Wahash.  whose  tall  ami  slender  person 
was  dislijiiired  hy  a  withered  arm,  and  his  siiileii  diLinity  of  manners  relieved  hy 
i^parklin;^  biiick  eyes,  a  jrood  voice,  and  ready  iitteraiiee.  He  was  tiie  populai'  speaker 
on  this  oeeasion,  and,  as  he  possessed  eonsideralile  lelieetixe  powers,  his  opinions  and 
sentiments  may.  purha[)s.  jnstly  lie  ri-Liarded  as  those  of  the  Aluonipiiii  trilies  ol'  ids 
(lay.  ••  .My  lather."  lie  said,  addressing'  tlio  doiegati'd  iiiithority  of  tlie  (iovernmeiit, 
••yon  know  tiiat  we  first  came  to  liiis  eountry,  a  \ouix  time  ajro,  mikI  wiieii  wo  sat 
ourselves  down  upon  it.  we  met  witii  a  great  many  iiardsiiips  iind  dillii'iilties.  Our 
country  was  tlieii  very  lariie.  hut  now  it  is  dwindled  to  a  small  spot,  imd  \'ii  wish  to 
piirehase  that.  This  has  caused  ns  much  rellection,  and  we  hriiijr  all  our  i  liiel's  and 
warriors,  and  families,  to  hear  you. 

••  Since  you  first  came  aiiioiii:  us.  we  have  listened  with  an  atteiitixe  ear  to  your 
words;  we  have  hearkened  to  \oiir  coimsels.  Whenever  yuii  have  had  a  favor  to  ask 
of  us.  our  answer  lias  heeii.  invariahly.  Yes  ! 

*•  .\.  lomr  time  has  passed  since  we  came  upon  these  lands.  Oiir  old  peoiile  have  all 
Slink  into  their  <:raves ;  they  had  sense.  We  are  all  xouiii;'  and  fooli.-h.  and  would  not 
do  anythin.ir  they  could  not  ajtprove.  if  livinu;.  We  are  Icarful  to  ollend  their  spirits, 
if  we  sell  our  lands.  We  ai''-  fearful  to  ollend  _\ on,  if  we  do  not.  We  do  not  know 
how  wo  can  part  with  the  land. 

•"Our  country  was  jiiven  to  us  hy  the  fJreat  Spirit,  to  hunt  upon,  to  make  corn  lields 
to  live  oil,  and,  when  life  is  over,  tos[)read  down  our  heds  upon,  and  lie  down.  'I'liat  Spirit 
would  never  liirgive  us  if  we  sold  it.  When  yon  lirst  spoke  to  us  at  St.  Mar\"s.-  we 
said  we  had  a  little  land,  and  sold  you  a  [liece.  Hut  we  told  you  we  could  spare  no 
niori';  now,  you  ask  us  ajj;aiii.      You  are  never  satisfied.         * 

"Take  notice,  it  is  a  small  piece  of  land  wiiere  we  now  livi'.  It  has  hecn  wastim^ 
away  t'ver  since  the  white  peoiile  hecaiiie  our  noighhors.  Wo  have  now  hardly  enough 
to  cover  the  hones  of  our  triho."  ' 

Such  figures  of  speech  and  expressions  were  very  popular  amoiij:  the  Indians,  I)ut 
they  were  delusive.   They  were  the  iisiiid  'iriiuments  employed  hy  the  iiiintertojustily  his 


'  .SiiiioukTat't'H  Travi'N  in  liiu  Central   I'ortiiMis  of  tlm  .^li.ssissippi  valley:  .New  Vnrk,  Collins  ami  llaiiiioy, 
1  vol.  8vo.  p.  4;V.t.     Villi'  I'roii  iMliii;:s  nt'  Tnatiis,  Clnip.  Ki,  p  :;,J7. 

■  V.  S.  Triatii's,  p.  ^M.  '  Tnwis,  pp    :!ll,  •'.II'. 


TIIK    CI!  K  AT  ION    (H'    N  K  W    ^^TATi'.S.  [i'X, 

ti'ii'iiiioii  III'  iiiiHiiiMs  III' Mci'i's,  lui'  III)  lii^^iii'i'  iiiir|ii>si'  lliiiii  III  limit  till'  uilil  iiiiiiiiiils 
(■\i-liiiu  tlii'iroii.  A  critiiiil  rxiiiiiiiiiitiiiii  liiis  iiriivdl  tlmt.  nut  ii  .-iiii;lr  lu  it  hI  tlir 
liiml  ri'tlril  ii\   the  linliiilis  (if  tliis  iMtitinU-  was  iiiiiKt  riilti\iit'hili.  inH'  lifu-  iicn^  i<\'  lh:it 


\  II I ;;■    1 11 


Iwc'cii  till-   liiiiiks  ol'  till'  Waliiisii   mill  ('liicMuo;  iiiiil   not  uiu'  sulitiirN'  coniliili 


ciiillil    In-    rmiiiil   (111    till'    triict    explored    lietweell    I'eoiiii   iiml    tlie    i<iiliie    ji 


il 


iliit 


ilionjiiial    |io|Mihitii)n    ()('i'II|ih'u    the    iiaiiK 


I    III 


ik 


'I'll 


it   ()iil\-   of    tlie    Illinois,   hut   iilso  ol'    it^ 


triliiilanes.  w 
till'   >liori 


ith  il  i 


e\v  nieili;ie  villiit;e; 


To  the  iiortliwiini,  their  hinds  stretched 


il'  Lake  MiehiLiaii  to  those  of  the  Meiioiiioiiees  of  Milwaiikie.  and  the 
\ViiineliaL:i)es  of  (i  reel  i  l>ay  ;  and  westward,  their  iiiidiviiled  territories  were  hoiiiiiliil 
])y  those  ol'  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  of  the  Mississijiiii.  It  was  jiertiiieiitl}'  remarkeil  \>\ 
one  of  the  einiiinissioiiers.  after  takiii,;:  an  ehihorate  survey  of  tlic  vast  tracts  which 
(hey  |iossessi'i|.  that  the  |uirtiun  actually  under  cultivation   hore  no  '.'realer  iiro|iiiitioii 


In  the  wll 


lie.  than  two  or  three  Hies  did  to  the   surface   of  the  Ioiil;'  talile  heliil'e  llieiii 


After  exaniiniiiji'  the  arsiiiinents  lulduced  hy  the  chiefs  in  the  course  of  the  conleieiice, 
the  coiiiniissioners  terniinated  their  analysis  of  theiii  hy  alliidiiiir  to  the  ciiiii|ilaiiits 
made  hy  the  Indians  hecaiise  all  iki'soiis  were  (hdiaiicd  I'roiii  sellin:.''  any  li(|nor  iliiiiii;^ 

'  11'  wi'  wi.-iied  to  L'lt  yniir  lands  without  imyiiii;  a  jiist 


tlie  si'Ssloll  ol    the  conterelici 


iferi 


e(|uiviilent  for  them,  wc  have  nothini;  to  do  hut  to  i^it  you  all  intoxicated,  and  we 
could  jmndiase  as  much  land  as  wo  |ileased.  Ymi  |ieil'ei'tly  know,  that  when  in  lii|Uiii' 
you   have    not   your  proper    senses,  and    are  wholly  uiitit    to    transact   any   hiisiness, 


especialU   hiisiue>is  of  so  weii;ht\-  a  nature 


W 


len   intoxicated.  \()U   niiu'  he   induced 


to  sitiii  any  paper,  yon  then   fall  asleep 


and,  when    \(iii  awake,  lind   \ou   lia\e  lost  all 


\oiir  h  ids.  IJiit,  instead  of  piirsiiiiiii'  this  course,  we  keep  the  whiskey  from  you.  that 
you  may  make  the  hest  hai^aiii  for  yourselves,  your  women,  and  children.  I  am 
surprised,  particularly,  that  y>uv  old  men  should  come  I'orward,  coiitimially  I'ryiiii;, 


wliivki'N  I   w  hiski'N'  I   wliiske\ 


'I'he   discus 


■  inns  111   I  n( 


f  th 


Met^ 


d  K 


wa,    ami  l\eewa\ 'joo: 


conlerence  were  jniiicipally  sustained  hy  'ro[iiiialiee.  .Mef(>a, 
shkiiiii.  with  more  spirit,  freedom,  and  justice  of  reasoiiiiiLr, 
than  the  Indians  ui'iierally  I'vince.  Full  two  weeks  were  devoted  to  the  discussion  of 
the  treaty,  which  was  linally  siuiied  on  tlie  'Jdth  of  the  month.  By  it  these  nations 
ceded  •"). (111(1, 0(10  of  acres  lying  within  the  southern  hoimdaries  of  Michiuan  ; '  but  I'rom 
this  tract  1S4  sipiare  miles  wei'L' reserved  for  the  Indians.  A  permimeiil  aiimiily  of  ^^lOOO 
ill  coin  was  firanled.  as  also  a  limited  annuity  of  Si  "iDO  per  annum,  which  was  designed 
to  he  used  for  the  promotion  of  agriculture  and  the  advancement  of  the  useful  arts. 


S; 


'Travels,  [1.  :)ll. 


=  liii,!.,  p.  ;;,-.i 


r,  S.  Ti'oalir.i,  |i.  -J!); 


ii 


If 

^nl 

'  : ;  ■  ■ 

m 

i  Ini 

1 

flJ 

SECTION    SEVENTEENTH 


iUK     POLITICAL     CULMINATION     OF     THE 


INDIAN    HISTORY. 


Cn.M'TKK    I 


tin:    INDIAN.^    KKACIF    TIIKIIl    LOWKST    POINT   OK    DKI'RESSION   AT 
THE    CLOSE    OF    THE    WAR,    IN    181t!. 


'I'm:  Milvmit  nf  Mr.  Monroo's  ailiiiiiiistrjition.  in  1SI7, 


ill  tlic  iliTiicstif  jiolitics  ( 


uiiirki'd  ii  iicriod  of  tniiu(iiillity 
tlic  Union.     Attontion  was  ilcvott-il  to  tlio  internal  rt'sourccs 


of  till'  ri.initry;   lui-incss.  (•(inin.crcial  cntcriirisc.  anil  science  inovc'l   ('or\vai'<l  liand  in 


liainl  ;   new  and  distant   regions  \v( 


Mi'jlit  ont  lor  airicnltiinil  and  coniiiuM'cial 


mv- 


P' 


sciclitMlc  ex 


ilorat 


ions  ol'  new 


territories  were  made;  and  L'eojiitipliical  <lata  were 


rendered  valnaiile  Ky  minute  ohservations  on  tlie  natnral  history,  mineralogy,  •icology, 


l)otan\.  and  I'anna.  ol'  tiie  lu'w  conntrit 


Tl 


le  {rrowtli.  expansion,  and  proirre.s.s  ol  the 


r 


ill  its  elements,  ill  a  lew  years,  were  n>i>aralleled,  and   the  onward   proiiress 

)cl  of  onr  histor\'.    The  Indians 


ol'  civiiiziition  was  never  more  accelerated  durinjr  any  peril 

were  re'jarded  as  a  people  who  coiilil  not  attain  to  a  state  of  prosperity  within  the  area 

of  the  old   States,  snrronnded.  as  they  weiv,  on   all  sides,  hy  temptations  which   they 


had  not   the  strength  ol'  purpose   to   resist,     'I'lity 


were,  col 


seipiently,  directed    to  th 


ri^LMiMis  heyond  the  Mi>^issip|ii.  as  to  a  rel'ii/e  of  safety  and  rest. 


{•.VM]) 


X 


;\^ 


'ir::i> 


••■// 


■'V/:. 


,!    'i   >■ 


\ 


V-., 


•jf,  >■ 


A"^ 


!^'' 


1  *  1  ' 


.\  \' 


!iv^^ 


y  II 


V    -yl 


\^ 


.^. 


A^ 


irri^rffr-^ 


-^^ 


X  i-^,  I  i 


OlC 


^ 


',7 


^•^* 


AV     ,/. 


X 


't^<A'^\-^V. 


^: 


i^av 


'ITT 


=  :!a 


f 


!^^i/ 


^- 


^Z 


Vi' 


/'/'' 


///"i-nf--". 


v?i 


/^;: 


■.'--\\ 


■'\^> 


,;^-> 


\r 


-/  J;^ 


A:?,' 


'V 


Kl 


\ 


\ 


i 


}[ 


3  P 


!>.( 


"1 

ilij 

PI  1 

l-Tff! 

'f 

■■i'i 

n. 

I .; 

'■!■. 

(1 

,   !■ 

' 

K  i 

,. 

11 

1 

\     ■    ■ 

l'nl,|  Tl  CA  1,    ("I   I,M1N  ATIUN    o  l-     IMHAN     lll>T(>UV. 


;!<.7 


CIlAl'TKH    11. 


OFFlCFATi  INTKRCOT'RSK  IS  EXTKNOKD,  T.Y  flSTAULISII  IN(;  AN 
AdKNCY  AMONd  THE  CHII'l'KWAS,  IN  TIIK  I'.ASIN  OF  J,AKK 
SUrKIlIOK. 


Til?;  c.\|il()i';itory  ex|)o<Iili()n  tliroiii,fIi  tlie  Great  fiaUcs,  to  the  sdui'wh 
of  tlio  Mississiinii,  in  a  Ccw  years  k-d  to  the  introiliiclioii  of  an   air*'Mcy  IS"J:2. 

jinioni;  the  widclN-dispcrsi'd  Cliippcwa  nation,  on  (iiat  I'ronticr.  OwinLi'  J.  Moni;oi:, 
to  tli(>  rajiiil  fstahlisiniuMit  ctf  M'tticinciit.s  in  (lit'  valloy  of  tlio  Wahasii,  Puksidknt. 
llii-  Indian  tiilics  inliaititiiiLr  it  I'onnd  tlic  iniddii!  and  lower  parts  of  it, 
wiiicli  thi'v  Iia<l  reserved  Cor  Imntinir-gronntls,  of  hut  little-  or  no  value.  As  early  as 
the  year  18-(l,  the  Kieivapoo  and  \Veii  tril)es  entered  into  treaty  stipulations  with  the 
audit  at  Vincennes.  l>y  which  tlnn'  ceded  tlieir  reservations  and  transferred  tlieir  inte- 
rests, in  consideration  of  annuities  to  he  paid  to  them  at  locations  I'irther  soutii  and 
west.  The  .Miainies  residing  on  the  head-waters  of  the  Wahash  had  for  many  yi'ai>4 
reported  tiieinselves  to,  and  reci'ived  tlu'ir  annuities  from,  the  superinlt'ndt  nt  of  thi; 
agency  at  Fort  Wayne.  Tiie  old  Vincennes  agen(  y  lieiiiir  no  longei'  iiece-^saiy,  tlie 
rresident,  hy  virtue  of  tiio  ])ower  vested  in  him  ,■  ;einove  such  agencies  to  new  lieids 
of  duty,  in  the  spring  of  lSl22  transfi'rred  it  to  the  ■Janlt  St"  Marie,  at  the  outlet  of 
Lake  Superior,  and  a])pointed  Mr.  Schoolcraft  as  agent,  with  directions  to  estalilish  an 
intercourse  with  the  Ciiippewa  nation.  This  oflicer  accompanied  a  detachment,  com- 
prising a  full  battalion  of  tiie  second  regiment  of  infantry,  to  that  remote  iiosition, 
arriving  there  on  tiie  (ith  of  July.  Fort  IJrady  was  erected  at  this  point.  Sault  St" 
^larie,  the  ancient  seat  of  tlie  ("hippewas,  had  been  occupied  hy  the  French  as  early  as 
K'lll.  and  liecame  the  site  of  one  of  the  earliest  Jesuit  missions.  It  was  from  this  point 
that  D'Ahlon  and  Mar{piette  had,  at  successive  periods,  explored  the  country  arouml 
Lake  Superior;  and  the  latter  n'turned  from  the  shores  of  tliedreat  Lake  to  tliis  j)iace. 
prior  to  the  establi>iiinent  of  the  mission  at  Point  St.  Igiiace  and  Michilimackinac. 
At  tiie  period  of  the  capture  of  (Jnehec.  and  of  the  occniiation  of  Canada  hy  tlie  iJritisli, 
in    17t)<l.  the  missionary  operations  had  heeii    transferred  to  aiiotiier  locality;    hiit, 


I 

i"' 

Hi 


!  ! 


ill  i! 
1 


I'.tS 


Til  i;    l'(»|,|'IIC.\  I.    <'l   l,.M  IN  A'l'loN 


I'luin  till'  imrrntivr  of  Ali-Muulfr  lli'iiry'.s  visit  tiiillirr  in  ITiHt.'  we  Ifjini  lli.it  .1  iiiili- 
tiir\  ]iii«t  Wiis  .".till  iiiiiiiit;iiiiiil  tliiTi'.  In  prntrct  the  n|ic  r,ili.iiis  of  tlic  Iniliun  (imiIith, 
itiiil  |(i  in'i'si'i'Vi'  L't'iicnil  liiriiiliy  rciiiliuns  witli  this  Id-Miicli  ul'  ilic  .\liiciin|uiii  I'Minily  of 
triliis.  'riit'iicii'.sMioii  1)1'  till'  I'liilcil  StMlcs  t(i  llii'MiM'ii  ii:ii  pDWci'  ill  tliis  [iiirt  tirtlic  rriioii 
\vu>  i;ri':ill\  ictai'ili'il.  Wlifii  llic  Inkc  |iii~t-'  wimc  Mini'iidrivii  in  IT'.Mi.  iil'irr  \V',i_\  iif's 
WAV,  till'  Amt'i'ii'iiii  tla^  rt'|)iaft(l  iliat  nl'  St.  (iccniif  at  .Micliiliniackinac ;  luit  tlic 
aiitiuivily  nl' llic  Iir|inlilic  was  nut  aci\nii\vli'(l'.;('(l  at  Saiilt  St  Marii-.  aini.  in  iMM'i,  I'lkc 
l<iini<l  llif  I'ntirr  Imliaii  trade  in  tlu'  lianil>  ol'  l!iili>li  I'actnrs.  'I'iic  St.  Maiv's  ii\i  r 
ainl  Laki'  Supfrior.  iiiilccd.  rciriiirij  llic  linr  nl' dcinari'aliun  in'twiTn  the  |{iiti>li  rdlnnii.s 
an<l  llic  rniti'd  States,  a-iccalily  In  tlic  nri^jinal  trcatv  nl'  I7S:>,  wliicii  was  rc-Mllinnrd 
li\  lliat  nl  (iiii'iii.  in  l^ll:  lint  llir  liin'  ifiinini'il  nn-nrvi'\  nl.  and.  i'nnsi'(|iic'nll\,  many 
pnitiniis  WIT.'  di<|iiitiMi.  Majiij-  ilnlnns,  wlm  \i-ilrd  tlir  plai  e  in  .\ii-iis|,  |s!  I.  rmdiiii: 
tliat  ill''  Nnrili-\\'c«|  ('niiipan\.  wlmx'  liuli  r\  was  >itnal<'d  at  tin'  I'nnl  nl'  llic  Tails,  mi 
till'  linl'lll   >linl'C.  wa*  cNcltin;:  all   inlillcncc  ad\c|'-c  in  the  I'nilcil  Stales,   plniideied  and 

liiinii  ihc  c^ialiliriiiiiciii.  'I'jie  lar;:c  pri\alc  tradiii'.'^  i'>lalili>linieiit  nl'  .lolni  Jnlinstnn, 
l']-<|..  a  i^ciiiicinan  trmii  the  nnrlh  nl' Ireland,  Ineated  nil  tlic  nppnviie,  nr  American  slinre 
(iT  tiie   lalN.  sntlcrc(l  severely  at  ihc  same   time;  an  impi'e»inn  prmailiiii:  thai  it  was 


ilhcr  cniiiicclcd  with  the  Nnllll-^Ve^t   Kiii'li  ii  \ .  i>i'  thai  all  iinri'iciidh   ll'clin 


was  '.^ellc- 


I'alcd    a'.;aiii*t    ihe  rninii    aiiiniii:    the  Ciiippcw  as.  umt  w  Ikiih    Mr.  .Inliii-lnii    had    iinieli 


llllllleliee 


It  was  lint  until  \^\t'<.  that  Cnie. 


ress  iieleeiNed  that  it  was  iiei'es>ai\    In  the 


pl'iser\  at'nll  nl'  peace  nil   the  Irnlll  iel's.  tn  pas.M  all  act  plaeill'i  this  Iraile  e\clnsi\<'l\   iilidi 


the    ciiiilrnl    nl'  Aliieric:!]!.-.  and    I'ui  liiddili'j    it^  liciie.^    ear 


ricii  nil  l(\' 


iil'itisli 


■<illi  ('('Is,  nr 


lie    e|ilpln\  iiidit   nl'    liiili>ll    capital    iheii'in.       'i'lie  plirpn>e    cniilelii plat'  (I   1 1 \    this    liiea- 


Mire  wa-i  nlie  which   l('i|llll'''d    llllle  In  acen 


nil;  li-li.      The  I 


mil. Ill-,  iici 


1;.:   attai'hcd  tn  th 


]!ril 


l-ll   rule,  were 


slnw   In  \iwv  iheir  cnlllidellcc   tn  .\  lliericaiis 


'I'he  lir>l  inipnrtant  enterprise,  in  ('niiiieclinii  \\itli  lhi<  tra  Ic.  was  that  nl'-Inhn  .lacnh 

Astnr.  nf   New    Ynlk.  W  lin  \  i>ited    .Mnlltl'cal    ill    I  S  |  (i.  ;i  m  1    plll'cha-cd    all    the    prnpert\, 


i|l>i>lillL:    nl'   tl'adill'_'-linll,-;cs.   hnat.-.  \c  .    iS:c..    liilnii 


^ill'J     tn    lie     .\Mi-tli-\Vi'>t     ( 


niiinaiiN , 


Incat'd    lictwerii    St.  .Tnscpli's    l-hiiid.   aiid    the    p.ir.iilcl    III'    r.i      iiniih    hiiiiiidc      ||i 


nr:aiii/.ci 


ihe  American  Fnr  ('mnpanx .  which  oiahli^hed  ii<  central   deiint    an 


it   iiliice 


<^r  niitlll.  at  .Michilimackinac.  An  impnrlanl  reatiiie  in  the  inanLMiralinn  nf  thi^  new 
(•ciiiincriial  enterprise,  wa-.  th  il  the  ('aiKclian  hniliiien.  iiilerpi'i'ler.-.  clerks,  and  miIi- 
1  li\  the  cniiipaiiy.  were  preci-el\  the  •-.■mic  persniis  wlm  had  pre\iniisl\- 


nlclinaleS  elllpinx  ei 


■I'veil  lie 


Nnllh-Wcsl  Cninii.inv.      'I'he  I'eelili'js  nl'  the    | 


ndiaiis  W(  le  imi  ca-ilv  ehaiiLied, 


and  they  weie  deejily  prejudiced  a'.:aiiisl   the  American   character.      As  an   illiistratinii 
nl'  this  rceliii.:.  we  iiia\   ineiitinii  that,  when  (icncr.ih   Ihnwii  and  M; iiih  ciiiiie  to  this 


place  tn  recniiiinitre  it.  ill  I  .'s  I  >.  and  were  ijratilyin'j  their  last 


e  li\-  a  slinl 


Ij.'il\e  Snpcrinr.  their  hnat  was  lired  mi  li\   Indians,  atinvc  ihe  falls,    i)\ 


t  e\pl()iatn|'y  trip 


1  a  previous  pa;_'e. 


Tnu.K  .■mil  .\ilvi'iiiiii'i- 111' .Mi'VMii.l.T  jji'iii'v  :   .Mlmiiv,  l>i»!». 


OK    Til  !,     I  N  It  !  A  N     II  I  S'l'nll  Y 


•.\w 


we  lime  r\  iijciicc  ilial,  >'i  l;iic  a,>  lli.'  y.w  I'^'^n.  ilic  ( 'lii|i|i(\vii-'.  iViiiii  tlii'ir  imrinit 
ciim|iiii'j-;;rniniil.  mi  lln>  AiiH'iiraii  Mr  of  llir  riviT,  iitti'iii|itcil  lu  rL'>ift  llu'  |)ii?<mii;:l'  iit" 
tlic  f\|il(iriii'j:  fNiMMlilioii  into  tln-ir  ciHiiitrv. 

Il  was  iiiil.  ilimluic.  iiii  iii'iliiimy  lll^k.  \i<  iinlini'  tlii-i  iiii|icii'liiiit  tril"'  to  in-Uiiow. 
li'il'.'i'  li'iiltv  to  ilii'  Aiiii'riciin  jruMTiiiiit'iit.  KiiiiiiicKs  ol'  |iin|(Of'f.  ciiiiiImiu'iI  with  iiiild- 
iu'>x  til'  iiiiiiiiiif.  \\t  Ti'  ciiiiiu'iilly  iH'iTs«niy.     'I'lic  cstaliliMlimciit  nl'  mi  ULii'iicy.  n  Miiilliy, 

Mllil  illl  aiMinl'i'l's  .-lic)|(.  tilt'  ^^M|i|ii\   111   liiiMJ  to  lili'lll   ill  llirir  ||cCc'S?<il  \  .  ai|i|  till-  lH'>to\\al  of 

jiri'-ciits,  wi'ii'  iiii|iciilaiil  iiii'aiis,  'I'lic  ili-|iiay  ul'  m)  consiilci  able  a  liiici'  nn  ilir  IVnuiiiT, 
as  llic  ■jarii>oii  ol' lA.rl  l>iail\ .  ciiiililrij  llic  auciil  to  ait  tHiiirMll\ .  Its  actiiu  in  loii- 
(■iiiiviHT  willi  till'  iiiililaiy.  nil  cllirlivc  coiitiolliii^'  jiowi'i'  waH  i'stalili>ii((l.  .Mmih  p  is 
nl'wliiti'  iiii'ii  \\i  iv  ili'iiianili'ij  iVoiii  tin'  linliaiis;  tin' fomitry  w  as  clraiiil  ol'  Wn-A  nn  n. 
or  iliM'liai':;rii  iMialiin  ii.  who  liiiil  laUt'ii  uji  a  iii'niiaiiciit  roiili'iui'  aiimirj  iIh'  linliaiis; 
I  linii^ril  liaiirl>.  Willi  llli'ir  lioatlllfll.  well'  |iiTlli:l  I'  i|  to  |ia--  into  llii> 
•Srlllilril.     Tllf  rclliotc  i'l|ifr>  sniiii  liiLiail  to  \  i>|||||r  a;^rlli'V. 


anil  iioiii'   III! 

(loiiiilry.    Anliiit  >|iiril>  win 

'I'lic  linliaii^  ail'  \i\\    loin  I  of  niaivin.^  visits   to  ilistaiil    jiaits  of  tin'   loimli'v .  iiinl   ad- 

at\va\s 'jrniiHi'il  wiili  tin'  coiiiilv  ami  cri'ciiiony  ol  ili|iloiiiiiti('  attention.     Tliu  pa^'ilii' 

Irsillls  III'   lliis   illli'li'iiiil-r  ■^(i.pli    lir'jail   to  a|i|irar. 

'i'lii'  a'^i'iil  ii'iiiliivil  liiiiiM  ir  ai'iTjitalil''  to  ilir  linliaiis  |,y  nilur  iin  aiis.  wliiili  wru' 
iiKTrh  iiiciiliutal.  ill'  caiiii'  lo  tin'  roiiiiliy  with  a  strong  |ii'rilili'rtioM  tor  lln'  stinlii'? 
ol'  a  iiatnr.ili'l  ;  ami.  as  ihi'  iialixr-  aro  rlo^r  olisi'rviT.s  ol' the  .-prriis  i.|  aniinaU.  liiiil-, 
ami  oriiaiiir  I'orins.  rsi.-liiiL;  ill  llirir  ronntry.  I>y  ri-iiiii'slin;.'  tlirm  to  hrin;^  liiin  aii\  »|i.ri- 


1111 
all; 


ns  111'  llii-  kiinl  wliirh    iiii|iri--i'(|  llniii  a-  ln'i 


iii'j  //'(('.  hi'  ;iioii«i'il    llli'ir   iiili'ii-l.  ami 


iiliil  thrni  a  jili  aMiialilf.  am 


I  mitwlioM_\    iin|irolital>|r.  iiii'liniil  ol' iiial'.iii.:  ihi'ir  \  i-.il'- 


uji'i'calili'.     .\iiollirr  lausr  111' syniiiatiiy  ('.sisli'il.     Coniiinin'iii'^.  iinniriliairly,  an  aninit 
.-Imh  ol' till'  laiiiiua'^r.  it  I'lnni^hril  a  tln'ini'  llir  im|nii'\    in  intcivals  wlnii  tlir  ijitails  ol' 


oiiicial  iHisini'ss 


hail  irasiil  to  inti'iist  ;  ami   irsiaichcs   into   their  eu>toins.  tiailii 


ions 


iml  aiitii|nilii'~.  weie  inail< 


TI. 


II'  iiiiiiriiial  I'lin 


|>lliiri| 


r  at  ."^anlt  St'    Maiie.  was  a  tall  and  (lij.'iiilieil  man.  callril   Shiiiiia- 


liawas>iii.  a  leiin  (\iile  IMati'  heieuitlij  iisi'd  to  (le.-ij;iiati' a  s|iei'ies  of  aluadrd  ■-lom'S 
roiiiid  on  the  laUe  slions.  whiili  as-nine  various  iinilati\i'  forins,  and  are  loniieeiid.  in 
llnir  iniiiiN.  with  >ii|ii'i>tilioiis  or  ni\  tholiiiiiial  inlliienees.  His  armorial  liad-e  was  tin' 
Cram'  toimi.  the  ili-tiiiLinisliin'i'  mark  ol'  the  ivi-niiii:'  clan.  Shiiiiiahawassin  had.  in 
his  \iiiitli.  heeii  on  the  wai-patli;  lint  he  was  at  this  period  priiieipally  respeeted  lor  his 
[iriidenee  and  w  iMloiii  in  coimeil.  He  was  ahont  six  leet  three  iiiehes  in  height.  strai;:ht 
in   lorm.   ha\iii'..r  a   Koniaii   east   ol'  coiintenanec,  and    mild  manners;   he  was  a    -nud 


iker.  hut  prone  to  repetition.      lie    had    three    hrotheis,  likewi.se  ehiers.  and  a  I 


Ul;!; 


retinue  of  eoii>ins-t;erman.   and    other    ri'lati\es,   who    jjenerally   lidlowid   him.      'I'he 
attainment  of  his  goodwill   ensured   the   l'riemNhi|)   ol'  the   tiihe,   thromdi   whom   an 


e\teiisi\i'  in 


lliieiiee  was  estaMisInd  with  the  interior  ham 


One  mea.siiro  wa.s  found  to  he  ellicaeioiis  in  cstiihlishin;;'  a  svstematie  mode  of  doin 


'  l\  V 


Hiitl'l 


^IM) 


Til  !•:     rnl.lTlC  A  I,    <|    I,M  IN  \  Tl(.\ 


I 


lMixiiii'!<^ ,  this  wiiH  III  t'M  |iii|i>  Irmi)  uii  iiitrrv  ii-w,  iiiul  U>  u'1\\m'  to  ti'ai).<*ii(*t  iiiij^'  liiiHiiicHW  nt 
all  witli  i|i'iiiil<iMi  linliaiis,  ami  imt  to  allow  any  mif  in  ii  ."tato  of  intoxication  to  rnlcr  tlit^ 
olliir,  nr  ihi'  (Iwtllin.:  of  tin'  a'-'i'nt.  Ah  wliixkcy  wa?*  I'wvly  hoIiI  in  llic  \  illiip'.  intoxicii- 
lion  was  II  very  |>ri'valrnt  \iri-;  ami,  wlu'ii  rxcitt'd,  the  Imlian  is  noisy,  and  will 
i>iiiK>iivoi'  to  liii'ci'  liis  way  into  !in\  part  ol'  tlio  private  ilwcllin;;  in  wliicli  lie  may  cliaiifo 
to  lie.  Till'  iiL'cnt  tolii  till'  Inilians  in  a  ipiict  way,  tliat  tlii'  I'rcsiilcnt  Inul  not  ^'l'nt  liim  tu 
transact  laisincss  with  ilninUiii  Imlians,  ami  that  such  persons  must  never  entei'  his 
olVice  111'  house,  lie  enforceil  this  precept,  soon  iifter.  by  takini;  Shin^'ahawassin  li\  thi' 
.-lioiililiTs.  whi'ii  III'  was  ill  iii|iiiir,  as  well  as  \eiy  noisy,  leailinvr  him  to  the  (lour,  ami 
pivinu'  him  a  siiiiilen  push  lia'waiil.  wliicli  prostrateil  him  on  the  'jioiiini  at  a  lillle 
distance,      ll   tin'  i^iip.; of  the  Cliippewas  could  lie  so  treated,  it  was  iialurall\   iiilirred 


that  the  snhiecl   mi'Jit 


't  Willi   harsher  usai 


Tl 


10   ri'suilni 


Iti 


ellcct  was   that 


no 


liulher  IroiiMe  i'\er  arose  I'roin  this  causo. 


oh    TIIK    IM»IAN    IIKSTOIIV. 


I'M 


('II  A  ni-:i{  III. 

I'Ol.rni'AI.    ANh    SOCIAL    MOVKMIINTS    AMoN<;    TIIK    I'll  KUoK  K  KS. 
AND    OTIIKR    SOITIIKIIN    THIIIKS. 


AcKNKli.M.  |M'ii<-c  \v:is  roiicliulol  witli  tlio  ('lionikrc  iiiitioii  on  tlic  I  Itli 

of    Sc|»tcllllMT.     I  Shi.'  IS'J.".. 

\>i  I'lirly  MS  tlic  _\t'!ir  iSd^,  the  |iroji>cl  of  driiwliiir  ii  iliviiliivj  liiii-  !"•-  .1.  McsiinF, 
twci'ii  tilt'  ii|i|M'r  1111(1  luwiT  liiiiiils  III' till-  ('iifriiki'c^i  WHS  ln'oiiclicil  in  lliix  l'i;i:>iiiKvi'. 
iiiitioii.  TIic  iilcii  proiimljrcd  wns.  to  cicit  liiir><  (irdctnai'i'iilioii  lichvccii 
\\w  liuntcr  IiiiikIs  ami  tiidsi'  wlio  wi.-iln'ij  to  [lursuc  ii'jrii'iiitiirc.  mid  jidupt  a  iimn'  ir^iiilar 
form  of  novi'i'iiiiH'iit.  A  ilc|iiitiilicin  of  Imtli  iiartios  was  nciit  to  Wii.xliiiitrtoii.  to  ulitain 
an  iiilrrvit'w  witli  tlic  I'nsidcnt.  ami.  :is  tlicv  idcarly  fort'saw  tin'  iiniiracticaiiility  of 
cllrctiii,^   tiicii'  nlijict  wliilc   tiiry  I'cniainrd   ill   tiicir  i'\i.-tiii'.'  location,  to  iiidfiiit'  Ids 


Hanetioii  to  a  propo 


)siil  oil  tlic  part  of  tile  liiiiitcr  portiiHi  to  ciui'_'iatc  I 


o  sonic  part  ol'  the 


territory  of  tlio  I'liited  States  west  of  the  Mississippi,  wlicrc  tlicy  would  lie  aide  to  iiiul 


.iranif  in  ;rrcaler  aliiindaiiei'. 

On  tlic  '.Mil  of  .lainiary.  iSd'.i.  IMr.  .Icd'crson.  wlio  was  tln'ii  in  tli(<  presidential  (diair, 
returned  the  clepnialion  an  answer,  and  ;:avc  his  sanction  to  this  plan,  in  these  words: 

'•The  rnilcd  States,  my  children,  arc  the  jriends  of  iicitli  jiarlies.  and.  as  far  as  can 
bo  rcasonalily  asUed.  they  are  williicj  to  satisly  ihe  •  i-ihes  of  liotii.  'I'hosc  who  remain. 
may  he  assmrd  of  oiir  patroiiap',  oiir  aid.  and  trood  iieiLdihorhood  ;  those  who  wish  to 
remove,  an;  [lormittoil  to  soiid  an  cxploriiii:'  i>arty  to  rccoiuidilre  the  country  on  the 
waters  of  tlio  Arkansas  and  White  rivers;  ami  the  Iiii;lier  up  the  better,  as  they  will 
Ijo  the  lonj^erniiapproached  hy  our  scttleincnts.  whitdi  will  he-in  at  the  months  of  those- 
rivers.  The  regular  districts  of  the  uovernnient  of  St.  rjoiiis  are  already  laid  oil'  to 
the  St.  Francis. 

••  Wiieii  this  i)arty  shall  have  liumd  a  tract  of  country  suit in.u'  the  eiiULirants.  ami 
not  (dainied  hy  other  Indians,  we  will  arrain^e  with  them  and  you  for  an  c\(diniii;i'  of 
that  for  a  Just  portion  of  the  country  they  leave,  and  to  a  part  of  whiidi.  pro[)nifioiied 
to  tln'ir  iiiimlier.s,  they  have  a  rijiht.      K\cry  aid  towards  their  removal,  and  what  will 


I  <! 


\'   . 


l>!'il 


;  1 


M 


r.  s.  TiiMiii 


I'.i'.i. 


Vol..  VI.  — :.l 


THE    POLITirAL    CULMINATION 

ho  lu'ccssarj  for  tlicin  tlierc.  will  tlicii  he  fivcly  iulm'mi.stoivd  to  tlieiu ;  ami.  wIumi  csta- 
lilisliod  in  tlu'ir  new  scttioiiu'iits,  wo  shall  still  consiilor  thom  ii.s  our  ehildroii.  irivo  thom 
till'  honcdt  of  oxchaniiinjr  thoir  poltrios  lor  what  they  will  want  at  our  factories,'  and 
always  hold  thoni  lirndy  l)y  tlio  liand."^ 

This  sanction  to  tho  oiniuration  of  a  part  of  tho  Chorokoos,  may  ho  considered  as 
the  initiatory  step  in  tho  plan  of  a  general  removal  of  tlie  trihi's  from  tho  old  States 
to  the  westward  of  tho  Mississii)i)i ;  one.  iiowever.  which  rocjuired  tho  national  expe- 
rient'o  of  sixti'cn  years  to  guarantee,'  and  fully  adopt. 

At  tho  (Jherokeo  agx'ncy.  on  tho  Sth  of  July.  ISl",  this  nieastu'e  received  tho  sanc- 
tion of  tho  commissioners'  appointed  to  treat  with  the  nation/  This  treaty  made  pro- 
vision l!)r  tho  i)ropor  distriliution  of  the  annuities  of  the  trihes  hetween  the  East  and 
West  Cherokees.  and  also  for  taki.ig  a  full  anil  perfect  census  of  tho  whole  nation, 
durinu  the  Ibllowing  \ear.  Other  stipulations  and  agreements  wre  entered  into,  discor  Is 
of  opinion  respecting  the  faithful  and  ])rompt  execution  ol'  whi(di,  have  heon  the  occa- 
sion of  the  internal  dissensions  which  have  distrai'ted  tliat  nation.  From  the  treaty 
concluded  by  .Mr.  Calhoun  with  the  nation,  at  Washington,  on  tho  'J7th  of  Fehrnary, 
LSI!*.'  we  learn  tluit  the  census  piv.xcrihed  for  the  year  ISIS  was  not  taken.  New 
boundary-lines  were  designated  lor  tho  Cherokee  territories  lying  east  of  tho  Mississippi ; 
a  fund  was  set  apart  for  the  use  of  schools;  and  a  division  ol'  the  national  annuities 
made;  it  being  agreed  that  one-third  of  tho  amount  .should  ho  paid  to  the  Cherokees 
west  of  tho  Mississippi,  and  tho  other  two-thirds  to  tho.so  residing  east  of  that  river. 
The  stipulation  that  white  emigrants  should  be  prevented  from  .><ettling  on  the  lands 
situate  along  thi'  Arkansas  and  White  rivers,  was  renewed.'* 

Tho  Creeks  had  been,  after  a  hard  struggle,  subdued,  rather  than  coiu[uerod  in  the 
■war  of  1814  ;  but  their  disastrous  defeat  on  liu'  Tallapoosa,  at  tho  battle  of  the  Ilorse- 
Shoe.  March  '27.  was  so  di.scouraging.  that  they  did  not  again  venture  to  assume  a  warlike 
attitude.  On  the  Uth  of  August.  1814."  they  signed  a  treaty  of  peace,  with  a  it'oling 
of  humiliation  and  disapi)ointuiont.  This  ti'cnty  was,  in  the  first  instance,  sub.scribod 
by  Tustaunnggee  Thlueco,  autl  thirty-six  of  tho  leading  miccos  and  chiefs  of  both  tho 
upper  and  lower  division  of  the  nation.  During  the  entire  continuance  of  tho  war, 
considerable  feeling  had  existed  among  the  .\mericans  against  the  iS|)anisli  and  British 
authorities  in  Florida,  and  particularly  against  tho  traders  who  had  furnished  tho 
Creeks  with  supplies  of  ixrms  and  ammunition.  Those  individuals  t)f  tho  nation  who 
fled  to  Ponsacola,  after  their  final  defeat  on  the  Tallapoosa,  did  not  present  themselves 
in   tho  council  which  formed    this  treaty,  nor  signify  thoir   submission    by  sending 


'  Tlie  factiirv  ,«\stutii  was  not  abolLslicd  by  Conirrcss  till  lS2lJ.  '  U.  S.  (Ifficial  Tivatics,  p.  210. 

'  .\riilivw  .laik^aii,  .Tosepli  M'.Mimi,  ami  I).  .^Icriwotlier.  '  U.  S.  Troatiis,  p.  20!1.  *  Ibid.,  p.  2(i5. 

°  Tbn  writiT  pa^i^cil   tlinm^h   that   tract  in  ISIH,  and   loinid   tlic  country  wcupiid  tiy  white   hunters  and 
triipper".  wliii  wert^  bitterly  iippused  to  the  euiuing  of  the  Cherokee.'*. 
■  I  .  S.  Treatie;.,  p    I.V.). 


OF    THE    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


400 


ilclogiitos  to  it.  On  tlic  (')tli  oftlic  loUnwiiii;  N'iivcinl)tT.  tlio  HoutluTii  coasts  \mn<i  tlicn 
strictly  blockiuk'il  l)y  tlu'  fiiciiiy,  tiic  Anu'ricim  iiniiy.  as  pit'vinusly  .stated,  a[)|u'iiri'd 
))L'lore  tlie  gates  oi'  IVnsiicolii,  aiui  .succeeded  in  stonnin};  tiiat  Hirtre.ss.  No  i'urther 
aid  lieiiig  Inrnisiied  to  tlie  tiihi's  from  Ibreign  .sources,  a  general  j)eace  resulted.  The 
stipulations  of  this  treaty  went  suljsequently  carried  out,  and  extended  by  anotiier, 
lonned  March  liSth,  1818,'  and  hy  that  concluded  January  8tli,  18'J1.- 

Tho  Chickasans  and  (Jhoctaws  had  maintained  a  position  of  neutrality  during  the 
war,  hut  a  few  individuals  ol'  each  trilje  were  present  in  the?  American  camp  during 
the  Creek  war;  which  circumstance  furnishes  a  reason  for  the  recital  of  the  names  of 
these  two  tribes,  in  the  treaty  of  pacification  with  the  Creek  nation,  signed  August  8tli, 
1814.  These  tribes,  .as  mentioned  in  preceding  pages,  lay  claim  to  antiijiiity  in  tiie 
country;  to  which  they  migrated  from  the  West  at  an  early  period,  .symlioli/.ing  tiic 
principal  events  of  their  hisloi-y  under  the  figures  of  a  dog  and  a.  pole,  or  a  proi)het"s 
rod.'  The  Chicliasaw  nation  possess  a  tradition,  which  evidently  refers  to  the  hmding 
of  De  Soto  on  the  Chickasaw  blulls.^ 

The  treaty  entered  into  October  lOth,  1821,  with  the  Choctaws,  may  be  said  to  have 
inaugurated  a  new  and  important  ieature  in  the  policy  of  tlu;  Indian  removals. 
Jieretofore,  treaties  had  been  made  lor  temporary  purposes  only ;  the  Indians  consuming 
the  principal  of  their  annuities,  and  establishing  no  fund,  which  would  be  beyond  the 
reach  of  agrarian  distribution  ;  paying  also  but  little  regard  to  their  permanent  welliire,  or 
their  intellectual  advancement.  This  treaty  would  seem  to  indicate  their  apprehension 
that  the  pressure  of  the  surrounding  white  population  would  render  it  impossible  for  them 
to  reside  permanently  east  of  the  Mississippi  river.  They  stipulated  that  the  same 
quantity  of  laud  which  they  held  east  of  that  river,  .should  be  given  to  them  west  of 
it,  and  its  possession  guarantied.  This  was  exclusive  of  a  tract  in  the  east,  to  l)e 
temporarily  retained  by  them,  and  divided  into  farms,  on  which  they  were  to  remain 
until  they  had  attained  a  state  of  civilization  and  advancement  in  industrial  arts,  which 
would  (pialily  them  for  beginning  their  western  emigration.  They  were  also  to  receive 
temporary  aid  while  in  their  present  location,  and  after  removing  to  the  West.  The 
most  striking  feature  in  this  treaty  was  the  appropriation  of  the  proceeds  of  fifty-four 
sections,  each  one  mile  square,  of  the  ceded  lands,  to  constitute  a  school  fund.  In  the 
same  treaty,  provision  was  made  for  the  support  of  the  deaf,  dumb,  blind,  and  distressed 
of  the  tribe,  and  for  the  payment  of  an  annuity  to  a  superannuated  chief  of  their 
mition,  called  Mushulatubbee.  Power  was  granted  to  the  United  States  agents,  to 
seize  and  destroy  all  ardent  spirits  introduced  into  their  country ;  and  a  police  I'owv. 
under  the  name  of  light-horse,  was  authorized  to  act  as  a  posse  comitatus  in  maintaining 
order,  and  enforcing  obedience  to  the  laws. 


itir 


I     !| 


■S'HI 


'  v.  a.  Troiitics,  p.  23L'. 
■>  Vol.  I  ,  ]>.  :iii!i. 


'  It.id.,  p.  2!in. 

*  Vol.  I.,  Tiibiil  Orgiiiiization,  p.  .'ill. 


'!» 


1(14 


mi':    I'OLITICAL    CriiMlNATlON 


CHAPTKH    TV. 


onr.ANizATioN  or  an  Indian  ijureau. 


i 


Tin:  ineroaso  in  tlio  mimln'r  of  tiviities,  ami  of  the  IikH.iii  btisinoss 
182-1.  gononilly,  began  to  press  so  heavily  on  tlio  8eerotary  of  AVar,  tiiat  lio 

J.  MoxROE,  resolved  to  place  this  department  nnder  the  charge  of  a  person  competent 
Presidext.  to  manage  its  details,  referring  to  him  such  topics  as  rerpiired  his  decision. 
Mr.  Calhoun  conferred  this  appointment  on  Tliomas  L.  M'Kenney,  Es(j., 
as  chief  of  tlie  clerical  staff,  an  office  for  the  establishment  of  which  Congress  siibse- 
fpiently  passed  an  act.  Mr.  M'Kenney  was  characterized  by  great  amenity  of  manners, 
as  well  as  ready  business  tact,  and  was  inlluenced  by  a  benevolent  I'eeling  for  the 
Indians,  whose  advancement  in  the  scale  of  civilization  ho  sought  to  promote!  'ly  every 
means  at  his  command.  A  regular  system  of  accountal)ilit\-  was  established  in  all 
dejiartments  of  the  Bureau,  from  the  lowest  to  the  highest  ollicer. 

From  early  times,  a  close  connection  had  existed  between  the  civil  and  military 
departments  of  Indian  Affairs;  and,  while  the  tril)es  stood  in  their  normal  hunter 
state,  it  was  difficult  to  manage  the  one.  without  reference  to  the  other.  Sir  William 
•Tohnson,  as  early  as  1757,  only  two  years  subsequent  to  his  appointment  as  General 
Superintendent,  had  endeavored  to  relieve  himself  from  the  onerous  duties  of  his 
office  by  the  employment  of  n  secretary,  a  man  of  talents  and  learning,  who  was  in 
the  habit  of  preparing  the  generic  reports  transmitted  to  the  Lords  of  Plantations. 
During  the  war  of  the  Revolnticm,  and  subsequent  thereto.  Congress  managed  tiu; 
government  of  Indian  affairs  by  entrusting  it  to  commissioners  ibr  tiie  North  and 
South,  who  were  always  men  of  .sound  practical  experience  and  judgment.  The 
Kxecutive  documents  abound  in  details  of  their  acts.  On  the  organization  of  the 
present  government,  in  1789,  General  Knox  negotiated  one  or  more  treaties  hinisell", 
and  continued  the  oflice  of  commissioners.  The  same  system  prevailed  from  Wash- 
ington's administration,  through  those  of  Adams,  the  elder,  Jefferson.  Madi.son,  and 
Monroe ;  and  when  the  Bureau  was  organized  by  Congress,  it  was  continued  under  the 
administrations  of  Adams,  the  younger.  Jack.son.  Van  Buren,  Harrison,  and  Polk,  at 
the  close  of  whose  administration,  by  an  act  of  Congress,  the  duty  was  transferred 
from  the  War  Departiiiciit  fu  tli.it    nf  lln'  Iiitcrinr. 


OF    THK    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


405 


Among  the  men  wlio  have  reiulcred  long  and  valuable  services  in  this  department, 
CJeneral  Harrison  and  General  William  Clark  deserve  especial  mention.  As  ex-ollicio 
Superintendents  of  Indian  Aflliirs,  wliile  performing  the  duties  appertaining  to  tiie  ollicu 
of  Ciovcrnor  of  tiie  Indian  Territories,  they  negotiated  a  very  large  proportion  of  the 
treaties  made,  between  the  years  1804  and  1812,  with  tlie  tribes  residing  east  and  west 
of  the  Mississippi.  After  the  close  of  the  war,  in  1815,  tiieir  tact  and  talent  in  this 
department  appear  to  have  been  inherited  by,  or  iallen  to  the  lot  of,  (ieneral  Lewis 
(;ass. 

Tliese  men  took  the  most  prominent  part  in  the  negotiations  with  the  Indians,  and 
to  them  we  are  indebted  for  the  permanency  of  our  Indian  relations,  and  for  making 
the  aborigines  ac([uainted  with  the  peculiar  features,  practices,  and  institutions  of  our 
government.  From  the  time  of  the  return  of  General  Clark  from  tlie  exploration  of 
the  Columbia  river,  in  1800,  to  the  day  of  his  death,  in  1838,  he  was  tlie  Ma-ceniis  of 
tlie  tribes  west  of  the  Mississippi.  The  Indians  located  on  the  Missouri,  Platte,  Kansfis, 
Osage,  and  Arkansas  rivers,  as  well  as  tliose  residing  among  tiie  distant  ])eaks  uf  the 
Rocky  mountains,  were  fre(|uent  and  welcome  visitors  at  the  (iuverninent  Council- 
House  in  St.  Louis.  The  official  records  of  his  proceedings  witli  the  Indians  have  lieen 
carefully  examined,'  and  are  found  to  contain  a  ma.ss  of  speeches  and  traditions,  con- 
stituting a  valuable  collection,  whence  tiie  historian  may  derive  much  iuibrination 
n'garding  the  sons  of  the  forest. 


'  Villi'  Vdl.  I.,  [iitt;lkituiil  Ciiimuity,  p.  oKI;    Vol.  IV.,  Ink'Hcrtuiil  ('aiKiiity,  p.  L'.V.I. 


in 


I 

■  i   1 


=^f 


(~    1 


If  >t 


ii'l  !!lli' 


1 1 


n|i 


i  1' 


I 


i  t ' 

t 


ill 


,1 


400 


TlIK    I'OMTICAL    CILM  I  NATION 


en  APTKH  V 


l'T,AN    OF    ("0I.(;NI/ATI0N    west    of    TIIK    MISSISSIPPI. 


IK 


Two  (liviTsc  stati's  of  .<(icii'ty,  it  is  oltsorvi'i].  ciinnot  prosperously  exist 
1  S2o.  loL'oliior ;  the  stroujjt'r  type  iniist  iiievitulily  absorb  or  destroy  the  weaker. 

J.  MoNKOK,  As  the  Stiites  increased  in  po]iiilation,  and  einiprratioii  p.-gresscd  wcst- 
Pkksidknt.  ward,  it  beeanio  evident  that  tlie  Inilians  could  not  sustain  themselves 
amid  ii  society  wiiose  every  custom,  maxim,  and  opinion,  directly 
controverted  their  preconceived  ideas.  'J'iie  Indians,  in  their  tribal  character,  did  not 
resj)ect  the  principles  of  labor,  temperance,  or  thrift.  I'ar  less  tlie  teachinirs  of 
Christianity;  on  the  contrary,  they  not  only  eontenini'd  them,  but  tlu'v  ai.so  reirarded 
them  as  beini:  adverse  to  their  best  interests.  They  believed,  and  maintained  with 
^reat  pertinacity,  at  all  times  and  in  all  a'jes  of  their  iiistory,  that  tlie  (Ireat  Spirit 
liad  created  them  a  peculiar  peo[ile.  and  bestowed  upon  them  means  of  sustenance, 
manners,  and  customs,  peculiarly  ada[)ted  to  their  condition.  Tiiey  believed  themselves 
to  be  the  esjM'cial  objects  of  his  care;  and  they  regarded  their  jossakeeds  and  prophets 
as  a  (dass  of  persons  who  were  favored  by  divine  revelations,  and,  as  such,  the  medium 
tiirough  which  tlie  Deity  announced  his  unalt(>rable  decrees.  Wiiere,  as  in  this 
instance,  there  was  no  admission  of  error,  or  acknowledgment  of  ignorance,  in  arts, 
customs,  pursuits,  or  opinions,  sei'ular  or  divine,  there  could  be  no  proizress  in  societx', 
no  aspiration  after  knowledge.  Indivi(hial  instances  iiad  occurred  of  Indians  adopting 
the  customs  of  civili/.ed  society,  and  embracing  the  truths  of  nncdation,  subserpient  to 
the  era  of  Manteo  and  Pocahontas;  but  the  mass  of  the  aborigines  continued  to  live 
on,  through  centuries,  without  deriving  any  profit  from  contact  witii  tiieir  civili/.ed 
iieiLddiors.  Whatever  may  have  iteen  tin;  sentiments  and  views  of  humanitarians, 
who  sought  to  impri'ss  ui)on  their  minds  the  great  trutiis  set  lisrth  in  tiie  IJible. 
which  constitutes  the  moral  pmiacea  for  all  classes  and  races  of  men.  wherever 
dispersed  over  the  surface  of  tlie  gliilie,  no  practicable  pros[)ect  of  their  reclamation 
and  restoration  to  soriety  was  pr'>sented.  after  the  lapse  of  centuries,  except  in  their 
total  separation  Iroiii  the  evils  surrounding  them,  and  a  concentration  of  tlie  tribes,  and 
fragments  of  tribes,  as  cdldiiial  coniniiinities.  on   territory  specially  ajjpropriated   for 


OF    THE    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


407 


tlicir  use,  wlicri".  iiikU'I'  tlif  (iiicratiDii  of  tlii'ir  own  laws  iiiul  institutions,  tlioir  better 
((iiiilitios  niiulit  (li'Vi'lo))  tlicnij^elvfs. 

Tliis  plan  was  lirst  siiijiiested  Iiy  Mr.  Monroe,  the  (iltli  I'resiilenl  of  tlie  United 
States,  who,  in  ii  niessagi'  comniiini(!iited  hy  him  to  (Jongress,  on  the  *J7th  of  Janiiiiry, 
IS'J.'>,  thns  invites  the  attention  of  that  hody  to  the  topii- : 

"  Meing  deepl}'  impressed  with  the  opinion,  that  the  remt)val  of  the  Indian  tribes 
from  the  hinds  whicii  they  now  occupy  within  the  limits  ol'  the  several  States  and 
Territories,  to  the  country  lying  westward  and  northward  thereof,  witiiin  nnr 
aeknowledg(!d  boundaries,  is  of  very  high  importance  to  our  Union,  and  may  be 
accomi)lished,  on  conditions,  and  in  a  manner,  to  promote  the  int<'rest  and  happiness 
of  tho.si!  tril)es,  the  attention  of  the  (iovernment  lias  been  long  drawn,  with  great 
solicitude,  to  the  object.  For  the  removal  of  tiie  trilies  within  the  limits  of  the  State 
of  Georgia,  the  motive  has  been  peculiarly  strong,  arising  from  the  compact  with  that. 
State,  whereby  the  United  States  are  i)ouiid  to  extinguish  the  Indian  title  to  the  lands 
within  it,  whenever  it  may  be  done  jjuaceably  and  on  reasonable  conditions.  In  the 
fuKilment  of  this  compact  I  have  thought  that  the  United  States  should  act  with  a 
generous  spirit,  that  they  should  omit  nothing  wiiich  should  comport  with  a  liberal 
construction  of  the  instrument,  and  likewise  be  in  accordance  with  the  just  rights  of 
those  tribes.  From  the  view  which  I  have  taken  of  the  sid)je(;t,  I  am  satisfied,  that, 
in  tiie  ilischarge  of  those  important  duties,  in  regard  to  lioth  the  parties  alluded  to.  the 
United  States  will  have  to  encounter  no  contlicting  int(!rests  with  either:  on  the 
contrary,  tiiat  the  removal  of  the  tribes,  from  the  territory  which  they  now  iidiabit, 
to  that  which  was  designated  in  the  message  at  tiie  connnencement  of  the  .session, 
which  would  accomplisli  the  ol)ject  for  (leorgia,  under  a  well  digested  ]>lan  for  their 
government  and  civilization,  which  should  bo  agreeable  to  tiiemselves.  would  not  only 
shield  them  from  impending  ruin,  but  promote  their  wellaro  and  happiness.  Ex|)erience 
has  clearly  demonstrated,  that,  in  their  present  state,  it  is  impossible  to  incorporate 
them,  in  such  masses,  in  any  form  whatever,  into  our  system.  It  has  also  demonstrated, 
with  equal  cert  linty,  that,  without  a  timely  anticipation  of.  and  provision  against,  the 
dangers  to  which  they  are  exposed,  under  causes  which  it  will  be  dilVundt,  if  not 
impossible,  to  control,  their  degradation  and  exterminati(jn  will  be  inevitable. 

*•  The  great  object  to  be*'ci;omi)lished  is,  the  removal  of  those  tril)es  to  the  Territory 
designated,  on  conditions  which  shall  be  satisfactory  to  themselves,  and  honorable  to 
tiie  United  States.  This  can  be  done  only  by  conveying  to  each  tribe  a  good  title  to 
an  adequate  portion  of  lanil,  to  whicli  it  may  tHinsent  to  remove,  and  by  providing  for 
it  there  a  system  of  internal  government,  whicli  shall  protect  their  property  from 
invasion,  and,  by  the  regular  progress  of  improvement  and  civilization,  ])revent  that 
degeneracy  which  has  generally  marked  the  transition  from  the  one  to  the  other  state. 

"  I  transmit,  herewith,  a  report  from  the  Secretary  of  War,  which  presents  the  best 
estimate  whicli  can  Iw  formed  IVom  the  documents  in  that  Department,  of  tlie  number 


If 

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THK    POL  ITU"  A  li    CULMINATION 


'^Rip 


of  Indiiins  witliui  our  Stiifcs  ami  Torritorios.  iiiid  of  the  amount  of  lands  hold  by  the 
fjovcral  trilx'H  within  each;  of  tiio  state  of  the  country  lyinj?  northward  and  westward 
tiiereof.  within  our  aciinowledged  boundaries ;  of  the  parts  to  which  the  Indian  title 
has  already  been  extinguished  ;  and  of  the  conditions  on  which  other  parts,  in  an 
amount  which  may  be  adequate  to  the  object  contemplated,  may  Ihj  obtained.  Uy 
this  report,  it  appears  that  the  Indian  title  has  already  Itcen  extinguished  to  extensive! 
tracts  in  that  cpuirter,  and  tiiat  other  portions  may  be  acquired,  to  the  extent  desired, 
on  very  moderate  conditions.  Satisfied,  I  also  am,  that  tiie  removal  proposed  is  not 
only  practicable,  but  that  the  advantages  attending  it,  to  the  Indians,  may  l)e  made  so 
apparent  to  them,  that  all  the  tribe.s,  even  those  most  opposed,  may  !«  induced  to 
accede  to  it  at  no  very  distant  day. 

'•The  digest  of  such  a  government,  with  the  consent  of  the  Indians,  which  should  be 
endowed  with  suflicient  power  to  meet  all  the  objects  contemplated,  to  connect  the 
several  tribes  together  in  a  bond  of  amity,  and  preserve  order  in  each ;  to  prevent 
intrusions  on  their  property  ;  to  tench  them,  by  regular  instructions,  the  arts  of  civilized 
lile,  and  make  them  a  civilized  people,  is  an  object  of  very  high  importance.  It  is  the 
powerful  consideration  which  we  have  to  oiler  to  these  tribes,  as  an  inducement  to 
relinquisii  the  lands  on  which  they  now  reside,  and  to  remove  to  tho.se  which  are 
(lesignated.  It  is  not  douijted  that  this  arrangement  will  present  considerations  of 
.^utlicient  force  to  surmount  all  fin'ir  prejudices  in  favor  of  the  soil  of  their  nativity, 
however  strong  they  may  be.  Their  elders  have  suflicient  intelligence  to  discern  the 
certain  progress  of  events,  in  the  present  train,  and  suflicient  virtue,  by  yielding  to 
momentary  sacrifices,  to  protect  their  families  and  posterity  from  inevitable  destruction. 
They  will  also  perceive  that  the3-  may  thus  attain  an  elevation,  to  which,  as  communities, 
they  could  not  otherwise  aspire. 

*■  To  the  United  States,  the  proposed  arrangement  ofl'ers  many  important  advantages 
in  addition  to  tliose  whicii  have  been  already  enumerated.  By  the  est.ablishment  of 
such  a  government  over  these  tribes,  with  their  consent,  we  become,  in  reality,  their 
benefactors.  The  relation  of  conflicting  interests,  which  lias  heretofore  existed 
between  them  and  our  frontier  settlement.s,  will  cea.se.  There  will  be  no  more  wars 
between  them  and  the  United  States.  Adopting  such  a  government,  their  movement 
will  be  in  harmony  with  us.  and  its  good  effect  be  felt  throughout  the  whole  extent  of 
our  Territory,  to  the  Pacific.  It  may  fairly  bo  presumed,  that,  through  the  agency 
of  such  a  government,  the  condition  of  all  the  tribes  inhabiting  that  vast  region  may 
be  essentially  improved;  that  permanent  peace  may  be  preserved  with  them,  and  our 
connnerce  be  much  extended. 

'•With  a  view  to  this  important  object,  I  recommend  it  to  Congress  to  adopt,  by 
solemn  declaration,  certain  fundamental  principles,  in  accord  with  tho.se  above  suggested, 
as  the  basis  of  such  arrangements  as  may  be  entered  into  with  the  several  tribes,  to 
the  strict  observance  of  which  the  faith  of  the  nation  shall  be  pledged.     I  recommend 


?!    ■      * 


OF    THE    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


40t> 


it,  also,  to  Congress,  to  jircjvidc,  by  law,  lor  (ho  uijpointinciit  ol"  a  siiitahlo  nutnbor  of 
Commissioners,  who  sliall,  uiidfr  tlio  dirocition  of  tlie  I'rcsiiit'iit,  l)c  aiitliori/i'd  to  visit, 
and  explain  to  the  several  tribes,  tlie  ohjeets  of  the  Government,  and  to  make  with 
thorn,  according  to  their  instructions,  such  arrangements  as  shall  be  best  calculated  to 
carry  these  objects  into  ellect. 

''A  negotiation  is  now  depending  with  the  Creek  nation  for  tiie  cession  of  lands  held 
by  it  within  the  limits  of  Georgia,  and  with  a  reasonable  ])njspeet  of  success.  It  is 
]>resumed,  however,  that  the  residt  will  not  be  known  during  the  jjreserit  se.s-ijon  of 
Congress.  To  give  eflect  to  this  negotiation,  and  to  the  negotiations  wiiich  it  is  |)ro- 
posed  to  hold  with  all  the  other  trii)es  within  the  limits  of  the  .several  stati-s  and  terri- 
tories, on  the  principles  and  for  the  purposes  stated,  it  is  reconnnended  that  an  adeipiate 
ajjpropriation  he  now  made  by  Congress."  ' 

One  of  the  first  measures  necessary  in  carrying  this  plan  into  eflect,  was  to  ascertain 
the  names,  positions,  and  numbers  of  the  Indian  tribes  to  be  removed.  Mr.  Calhoun. 
Secretary  of  War.  in  communicating  the  sultjoined  information  from  the  newly-organized 
Hin'eau  of  Indiau  Afl'air.s,  thus  expresses  his  views  of  the  entire  feasibility  of  the  i)lau  : 

'•  It  appears,  by  the  report  enclo.sed,  tiiat  there  are,  in  the  several  States  and  Territo- 
ries, not  including  a  portion  of  Michigan  Territory,  west  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  north 
of  the  State  of  Illinois,  about  7U()()  Indian.^  and  tiiat  they  occupy  about  TT.OOd.OOO 
acres  ol'  land. 

'•The  arrangement  lor  the  removal,  it  is  presumed,  is  not  intended  to  c()mi)rehend 
the  suudl  renniants  of  trilies  in  .Maine,  Massachusetts.  Connecticut.  Hhode  Island.  Vir- 
ginia, and  South  Carolina,  amounting  to  .'ifCJ.').  To  these,  also,  may  be  added  the  rem- 
nants ol'  tribes  renuiining  in  Louisiana,  amounting  to  loLJ,  as  they  are  I'ach  of  them 
so  few  in  mnnlier.  that,  it  is  bidieved.  very  little  expense  or  dilliculty  will  be  found  in 
their  removal,  making,  together.  '13.'»ti.  which,  subtracted  froiu  the  I'T.UOU.  the  entire 
number  in  the  States  and  Territories,  will  leave  '.•li,tK')4  to  be  removed.  Of  these,  there 
are  residing  in  the  northern  part  of  the  States  of  Indiana,  Illinois,  in  the  peninsula  of 
Michigan,  and  New  York,  including  the  Ottowas  in  Ohio,  about  lo,loO;  which,  I 
would  respectfully  suggest,  might  be  removed,  with  advantage,  to  the  country  west 
of  Lake  Michigan,  and  north  of  the  State  of  Illinois.  The  climate  and  nature  of  the 
country  are  much  more  favorable  to  thi>ir  habits  than  that  west  of  the  Mississippi ;  to 
which  may  be  added,  thiit  the  Indians  in  New  York  have  already  commenced  a  settle- 
ment at  Green  Bay,  and  exhibit  some  ilisposition  to  make  it  a  permanent  one;  and 
that  the  Indians  referred  to  in  Indiana,  Illinois,  and  in  the  penin.sida  of  Michigan,  will 
lind.  in  the  country  designated,  kindred  tribes,  with  whom  they  may  be  readily 
associated.  These  considerations,  with  the  greater  facility  with  which  they  could 
be  collected   in  that  portion  of  the  country,  compared  with   that  of  collecting  them 


'  VmI.  III..  .<t:i|istii's  1111(1  l'n]mlatiiiii,  [i.  .'li.'i. 


Vnr,.  VI. 


I! 


5i 

1: 


!   I 


!;i 


u 


VV\ 


['.'   'I 

I    il 

i   ! 


H  :  P 


I 


I 
II 


i^::; 


't  ,') 


!'[■    '81 1 


I 'J 


I  i 


410 


Til  K    IMtMTICA  I,    cr  l,M  INATION 


West  of  tlic  Mi.Msissiippi.  ronii  a  xtroii;:  iiKliicoinoiit  to  give  it  tiiu  pivforonco.  SlioiiM 
the  |iro|i(p>itii)n  he  ;uln|it('il.  llic  liiilians  in  ((iicstioii  iiiidit  lie  .uriuliiiilly  ccilU'ctcd,  as  it 
licciiiiii'  ii('i'('s<iiiv.  Jiuiii  liiiiL'  to  tiiiif.  to  L'xtin^iii.sji  tiio  iiidiiui  titli-  in  liiiliaim,  llliiKiis, 
iind  JMifliijiaii.  witlioiit  iiicuiriiij:;  any  additional  I'xpi'n.si-  utlior  than  what  is  nsiiaily 
iiicidciilal  to  siii'li  fxtinjiiiishnicnt.  Dcdiiclinir.  tlicn,  tiie  Indians  ivsidinj;  in  tiii'  noilli- 
wcslcrn  parts  df  Indiana,  Illinois,  in  Michiuan,  and  Now  York,  witli  the  Ottawas  in 
(Hiio.  anionntinn  to  1.'>.I")().  Ironi  '.•liJlCd.  will  leave  hut  "'.•,ol4.  It  is  proper  to  add 
that  a  late  treaty  with  the  (^lapaws  stipulates  and  jjrovides  litr  their  removal,  and  that 
they  may  also  he  deducted  from  the  nuinlier  for  whose  removal  provision  oiiirht  to  he 
made.  They  are  estimated  at  7n(l;  which,  dedueted  IVoin  7'.>.")l 4,  will  leave  7S.S11 
to  bo  removed  west  of  the  State  el'  .Missouri  and  Territory  of  Arkansas,  should  the 
views  of  tin;  Department  he  adoptcil. 

-Of  these,  there  are  estimated  to  reside  in  the  States  of  Virjrinia.  North  Carolina, 
Tennessee,  Alahama,  and  Mississippi.  •">."i.(ili">,  eonsistinirof  Oherokees,  Cri-eks,  Choetaws", 
ami  Chickasaws;  and  claiminu'  ahout  •■l:'>.">7.">.17t)  acres,  including  the  claim  of  the 
("herokees,  in  North  Carolina;  '.\US'I  in  Ohio,  and  in  tin;  southern  and  middle  parts  of 
Indiana  and  Illinois,  eonsistin.i;-  of  W'yandots,  Shawnees,  Si-necas,  Ih-lawares,  Kaskas- 
kias.  and  Miami  anil  Kel  Rivers;  ;')(!()()  in  Florida,  consistinj?  of  Seminoles  anil  rem- 
nants of  other  trihe.s;  and  the  remainder  in  Missouri  and  Arkansas,  consisting  of  Dela- 
wares.  Kirkapoos,  Shawnees.  Weas.  lowas,  I'iankashaws,  Cherokees,  (^lapaws.  and 
( )saiivs. 

••The  next  suliject  of  consideration  will  be.  to  acquire  ii  siillleient  tract  of  country 
west  of  the  State  of  Missouri  and  Territory  of  Arkan.sas.  in  order  to  establish  i)erma- 
nent  settlements  in  that  quarter,  of  the  tribes  which  are  iJrojKJseil  to  be  removed.  Tin; 
eouiitry  between  the  Heil  Hiver  and  the  Arkansas  has  already  been  allotted  to  the 
Choctaws.  imder  the  treaty  of  the  ISth  October.  hSliO.  The  country  north  of  the 
river  Arkansas,  and  iinmeiliately  west  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  is  held  almost  entirely 
by  tiie  Osafies  and  tlie  Kan/.as :  the  principal  settlement  of  tiie  li)rmer  bein;:  on  the 
Osa'.;e  rivei'.  not  I'm-  west  of  the  western  boundary  of  Missouri,  and  the  hitter,  on  tin.' 
Missouri  river,  near  Cow  Island.  There  is  a  band  of  the  Osajics  situated  on  the  V'er- 
diiiris.  a  liranch  of  the  Arkansas,  (iovernor  Clark  ha.s  been  already  instructed  to  take 
measures  to  remove  them  from  the  \'erdiirris.  to  join  the  other  bands  on  the  Osajre 
river.  To  carry  this  object  into  effeet.  and  to  extinfruisii  the  title  of  the  O.sage.s  upon 
the  .Arkansas,  and  in  tiie  State  of  Mis,>;ouri ;  and  nlso  to  extinguish  the  titU;  of  the 
Kan/.as  to  whatever  tract  of  country  may  be  necessary  to  eflect  the  views  of  the 
(lovernment,  will  be  the  lirst  object  of  expenditure;  and  would  reipiire  an  appropria- 
tion, it  is  believeil.  of  not  less  than  S.'11),0()0.  After  this  is  ellected,  the  next  will  be. 
to  allot  a  portion  of  the  country  to  each  of  the  tribes,  and  to  eommence  the  work  of 
removal.  The  former  could  be  elli'cted  by  vesting  in  the  President  discretionary  jiower 
to  make  the  location  :  and  the  latter,  by  commencing  with  the  n^noxal  of  the  Cherokees. 


OF    THE    INDIAN    IIISTOKV. 


HI 


l'i;iMkiisliinvs,  Wfiis,  Shawnccs.  KicUii|ii 


IllK 


1   Dclawiircf.  who  now  (icciijiy  ilin'ri'iMil 


li'irts  ul'  CDiiiiln.  Ivintf  in  tlic   imrtli-wrj^ti'i'ii    itortioii   of  tlic    Arkiiiisas  'I'tTiitorv,  and 
the  M)iitli-\vi'sk'rn  jiortioii  of  tin-  Slatf  til"  Missoini.      It  is  hclicvcil  lliat  tin-  Clu'iokccs, 
til  wliom  has  liom  allcitlc4  a  ooiinlrv  lyini:  hctwccii  tlu!  Arkansas  ami  W'hiti'  rivers, 
will  very  iviiilily  aiirci!  to  icinovini,'  their  eastern  liDinidarv  larlher  west,  on  tlie  <'on- 
sideration  tliat,  for  tlio  hinds  tliereliy  eeiU'd.  they  nniy  liave  assit;ned  to  them  an  e(|nal 
(inantity  liirtlier  west,  as  tliey  liave  e\ineed  i\  stronji  disjiosition   to  iu'evcnt.  tiie  setllu- 
inent  of  the  wliites  to  the  west  of  them.      It  is  laoiiahle  tiiat  tiiis  anan'^enient  eould  I)l> 
elVet;ted  hy  an  appropriation  of  ii  few  thousaml  dolhirs,  say  live  ihonsand,  lor  the  expense 
of  lioldinj;  the  treatv.    Nor  is  it  helieved  that  thei'e  will  he  any  ilillienlty  in  indneint;  tiie 
I'iankashaws,  Weas,  Shawni'es.  Kickapoits,   and    Delawari's,  to  oecnpy  a   position    tiial 
mav  be  nssij;nod  to  them  west  of  the  Slate  of  Missouri;  or  lliat   lln'  operation  will   h(> 
attended   witli   any  jiieat   expens 


The   kindled   trihi 


111    the    M;U>  s 


Ol 


no  a 


nd 


Indiana,  inehidin;:'  the  Wvandots.  the  Seneci 


il    the   ^Mianiie; 


d    K(d   rivi 


til 


States;  and  the  K 


isKa 


ikias.  in  Illinois,  it  is  heliesrd.  niii;lit  lie  indneed. 


\vi 


hunt 


miieli  dillieiiltv,  to  join  them,  a 


new  position.  \ves 


Iter  ti 


lose  now  resK 


liii- 


III 


M 


>-oun   aie   lixe(l   ni   then 


t  of  that  State.     Of  the  sum  that  will  he  iieee-<;iry  for  this  piirpi 


it  is  dillicnlt  to  fiirm  an  estimate.     Thes*'  trihes  amount   to  ■"i.HS: 


'l"h 


■xtimrnishini;-  their  title  to  the  lands  occupied  hv  then 


I.  w 


ill 


le   ex|iense   ol 
hii;h   in   com- 


parison with  the  [iriee  whii'li  has  lieeii  iisuall\  jiiveii  for  lands  in  that  (piarier.  as  they, 
particularly  the  Indians  in  Ohio.  ha\e  madi'  some  adsaiiees  in  fi\  ili/.ation.  and  eon- 
sider!il)]((  improvements  on  thi'ir  lauds.  The  lietter  course  would  he.  to  remo\-e  them 
irradnallv.  connuenciuir  with  those  trihes  wliitdi  nre  most  dispo.seii  to  leave  their  |iresent 
settlements,  and,  if  this  arranpuncnt  should  he  adopted,  an  appropriation  of  ^'Jd.dOU 
would  he  sullicient  to  commence  with. 

'•It  mav,  iiowi'ver,  he  proper  to  remark,  that  the.s'  triln's,  to;^etlier  AMth  those  in 
New  Yoi'k.  have  indicated  a  disposition  to  join  the  (herokees  on  the  .Arkansas,  and 
that  a  deputation  from  tiie  former,  with  a  deputation  tVom  tliose  Clierokees.  are  nowoii 
their  wa\'  to  tlie  seat  of  <rovernment.  in  ordei'  to  make  some  arranjicments  to  carr\  the 


pr. 


d  union  into  ellect.     Should  it 


le  aecomp 


lished.  it  would  vai'v  the  ari'aniiement 


which   lias  lieeii   sULTiiested  in  relation  to  them,  hut  will  not.  proliahly,  materially  vary 
tlie  ex[)en.se. 

'•  It  only  remains  now  to  consider  the  removal  of  tlie  Indians  in  Florida,  and  the 
four  southern  trihes  residing  in  North  Carolina,  (ieoriria.  Tennes.soe.  Alahama,  and 
.Mis.-<is.sippi. 


It 


•lieved  that  immediate  measures  need  not  ln>  tidven  with  regard  to  the  Indians 


Ul 


Florida.  l>y  tii<!  treaty  of  tiie  IStli  Seiitemlier.  lS'J;i,  tliey  «'eded  tlie  wliole  of  the 
iKirthern  portion  of  Florida,  with  tlie  exception  of  a  few  small  reservations,  and  havi' 
had  allotted  to  them  the  soutlicrn  part  of  the  peninsula;  and  it  is  proliable  tiiat  no 


•i  t 


i     i  !■■ 


i    ! 


1 

ill 

^i^M>-ltl 

IT  flAJIf 

i' 

H 

jiffl 

!  f 

m 

III 

1 

ml 

KKU 

I  1 


412 


TlIK    POLITICAL    t MLMINATION 


incoiivonicnop  will  lio  li'lt  for  iimiiy  yi'ur.x.  citlicr  by  llii-  iiiliuldtiiiitM  <>1"  Kloriiln,  tir  llio 
IiuliiiiiH,  miilor  tlie  nivwiit  tirrani-'fiiiciit. 

••Of  llic  I'Dur  w)iitli('rii  tiilx'.x.  t\V(v of  tliciii,  tin-  ( 'licrokccs  aiul  Cliiiftiiws,  luivc  iilicmly 
iilUitti'il  to  tln'iii  ii  tract  ol'  I'oiintry  west  of  tlif  .Mi.-'>is>i|(|ii.  'I'liiil  wliicli  lias  liccii 
allottod  to  till-  latter  is  Iwlii'vcd  to  U-  Milliciiiitly  amiilc  liir  tlic  whole  nation,  hlioiild 
tlioy  eiiiiiifat*;;  and  if  an  aiiaiijrtMncnt.  wliieli  i.s  iielievtd  not  to  lie  inipiaoticalile,  could 
he  nnide  hetwcoii  tli(>in  and  the  Cliiekasaws.  who  are  tlieir  neiuhlHtr.",  and  uf  hiinilar 
hahits  and  dis|i(i.xitionH,  it  would  lie  rtntlieieiit  tin'  the  aeeonnnodation  of  hoth.  A 
f<uHicient  countiy  ^llould  he  ieser\ed  to  the  W(v^l  of  the  Cherokeef,  on  the  Arkansas,  as 
a  means  of  exehanue  with  those  who  remain  on  the  e;ist.  To  the  Cieeks  nii;:ht  Ih' 
allotted  a  eountry  hetween  the  Aikansas  and  Canadian  river,  which  limits  the  northern 
l)onndar\'  of  tlu-  Ciioetaw  jiossessions  in  that  (piarter.  Tiiere  is  now  iiendim;'  with  tlu^ 
Creeks  a  nepofialion.  inidi'r  the  a|i|ifoiiriation  of  the  last  session,  with  a  prospeet,  that 
the  portion  of  that  nation  whieh  roidcs  within  the  limits  of  (ieor^iii  may  he  induced, 
with  the  consent  of  tlio  nation,  to  cede  the  country  which  tlii'y  occupy  i\>v  a  portion  of 
tilt' one  which  it  is  proposed  to  allot  for  the  Creek  nation,  on  tliewest  of  the  Mississijipi. 
Should  the  treaty  prove  successlul,  its  stipulations  will  provide  Hir  the  means  of  carrying? 
it  into  elUct,  which  will  render  any  additinual  provisional  present  unnecessary.  It 
will  ho  i)roper  to  open  new  communications  with  the  Cherokees.  Choctaws.  and  Chicka- 
saws,  for  the  purpose  of  explaininir  to  them  the  views  of  the  j:o\crnuient,  and  inducim^ 
them  to  remove  heu)nd  the  .Mississiji])i.  on  the  principles  an<l  conditions  which  may  lie 
|ii'opos<'d  to  the  other  triiies.  It  is  known  that  there  ure  numy  indisidnals  of  each  of 
the  tribes  who  are  desii<ius  of  settliu'^  west  of  the  .Mississippi;  and,  should  it  he  tliouLrht 
iidvisal)le.  there  can  he  no  doubt,  that  if.  by  an  adequate  appropriation,  the  means  were 
ullitrdeil  the  (ioverinneut  of  bearin.i;  their  cNpense,  they  wmdd  enii^'rato.  Should  it  be 
thouirht  that  the  encoura;:enu'nt  of  such  emifrralion  is  desirable,  the  sum  of  #4(l. (•()(), 
nt  li'ast.  Would  be  recpiired  to  be  appropriated  liir  this  object,  to  bo  applied  mider  the 
discretion  of  the  President  of  the  I'nited  Stales.  The  several  sums  which  have  been 
I'ecommended  to  be  apjiropriatod.  if  the  proposed  arrauireiiK'nts  shoultl  be  adopted, 
amount  to  SOo.OOO.  The  appropriation  may  be  made  either  general  or  specific,  as  may 
be  deemed  most  advisable. 

•'I  cannot,  however,  conclude  without  remarkinir.  that  no  arran-rement  ow^ht  to  \h' 
made  which  docs  not  rcfrard  the  interest  of  the  Indians,  as  well  as  our  own  ;  and  that, 
to  protect  the  interest  of  the  liirmer.  decisive  measures  oujiht  to  be  adopted,  to  prevent 
the  hostility  which  nuist,  almost  necessarily,  take  place  if  left  to  themselves,  among 
tribes  hastily  brought  together,  of  discordant  character;  and  many  of  which  are 
iUituated  by  feelings  iiir  from  being  friendly  towards  ea<"h  other.  Hut  the  i)re.servatioii 
of  peace  between  them  will  not  alone  l>e  suilicient  to  render  their  condition  as  eligible 
in  their  new  situation  as  it  is  in  their  present.  Almost  all  of  the  triljcs  proposed  to  be 
aflected  by  the  arrangement  are  mure  or  le.«s  advanced  in  the  arts  of  civilized  life,  and 


i'-I: 


m  n-   'f  .  I: 


OF    TIIK    INDIAN    II  ISTOIIY. 


\V\ 


lliiTt'  is  M-iirci'lyonc  of  tlicm  wliicli  liii\('  not  hi'iictilrd  hv  tin-  I'slnlilisliiiiciit  ol'^'hodlt  in 
tli<>  iiiilioii,  alliiriliii'.'  lit  oiK'c  tin-  iiii-iiiim  of  nioriil.  r<'lit:ioiis,  imkI  inlrlli'i'tiiiil  iiiipi'ovfiiii'nt. 
TlicMc  .-cliudls  li:i\i'  lii'cii  I'Mtiildi^lii'd.  I'ui'  llic  iiio>t  |iiirt.  liy  rt'liiiimi-i  socictit's,  uilli  lln- 
couiitoiiinico  mill  aid  of  tin'  (lovcninn'iit ;  ami.  on  cmtv  ininiiiijc  of  IminMnilv.  llio 
ronliniiiini'c  of  similar  a(l\anlaL'<'^<  of  cilucation   oiiilit  to  lie  cMi'mJi'il  to  tln'iii  in  lli<ir 
iifsv  ri'siilfnci'.    'i'lifi'c  is  anotlicr  piiinl  wiiicli  a|i|)r:ir.s  to  In-  iniii^|"'n^;iiili'  to  Ih'  ;;nin(li'il, 
ill  order  to  ifiidcr  tlir  condition  id"  tliiw  raci'  jess  aniictinir.     Oiw  of  ihc  i.'iv:itrs|  evils 
to  wliii'li  tlicy  arc  snl>jcct.  is  that  incessant  prcssnrc  of  onr  |io|inliiiiuii.  wiiidi   foicis 
tlicin  from  .scat  to  scat,  witliont  allowinu'  time  for  that  moral  ami  intellectual   im|ii'o\'e- 
iiicnt  liir  wiiii'h  they  appear  to  he  naturally  eminently  snsccptililc,     To  iruard  against 
this  evil,  so  fatal  to   the  race,  there  oni.dit  to  he  the  stronircst  and   the   most  solemn 
assiiriincu  that  the  country  }:iven   them  should   he  theirs,  as  a  permanent   home   for 
themselves  and  tlioir  posterity,  without   heiiiL'  disturhed  l)y  the  encroachments  of  our 
citiy.eiis.     To  such  assurance,  if  there  should  he  added  a  system  hy  wliicli  the  (iovern- 
iiieiit,  witliout  dcslroyintr  their  independence,  would  gradually  nnilt-  the  several  tiil)es 
niuK'r  a  simple  hut  enlightened  system  of  jrovernineiit  and  laws,  fonueil  on  tiu'  principles 
(if  onr  own,  and  for  \vhi(.'h.  as  their  own  people  wnulil  partake  in  it.  they  woidd.  nndei- 
the  inlliieiicu  of  the  contemplated  improveinont,  at  no  distant  day  hecoine  prepared,  the 
arranjicnicnts  which  lia\e  heen  proposed  would  pro\e.  tothe  Indians  and  their  posterity. 
a  iK'rmanent   hlessini;'.      It   is   Indicvcd    that,  if  they  could   he  assured    that   peace   and 
friciulsliip  would  ho  maintained  amontr  the  s(>veral  trihes ;  that    the  advantajit's  of 
education  wliicli  they  now  enjoy  would  he  extended  to  them;  that  they  slioulil  have  a 
permanent  and  solemn  izuarantce  for  their  |X)ssessions,  and  ri'ceive  the  coiintenanco  and 
aid  of  the  Cii)V(.'rnment  for  the  jiradual  extension  of  its  privilcfrcs  to  them;  there  would 
be  amonir  all  the  triljcs  a  disposition  to  accord  with  the  views  of  the  (lox'crnment. 
There  are  now,  in  most  of  the  trihes,  well  educated,  soher,  and  rellcctinu  individuals, 
who  are  alllicted  at  tho  presoiit  condition  of  the  Indians,  and  despondent  at  their  future 
prospects.     Under  the  operation  of  existing  causes,  they  behold  the  certain  dcL'radation, 
misery,  anil  even  the  fmal  annihilation  of  tiieir  race,  and,  no  doubt,  would  gladly 
emiirace  any  nrrangenieiit  which  would  promise  to  elevate  them  in  the  scaU;  of  civili- 
zation, and  arrest  the  destruction  wliicli  now  awaits  them.     It  is  conceived  that  one  of 
the  most  cheap,  certain,  and  desirable  modes  of  ell'ectinir  the  object  in  view  would  be. 
tor  Congress  to  establish  lixed  principles,  such  as  have  been  suggested  as  the  biusis  of 
the  propo.sed  arrangement,  and  to  authorize  the  President  to  convene,  at  some  suitalile 
point,  all  of  the  well-iiit()rmed.  intelligent,  and   intlueiitial  individuals  of  the  triiies  to 
be  afle(!ted  by  it,  in  order  to  explain  to  them  the  views  of  the  (^lovernment.  and  to 
pledge  the  faith  of  the  nation  to  the  arrangements  that  might  be  ado|)ted.     Should 
.such  princifiles  be  established  by  Congn'.«s,  and  the  President  bi.'  vesteil  with  suitabh^ 
iinthoiit\'  to  convene   the   individuals,  as  proposed,  and  suitaiile   pro\isioii  be  made  to 
meet  the  i'X[)cnse,  great  confidence  is  felt  that  a  basis  of  a  system  might  be  laid,  which. 


^  f 


!  i      i 


W 


\    >ii.  :' 


tt* 


4H  TIIK    I'OMTICAI,    ("  l,' l,.M  I  N  A  T  H»  N 

ill  (I  li'W  \rnnt,  would  cntirt'lv  v\]\-vl  tin-  dlijcct  in  view,  to  llif  imifiiiil  Im'ih'HI  oI  iIh- 
(iovcniiiiint  ami  tlio  liiiiiiiiiH,  ami  wliicli,  in  its  o|icratioii^.  uoiiM  I'llLTtiiiilU  unvA  tliu 
ralaiiiitoiis  foiii',xi>  orcvoiitH  to  wliicii  tlicy  iiiiiNt  Im>  Hiiltjtrt.  witlioiit  ii  rmliciil  (■llall^(!  in 
till'  |ii't'H(>nt  .x\>tt'in.  Slioiilil  it  III'  tlioii^lit  ailvimiblc  to  I'ull  Hiifli  ii  coiivt'iilion.  uh  oiio 
jil'tlu'  im-aiift  (irilK'fting  llu'  olijcct  in  vii-w,  an  aildilional  M|i|iro|iiiatioii  ol'iJifiKI.IMMt  will 
bo  riM|iiirc(l ;   niakini:.  in  tlu'  wlioli-.  «(lli'».tMl(»  to  In>  a|i|iio|iiiatf(l." 

Till'  iollowiii};  additional  dotiiils  wi-iv  ihiwiiIimI  Iiv  tin-  ni'wl^-orviitt'U  Uiii'fuu  of 
Indian  AtVairs. ' 

"  Tlii'it'  is  no  land  assifriu'd.  as  will  In-  seen  on  it'liTcnci-  to  tlic  tuMi',  to  llii'  Indiana 
in  Linisiami;  vet.  it  is  liclii'Vfd.  tin-  Caddocs  liavt-  a  claini.  I)iil  to  wliat  t'\t<nl  is  not 
known.     So.  also,  have  till' ('III  roUccN  (wlioso   niiinlifrs  art-   not    knownl,  to  a  tiatt  in 


til 


I'  nor 


tli- 


Wl'>t    CiillH 


1-  oi'  till'  Statt'  of  Ndrtli  Caiolin 


a  ;   w 


liii'li.  it    is  liclii'vcd,  docs  not 


•xci't'd  "JiKLODlt  aiTi's.     In  Ni'w  .li'i.-cy.  I'cnn.-v  Ivania.  and  iii'iliaps  in  Maryland,  a  lew 


liid 


lans  arc  remain 


in^';  but  liow  man  v.  or  wlial  (|iiantil_v  ol' land  is  owned  l)\  llicin.  if 


ai 


V,  there  are  no  nn'ans  of  aseerlainini. 

"Tliere  aro  now  iviiiainin;;.  within  the  limits  oC  the  dilVerent  ."stiitcs  and  'rcrrilories, 
as  is  .shown  liy  the  table,  sixtv-lonr  tribes  and  roninants  of  tribes  of  Indians,  wliosu 
"names"  and  ••nnmlieis  "  arc  jiiveii ;  who  mniibcr,  in  tlio  iiu'^fivj^ale.  lli'J.'Jdtl  souls;  ami 
who  elaim  77.1()li."WS  acres  of  land. 

■■  It  will  be  seen,  by  advertiiii:  to  the  table,  that  the  Indians  rcsidiii'/  north  of  the 
State  uf  llliiioi^.  east  of  the  .Missi.s.si|)|>i.  and  west  of  the  Lakes,  arc  eominchendcd  in 
the  olimatc  of  tiie  number  in  .Michi.iran  Territory  ;  althoiiirh,  in  estimating  the  (|nantity 
of  l.md  iicid  by  Indians  in  that  territory,  tlio  |iortion  only  so  held  in  the  iVninsiila  of 
Miehi;.'an,  is  estimated.  It  was  found  impossible,  from  any  docnnients  in  possession  of 
this  olliee,  to  distiiiL'uish  the  nnnibcr  ol'('hippi>was  and  Otiawas  residiiii:  in  the  ]ieiiiiisula 
of  .MiehiL'in  from  those  residini;- on  tlu' west  side  of  hake  Michiiran.  It  is,  however, 
believed,  that  the  whole  niimlK'r  residiiijr  in  the  peninsula  docs  not  e.xeeed  .'(."ilMI;  and 
these,  as  has  been  stated,  are  prineipally  of  the  Chippewa  and  Ottawa  trilx's. 

••  It  may  be  projier  al.so  to  remark  that,  of  the  (1  KMI  ,Saes  and  Koxes.  w  ho  are  ineluded 
in  the  estimate  as  part  of  the  I21l,li(i(l,  and  who  oiunipy  lands  (jii  both  sides  the 
Mississippi,  not  more  than  one-third  of  that  number  are  supposed  to  residi;  on  tlio  east 
nidc ;  and,  of  the  "j^OO  Osaf,'i'H,  who,  by  the  table,  are  assifriied  to  Mis.soiiri  and  Arkansas, 
it  is  believed  not  more  than  one-third  of  that  number  reside  within  the  State  of  Mi.ssouri 
and  Territory  of  Arkansas.  If,  therefore,  the  number  assumed  for  the  peninsula  of 
Michigan  be  correct,  and  two-thirds  of  the  Saes  and  Foxe.s,  as  is  believed  to  be  the  fact, 
reside  on  the  west  of  the  Mississippi,  and  two-thirds  of  the  ttsajies  west  of  Missouri, 
and  north  of  Arkaii.sas,  tlicrc  will  remain  ••  within  the  limits  of  the  diflerent  States  and 
Territories." — eonliniiiL'  ttic   Miehijran  Territory  to  the   peninsula  —  !»7,;)84    Indians, 

'  bttttr  of  TliMiiias  L.  .'^IKciiiii'y,  January,  10th,  1825, 


:iat 


or    TIIK    INK!  AN     IIISTuUV 


4ir. 


pdNHOHMiiiir  (if  tlu^  L'KO.dOU  m-wx.  wliidi  uii'  lu'licvcd  to  !»•  I'l.iimccl  li_v  llii-  Cln'rnkfcx  in 
Niirlli  CarciliiiK    '>»'  mltk'.li,  7"  '■iirj.:j|S  iicri'.-«  ol'  liiiul. 

'*  III  •>l'laiiiiiin  ''•''*  inl'onimtioii,  i'i':<iirt  Iiiih  Im-i-m  liml.  Hr  llu' "iiiuiu'h"  uiiil  •'miiiiiImis" 
of  till'  hull  It  trilM'.s,  ti>  llic  ri-|>ort?(  to  tliin  olVuv.  ami  to  uilirr  houitch  of  inloriimlinii, 
wliicli  ail'  iIiimiiimI  to  Im*  tlio  most  aeiiniti- ;  ami,  for  flu-  c|iiaiitilv  I'f  laml  claiimil   liv 

tliriii.    ti)   tlic    lilis  ul'  this   i)Hlrf;    tn   tlu'   (iitjMnl    l.aml   Olliii';   ami    I uiiiiiitatioiis ' 

finvriill.N  iiiailf  ridiii  tliu  lic.xt  imiiw,  \iy  ('oliim'j  llolicnli' iii.  of  llif  'rn|«iL'ra|)liii"al  IJniviiu. 
••Till-    I.IMKI.IKlll  111"  ai'i'i'i   asMiiiiicil   a*   tlu'   i|iiaiitit_v   cliiiin'il    Ia   iIh'  ( 'Inrukiis   in 

ArUiinsas.  ulthoiiu'li  Iml  an  cHtiiimto.  in  liclicvi'ij  to  In-  m'arly  cinnrt.     Tlu'  iircci.xc 
t|iiantit.v.  liowcviT,  ••aiiiiot  In-  anccrtainnl   until   it   is  Umiwn   Imw  iniicli   tln-v  r>i\vi\  on 

this  n\iU'  llir  .Mississipiii.  liir  wliii-li,  liy  the  treaty  nl'  ISI7.  liiry  arc  to  ivcfivi'  an  ciinal 

iiumlK-r  III'  lurroM  on  tlii!  olluT. 


1  1 


::l 


,!      I 


\m 


ll  n 


mi 


I     I 


•Hfi 


TIIH    I'OIJTI  <\\1,    rrLMlNATKlN 


N       •  I 


Cll  APTKK    VI. 

liKMOVAI,     rOlJCY.        CRKKK      D I  FKl  (' T  I.TI  KSi.        DKATII      OF     TIIK 
CIllKr.    (IKNKHAI,    MINTOSII.      TKKATY    FOl?    TIIFIU     FINAI, 

sirrn.FMF.NT. 

'I'liK  trcntii's  coMi'liuli'd.  r('s|)('ctivt'!v.  with   tlic  i'licrdla'os,  July  Stli. 
IS'jri.  1S17.   with    llu'  ("liiictnws.  ()ctolM>i-    ISili.    IS'JO.  ;mil    will)   (lie  ('ri>fks, 

.T.  M(iNi;i)K.  .liiiuiiiry  Stli.  IS'Jl .  I'oiistiliiti'd  tlic  luiniarx  stcjis  towimls  (lie  removal 
l'i;i;sii)i:\r.  of  llu"  alioriLniics  (o  tlic  lauds  west  of  the  Mississippi.  I'lidcr  tliosc 
Ircatif-i.  till'  ImnliT  portions  of  tlicso  trilics  voluntarily,  and  of  tlicir 
own  accord,  assiniicd  tlic  initiative,  and  made  preparations  lor  tlieir  migration  to  the 
.\rl;ansas  territory.  Tlie  limilei'  hands,  as  ci>ntradistinL;iiislied  from  the  aiirieultural 
hanils  ol'  the  Southern  or  .\ppalachian  i;roup  of  trilies.  were  the  first  to  perceive  thai 
this  lauil  must  he  their  national  refuLTi'.  Hence  the  provision  in  the  lirst  article  of  the 
Choctaw  treaty  stipulates  that  tlu'y  should  he  furnished  with  a  western  tract,  •■where 
all.  who  liv<'  hy  huntiiii;'.  and  will  not  work,  may  he  collected  and  settled  together."' 
This  pro\iso  was  the  natural  sn'jviestiou  of  the  Indian  mind;  o\cu.  plouijlis.  and 
implements  of  handicraft,  were  not  attractive  ohjects  to  the  ahori'jines,  who  deliirhted 
ill  the  pursuits  of  the  chase,  which  were  hallowed  in  their  memories  hy  remiiiisciMices 
.if  their  fathers.  Tlu>  whites  did  not  so  n^idily  perceive  that  the  stock  of  wild  animals 
liuist  soon  decline,  and  the  chase  prove  nnrelialile  in  the  regions  east  of  th(>  Mississi[)i)i ; 
or.  if  they  did  tiiresee  this  result,  they  were  slow  to  propose  the  scheme  of  a  p'lieral 
removal,  lint  the  Kxecutivc  power  favored  such  mij^rations  as  originated  with  the 
Indians  tlieuiselvcs ;  and  iiisensihiy.  perha|)s.  tlie  system  of  removal  hecame  the  policy 
(if  th(>  (lovernmciit.  When  it  was  discussed  on  its  merits,  and  he^an  to  he  [lut  in 
opeiation,  it  hecame  evident  that  the  West  was  not  only  an  outlet  to  the  luuiter 
population,  hut  that  all  the  means  necessary  lor  their  iiU|)roveiiieut  in  arts,  and  progress 
in  education  also,  in  order  to  he  permanently  henellcial,  must  he  applied  in  that  (piartcr. 
Driven  from  their  ori.uiiial  residences,  or  from  tin-  reservations  in  the  Slates,  their 
allaiuments  in  ci\ili/ation  were  shared  with  thosi'  portions  of  the  trihcs  resident  in  the 
Wi  st  ;  and  all  the  triiies  were  thus,  in  a  measure,  assimilated  in  manners  and  arts. 

'  I'.  S    Trc;ilirs.  p,  'Js;. 


Ol'    'I'll  K    INDIAN     II  ISToi;  V 


■in 


Till'  i|ii('sti(in  of  rciiiiivMl  lifcMiiii'  one  ut'  iiiiicli  inlrrc-.!.  ;niii  wms  tVccly  (liscusscil  in 
111!  |i;irls  dl'  till-  rniiHi;  llic  iinicnl  iVu'inis  of  tlir  iii'liiiiis  iiKiiiilMiniiiji'  lli:it  it  "i>iilil 
lia\i'  II  ifiKlciii'v  (o  iiKiki'  llii'in  rclrnLjriulc  ttiwnnl  l>;irli;nisin  ;  while  tlic  miImiciiIi's  liir 
ri'iiinvii!  coiitcntii'il  liiiil  it  wimlil  ix'  M<'('(iiii|i;niiril  li\  ilic  ln'iiiliiial  clliu'ts  irlcrrod  In. 
Aiiotiicr  (jiicslidii  III'  ;i  gravi'  cluirMctcr  arose  at  tlie  same  tune.  \i/..  :  tiie  I'laiiii  to 
sovereiiziitv.  asserted  liy  some  nl'  tlit>  most  ailvaiiced  tiilies.  over  tlie  disti'ii'ls  tiiey 
inlialtited.      'I'liis  claiiii   was,   imwever.   |iriuei|)ally  eoiiliiied    to  the  Ci 


•eeks.   who   nail 


ieeei\e(l  a  iioweri'id  national  intimlse  ilinini;'  the  (U'eu[ianey  ol'  l"'liirida  ii\'  (ileal 
]?rilain.  'I'heir  prominent  eiiiel's  had  heeonie  wealthy  jdanlers  lln'oniih  tiie  meilinm 
ol'  the  lalioi's  of  I'nuilive  African  sla\i's.  fiNim  the  eonliiiuous  Slates,  who  enllixaled  tor 


tiiem  ci'iips  ol'  cotton  ami 


>rn.      'I"he   result  was.  that    tlie\   nol   onl\   am 


issed    nehe; 


hill  also  attained  to  acont'siiondeni  menial  elevation,  which  led  to  the  introdnclion 
of  two  classes  ainom;  this,  and  other  sontlnTii  trilu's.  and  jirodiiced  an  a\i'rsion  to 
traiisrcrrinji'  iheir  laiuls  to  (leorjiia,  and  emii:i'atiiii;'  westward. 

Tho  people  ot'  (leorjiia.  reeling;   the  e.\pansi\-e  force  of  their  population,  clamoreil  for 
tht'  (Iroek  lands,  the  Indian  title  to  which  the  Tnilcd  Slates  had  |n'omisi'(l  toLii\e  ll 


lem. 


us  soon   as   i 


t    could    lie   ohtained.      The   ( 


reeks,  wlieii 


llie\'    iicLiaii    to   appi'ei'iate   the 


beiU'lits  of  ci\  ili/ation,  lhroii;;h  their  e\peiieiice  of  the  a'.;riciillinal  and  school  systems, 
resisted  all  oilers  to  cede  their  territory.      A  law,  which  was  e\enliially  passed  liy  their 


council,  w 


as  enacted,  that  if  any  one  of  the  chii-fs  or  rulers  should  si,L:ii  a  treaty  eediii;^ 
lands,  he  should  incur  the  penally  ol'  death. 

(lencral  William  M'lntosh.  the  presidinir  cliii'f  of  iheCowctas  trilie  of  the  l,ower 
(^ivoUs,  sulijccted  himself  to  the  jieiially  hy  siLjniiiL;  the  treaty  of  l'"ehniary  TJlh.  IS'Jo. 
Tlie  penalty  was  enforced  \)\  the  dissentin-:'  part  of  the  trilies.  in  a  pt'ciiliar  manner. 
Tli(>v  dill  111)1  arraiun  and  try  the  Liuilly  parly,  imt  a  lari;e  nnmiier  of  armed  warriors 
snrroimded  his  iionse.  and  poured  into  it  an  iiidiscriminalt'  lire,  so  that  ihe  onus  of  the 
murder  miiiht  not  rest  on  any  one  individual.  I'"ifty  other  chiel's,  warriors,  and 
head  men,  had  siiined  the  sanu'  treaty,  hut  they  wen-  not  ludd  accoiiiitalile ;  ilouhlless. 
on  the  Indiiiii  principle,  thai  a  crime  should  In-  reveimed  on  the  real  insti;;ator  of  it, 
whether  he  or  another  committed  the  act. 


The  rnileil  States  made  no  attein|)t    to  carry  this   treaty  into  elli'ct.      Mr.  Moi 


iroe 


in  a.  messaiic  iireviously  ipioted.  mentions  the  dillii'iilty  which  surromuK'd  the  suhject. 
and  expi't'sses  a  hope  that  the  neiiotiations  w  ith  the  trilic.  then  in  proiiress,  would  result 
j'avorahly.  .\i;reealily  to  this  intimation,  a  treaty  was  concluded  at  Indian  Springs,  in 
the  Creek  nation,  March  7.  iS'io.  three  days  after  the  expiration  of  Mr.  .Monroe's 
presidential  term.  This  instrimu'iit  was  designed  to  enahle  the  (lovernmeiil  to  coin|)l\- 
with  its  contract  of  .\pril  'Jl.  ISU'J,  to  transfer  the  Indian  title  to  (leoriiia.  as  well  as 
to  remove  the  existiiiu  dissatisfaction  with  the  treaty  of  l-'ehruary  \-.  1m'"i.  liiil 
neither  ohject  was  attained  ;  .Mr.  Monroe  wont  out  of  ollice.  lea\  iiij;-  the  (.'reeU  contro- 
versy iiiiail)usleil. 

Vol..  VI,-.".;; 


l;|:    i. 


ll!i   ':  1I 


t'3 


! 


'i     :t 


Mi 


i! 


Miii 


•;f^ 


Si- 


11 


-I 


I  fa 

m 


mM 


ii 


•  !■«! 


'"if:  :  U- 


418 


T  HE    1"  ( )  I,  I  '1'  I  ( '  A  L    <  •  (■  L  M  I  \  A  'I"  1  ()  N 


ClIAPTEK    VII 


ASSrMPTION    01'   THE   JUCJHT   OF   SOVEUEKiXTY    1!Y   THE    CHEEKS, 
li\    (iri'osiTloN    T(»    (iEOUOIA. 


Tin:  Civck  ruiostidii  iittuiiu'd  its  liiirlu-st  lutint  of  iiitcirst  iilioiit  this 
1S2.).  liiiio.    I'lililii"  (i|iiiii()ii  was  imicii  divided;  some  siding  with  tlii'  Iii(iians 

J.  (^  Ai)\Ms.        ill   their   assertion   of  tlio   li-lit  of  sovereignty  witiiin   tlio   territorial 
I'liKsiDiiNT.  area  of  (ieor^ia.  and  oliiers  as  di'cidedly  (ipposinir  it.  as  a  new  and 

iinuhiiissihie  claim.  Mr.  Adain.s,  wlio  siieeeeded  to  the  Presidency, 
direeted  the  attention  of  the  War  Department  to  tiie  siihjeet.  and  authorized  .Mr.  Uai- 
hoiir.  the  Secretary  of  War.  to  confer  with  the  ('reek  chiefs.  Hy  the  treaty  concluded 
at  llnpewcli.  in  ITSo.  the  United  States  had  nndertakeii  to  extinguish  and  transler  the 
Creek  title  to  tiie  Stat."  nf  (ieor-ia.  at  the  earliest  |>racticahle  moment.  But  the  lap.se 
of  time  only  made  the  Indians  clinji-  more  <'l(wly  to  the  land.  The  period  lor  the  elia.so 
liad  passed  away,  anil  the  plow  heuan  to  he  appreciated.  Tiie  experience  of  iiatx  veais 
liad  so  operated  as  to  -ive  tiieiii  a  more  delinitt;  and  just  idea  of  its  value,  and  the\  now 
undertook  to  iLiimn-  the  laws  ol  (ieor-ia.  and  to  dispute  her  soveivi-nlv  over  thecoiinlrv. 
The  jiolitical  aspects  of  the  controversy  liad  lieeii  comnimiicated  to  ( 'onure.ss.  (luring- the 
last  few  inoiiths  of  .Mr.  Monroe's  second  term,  lie  iiad  hestowed  enlarged  thought  on 
the  subject,  and  recoiiinieiided  the  only  plan  which  appeared  ade(|iiate.  at  once  to  meet 
the  f|iiestioii  of  the  certain  decadence  and  e.xtinction  ol'tlie  tribes  in  the  States,  and  to 
provide  tbr  their  iiitiiiiat.'  welfare  and  pros[ierity.  Such  was  the  origin  of  the  Creek 
controver.sy. 

Mr.  Adams  exerted  himself  to  bring  this  vexed  (piestion  to  an  efpiitable  ehw ;  th,. 
Creek  nation,  and  the  ]ieop|.'  of  the  riiion  being  niueh  agitated  b\-  its  discussion,  and 
the  friends  of  the  Imliaiis  a|)prehen>ive  that  some  great  iiijiL^tice  was  about  to  lie  done 
them,  (ieorgia  having  demanded  their  expulsi,)ii.  the  Creeks  appeale<l  to  the  (Joverii- 
ineiit.  and,  early  in  the  year  1  SL'b.  sent  a  large  and  re.sj.ectable  delegation  to  W.-isliinnloii. 
to  represent  their  cause.  Negotiations  were  renewed,  and  resulted  in  the  Ibrmaiioii  of 
the  important  treaty,  signed  Jiiniiary  lil.  lS-J(i.'  the  first  article  of  which  abrogates  the 
]nior  treaty  of  February  12.  I>2-"..  and  divlares  every  clause  thereof  '•mill   and  void, 


r.  S.  Tivatics  p   ;i!ll. 


OK    THE    IN  1)1  AX    II  ISTOi!  V 


419 


to  cvii'v   intent   and    purpose  wliatsoover."  '      iiy   tliis  treaty   tin'  ( 


reeks   ('(.' 


led    laru(! 


Iraels  til'  their  lands  in  (leorjiia,  and  agreed  to  reinovi-  to  the  NVest.  Tlif  M-lntosli 
part\.  and  all  who  siiiiied  the  olijectionalde  treaty,  were  reiM>laleil  in  their  iu^t  rii;ht>, 
and  perndtted  to  send  a  deleiiution  to  loeate  lands  tor  tlieii'  part\  in  the  West.  A 
perpetual  additi(jnal  annuity  of.^'Jl  1.(1(11)  was  ^ranteil.  and  the  Creeks  a-reeil  to  remove 
within  one  \ear.  Other  stipulations  were  inelnded  in  the  treaty,  which  was  in  the 
hii^hest  degree  liheral.     The  removal  poliey  was  thus  sustained. 

I'nder  the  authority  ot'  the  treaty-making  power,  the  President  continned  to  receive 
isiicli  eessions  of  the  exhausted  and  surplus  tracts  of  all  tlu;  trihes.  sitnate(l  east  of  tlie 
Mississippi,  as  they  felt  incdiued  to  make,  in  view  of  the  linal   ndincpiishnient  of  their 


i)iissession 


s  anil  transfer  to  tin-  West. 


The  treaty  of.Iannary  21.  1S2().'  was  thi'  first  ellectivo  step  tid<en  towards  the  t 


ra  us 


I'erenee  oi  the  Indian  trihes  to  the  West.  This  treaty,  negotiated  i>y  Mr.  Barhour, 
Secretary  of  War,  made  very  e.xtensivo  cessions  of  territory,  retaining,  however, 
ini|)ortant  reserves  for  the  Indians,  who  were  confined  to  their  pai'ticnlar  localities. 
1'lie  llillowei's  of  (ienoral  .M'Intosli.  who  had  lallcii  in  the  contot  ai)oiit  thi'  land,  wei'o 
indemnilied  lor  the  danncLcs  sustained  hy  them,  and  a  deputation  of  that  part  of  the 
nation  agreed  to  visit  and  I'xamine  the  country,  west  of  the  .Mis.-is>ipi)i.  d'signed  for 
their  residence.  This  treaty,  which  secured  !m|i(irtant  ad\  antages  to  the  Isastern  (,'rei'k.--, 
was  the  initial  movenu'nt  toward  a,  coinpronii.se. 

It  is  impossii)le  to  conceive,  unle.^s  hy  a  perusal  of  the  numerous  puhlic  docmnents 
printed  at  tiiat  period,  how  numerous  and  complicated  were  the  diUlculties  surrounding 
this  sid)ject.'  .Some  of  the  trihes.  more  advanced  in  ci\ili/ation  than  tiie  rest,  regarded 
it  as  an  enileavor  to  drive  them  hack  into  liarliarism,  and  the  inoral  ton<'  of  the  com- 
munity also  sympathized  wilii  this  view.  Tiie  diurnal  jiress.  as  well  as  tlu'  critical 
rexiews,  asserted  that  the  Indian  ipii-^lion  had  reaciied  a  point  where  it  hecaini'  neces- 
sar\'  to   ]iause.  and    piaider  on    the   duties  which    the   nation   owed    to  tiie   trihes.  who, 


though  at  that  time  acting  under  delnsi\e   impuls(>s,  shoidd   I 


he   re^ardei 


1  witl 


1    deeper 


symi)athy.  not  oidy  as  oiu"  predei'cs.-^ors  in  the  country,  hut  also  as  individuals  in  whom 
Christianity  felt  a  deep  interest.  It  was  then,  as  it  still  is.  mi  unsettleil  ipu'stion, 
wliether  these  wandering,  forsaken,  and  heidghted  sons  of  tic  forest,  were  not  the  pro- 
hahle  descendants  of  the  Ahramii^    st 


ocK,  wliose 


historv   is   inseparalilv   I'onnecied  with 


th 


10  destinies  of  the  liuman  race. 


At  this  time,  it  appeared  that   nothing  hut  the  removal  of  the  trihes   from  the  juris- 
dictions of  the   several  States  to  a  separate    territory,  wliei'e   they  would  lie   free    iVoiii 


mo 


lestation,  could  avert   their  entire  annihilation  at  no  xcrv  distant  ueriod.      Port 


if  tlu'  C 


lerokees   seem 


to  h 


P 
ili/eij  their  true  condition  as  earlv  as  th 


IMI'J. 


\    .  t'.  Tiv:lli.' 


I' 


ll.i.l. 


HI. 


■'    Vi.l.'     I'lll.li.-     Ilnrlininil-     nf    tllO     Si'llllt.'    ni'    ill.'     flill.-.l     SClU'S,    V,,|s.     I.,     II.,    ill    ,     lUlll      IV.:      \\:l,-llill. 

kpii,  l!l;iir  MM. I  Kivis,  is  III. 


4J0 


TllK    POLITICAL    (TLMINVTIOX 


II      i 


r 
h 


IHHtt 


i  f 


!     I 


w  lien  tlicy  ohtained  Mr.  JclVcvson's  siiiicliuii  to  tlirii'  pi'ojjosiil,  wliicli  was  siil)sc'(|ii('iitl_v 
t'liihiMlii'd   ill   tlio   tivatv   lU'iioliiitod    in  iSlll.      Kioiii   a  cliiiisc  of  the   trciits'  witli    the 


Sliawiit'o.s,  iioirotiati'd  bv  ( 


ICIIC 


alC'lark  in  ISl'-'i.  wc  Icani  tluit  i\ 


siiia 


II  IraiiiiU'iit  III'  thai 

ti'ilii'  iiad  crosst'd  the  Missis.si|i|)i  into  iipin'r  liOiiisiaiia.  and  tluTc  located  tlu'insclvcs  on 
a  traot  of  land  twcuty-tivc  inilos  si|iiar('.  urantftl  to  thciii  liv  (ioNcnior  CarondoU't.  as 
early  as  I7!l").  This  niovciiii'iit  which  was  at  first  inort'ly  iircciuitionary,  and  inti'iiilcd 
to  I'mnisli  an  oiitlcl  lor  their  ri'stlcss  poiHilation  west  ol'tiie  Mississippi,  was  followed  by 
several  otiier  tribes  at  a  later  date,  and  at  various  epoelis  it  became  a  ])i)rtion  of  the  tribal 
jiolicv  of  the  Choctaws,  the  Cliickasaws,  the  majority  of  the  Chi'iokees.  and  finally,  ol" 
the  (,'ieeks.  Yet  the  disjiersed  liimter  tribes,  livinjr  on  larije  reservations  in  the  westi'ni 
and  northern  States,  east  of  the  Mississippi,  rejiardod  the  measure  with  total  a\ersioii. 
They  cliinu'  with  tenacity  to  the  land  of  their  forefathers,  in  those  latitudes,  where  the 
varviiiuf  climate,  and  the  happy  ulternation  of  spriii.u',  siimmor,  autumn,  and  winter, 
j:ave  a  jiiquancy  to  tlie  onjoymeiit  of  life.  The  chase  was  tin;  pootrv  oi'  tlnir  existence, 
war  the  true  path  to  Iionnr.  and  the  traditions  and  reminiscences  of  their  forefathers 
the  pi'oper  intellectual  tbod  of  the  Indian  mind.  Huoks  were  for  scholars,  and  laiior 
li)r  slaves.     This  was  Indian  philosophy. 

Hut.  wliile  the  Indian  iiuluked  in  his  day-dreams,  the  race  which  labored  at  the  plow, 
the  anvil,  and  the  loom,  and  chained  the  ripjilinii'  and  murmurinu'  streamlet  to  the 
revolvini:  wheel  of  the  saw  and  uiist  mill,  were  rapidly  encompassinu'  him  with  the 
l)Oiids  of  civilized  life.  There  were  then  no  railroads,  but  the  steady  and  rapid  advance 
of  civilization  foreshadowed  their  approaeli.  The  plan  of  leniovinii'  and  conceii- 
tratiiiii'  tlie  Iiiili;in  population  was  no  sooner  aimouiiced,  than  it  was  warmly  advocated 
as  the  ])ro]iei'  mmle  of  arresting'  their  decline  ami  avertin;^'  their  final  e.vtinctioii.  Tlu; 
result  of  careful  scrutiny  into  their  condition  and  future  ])rospects  by  the  President, 
whom  they  n^L'anled  as  their  uri-at  political  father,  was  a  provision,  while  yet  the  means 
were  at  hand,  for  their  future  pros|)erity  and  i)eriiiaiieiit  welfari'.  As  such,  the  plan 
was  detailed  to  the  trili(>s  \)y  the  otlicers  charged  with  the  care  of  Indian  alfairs;  not, 
however,  with  a  view  of  tiiri'ini:'  it  upon  them,  but  of  submitting  it  to  their  calm 
consideration  ami  decision. 

The  Indian.  i.;iioiant  alike  of  history  and  of  the  ])rogress  of  socict \'.  retpiired  time  to 
cfinsider  any  new  propositions  advanced,  and  to  realize  his  own  true  ptisition.  All  the 
nt)rtliern  triiies  e\|)iessed  fears  as  to  the  healthl'nlness  of  the  soutiiern  latitudes,  beinu; 
accustomed  only  to  the  bracing  nortbern  seasons,  and  to  the  customs  and  arts  of  noitbeni 
hunters.  Their  very  mythology,  singular  as  it  may  seem,  warned  them  ot'  the  seducti\(! 
maiiiiiis  and  habits  of  the  South.'  It  was  a  dillicult  matter  for  them  ti)  exchaiiue  their 
established  customs  for  others  entirely  at  variance  with  them. 

The  intestine  wars  and  li'uds  of  the  Indians  had  been  one  of  ilie  principal  causes  of 


1,I-J(1IM~   ..f    lli.lWIltllM.         HilliWCW,! 


iil'.i 


l('\ 


OK    TIIH    INDIAN    lIlSToRV. 


4-21 


llu'ir  (k'oliiio.  iiml,  in  soim 


iL 


•uses,  ut' tlicii-  utlor  (k'stnictii 


III. 


'I'l 


ii'sc  wars,  \vhi('l>  IimiI  nn 


liiiiils  to  tlii'ir  I'lirv,  iiiid  wnv.  wnuod  willimit  aiiv  ostfiisiliU'  oliici't.  Iiciiin 


l.cl 


lire 


ncM  WHS  (liscdvi'icd.  II 


11(1  coiitiiiiu'il.  at  litl'iil   intervals.  tlir(niuii<iiit  I'xors'  lu'iiinl  ol'  :il 


riniiiiil  liistdi" 


'I'lifV  Imivi'.  ill  liict.  cxcrciscil  a  iiiori'  liaiH'liil   iiilliifiici'  on  tin 


rity  ol"  till'  liMliaii  raoi'.  than  any  oi'  all  otlitT  causes  ('(iiiiliiiicd.  with  the  siu'jlc  cxccii- 
tiiHi  (if  their  [lassionali'  cravinu'  lor  anient  spirits.  J'lillnts  were  IVeqiieiitiy  iiiailc  to 
|iiit  a  sto|)  to  tiiese  intestine  wars,  anil  as  tVe([ueiitty  tleli'ateil ;  Imt  alter  the  elose  ol" 
the  war  of  ISl'J  they  were  again  vijiorously  resmneil.  Mr.  Monroe  nnule  slrenuoiis 
ell'orts  to  enli)ree  this  poliey  tliroiiglioiit  tiie  entire  eiulit  years  of  his  adiiiinistrution. 
The  .several  exjieilitions  of  Ijonjr.  Cass,  and  .Schooleralt,  to  tlie  sources  of  the  Missi.s- 
si|)[)i,  to  the  nioiith  of  the  Yellow  Stone,  to  the  sources  of  the  Arkansas  and  lied  rivers, 
to  those  ol' other  jirincipal  streams,  and  to  the  contra!  portions  of  the  Mississipjii  \;ilie\, 
in  1S20,  'l!l.  and  'Jli,  had  proiiioteil  this  purpose,  hy  accinnnlatinj;'  iicciirate  iivoiiiaplii- 


il   statistics  of  the  Indian  territory,  its  inhahitant? 


aiK 


1  it 


s  resourci's. 


T 


sit   ol 


the  \eneral)le  Dr.  .ledediali  Morse  to  the  lake  tril)es.  in  IS'JO.  to  ii 


arn  their  dispusitioii- 


leeliiiiTs.  and  social  and  moral  condition,  had  the 


•anil- 


tendency.'      This  iieriod  w  il- 


nessed  a  practical  ri'iiewal  of  the  exploiiilioiis  oriLiinatiMl  hy  .Mr.  .lelli'rsoii  in   I  MM.     A 
more  intimate  acouaintaiice  witli  the  Indi.uis  all'orded  that  knowli'iliie  of  tiieir  iieculiar 


liahits  wiiich  w; 


iiece: 


iar\'  to  their  uroner  nianaLU'inent.  and  to  indnce   tlieiii  to  ahai 


lion  th 


iiiniter  mix 


le  of 


life,  and  adopt  \\n\  more  ele\atinL;'  piirsnils  ol'  ci-,ili/ati 


on. 


.'I'lial    triha 


1  w 


irs  were  eoiitiniialK-  distractini;'  the  Indians,  one  trilie   trespass 


inj;;  on  tiie  lands  of  another,  and  as  the  civili/ed  |)opnlatioii  was.  at  the  same  time,  press- 
inj;:  into  the  ceded  districts,  it  was  tliiiiii.ilit  iiy  the  (ioverninent  that  one  of  the  most 
jiractical  methods  of  allayinu'  their  territorial  disputes  would  he  to  establish  didinite 
houndary-lines  lietween  their  possessions;  a  inetliod  of  settling  their  ililliciiltios  which 
hail  never  occurred  to  the  Indians. 

A  series  of  con\cntinns  held  witli  the  Indian  cliiels  of  the  western  and  novlli-westcrn 
trii)es,  marked  the  early  jiart  of  Mr.  Adain.s'  administration;  tiie  first,  and  most 
important  of  which  assemhled  at  I'rairie  du  l.'hieii,  on  the  I'pper  .Mississippi,  duriiij,' 
the  summei  of  1S2").  under  the  auspices  of  General  William  (.'lark,  the  iieiieral  super- 
inleiident  at  St.  Louis,  and  of  (lovernor  Lewis  Cass,  of  .Miidiijian.  <.<•  ii/Ji'io  superin- 
tendent of  the  nortliern  Department.  Tiiis  coinentioii  was  attended  hy  the  .Meiida- 
wacanton  and  Yaiiton  Dakotahs.  or  Sioux,  of  the  St.  Peter's  and  tlie  Plains,  the  Chip- 
])ewas  and  Pillagers,  of  the  sourci's  of  the  Mississippi,  and  the  .<acs.  Kox<'s.  Inwas. 
Winneliaiioes.  .Menomoiiecs.  Cliippewas.  Ottowas.  and  Puttawaltamies.  of  tin'  Lakes 
and  the  Illinois  ri\cr.  Maps,  drawn  on  iiirch  hark.  liixiiiL;'  the  outlines  of  their  huiitiiiL;- 
;:rounds,  wiiv  exhihitcd  hs  the  se\iTal  Irihe.-.  and.  id'ter  a  full  di>cnssion  with  each  of 
tiieir   resjiective  ai:ciits.  a  treaty  of  pe;ici-  and  liinitation  was  si'jued  ly   thrni.  Auju>t 


i  ■■'! 


i  \>  H  t 


:      V' 


Miir.-o'.s  liriimt  111  liii'  >'ri.Til:ii\  nf   \\;ii-,  1  Mil.  >\ii.,  IIMI  |,|i.  :   .\iw  \i:\ 


CiiiMi-..  Isu'-J 


!?r 


w. 


42-2 


TllK    I'OLITK'.VI.    (JULMINATION 


>.  lS2">.'     'I'lio  j)iiiici|il('s  liiTf  iiiiimiu'i:iti'(l  wciv  rarricd  uut  li_v  ii  similiir  ruiivoiit 


ion 


tilfliicls.  >\liicli  Jissciiil>li'il  lit  Koiiil  (In  liiU'.  ill  tlio  lii'iiil  of  liuki'  Supt'iioi'.  ill  I  Slid,  iiml 
w:\x  iillciuli'il  liy  till'  I'liii'I's  1)1'  tliut  n\i:icni. 

A  trciitv  was  j^iLniod  hy  tlio.«e  ropro.sentiitivos  of  tlio  nortlicrii  trilu's,  wliifh  t'sfalilisluMl 
)n':ici  I'lil  irliilions  among  tlio  liuliaiiH,  and  delinitcly  f»ottU'(l  tlio  lioundarv  linos  ol' tlioir 
tonilorios  ii})  to  tlio  forts -ninth  ]>;irallol  of  iioitli  iatitndo.'-  I'lidor  a  treaty  of  a  similar 
oliaraetor.  a  oonvontion  was  hold  at  liultnlrs  Mtrts,  on  Kox  rivor,  lor  tlio  jjiirposo  of. 
sottlinu:  the  nortli-oastern  boundary  botwoon  tht^  Monoinonoos  and  t'hippowiis,  and 
oortaiii  hands  of  tlio  Onoidas  and  Stock  bridges,  hotter  known  by  tlio  designation  of 
Is'ow  York  Indians,  whioh  resulted  in  tlio  signing  of  a  treaty  at  this  place,  August 
lllh,  1827.' 


These    treaties  with    tlio  hinitor    trilies    of   the   North  sociirod    Hir    tlioni 


acciirafo 


b 


Miiiiidari.'s.  am 


I  th 


iiiowlodiiinont   bv  the   United   Stat 


OS.  as  w'o 


II 


bv  th 


o  other 


tribes,  of  their  (daims  to  the  territory.  They  wore  likowi.-io  of  the  greatest  adsaiitaL''o 
to  them  in  their  subsoipit'iit  history,  and  served  to  teach  tlioin  the  bonolits  of  system, 
when  they  begiin  to  exchange  their  surplus  lantls  for  annuities  in  goods  and  coin. 

While  the  treaty  of  IJutte  dos  Morts  was  umler  consideration,  the  Wiiinobagoes 
committt'd  some  hostile  acts  at  Prairie  dn  Cliien,  on  tiio  Missi.-sip|ii.  They  there  lirod 
into  a  boat,  n 


lundored   several    individuals,  and   eiidoavured   practically  to  eiitbrce 


an 


olisiileio  idea,  that  tlioy  had  a  right  to  interdict  niorchaiidiso  from  i>assing  the  portage 
of  tiio  Wisconsin,  without  receiving  some  acknowledgment  thorelbr,  in  the  nature  of 
toll.  General  Cass,  who,  as  one  of  the  Conuni.ssioners,  was  then  in  the  viciiiitv, 
immodiatolv  embarked  in  liis  light  canoe,  maimed  bv  skilful  Canadians,  cr 


'osse 


d  tl 


le 


jiortago.  and.  enteriii,.,  the  Mississippi  rivor,  journoyed  night  and  day  until  lie  reached 
St.  Louis,  whence  ho  returned  with  a  Ijody  of  troops,  whosi'  sudden  appearance  j)roveiited 
aiu    further  tronblo  from  this  source. 


'  f.  .<.  Tiv:iti,'s,  p.  .•!T1. 


'  Ilri.l.,  p.  .'!!1I5. 


lliid.,  II.  111'. 


\j-\ 


:  m ' 


ill  I 


OF    THE    INDIAN    IIISTOUY. 


423 


CIL.VPTKR    VI  [I. 

GRADUAL    TRANSFERENCE    OF    THE    INDIAN    POPULATION    TO 

THE    WEST. 

Ai.L  causes  of  intestine  quiirrels  and  dissensions  wen;  ultiiiictely 
removed,  during  Mr.  Adams'  administration,  \>y  tlic  negotiation    of  1S"J8. 

treaties  defining  the  boundaries  between  tiic  triljes;'  and  tin'  jjolicy  of       J.  (}.  .Vkams, 
western  migration  was  promoted  by  the  force  of  convincing  arguini'nt.  PiiKsinKxr. 

Tiio  primary  arrangements  for  the  expatriation  of  tiie  ChcroUecs 
and  Choctaws  liad  been  commenced  l)y  the  Indians  tliemselv-'s  in  1S17  and  1S20. 
Their  transference  to  the  West  was,  liowever.  a  tedious  operation,  and  only  undertaken 
after  a  tiiorougii  exploration  of  their  new  territory  had  Ijeon  made.  The  Indian 
exerci.ses  great  caution,  and  is  never  in  a  hurry  in  the  transaction  of  business ;  he  must 
liave  time  to  think.  One  after  another,  the  tribes  residing  in  tiie  soutiiern  and  middle, 
and.  linally,  to  a  considerable  extent,  those  in  the  northern  latitudes,  adopted  the  [ilan, 
and  accepted  locations  west  of  the  Mississippi,  for  those  surrendered  on  the  east  of 
that  river.  It  was  an  object  to  preserve  pacific  relations  with  those  indigenous  triljcs 
in  the  wi-st,  on  who.'^e  territories  the  eastern  trilx's  were  to  be  concentrated,  and  who 
yet  pos.sessed  the  title  to  the  soil.  These  stern  lords  of  the  wilderness,  the  Osagi's.  the 
(Juappas,  the  Kanzas  and  their  compeers,  required  to  be  kept  at  ]ieace  not  only  with 
the  United  States,  but  also  with  each  other,  and  with  the  tribes  einlgrating  from  the 
cast  of  the  Mis>issi|)pi.  Parties  of  the  migrating  Indians  re([uired,  I'roni  time  to  time, 
to  be  directed  to  the  places  on  which  they  were  to  I'eside  ;  and  to  be  furnished  with 
the  nii'ans  of  beginning  life  there.  It  was  likewise  necessar\'  that  their  aniuiitii's, 
derived  from  formei"  cessions  ot'  country,  should  be  apportioned  bi'tween  tlu'  eastern 
and  western  divisions  of  the  trilies.  in  accordance  with  their  respective  numbers. 
Sometimes,  the  tribes  settled  in  positions,  whence  tlieii'  restless  spirit  indin'cd  them  to 
remove  and  re-locate  elsewhere.  ^lurdi-rs  not  unfre(|m'ntly  occurred,  and  frontiei' wars 
were  oidy  pi'cvented  by  judicious  negotiations.  iiiilitar_\-  watchfulness,  and  bv  the  system 
of  compensation,  customary  among   the   Indians.     These  onerous  ollicial   duties  win'o 


Treiitios  of  I'mirio  ilii  C'liieii,  ISJ,'),  I'on.l  Ju  Liii:,  ISiiii,  iiiul  liiiUo  tira  .^Iul•(■i.  ls27. 


m 


I  1 


]  I 


II' 


ip, 


% 


it 


I,, 

I     1 


4-24 


THE    ruLlTlCAl,    cri, Ml  NATION. 


alily  pciloriiu'd  liy  tlic  veteran  Supcriiitt'iKlciit  ol'  liidiiui  Mlliii's  at  St.  Ijouis.    'I'lio  imwt 
iiii|iiii'l:uit   ti'ilit's  of  tli(>  Oliii).  liidiaiia,  ami   llliiiois  Indians,  liad   so  far  cnti'ivd   into 


ananiirini'nts  I'oi'tiu'ir  icrno 


val. 
il.  U 


t(i  liiivi'  .^'cnt  out  citlu 


pion  tTs  or  cnii^n'ant  piii'tic'."*. 


Early  in  the  month  i>['  April.  I8:i7.  KUksattiiwa.  tlic  Sliaunci'  ni'oiilit-'t,  arrived  at  St. 
Limi.-i.  t'roni  Walipakeiietta.  willi  the  Shawnee  tribe,  cm  their  ro  ite  to  the  West.  This 
was  tlie  eelel)rated  man,  wiio,  assnminj;'  the  prophetic  olliee,  ha  I.  in  IMl,  incited  the 
ali()ri;;ines  to  waiie  the  war  a^'ainst  the  I'nited  Stati's,  in  which  the  Indian  hosts  were  led 
to  battle  b\  'recnmseh.  This  war,  instead  ol'  oriLrinatinji'  a  new  era  of  prosperity  lor 
the  Indians,  and  limitinL'  the  advance  of  civilization,  as  l-lllksatlaMa  had  assured  them, 
hail  pnidnced  the  diametlicall_\  opposite  ell'ect.  After  the  defeat  and  death  of'l'ecnmseh, 
the  prophet  had  hiniselt'  lied  to  Canaila,  wheri'  he  lived  for  sonie  years,  nnlil  the  lon^ 
eontinnance  of  peace  renio\('(l  all  apprehen.sion  of  further  iiMscliief  from  his  oracadar 
voice,  when  (ieueral  Cass  permitted  him  to  return  to  his  tribe  at  Wahpakenetta,  where 
his  people,  liavinj;'  directed  their  attention  to  farming',  and  the  raisinjr  of  liorses  and 
cattle,  had  made  considerahK'  advance  in  arts,  ii.duslry,  and  civilization.  He  was  a 
man  of  oriuinal  ideas,  strong  purpose,  and  nnich  natural  sliri'wdness,  and  was  \\(  II 
adajited.  by  his  easy  manncrH,  and  hy  habits  of  extreme  iihstemiousness,  as  well  as  by 
his  total  lack  of  sidlisliiiess,  to  attract  tiic  favor  of  the  Indians.  In  stature,  he  was 
lonsiderably  ahovw  the  average  height,  his  body  was  very  .spare,  and  his  conntenance 
always  wore  an  austere  as[ie('t,  which,  with  the  [okh  of  one  eyi-,  over  which  he 
constantly  wore  a  patch  or  blind,  tended  to  more  deeply  impress  t!ie  Indians  with  an 
idea  of  his  sanctity  of  character.  His  revelations  were  promidgi'd  with  all  that  carefid 
;itteidion  to  manner,  circumstance,  tinn'.  and  place,  lU'cessary  \o  ensiu'e  them  full 
credit :  anil  but  lew  men  of  his  class,  possessing  such  marked  peculiarities,  have  figured 
in  Indiini  history.  JJowed  down  with  the  accuinidateil  weight  of  _\ears,  he  wa.s  now 
the  leader  of  his  tribe  in  their  journey  to  a  land  of  refuge;  and.  as  such,  was  received 
iiy  the  Superintendi  lit.  and  ollicials  at  the  West,  with  friendsliip,  respect,  and  kindness. 
As-uniing  an  oratorical  attituik',  lie  said,  in  elfect,  "that  he  had  come,  in  obedience 
to  llie  desire  of  the  I'ri'sident,  whose  wishes  had  been  coinmunicati'd  by  the  agent. 
lli>  (ireat  Father  at  Washington  had  seen  that  the  Shawnces  owned  but  a  small  piece 
of  land,  and  that  the  whites  were  pressing  iii)on  them  so  much  that  they  could  not 
long  remain  on  it  in  prosperity.  That,  to  ensure  thi'ir  preservation,  and  enable  them 
ajaiii  to  iiccome  .i  great  nation,  ho  woidd  give  them  a  new  location  in  the  West,  where 
the  sun  shone  as  bri^litly.  and  the  soil  was  as  rich,  on  which  they  might  live  forevi'r, 
iiniler  their  own  laws.  He  had  aihised  them  to  send  a  Jiarty  to  view  it.  and  judge  of 
its  litiiess.  lie  had  promised  to  sustain  tliein  on  the  wav.  and  pay  them  tin'  their 
iijiprii\ements.  orchards,  and  agricultural  implements  left  behind.  They  recei\ed  this 
voice  ,is  the  voice  of  wisdom  and  kindness.  They  regarded  it  as  one  with  the  voice 
of  the  (ileal  Spirit,  wiiieli  he  had  himself  heard,  it  came  over  the  Aileghanies  as  the 
jileasing  .sound  of  many  waters.     The  old  men  at  first  objected  to  the  plan.     At  last, 


OF    THE    INDIAN    HISTORY. 


425 


the  youiifr  iiH'ii  rcvit'wcd  the  siilijcct.  and  siiiil.  I(  '  is  ^i)  .nid  look  at  the  land,  lie  liad 
yot  up  mid  caini!  witli  liis  pi'Dijlc.  Tliort'  were  .  Ml  jiur.soii.s  with  liiiii.  Tlii'ii;  wt'id 
some  lol't  beliiiid,  wlio  would  -.lUo  coini-.  Tliuy  did  not  conu'  ol"  tlicir  own  motion.  It 
was  tlio  great  Ivuler  of  the  land  who  sent  tlieni.  It  was  liis  promises  tliat  lie  came  to 
test.  He  now  askud  that  they  should  he  earried  out.  They  were  hungry,  and  hud 
worn  out  most  ol"  their  clothes.  Their  horses  were  lean  and  poor.  They  must  rest  to 
gain  strength."' 

The  removal  ol"  all  the  Indians  to  the  we.st  of  the  Mississippi  went  t'urward,  partly 
by  their  own  volition,  and  partly  under  the  inlluence  ol"  the  (lovermnt'iit  ollieials.  The 
movement  wa.s  founded  on  the  strength  of  treaty  .stipulations  alone.  The  more  closely 
the  i)hin  wa.s  examined  by  both  white  and  red  men,  the  mori^  favor  it  received.  Con- 
gress was  much  interested  in  the  project,  and  several  acts  were  presented  to  the 
consideration  of  both  llouse,"*,  which  had  l"or  their  object  to  facilitatt?  and  give  llic  force 
of  legal  .security  to  the  plan.  Fei)ruary  1st,  IS'Jo^  the  Situate  p:issed  a  bill  -  ll)r  tiie 
preservation  and  civili/ation  of  the  Indian  tribes  within  the  United  States;"  but  it 
liiiled  to  receive  the  sanction  of  the  House  of  IJepreseiitatives.  DeeendK-r  liTth  of  the 
Hame  year,  the  House  instructed  their  Committee  on  Indian  All'airs.  to  devise  a  plan 
for  allotting  tt)  each  tribe  a  sullicieney  of  land,  '•with  the  .sovereignty,  or  right  of  soil. 
in  the  same  maimer  that  the  right  ol'  doniain  is  secured  to  the  res[)eetive  States  of  tins 
I'liioii."  In  January,  iSliO,  the  bill  brought  forward  in  tiie  House,  at  the  previous 
session,  was  referred  to  the  Sec^retary  of  War,  with  the  view  of  obtaining  such  inl"or- 
mation  a.s  the  subject  d(.'inanded.  Mr.  IJarbour  made  a  very  elaborate  report,  but  no 
final  iictioii  was  taken  in  the  matter.  The  principles  then  dis(nis,sed  were,  liowever, 
incorporated  in  the  treaty  formed  ^lay  Sth,  1S28,  with  the  Cherokees,  which  secured 
to  that  nation  a  permanent  home  in  the  West,  under  the  most  solemn  guaranty  of  the 
United  States,  by  which  this  territory  was  granted  to  them  Ibrever,  with  an  appended 
.stipulation  that  they  .should  be  jirovided  with  plain  hiw.s,  and  the  indivitluality  of  the 
right  to  the  land  acknowledged  whenever  it  should  be  desired. 


'  MS.S.  Letters  and  .Spcculi  llouk  ut'  tho  yujii'iiiiU'iHli.iu;v.  Vol.  A.,  p.  lO'-i,  ituhi 


Vol..  VI.  — 51 


M' 


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420 


TIIM    roMTH'AT,    (' I' 1,M  1  N  A  T  I  ON 


CIIArTKU    IX, 


GKOd i{  A  I' in ('  A  I,    !•  II I-; N ( »M i; \  a  . 


SOIL.    CMMATi:.    AND    TKHIMTO- 


KIAl-   ADVANTAdKS   (»r  TlIK   Tito  I'OS  ll  D    INDIAN   COi.ON  IKf^. 


1S20. 

J.  Q.  Al.AMS. 
I'UKSIDKNT. 


Tin:    siiitiihilitv  mikI   tin-  ;iiiiplitii(l('  of  flic  territory  M-lcctcd  as  ii. 
r('('iiL'<'  lor  till'   liiiliiiiis.  were  toiiics  ol'ti'ii  mooted,  iiiul  siH  rioifui'iitly 


if  tlif  Rockv  y^  uiitaiiiH, 


iIi'iikmI.     >itiiiito  on  the  tiveat  ircoloL'icMl  slo|)e  ( 

ill  liititiiiles  hut  seldom  visited,  exeeiit  liy  the  hunter  and  tl..>  '(rivellor, 

inl'orniMtion  re<riirdiiiir  this  territory  was  not  easilv  aecessilile,     JJeiiijT 


remote,  and  in  a  measure  unknown,  its  eonditioii  was  easil\-  inisrenresonted 


and 


tl 


lere 


were  no 


t  wantiiiL'  soini>,  wlio  supposed  tliat  tlie  trihes  were  not  only  to  he  removed  west 
of  the  iurisdictious  of  the  States  and  Territoric's.  hut  also  he\-oiid  tiie  isothermal  limits, 


where 


the  a!)seiiee  of  aralile  soils  liad  ell'eetiially  harred  the  pro  liietioii  of  forest  trees. 
General  William  ClarU.  the  veteran  explorer,  then  Suporintondent  of  Indian  Allairs  at 
St.  liOiiis,  disuhused  the  ])ntilie  of  this  notion,  in  a  report  whiei'  he  made  to  the  Govern- 


inent  in  the  vear 


IS-. 


Tho  I'reat  l)odv  of  the  cession."  ho  oiiserves,  "lies  west  of 


Missouri  and  Arkansas,  and  is  so  extensive  that,  ai'tor  leiivinjj;  tho  country  of  tiiu 
Kiuizas  and  Osa-res.  a  district  siiirieient  for  their  iiermanent  resideiieo,  and  after  furnish- 
in,ir  homes  for  the  tiiiies.  mIiosc  accommodation  was  the  immediiito  object  of  the 
Govei'iinu'iit.  and  locatinir  the  Creeks,  it  will  still  leave  enou.irh  to  enable  them  to  furnish 
jiernianent  residences  for  other  tribes  in  ilifleri'iit  States,  who  may  he  willing  to  remove 
to  the  West,  in  pursuance  of  tiio  system  lor  the  gradual  removal  and  collocation  of 
the  lndi!ms. 

'•  I  find,  from  information  derived  from  persons  to  he  relied  upon,  that  the  country 
embraced  in  these  cessions,  is  wondkhfi'i.i.v  adai'tkd  lo  an  Inihax  i-oi'ulatio.v  in  tiik 
KinsT  STA(;i:s  OF  CIVILIZATION.  Grass  is  uni\ersally  abundant,  and  the  winters,  in  a 
great  portion  of  the  cession,  miltl  enough  to  winter  cattle,  horses,  and  otiier  domestic 
animals,  to  subsist  themselves  without  care  from  their  owners.  On  all  creeks  and 
rivers,  tlieiv  are  liottoms  of  rich  lands,  easii}-  prejiared  for  cultivation.  Tiie  country 
is  divided  into  woodland  and  ])rairie  —  but  mostly  prairie,  and  i.s  well  watered  by 
Hpriiigs  and  running  streams,  and  is  convenient  to  .salt  plains,  and  .springs  of  salt  water. 


OK    TIIK     INDIAN     IIISTORV. 


m 


from  wliioh  an  iiicxliaiistil)li'  .supply  of  suit  cim  lii>  oliluinoil,  ['  i  Ish)  ii*(>nv<'»i  -Mit  to 
tlif  urciit  IJiiHiilo  riiii;:t',  IVwiii  wliicli  f^iipplioM  ciiii  l)c  ttlitiiiiu'il,  \mt  \\f\-  ciiii  (i.«i»il  to 
tlii'ir  own  lldi'ks."  ' 

In  IS.'Jd,  (Im'iiiK  a  HubscHiuoiit  jjirsidi'iicy,  (Jcnoriil  Kiiton,  ScciitMry  of  War,  thus 
iiuliciitcs  liis  coin'iirrt'nco  in  tln'so  views;  "As  it  ri';:iinls  the  iii(|iiliy  rt'liitivc  to  tin- 
soil,  cliniiitc,  iind  prodiicfioiis  of  (iu!  ('(iiiiitrv,  nil  tiic  inrormiition  liiat  Ims  liccn  olitiiiiicil 
iVom  lu'i'sons  who  hiivo  visiti'd  this  jjortioii  iiroiir  territory,  leads  to  the  eomliisioii  that, 
in  notiiin^  oi'  tlioso  is  it  inferior  to  tlin  country  proposed  to  he  uliandoned  on  the  east 
of  thi!  Mississippi.  It  is  llir  the  most  part,  an  open  prairie  eounlry,  lertiie  and  easy 
to  bo  cultivated,  with  tiinher  snilicient  for  iil'  ajriicultural  purposes,  and  whieli  is 
vigorously  and  I'reely  re])roduoed  in  the  prairies  when  they  are  settled  and  trodden  hy 
the  stock.  'I'h(>  climate  is  mild  and  a;.'reeai)ie.  and  produces  cotton  to  advantage 
throu;;hout  that  portion  of  it  where  it  is  propi>sed  to  locale  the  southern  tribes."' 


'  liiiiiiiii  ('oiiL'ri.-:<liiiial  Diiciimi'iits,  Vol.  IV.  Docmiuiit  No.  ill,  p.  7. 


» Il.i.l ,  p.  •-'. 


i 


nil 


i 


;]rT,;  !  i 


si:rTT()N  KKiin  i:i:.\Tii. 

•JIIK    FIRST     DKCADi:   OK   TIII'l   ('()M)M/AT|()N 
PLAN.      In:;I    TO     IMI. 


ClIAI'TKII    [. 

roNClU'SS    AlTllOKI/KS    TIIK    COT.oXI/INC    OF 

TIIM    WKST. 


TIIK    INDIANS    IN 


p]vi;i!V  yciir  iiicn'nscd   tlio  pri'ssiirc  nj"  rivili/utioii  on  tli(>   ln<liiui 

IS'jn.  tiihcs;     tlic    tiilt'    of    wliito   I'liiiuriitioii    rolled    wcfitwiml    witli    cvcr- 

A.  .IacksiiS".       iiuMcii^ini^  nuIuiiic      Fur  tlic  IinliiUis.  tlic  era  nf  tlic  cliiisc  Inni  piissi'd 

J'ni:sii)i:\T.         iiwiiv  titri'vcr.  iiiul  tlicy  liinl  iinw  tlic  iilti'iiiativc  (it'i'm|ilii\  inir  tlu'insclvoM 

inimruljy  in  tlu'  jinrsuits  ol'  M^iiciiltiirf  mid  tlio  nrts,  or  of  iicfisliiMi; 

Iroin  iiiddli'iici-  iiiiil  want;  to  icinaiii  wlioie  tlicy  tlu-u  were,  witliiii  tlio  jiirifdictioii  of 

tlic  Stall's,  was  iiiipDssildc.     lii  Iiis  first  iiicssaL't'  to  Coiiirn'ss,  ilidixcri'd  at  tlic  dose  of 

tlic  year  ISli'.).  (iciicral  .facksoii  iiiticidiiccil  tlic  siilijcct  in  ii  very  liiicililc  iiiaiiner. 

'•  The  coiiditioii  and  nlti'i'ior  destiny  of  the  Indian  tiihes  witliin  tlic  limits  of  sonic 
of  our  States,  luivc  hceonie  suhjccts  of  niiicli  intcii'st  and  importaiu'c.  It  lias  loiii:  lieen 
llic  policy  of  rioMTinncnt,  to  introduce  among  tlicm  tlic  arts  of  ci\iliy,atioii.  in  tlic 
liope  of  'jradiially  reclaimini.'  tlieni  IVom  a  wanderiii-r  lili'.  This  jioliey  has.  however, 
heeii  coupled  with  another,  wholly  iiicoiiipatihle  with  its  success.  I'rofcssiiii:'  a  desiro 
to  ei\ili/.e  and  settle  tlietii.  we  have,  at  the  same  time,  lost  no  op])ortiinity  lo  purchase 
their  lands  ami  thrust  tliem  Inrther  into  the  wilileriiess.  \iy  this  means  they  lia\('  not 
only  licen  kejit  in  a  wandering'  state.  Imt  heen  led  to  look  upon  us  as  unjust  and 
inilill'i  rent  to  their  fate.  Thus,  tluni'.di  la\i>li  in  its  e\peiiditures  upon  the  siiipject. 
(liArrnmeiil  has  eon>taiill_\  drfMled  its  own  policy;  and  (he  Indians,  in  i;vneial, 
recidinij  further  and  further  to  the  West,  have  retained  their  sava,ije  habits.    A  portion, 


rut  ST  UKf'AiU'i  DK    nii;  cni.dN  i/.  \  tion   i-lnn 


»j:t 


liDWOVcr,  ni'tlii-  Miiiitlirni  Irilii'ri.  Iinviirj  iniii'^li'il  miii'li  uilli  llic  Aliili'».  iiinl  iiiihIc  ."iiiu' 

lirO-Tl'f'S    ill    tlic    lilts    (if  t'ivili/rd  lit'c.  IlilVf    lilli'ly  lltt('lll|iti'i|     In    I  I'cct    MM    il|ili'|li'Ilili'llt 

^iiMTiiiiifiit  \\illiiii  till'  liinitH  of  (ii'in'L'iri  and  Alaliuinii.      'I'Imm'  Stairs,  claiiniii'.'  to  U* 
till-  oiils'   ^|^\^'|•(•iL:lls   williiii    lliiir   ti'iritcnics.  cNtcnilrd    tlirir   laws  hmt   tin-    liidiaii>«; 

\\  liii'li  iiiihi 1  tlic  latter  to  call  ii|mim  tin-  Initrd  Slatr-i  |<ir  |iriilriii.iii. 

••  I'lidfi'  tlic.-'t'  circiiinstaiiccs.  the  (|ii('stiip|i  |nrsrntc'd  \va>.  wlii'tlirr  tin*  (iciiiial 
(invcriimriit  liad  a  ri;:lit  to  Mistaiii  tliii.T  |i(mp|i|i'  in  their  |ircti'ii«inii«v  'I'lir  ('i)ii>titiilinii 
ilrrlaics,  tliat  'no  new  State  oinill  lio  liii  iiiimI  or  erected  within  the  imi-dieihiii  nl'  aiiv 
nther  Stale,  witlmut  the  ciiii'^cnt  nl'  its  Icji^lal  ine,  IT  the  (iinnal  ( ii>\  rrniuriit  i-  imt 
|ieriiiitted  til  tolerate  the  cri'ctinn  nl'  a  cunrcderate  Slate  within  the  teriituiy  el'  mie  nf 
tile  ineinliei's  dl' this  I'liion.  a'jainst  her  consent,  inncli  le>s  cniijil  it  allnw  a  liirei>j:ii  and 
Illiie|ii'iii|i'nt  'josei  imiellt  to  estalilisii  itseir  there,  (leor'lia  hecallie  a  Illeinher  nl'  the 
t'(inreilerac\  wliiih  eventuated  in  nnr  I'lileral  I'nion.  as  a  .>^overei'in  Slate.  aKviivs 
iisscrtiiiir  her  claim  to  ceiinin  liniit>:  which.  ha\inj  licen  <iri"inally  ijcliiii'd  in  h  c 
cdliinial  cliarter.  and  snlwei|iii'ntly  rcco'jnised  in  the  treaty  of  peM'e.  .^he  has  ever  ,-ince 

continned  to  enjoy.  exce|it  iis  tiiey  lia\e  I n   circiiinsciihed   hy  her  own   Milnnlarv 

transfer  of  a  ]Mirtion  of  iier  territory  It  the  I  nited  States,  in  liie  articlev  uf  ci>-inii  nf 


ISII'J.      Alahania  was  adinitted  into  the  I'nion   mi    the -niie  jiintin'.' with    the  oiiiiina 


il 


iStatcH.  with  lionndaries  which  wi-re  |irescrilied  hy  ('onLiios.  There  is  no  constitnlional, 
convcntion.'il.  or  IcL'al  |)i'o\isioii,  which  allows  them  h  «s  power  over  the  Indians  within 
tiieir  liia'ders.  than  is  |iossesse(|  hy  .Maine  or  New  Yi'ik.  Would  the  |irci|)le  nf  .Maine 
jieimit  tlie  I'enoliscot  trihe  to  erect  an  inilependi  ,1  ijoxernnient  wiliiin  llnir  Stale".' 
iiiid,  unless  they  did.  would  it  not  he  the  duty  nf  the  (leneral   (Inscrnmenl    In  su|i|i(al 


tliein   ill   resistimi  sncli 


measure 


Would     tiie     lieople    nf    .New     Y 


nrU    |"'nnil    eacji 


remnant  of  the  Six  Nations  within  her  horders.  to  declare  itself  an  inde|ieiideul  |ieo|ile. 
under  the  protection  of  the  I'nited  States'.'  Cniild  the  Indians  esialilish  a  s(|iiiratt' 
re|iulilic  on  eacli  nf  their  reservations  in  Ohin".'  and  if  they  wcie  .-n  di<]in-ei|,  wnuld  it 
lie  the  duty  ot'  this  (Invernment  In  |irntecl  them  in  the  alleni|it '.'  it  the  priuciplo 
invidved  in  the  ohvinns  answer  to  these  questions  he  aliandoned,  it  will  liillnw  that  th(> 
ohjects  nl'  tills  ( In\ finiiient  are  reversed  ;  and  tlnit  it  has  hecniue  a  part  of  its  duty  to 
aid  in  destroyiiiL''  tlu'  States  which  it  was  eslaiilisheil  to  protect. 

'•.\ctuated  hy  this  view  nf  thi'  sulijcct.  I  inliiriiied  the  Indians  iiihahilim;-  parts  nf 
(icoiLda  and  .\lai)ama,  that  their  atti-inpt  tn  estahlish  an  indepenileiit  frovernnient  would 
not  he  countenanced  hy  tlie  Kxecutive  of  th(!  I'nited  States;  and  advised  them  In 
(•minrale  heyond  the  .Mississippi,  or  suhmil  to  the  laws  of  those  Slates. 

'■  Our  conduct  towards  these  pcnjile  is  deeply  inlerestintr  to  our  mitinnal  charai'ter. 
Their  pii'sent  conditinn.  eontrasteil  with  what  they  once  were.  inal\es  a  miv>t  powerful 
appeal  to  our  sympathies.  Our  auce.-tnrs  found  them  tin;  nnccnitrolled  possessors  of 
these  vast  reiiions.  |{y  persuasion  and  force,  they  liave  heen  made  to  retire  I'rom  river 
to  river,  and  iVoiii  mountain  to  iiiouiitaiii,  until  sonic  of  tlio  trihu.s  have  hccnme  extinct, 


il  : 


i!  m: 


430 


TJII-:    I'lKST    DIM' A  I)  K    (»K 


'       \K- 


Vf  ' 


't  I 


1 1?!  ' 


'     !     f 


and  otluTs  Imvo  left  but  ivmiiaiits,  to  picscivi'.  liir  ii  wliilo,  tlioir  (m('(>  tci'rilik'  niuiips. 
Siin'oiiiuli'd  l)y  flu?  wliitcs,  witli  tlit'ir  iirts  ol'  civiliziUioii.  wIul'Ii.  \>y  dcstroviiiii-  llic 
n'soiirct's  1)1'  till!  t<;ivii,i:('.  doom  liiiu  to  wi'aUiicss  mid  di'i'av  ;  tlif  late  of  tlu?  Molicuan, 
tlu'  Narrauaiij^ott,  and  tiic  Di'lawarc.  is  last  ovcrtakiiii;  tlu'  Clioctiiw,  tlic  ('lu'vokci', 
and  till' <"i('i'k.  'I'luit  tills  I'atr  siirclv  awaits  tliriii.  ii'  tlicy  rciiiaiii  within  tlic  liiiiit.s 
oC  till'  States,  does  not  admit  of  a  doiilit.  Ilimianitv  and  national  honor  demand  tiiat 
i'\(.'ry  flVort  siioiiid  he  niadi'  to  avert  so  tireal  a  ealaniity.  it  is  too  lati'  to  iiuniire 
wiiether  it  was  just  in  tiie  United  States  to  ineliide  them  and  tiieir  teiritorv  within  the 
bounds  ot'iii'W  States,  whose  limits  they  eouid  control.  That  step  cannot  lie  retiM<'ed  ; 
!i  Stale  cannot  Ik;  disiiieinliered  hy  CoiiLn'ess.  or  restricted  in  the  exercise  of  her 
eonstitntional  power.  lUit  liie  people  of  timse  .'^tati's.  and  of  e\-ei'y  State,  acliiated  hy 
feelings  of  justice,  and  a  rcL'^aid  for  onr  national  honor,  sulimit  to  you  the  interestinir 
question,  wiiether  something  cannot  he  doiu',  consistently  with  tiie  rights  of  the  States, 
to  presi'r\e  this  much  iniured  race'.' 

•■As  a  means  of  I'lleetinj;'  tiiis  end,  I  snpiiost.  for  your  ronsideration.  the  propriety  of 
pcttin.ir  apart  an  ample  district  west  of  the  .Mississi[)pi.  and  witliont  the  limits  of  any 
State  or  Territor\%  now  formed,  to  he  irnaraiiticd  to  the  Indian  irliies.  as  lonu'  as  they 
shall  occupy  it:  each  trilic  Inuiniz'a  ilistiiict  control  over  the  portion  dcslLmated  for  its 
use.  There  they  ma\'  he  scciire(l  in  the  enjoyment  of  Lro\-eriinii'nts  of  their  own  choice, 
suhject  to  no  other  control  from  the  United  States  than  such  as  m.iy  lie  neeessarv  to 
jire.serve  ])eace  on  the  frontier,  and  hetween  tlii'  several  trihes.  There  tli(>  henevoU'iit 
may  endeavor  to  teach  them  the  arts  of  ci\  ilizalion ;  and.  hy  |iromotiiiL;'  union  and 
harmony  anuniLr  them,  to  raise  up  an  interestinir  commomvealth,  d'stiiR'd  to  per|)etuatt! 
the  race,  and  to  attest  the  liumanity  and  justice  of  this  (loveriiment. 

••This  emigration  should  he  voluntary:  for  it  would  he  as  cruel  as  unjust  to  eompid 
tlie  aborigines  to  abandon  the  craves  of  their  fathers,  and  seek  a  home  in  a  distant 
land.  Hut  they  should  hi'  distiiutiy  informed  tliat,  if  they  remain  within  the  iimlts 
of  the  States,  they  must  lie  subject  to  their  laws.  In  return  tor  their  obedience,  as 
individuals,  they  will,  withonl  doubt,  be  ]»rotected  in  the  enjoymentoftho.se  possessions 
wiiicli  they  have  improved  by  their  industry.  JJiit  it  seems  visionary  for  me  to  suppose, 
that,  in  this  state  of  thing-',  ciainis  can  bo  allowed  on  tracts  of  country  on  which  thev 
liave  neither  dwelt  nor  made  improvements,  merely  because  they  have  seen  them  from 
the  mountain,  or  passed  them  in  the  chase.  Submitting  to  tlu;  laws  of  the  Stale,  and 
rei'civiiig,  like  other  citizens  |H-otection  in  their  persons  and  jiroperty,  they  will,  ere 
long.  hr<'onie  merged  in  the  mass  ot'  onr  population.  ' ' 

in  the  month  ol'  ,M;iy.  Is.'lO.  Cungress  pa,ssed  an  act,  authorizing  tlie  iiecessar\ 
exchanges  and  purchases  of  lands  t'roin  the  indigenous  tribes  west  of  the  .Mississippi. 
This  act  legalizes  the  removal  of  the  Indians,  guaranties  them  the   possession  of  their 


t 


'  indiari  Coiigro.s.siunal  Doeument.s,  Vol.  IV.    Doc.  1.,  p.  15. 


'It. 


THE    COLONIZATION    IT, AN, 


4;!1 


now  laiuls,  and  iiLjrci.'.-i  to  dorciid  tlu'in  in  tlicir  .^^oMTfiLiiity ;  uraiits  cDiniiciisalioii  I'or 
impi'ovt'mcnls  made  on  their  late  iiosset^sions,  and  apiirojniates  ?N:")()0,Otl(),  witli  wliicii 
to  conmience  the  removal  ol'  the  trihew.' 

'  An  Apt  (h  juMviilr  Inr  an  i'xcli:iiii.'('  of  lands  with  tin?  Imlians  iv.-idiiiv'  in  any  nl'  tin'  Statis  nr  'I'lTrilurio, 
iinil  fur  tliiir  i-unnival  wi'sl  uf  tlio  livi'i'  ,\li.-.sissipiii. 

Si  1    IION    1.        /{.    il  inililiil  III)  III'    Sillil/i    unil   llnllsi-  "/   Hi  jinsi  illillii  ,s  uf  ihr    I'lilli.l   Shilt.i  I'l'  .\lili  l-iiil   ill 

('•,111/1-1  ss  ii.<f  iiili/'i/,  Tlial  it  >liall  and  may  be  lawful  I'nr  tlio  IVrsidcnt  "f  llir  I'nili'cl  Slai.s  t.i  can-i'  mi  tnnidi 
III'  any  Tcnilni-y  ludnni^inLT  tn  tin'  I'nilrd  Staffs,  wrst  cif  tlic  ri\i'i'  Mi>--i."ip|ii.  nnt  imludrd  in  any  Stati-  in- 
ornaiiizcd  Ti'rritiiry,  and  in  wiiiili  tin'  Indian  tilli'  lias  ln'i'ii  cxlinu'iiislii'd,  as  In'  may  jiidL'i'  nciT^^arv,  to  l)n 
dividid  intd  a  siiiialdn  inimln'i'  iif  disli-ii'ts,  t'nr  tlic  ri'i'i'|itiim  id'  suedi  trilii's  nr  iiatimis  nl'  Imlians  as  may 
ciniiis.'  Ill  cM'liaii'^i'  till'  lands  wlnrr  lliry  imw  I'l'sido,  and  rcmiivi'  tliciv;  and  to  oausc  racli  ot'  said  di-tfiits  In 
be  so  drs(  rlliiil  by  naluial  or  artilicial  iiiark^,  as  to  bi'  easily  disliiiLinisliid  IVom  I'Vrfy  ntlnr. 

Sl'.e.  L'.  Am/ In  I'l /mill,  ,■  ,  11,1,  /,,!,  '\'\[:\t  it  sliall  and  may  be  lawl'nl  Ibi- tlin  I'rcsidrnt  to  I'xciiaii'.'i'  anv  i.r 
III!  ofsncli  dislrii'ls,  so  as  to  In;  laid  olV  and  drMribcd,  with  any  tribo  or  nation  nl'  Indians  imw  ri'-idiii'^  williin 
till'  limits  of  any  of  tlir  Slatrs  or  Tririlni-i.-,  and  willi  wliicli  tin.'  riiilrd  Stair-  bavo  .'\i.-tiii-  irraiir,-,  f,ii'  iho 

wliiilo  111' any  ]iai't  ol'  imi'tinn  of  ilir  Ti'i'iilnry  ilaimrd  and  oci'U|iiril  by  sin'li  Iril ■  naliuii.  witliin  llio  buniids 

of  liny  niii'  nl'  mori'  of  llic  ."'airs  ur  TiiTiloriis,  wdifir  tlic  land  rlaimrd  and  ni'rn]iird  by  llio  Indians,  is  owiii'd 
by  tin-  I'nili'd  St.iirs,  or  tlio  I'nilid  Stairs  am  bound  In  tin'  Stalo  witliin  wbii  li  it  lirs  to  i'.\tini;ui.-li  tlm 
Indian  rlaliii  llirnlo. 

Sf.r.  I!.  Anil  III-  if  I'liilli,  I'  I  ii,ii-f,il,  Tlial  in  tin'  maliiinj;  uf  any  sm  b  rM-liaii'.;!'  ur  i'\i'liam.;v~.  it  >liall  and 
may  bo  lawful  fur  tin'  I'l'i-^idriit  suli'iniily  I'l  asMiir  tlio  tribo  or  iialinn  willi  wliirii  tlio  oxrliainji'  is  iiiadi'.  that 
till'  I'liiti'd  Slato.s  will  fiii-i'Vor  socnii'  and  i;naraiity  to  tlioin,  and  tlnir  lioirs  or  sini'i'ssurs,  llio  I'oiintry  mi 
('xi'ban'.;i'd  witli  tlii'in  ;  and  if  tln-y  profor  il.  that  llio  I'liiti'd  Stains  will  lau-o  a  ]iatrnt  or  jxranl  to  br  mado 
iliiil  oxi'fUlod  to  llii'in  for  llio  .sanio  :  I'n,,  i,l,,l  uli'-ii/s.  That  sinb  lands  shall  rovort  tn  llio  I  nilid  Slal''-,  if  llio 
Indians  biToini'  cxlini't.  or  abandon  tlio  -iiii". 

Ski',  t.  ,l(o/  //(  it /mill,  r  ,11,1, 1,, I,  That  if.  n|i'in  any  of  llio  lainls  iinw  oii'U|iii'd  by  llio  Indians,  and  In  bo 
('xoliaii'jod  for,  llioro  slnmld  bo  siioli  iiii|inivi'iin'nt-  a-  add  v.ilin'  tu  llio  land  olaiinod  by  any  individual  or 
ilidividuaU  of  snob  Iribos  ur  nation'-,  it  shall  and  may  bo  lawful  fir  iho  I'rosidoiit  to  oauso  sui'li  valno  to  bo 
iiscortaini'd  by  a|i[ii'aisoinont  or  olhorwiso.  and  to  oauso  suoli  asoortaiiiod  yaluo  to  bo  jiaiil  to  llio  pi'i'Min  or 
jiorsons  ri'.ditfully  olaimini;  .-nrli  iiii|iiovonii'iils.  And  upon  tlio  ]iaynn'nt  of  suoli  valuation,  tho  iin|irovoinoiits 
so  valued  :\r„\  paid  fir,  shall  ]iass  to  tho  t'liilnl  Stales,  and  possession  shall  not  afterwards  lie  p.'rmilteil  lo  anv 
of  the  same  tribe. 

Ski'.  Ti.  All, I  II'-  il  /m-lii,  I-  iiiii'-liil.  That  uiioii  the  makiiiir  of  any  sueli  exelianp'  as  is  eoiitompl.iteil  by  this 
act,  it  shall  and  may  bo  lawfid  for  tin:  president  lo  oauso  suoh  aid  and  assistanee  to  he  furnisln'd  to  tho 
ciiii'.'ranls  as  may  bo  neees<ary  and  |iro|ier  to  eiiablo  tlioni  lo  romnvo  to.  and  soltlo  in.  the  eounlry  fir  wbieli 
they  11. av  have  I'Xoliaii'.'ed  ;  and  al-o.  to  .jive  tliein  such  aid  and  as'-istaiiee  as  maybe  neee-.sary  fir  their 
wipporl  and  subsistenee  for  the  lirsl  y.ar  afior  their  removal. 

SK.e.  ti.  Ami  1,1  il/mlliii-  I II, 1,-1-  '.  Thai  il  shall  and  may  h.'  lawful  t'or  tho  I'residout  to  eau.se  sueli  tribe  or 
nation  to  be  |iriitoetoil.  at  their  new  resideiiee,  aoainst  all  internipli.iii  or  distiirbanoo  from  any  other  tribe  or 
nation  of  Iinliaiis,  or  from  any  other  per-on  or  persons  whatever. 

Ski'.  7.  Ami  }„■  il  I'm-lli,  I-  ■ /oo'/i •/,  That  il  shall  and  may  he  hiwl'ul  for  the  President  to  have  tlio  same 
siiperintendeiiee  and  oar.'  ..ver  any  Irihe  or  nation  in  the  eoiintry  lo  whieh  they  may  ronnne,  as  eonlemplale.l 
by  ihi-  aet.  that  he  is  now  anlhori/.'d  t'l  have  oyer  them  at  their  pre-enl  plaoes  of  r.'-idenee  ;  I'luii,/,  ,1,  That 
iiiilhiii'_'  in  this  .net  eontained  shall  be  eiin-lrued  as  aulhori/iiii:  or  diroeliii'^  the  violation  of  any  existin.r  Irealy 
between  the  I'liited  Stales  and  any  of  the  Indian  tribes. 

Sl.r.  S.  Anil  III  il/m-lliii-  iiiii,-li,l.  That  for  the  purpose  of  "ivilii;  elVeet  to  the  provision.s  of  this  ael.  llio 
Slim  of  S.M't'.ll'l"  is  hereby  appropriated,  to  be  [laid  out  of  any  innney  in  the  Treasury,  not  otherwii^o 
upproprialed. 


,::;l.' 


II 


ttfii 


i  i 


Al'l'llliVKli 


Ma 


|s;!li. 


432 


TUE    FIRST    DECADE    OF 


CirArTER   TI. 

POLICY    OF    THE    EKMOYAL    OF    THE    TIM1]ES    TO    THE    WEST. 

In'  h\t>  iiio^siiiic  to  (Viiiiiirss.  scut  (o  tliiit  Ijody  on  (ho  Jlli  ol'  DcccihIh'I'.  IS^IO. 

ISoO.      Pri'sidciit  .Tiu'ksou   iiL'iiiii    in'cscntiMl   this  t()[ti('   to  tlicir  iiotict',   :uul.  with   iiii 

iippicciative  sciisf  oi'its  iniportaiu'c,  solicitcMl  lor  it  their  iiiiitiiri'  considoi'atioii. 

'•It  j:ivt's  inc  iik'iisurt'  to  iiniioiuu'i'  to  (.'oiilitcss  tlnii  tiio  huiu'voloiit  policv 
of  tlif  (u)vcriiim.'iit,  stoaJily  pursued  lor  neai'ly  lliirty  years,  in  relation  to  the  removal 
of  tiie  Indians  hevond  the  white  settlements,  is  api)roa('hing  to  a  liappy  eonsinnniation. 
Two  important  tribes  have  accepted  the  provision  made  lor  their  removal  at  the  last 
Hcssion  of  (\)n,;:n>s;  and  it  is  helicved  ihat  tiicir  example  will  induce  the  remaining; 
trihcs.  also,  to  seek  the  same  ohvious  advantages. 

'•The  c<)nst'(|uences  of  a  spee(ly  removal  will  he  important  to  the  United  States,  to 
individual  Slates,  and  to  the  Indians  themselves.  The  pecuniary  advantaircs  w-hich  it 
])i-omises  to  the  Government  are  the  least  of  its  recominendatiuns.  It  puts  an  end  to 
all  possible  danger  of  collision  hetwecn  tlie  authoiitics  of  the  (ieneral  and  State 
Governments,  on  account  of  tiie  Indians.  It  will  place  a  dense  and  civili/.ed  popula- 
tion in  large  tracts  of  country  now  occupied  hy  a  few  savai;i'  hunters.  I'y  opening  the 
wh<)le  territoi'y  hetweeii  Tennessee  on  the  north,  and  iiouisiana  on  the  soiitii.  to  the 
.settlement  of  the  whites,  it  will  iiicalculaldy  strengthen  tlw  south-western  frontier,  and 
render  tin;  adjacent  l^tatcs  strong  enough  to  rei)el  future  invasion  without  remote  aid. 
It  will  relic\e  the  whole  State  of  Mississlpjji.  and  the  western  part  of  Alaliama.  of 
Indian  occupancy,  and  enahlo  tlu)se  States  to  advance  rapidly  in  [lopulation.  wcdlli. 
and  power.  It  will  separate  the  Indians  from  immediate  contact  with  settlements  of 
whites;  free  them  from  the  ])ower  of  tiie  States;  enable  them  to  pursue  happiness  in 
their  own  way.  and  tnider  their  own  rude  institutions;  will  retard  the  progress  of 
ilecay,  which  is  lesseiiing  their  numbers,  and  perhaps  cau.se  them  gradually,  luider  the 
proti'ction  of  the  Govcriunent,  ami  through  the  intluence  of  good  counscds.  to  cast  oil' 
their  savage  habits,  and  become  an  interesting,  civilized,  and  Christian  coiinnuin't-.-. 
'J'hese  cotiseipu'iices.  some  of  them  so  certain,  and  the  rest  so  probable,  tnake  thi'  com- 
jilete  execution  of  the;  ]ilan  -anctiont'il  by  Congres.s  at  their  last  session  an  oliject  of 
nnich  solic'!  ide. 


'     ■'ii   e  . 


'I'llH    ('(II,(»N  IZ  ATION     IM,AN, 


Tiiwiinl  tlic  itliorlLiiiics  of  tlio  comitrN-.  no  one  {'lui  iiuliil'^c  ;i  iiinrc   IViriiillv  fcclin'. 


tliaii   luvsfir,  or  woiilil  ,i;o  I'lirtlicr  in  attciiiutiiiir  to  reclaim  tliciii  iVom  1 


icll'  WailUrllli 

1 1. 


lial)its.  and  to  niaUc  tliciii  a  liappy  and  prosperous  people    I 

upon  llii'ni  my  own  solenni  coiiviotions  ol' tlie  duties  and  powiMs  of  the  (Ii'iieral  (I 


ia\  e  enili'in  iiri'il  lo  impri'^s 


men 


t  in   I'idalion  to  the  State  uuthorities.      For  the   justiei'  of  the  1 


nws   [■;i-sei 


l.v  th 


Slates  within  the  seope  of  their  rosorvod  powers,  they  are  not 


respon-ihle  to  this  ( io\'ern- 


nient.      As  inihviduals,  we  may  entertain  and  express  onr  opinions  <. I'  their  acts:   hut 


as  a  (iovei'nmeut,  we  have  as  little  viiiht  to  control  them  as 
to  i'oreiLrn  nations. 


we  lia\('  to  pre>erilje  law? 


With  a  lull  understanding' of  the  sul)jei;t,  llie  (Jhoctaw  and  ('liir!^;i>;iw  i 


nlll'>:    h,i\-. 


with  iireat  unanimity,  determined  to  a\ail  themselves  oi' the  liberal  olli'rs  presented  h  • 
the  act  oi' ('oii'-:ress.  and  have  airroi'd  to  remove  heyond  the  .Mi-.sis-iip]ii  ii\i  r.  'riv;itie;\ 
liave  heen  made  with  ihem.  which,  in  due  season,  will  he  sidnnittrd  lijr  consideration. 
In  ne'.;iitiatinu-  these  treaties,  they  were  made  to  understand  their  tiue  comlition  :  and 
the\-  ha\c'  jirel'erred  nniintaininii'  their  independence  in  the  we--tern  I'oresls  Id  suhiiiit- 
ting  to  the  laws  ol'  the  Slates  in  which  they  now  reside.  Thrse  treaties,  hein^-  pro- 
liahK'  the  last  whi<di  will  ever  lie  made  with  them,  are  characieri/rd  li\-  s^reat  liher.dilv 
on  the  part  of  the  (iovernment.  'I'hev  i^ive  the  Indians  a  lihrral  sum  in  consiiJeiMtinn 
1)1'  their  i-emo\al.  and  coud'orlalile  suli>i>tenee  on  their  arri\-,al  at  tlcir  n^'w  homes.  If 
it  he  their  real  iiderest  to  maintain  a  si'parate  existence,  they  will  there  he  at  liherty 
to  do  so  without  the  inconvcMiiences  and  Ai'Xations  to  which  tlie\-  wou'd  unavoidiihly 
liave  heen  suhjecl  in  Alahama  and  .^li^sissippi. 

'•  Humanity  has  olieu  wept  over  the  late  of  the  ahoriLiiues  of  this  ennntiy,  ami  phi- 
lanlhriip\-  has  heen  hui'.;'  hu-^ily  eniployed  in  devisini;-  means  to  a\eii  it.  l!i;t  its  pr^'- 
gress  lia'^  never  for  ii  momi'Ut  ht'i'n  arrested,  and,  one  hy  one.  ha\-e  many  powerful 
trilies  disappeared  I'rom  thi>  eartli.  '\\i  follow  to  the  toud)  the  hi-l  nf  hi-  race,  and  to 
tread  on  the  <rraves  of  extinct  nations,  excites  melancholy  I'ellectious.  Hut  true  phi- 
lanthropy I'econciles  the  mind  to  these  \  ieissitudc^s.  as  it  does  to  the  extinction  ol'  one 
generation  to  make  room  foranolher.  In  the  monuments  and  f  airessesof  an  unknown 
people,  spread  ()\t'r  tlu^  extensive  reiiions  of  the  West,  we  ludiold  the  memorials  of  a, 
once  powerful  race,  which  was  exterminated,  or  has  disappeared,  to  make  room  for  the 
existing  savage  trihes.'  Xor  is  there  an\  thing  in  this  which.  u|ioii  a  ci>iupr(dien.-i\'e 
view  of  the  general  interests  of  the  human  I'aci".  is  to  he  rei:retted.  I'hihinlhrnpv 
eouM  not  wish  to  see  this  contiueul  restoreil  to  the  condition  in  which  il  wa<  found  ^<v 
our  forefathers.  What  good  man  would  jirefer  a  country  covered  with  forests,  and 
ranged  hy  a  i'ew  tliousaiul  savages,  to  our  extensive  lu'puhlie.  studded  with  cities,  towu^. 
and  prosperous  farms;  eud)e|]i-^hei!  with  all  the  improvements  wldch  ;irt  can  de\i-e  nr 
indusirs  execute:  occupied  hy  more  than  twelve  millions  of  iiappy  peepk'.  and  lilic(l 
with  all  the  hlessin'_'s  of  lihertv,  eivili/.ation,  and  religion  V 


Vol..  Vl.  — oo 


'Ills  c|Mi'stiHii  will  fo  r\;iii;iiir.I  in  (hi'  s.i|ii.l. 


il    i:iD.    M 


Mi 


!f 


i^ 


¥■'} 


m- 


4:M 


Til  !•:     \'\  ItST    DKCA  DK    OF 


'•  Tlio  prt'scut  jjolii'v  III'  tin'  (loMTiiiuciit  is  liiit,  ii  (•(iiitiimatioii  of  the  siuiic  ])ro^iV!i- 
si\L'  cliiiiii;)'.  In  a  iiiilikT  [irucL'ss.  'I'lii!  trilns  wliiili  occiiiiitMl  tlic  t'oiiiitrios  iiuw  coiisti- 
tiitiiig  tliu  Kastcni  Stall's  wiTu  aiiiiiliilatcd.  or  lia\i'  nicltcd  away,  tu  inaki-  mum  for 
tlu-  wliitt's.  Tlio  waves  uf  pi)[)iihiti(iii  ami  oisili/atioii  aiv  I'dlliiig  to  tlu'  wcstwanl  ;  and 
WL'  now  [ii()()i)so  to  aiMjuirc  tlic  couiitrii's  occiiiiii'd  Ijy  tin'  red  iiu'ii  of  tlic  South  and 
AW'st  by  a  fair  oxcliange,  and,  at  tin:  exjicnsi'  of  the  I'niti'il  States,  to  send  tliein  to  a 
land  wliL'ie  liieir  existonoo  may  be  i)rolonj:ed,  and  peiliaps  nnide  i)er(iotnal.  Doubtless 
it  will  bo  jiainful  to  leave  the  irraves  ol'  their  fathers;  but  \\hat  do  they  more  than  our 
ancestors  did.  t)r  than  our  ehildreii  are  now  doinu?  To  better  their  condition  in  an 
ind^nown  land,  our  forefathers  left  all  that  was  dear  in  earthly  objeets.  Our  ehildri'u, 
by  thousands,  yearly  leave  the  land  of  their  birth  to  sei'k  nt'w  homes  in  distant  regions. 
Does  hunianit\-  weep  at  these  painful  st'jiarations  from  everything-,  animate  and  inani- 
nuite,  with  which  the  younij;  heart  has  bi'come  entwined'.'  Far  from  it.  It  is  ratlu'r  a 
source  of  joy,  tliat  our  country  afl'ords  scope,  where  om' younir  iiopulation  may  range 
nnconsti'ained  in  liody  or  in  mind,  developing  the  power  and  I'aculties  of  man  in  their 
highest  perfei'tion.  These  remo\e  hundreds,  and  almost  thousands  of  miles,  at  tiieir 
own  ex|K'nse.  purchase  the  lands  they  occupy,  and  support  tbeniselves  at  their  new 
home  from  the  moment  of  their  arri\al.  Can  it  be  cruid  in  this  (lowrnmeiit.  when, 
by  events  whii'h  it  cannot  conti'ol.  the  Indian  is  made  discontented  in  his  ancient  home, 
to  purchase  his  lands,  to  gi\e  him  a  new  and  extensive  territory,  to  pay  tlu.'  expense 
of  his  removal,  and  sujipurt  him  a  year  in  his  new  abode'.'  How  many  thousands  of 
our  own  people  would  gladly  embraci'  the  opportunity  of  removing  to  the  AVest  on 
such  conditions!  If  the  olfers  made  to  the  In<lians  were  extended  to  them,  they  would 
be  iiailed  with  gratitude  and  joy. 

'■Ami  is  it  supjiuscd  that  the  wandering  savag(,'  has  a  stronger  attachment  to  his 
home  than  the  settled.  ci\ili/ed  Cliristian '.'  Is  it  more  alllicting  t(j  him  to  lea\e  the 
giaves  of  his  fathers  than  it  is  to  our  brothers  and  children'.'  liightly  considered,  the 
jiolicy  of  the(ieiieral  (loveriuuent  toward  the  red  man  is  not  only  liberal,  but  generous. 
He  is  unwilling  to  subunt  to  the  laws  of  the  Stall's,  and  mingle  with  their  population. 
To  save  him  I'rom  this  alternati\e.  or  perhaps  utter  annihilation,  the  (leneral  (iovern- 
ment  kindly  oilers  him  a  new  home,  and  proposes  to  pay  the  whole  expense  of  his 
removal  and  settlement. 

"  In  the  consmnmation  of  a  jiolicy  originating  at  an  early  period,  and  steadily 
pursueil  by  e\ery  administration  within  th(.>  present  century,  so  just  to  the  States,  and 
fo  generous  to  the  Indians,  the  I'lxecntive  ieids  it  has  a  right  to  expect  th(>  co-operation 
of  Congrt'ss,  and  of  all  good  and  disinterested  men.  The  States,  moreover,  have  a 
riiiht  to  denuiml  it.  It  was.  substantially,  a  part  of  the  coni|)act  which  nnide  tliem 
members  of  our  confei'craey.  AVilli  (ieorgia  thei'e  is  an  express  contract;  with  the 
new  Slates  ;in    ini|ili(d   one.  of  e(pi:d  obligation.     AVIiy,  in  autlioi'i/.inj'  Ohio.  Indiana, 


Illin^ 
Slat> 


.Miss. 


OIU'I. 


Mis>is^ 


iiipi.  and  Alab.ima  to  Ibrm  conslitut 


Ion- 


im 


1  1 


M'coine  separate 


lid  ( 'on'.;ress  ineludi 


witbin  then 


liuii 


is  exteiisi\e  tracts  oi'  Indian  lands,  ami. 


TIIK    ('OLONIZ  ATKiN     L'LAN, 


ill  soinn  instiinros,  powerful  liidiiiii  tril 


Was  it  lint  iiiidci'stood,  by  both  partic; 


tliat  tb"  power  of  tb(!  States  was  to  lie  eo-e\teiisivi?  witli  tlieir  limits,  ami  tliat,  with  all 
foiiveiiieiil  (lespateb,  tlie  (ieiieial  (iovenimeiit  sboiild  extiii,L;iiish  tlie  Jndiaii  title,  and 
veiiiovo  every  olistriietioii  to  tlie  eomplett!  JiU'isili<'tioM  of  tlie  State  ^Governments  over 
the  soil'.'  I'rohably  not  one  of  those  States  would  have  accepted  a  sep{irati>  existence, 
certainly  it  would  iie\er  lia\e  been  fjiiaiitcd  by  ('ontiicss,  had  it  been  understood  that 
they  were  to  bo  eonlined  forever  to  those  small  luatioiis  of  tlieir  nomirial  territory,  tho 
Indian  title  to  wliieli  had,  at  the  tim(>,  been  extin;:uislied. 

'■  It  is,  therefore,  a  duty  which  this  liiiveriiiiient  owes  to  the  new  Stales,  to  e\-tiii,i:iiish, 
as  soon  as  possible,  th(^  Indian  tith;  to  all  lands  which  Coiij^ress  themsehes  have 
includcil  within  their  limits.  Wiien  this  is  done,  the  duties  of  the  (ieneral  Onvernment, 
in  relation  to  the  States  and  Indians  within  their  limits,  art;  at  an  end.  'J"he  Iiulians 
may  leave  tho  State  or  not,  as  they  choose.  The  purchasi!  of  their  lands  dues  not 
alter,  in  the  least,  their  jiersonal  relations  to  the  State  ( Jii\rriiment.  No  ait  nf  tin' 
(jleiieriil  (iovernnient  has  ever  been  di'emcd  necessary  to  pivc  the  States  jiirisilictinii 
over  the  persons  of  the  Indians.  That  they  possess,  by  virtue  of  their  soveiiinn 
power  within  their  own  limits,  in  as  full  a  manner  before  as  after  the  pnicliase  of  the 
Indian  lands;   nor  can  this  Government  add  to  (ir  diiiiinish  it. 

"  Mav  wt!  not  hope,  tlierefore,  that  all  uneil  citi/ciis.  and  none  mori^  zealously  than 
tho.su  who  think  the  Indians  oppressed  by  subjection  to  the  laws  of  the  States,  will 
unite  in  atteiiiptinii'  to  open  the  t'ycs  dI'  thosi'  children  of  the  forest  to  their  true 
condition  ;  and,  bv  a  speedy  reino\  al,  to  relieve  them  IVem  the  evils,  real  or  imaginary, 
present  or  prospective,  with  which  they  may  be  supposed  to  be  threatened."' 

Obvious  as  these  \  lews  were,  to  men  familiar  with  history,  and  the  civil  jiolity  of 
nations,  the  Indians  were  slow  to  compndiend,  and  loth  to  admit  them.  Meantime, 
(Jeoriria  and  Alabama  sedulously  pressed  the  subject  on  the  notice  of  the  (iovernnient, 
which,  at  len,;;th  made  provision  for  the  .settU'iuciit  of  the  (|Uestion.  as  a  necessary 
ineasurt;  tor  iirescrvin;:'  tlie  i[uiet,  and  promotiujr  the  prospi'rity  of  the  States.  Time 
was,  howi'ver,  reipiired  to  adjust  the  controversy;  the  discussions,  meantime,  beiiin' 
continiieil  with  vipir.  One  \ ear  later,"  the  Kxecutive  wsuw  [iresented  the  subject  to 
("oivress,  and  acquainti'd  them  of  the  proirress  of  the  e.\[ieriuieiit,  at  the  .same  time 
I'xpressimi-  his  deciiled  com  i<'tion,  that  colnni/ation  was  the  only  feasible  metlmd  of 
relieviiiii-  liotli  the  States  and  the  Indian  tribes  iVom  their  constantly  accuinnlatiu'.i' 
embarrassments. 

"Time  and  experience  have  proved  that  the  abude  of  the  native  Indian  within  their 


limits  is  danji'erous  to  tlu'ir  peace,  and  injurious  to  liimsi 


■If.     1 1 


ml 


n  accontance  witli  iiiv 


th 


recommendation  at  a  former 


session  ol'  Comrn 


in  appropriiition  of  >!")II0.(III0  was 


mai 


le.  to   aid   the   V(diintarv  removal  of  the   various   tribes   beyond   the   1 


milt 


.f  tl 


State: 


Vt  {\w  last  session.  I  had  the  happiness  to  announce  that  the  Chickasav 


le 
iiid 


Imliuii  I'uiigivs.sidiial  Doeumonts,  Vul.  V.,  I'oc.  I  .  [i    )!•. 


-'    .Ml'.->ilL'l',    litll    llccl'MlljCl',    IS.'il. 


h' 


->H"!i 


iflHillli'tt' 

mm 


m 


' » 


i:«M<Mfr-' 


"1 


•  ■    ! 


4;;ii 


TJlt:     I'll!  ST    DKCADE    OF 


Choctinvs  IiikI  awptod  tlio  goiuToius  olVoi-  of  tlif  (idveniinont,  and  ngrocd  to  romovo 
hrvoiid  till'  ."\Ii,s-^i.<.-i|)|,i  liver,  hy  w  liicli  the  wlu.lu  ol"  the  State  of  Mississippi,  and  the 
Western  purl  nl' Ahdjania.  \wll  he  treed  iVuin  liiilian  onniiianey.  ami  opened  to  a  civ  iii/.ed 
pnpiihition.  Tile  trcatie-^  with  these  tiihes  are  in  a  course  oi'  exeiMition.  and  tiieir 
reiinaal.  it  is  hoped,  will  lie  eoinpleted  in  the  eoiirse  of  IS.'L'. 

■•At  the  re.pieM  ,,f  ihe  antliorities  of  (ieoiyia,  the  registration  of  Clierokee  Indians 
liu-  riiiluiation  has  heen  ivsunied,  mid  it  is  conlideiitly  e\peet(^d  that  one  half,  if  not 
iw.i-lhirds.  ,,|'  that  tiii.e.  will  follow  the  wise  exainp'e  of  their  more  westerlv  hretiireii. 
Those  who  prefer  remaining  at  their  present  homes,  will  hereafter  he  governed  1,\-  the 
laws  of  (ieorgia,  as  all  her  eitizens  are.  and  eeas,'  to  he  the  ohjects  of  peculiar  rare  ..n 
the  part  of  the  (leiiera!  floNernnu  nt. 

•■  Diirnig  the  present  yi'ar.  the  attention  of  the  (ioveninient  lias  heen  i)articnlarlv 
directed  to  those  tri'ies  in  tlie  powerful  ami  growing  State  of  Oliio,  where  coiisiderahle 
tracts  of  the  finest  lands  were  .--till  oecnpicd  hy  the  ahori-ina!  propriettn's.  Treaties, 
cilher  absolute  or  ennditional.  have  heen  made,  exiinguishing  the  wliole  Indian  title  to 
the  reservations  in  that  State;  and  the  time  is  not  distant,  it  is  iioped.  wiien  Ohio  will 
he  no  longer  emharrassed  with  the  Indian  population.  The  same  measure  will  be 
extended  to  Indiana,  as  soon  as  there  is  reason  tn  anticipate  sneeess. 

••  It  is  conlideiitly  believed  that  perseverance  fur  a  few  years  in  the  pri'sent  policy 
(pf  the  (lovernmenl  wdl  extiii,:jnish  the  Indian  title  to  all  lands  lyin-  within  the  States 
t(iiii;ai-in';diir  Federal  rni(ai.  and  remove  beyond  their  limits  everv  Indian  who  is 
nol  williiii:  to  Mibmit  to  tluar  laws.  Thus  will  all  eonllicting  claims  to  jnrisdietiiai 
iMiween  the  States  and  the  Indian  tribe>  be  pnt  to  rest.  It  i-^  pleasim;'  to  relic. ^t  thai 
results  so  beneficial,  luit  only  to  the  States  Immediately  concerned,  but  to  the  hariiioin- 
of  the  rnion.  will  have  been  accomplished  by  measures  erpially  ailvantaueons  to  the 
Indians.  What  the  native  savages  become  when  surrounded  by  a  dense  ])opulation. 
and  by  mixing  with  tlie  whites,  may  be  .-ecu  in  the  miserable  renmants  of  a  I'vw  eastern 
trilies.  ileprivi'd  of  political  and  civil  li-hts.  forbidden  to  make  contracts,  and  subjected 
to  liuardians.  dragging  out  a  wretched  existence,  without  exciti'iiieiit.  witlKuit  hope, 
and  alniDst  without  tIiou:^lit. 

•■  r.iit.  the  removal  (if  the  Indians  beyoijil  the  limit.s  and  jurisdiction  of  the  Stales, 
A'u-  lint  place  tl.eiii  bcwiiid  the  reach  of  |,hilantlirepie  aid  ;ind  Christian  in^triictiim. 
On  the  contrary.  tho.M>  wlaiin  philanllir(i|n-  or  reii-iou   may  induce  to  live  aim.ii-  them 

in  their  new  alindc.  will  b,'   nioiv   free   iu   tl xerci>,.  ,,|'  thrir   benevolent   funeiions, 

than  if  tiny  had  remained  within  the  limits  of  the  Slates,  embjtrrassed  hv  their 
internal  re-ulations.  Now.  subject  to  no  control  but  the  siiiierintending  a-vncv  of  the 
Cencral  ( i(ivernm<ait.  exeivisi^d  with  the  sole  view  of  presi'rving  peace,  the\  may 
pn,c..ed  ninolested  in  the  interesting  exjieriment  of  gradually  advancing  a  communitv 
of  .\mericaii  Indians  from  barliari-ni  to  the  habits  and  enjoyments  of  civili/ed  lili-."' '' 


'  liiJi;ai  Cijii-iv>.'-i...iial  |)uciuiii.'iU.-,  \'ul.  \'[.  Doc.  1.'.,  p.  11. 


't. 


.  1  '. 


TUE    COLUNIZATION    PLAN. 


437 


ClIAI'TKi:     Ml, 


KKl'ECTS  OK  THE  GROWTH  AND  EXPANSION  OF  Till:  STATES, 
ON  THE  INDIAN  TIMI'.ES  WHO  HAD  LoNd  l,lVi:i)  IX  .HXTA- 
rOSITIUN    WITH    THEM.      THE    POLICY    TO    V.li    PlIiSIED. 


hu'^ 


¥:• 


A.  .1  \(i;s(iN, 
ri;i;sii)i:.NT. 


Petitions  with  jirosontod  to  Conuri'ss  in  lavor  of  tlio  ri^lits  of  tlio 
liidiiiiiH,  and  alw  ivmonstranccs  a^iainst  tlu'ir  rrnmval.  some  oC  wliicli 
^\•i'\v   tlio  olahovate   iirnductions  oi"  hcnovolfiit  .■^ocictirs.   uliilc  dtlnTS 
enianati'd  from  distiniinishrd  individuals,     Tlic  citi/cns  of  .Massaciui- 
setts  and  Pennsylvania  took  a  pi'Dminont,  part  in  tlio-^o  cH'oris.     In  tlio 
autumn  ol'  this  yoai-,'  tlio  Sociotary  ol"  War.  to  wliuin  was  t^ntnistod   tiu.'  (■,\ociili(jn  of 
tlic  act  of  March  'JS,  IS.'lO.  ])rcsontcd  a  coiii|irolK'ii.-ivo  ic|i(iil  to  Conj^ivss.  in  which 
tho    siilijcct   is  viewed   in  all  its    aspects.  spei'iilati\e   and    [irartical,   theoretical    and 
demonstrative. 

'•The  condition  and  pvosjiccts  of  the  alioi'iiiinal  trilies  within  the  limits  of  the  United 
States,  arc  yet  the  sulijects  of  an.\ious  solii'itiide  to  the  ( !()\-eniinent.  Circmnstanci.'s 
have  occurred  within  a  few  years,  wiiich  have  pi\)duced  imiiortant  chaiipi's  in  the 
interconrse  hetween  them  and  ns.  In  some  of  the  Slate-;,  tlicy  have  heeii  jjioiigiit 
■within  tho  operation  of  the  ordinary  municipal  l;iw^.  and  their  rejiulations  have  Iieen 
ahroiratcd  hy  leiiislative  I'liactnients.  This  pnicedure  renders  most  of  the  [irovisions 
of  the  various  acts  of  Congress  upon  tliis  sulijcct  inoperative  ;  and  a  crisis  in  our  Indian 
affairs  has  i-vidcntly  arrived,  which  calls  for  the  estaljlisiiment  of  a  system  of  ])olicy 
ada|itt>(l  to  tho  existing  state  of  tilings,  and  calculated  to  fix,  upon  a  ])erinanent  hasis, 
the  future  destiny  of  the  Indians.  Whatever  change  may  ho  contemplated  in  their 
condition  or  situatit)n,  no  one  will  advocate  tlie  I'liiployinent  of  torce  or  improper 
iniluonco  in  ed'octiiig  it.  It  is  due  to  the  character  of  the  (lovernment  and  the  fe(dinL''s 
of  the  country,  not  less  than  to  tlio  moral  and  physical  imhecility  of  tiiis  unhappy 
race,  that  a  s[)irit  of  kindness  and  forhearanco  sliould  mark  the  whole  course  ot'  our 
intercnmmunication  with  them.  The  great  oliject,  after  satisfying  ourselves  what 
would  l>cst  ensure  their  permanent  welfare,  should  he  to  satisfy  them  of  the  integrity 
of  our  views,  and  of   the  wisdom  of   the  course  recommended  to  them.     There  i 


IS 


1    i 


InJiuu  CoiigrLSniiiiial  liucuiiiouts,  \'ol.  VI.  Doc.  2.,  \>.  '27. 


p 


U  ' 


:l! 


!l= 


l-- 


ir'  :i 


t'  .i' 


^ii 


•i:!S 


TIIK    1-' I II ST    DKCADK    OF 


('n<)ii.;li  ill  till'  rctiMsiv^ot  for  scrimiH  ivlli'ctioii  dh  our  part,  ainl  lor  iiiiplcivi^iint  I'ccollcctioii 
(111  tlii'ii's;  iiiiil  it  is  only  liy  iv  (lisinissioiiiiti'  exuiiiiiiiitiou  ol'tlic  .siiliji'ct,  iiiul  \>y  pnuliMit 
iiml  timely  iiioasureH,  that  wo  ciui  liopo  to  ivpair  tliu  I'rror.s  ol'tho  past  liy  tliu  cxfiiiuiirt 
of  till'  I'litiirc. 

•■Till'  Indians,  wlin  arc  placed  in  immediate  contact  witli  tlic  settled  portions  of  tlio 
I'niti'd  States,  have  now  tlio  iilteriKitivt*  ])ri>seiif(>d  to  tlieiii,  ol'  remaiiiiim'  in  tlieir 
]ireseiit  positions,  or  of  mi'j'riitiiiL'  to  the  eoiiiitry  west  of  tlie  Mississippi.  Il'  tliey  arc 
inijueed  to  prefer  the  former,  their  jiolitieal  condition  lieeoiiies  a  siilijeet  of  serious 
consideration.  'I'liey  must  either  retain  all  those  institutions,  which  constitute  them 
a  jH'ciiiiar  people,  hotli  socially  and  politicnily,  or  they  must  heconie  a  portion  ot'  that 
,t;reat  community  which  is  iratlieriiiir  around  them,  responsiiile  to  its  laws,  ami  looking 
to  them  for  jtrotection. 

••('an  they  expect  to  iiiaintaiii  that  '/mtw'  indepeiidenco  tlicy  have  licrotoforo 
enjoyed  V  and.  could  they  so  maintain  it,  would  the  privile:.;e  he  lieiieficial  to  them'.' 

'•The  ri,i;lit  to  extend  their  laws  owr  all  persons  lisiiiL!.'  within  their  honndaries,  has 
liceii  claimed  and  exercised  hy  many  of  the  States.  'I'he  K\ecuti\('  of  the  United 
States  has.  on  lull  consideration,  decided  that  there  is  no  powi'r  in  that  department, 
to  interpose  any  ol)>tacle  to  the  assumption  of  this  authority.  As  upon  this  co-ordinate 
hraneli  of  the  (lovernnient  devolves  ,' he  execution  of  tin'  laws,  and  particularly  many 
of  the  nio>t  important  pro\isioiis  in  the  virions  acts  reu'ulatiii'^-  interci 'o  ■.  with  the 
Indians,  it  is  dillicult  to  conceive  how  these  provisions  can  he  enforced,  alter  the 
I'resideiit  has  determined  they  have  hi'cn  ahroualed  liy  a  stale  of  tliini:s  inconsistent 
willi  their  oliliLiations.  How  jn'oseciitions  can  lie  conducted,  trespassers  removed  hy 
military  power,  and  other  acts  perHirnieil,  which  reipiire  the  co-(iperatioii  of  the 
I'lNccutive.  either  in  their  initiation  or  progress. 

•■  I  do  not  presume  to  discuss  this  ipiestioii ;  I  find  it  deti'rniiiied.  and  the  settled 
pnliey  ot'  tin'  'iovernnient  already  in  opeintion.  \Vliate\'t'r  diversity  ol'  o|)iiiioii  there 
m:iy  he  upon  tht.'  siilijeet.  those  who  are  most  op|iiiseil  to  these  \iews  will  jirolialily 
admit  that  the  ipiestion  is  a  doiilitful  one.  complicated  in  its  relations,  and  preunant 
■with  serious  coiiseipiences.  The  claim  ol'  I'Xeiiiption  from  the  operation  of  the  State 
laws,  which  is  presented  in  fa\dr  of  the  Indians,  must  rest  upon  the  ('oiistitiition  of 
the  Inited  ."-^tates.  upon  natural  riL:iit,  or  ii]ioii  conventional  cnLraeements.  If  upon 
the  former,  it  may  lie  doiilited  wlcther  that  instrument  contains  any  grant  of  authority 
to  the  (leneral  (iovernmeiit.  which  necessarily  divests  the  State  lii'.iiislatures  of  their 
jurisdiction  over  any  idass  of  people,  liviiii;'  within  their  respective  limits.  The  two 
provisions  which  can  alone  hear  upon  the  siilijeet,  seem  to  lia\-e  far  dilli'rcnt  olijects  in 


Mew. 


If  tl 


le  claim 


rest  upon  natural   riijht.  it  may  he  doiihted  whether  the  conditii 


iiid   iiisl  itutioiis  of  this  rude   |ieopl(.  do  not  i;ive,  to  tlieei\ili/e(l   coiiiminiilies  around 


ih 


whom  ami  aiiiom:  whom 


thev  live,  the  iiL:htof  ;iuaiiliaiislii|i  over  (hem;  and  whether 


this  view  is  not   fortiiied   ly  the  jiriictice  of  all   other  ci\ili/.ed   nations,  under  simil 


Its: 


TIM';    COI.dN  I/,  ATKiN     1'1,.\N, 


4:!'.t 


cii'(;uinstiinci's,  ii  priictico  wliidi.  in   its  oxtnit  ainl  exercise,  lias  varii'il   (Voiii   time  to 
time,  as  till'  relative  eireiimstaiiees  oltlie  jjai'ties  have  vaiied  ;  Imt  of  whose  limitations 


th 


le  vivili/eij  commimitii's  lia\e 


he. 11,  ami  niu,-l    hi',  the  jiu 


Ami. 


ir  tho 


liiiliaii  ti'ihes  are  iiiile[ieiiiieiil  ol'  tin'  State  aulhoi'ities.  on  aecoimt  of  '.he  nalural  ami 
relative  riuhts  of  hoth,  theso  trihes  are  e(|milly  imleiieiideiit  of  the  authorities  of  tliu 
I'liiltMl  States.  The  claim,  iiiioii  this  firoimd.  places  the  parties  in  the  attitmle  of 
entire  imlepeiKleiice ;  for  the  ipiestioii,  then,  is  not  how  wi-  havi^  divided  our  pt)litical 
jiower  lirtween  the  eonlederati.'d  (lovernnieiit  and  its  nu'iuljers,  and  to  which  wi'  ha\e 
entrusted  the  exercise  of  this  supervisoiy  authoritv,  hut  whether  the  laws  of  nature 
j;ive  to  either  any  authority  upon  the  suliject.  Hut,  if  the  (daiin  rest  n|ioii  allej^ed 
conventional  eni^am'ineiit.s,  it  may  then  he  douhled  whether,  in  all  (jur  treaties  with  tho 
Indian  trihes,  there  is  any  stipulation  inconi|iatilile  with  the  e.xercise  of  the  [lower  of 
lejiisliition  over  tiiein.  For  it'  there  were,  the  le;:islalive  power  of  Conjure; 
that  of  the  icspective  Stales,  would  lie  annihilated,  and  the  treali 
the  intercourse   between    tlie  partit 


as  we 


as 


les  alone  would  le'.'U 


latt 


lint. 


on  a  careful  in\e>tiuation,  it  wil 


|)roi)ai)lv 


Ije  loll 


ud  that,  in  none  of  on  ■  treat 


ii's  WI 


th  the  Indian  t 


rcise  o 


f    tl 


ribi's.  IS  there  any 
f  le-i>lat 


;uarant\-  ol 


le  iiower  o 


loll. 


These 


political  ri^ihts  iiicompatihle  with  the  exe 
instrnmeuls  are  generally  i^ither  treaties  of  peace,  or  of  cessitai.  'I'lie  liiiiner  restore 
and  secure  to  the  Indians  i'lterests  of  vvhiidi  they  were  deiirived  hy  eominest ;  and  the 
latter  deliiie  the  houndarii  s  of  cessions  or  reservations,  iiiid  prescribe  the  terms  and 
1   regulate  p'lieially  the   princijiles  of  the  new  compact.     In  both, 


consideration,  an 


ever\'  so 


mid   rule  of  coi.striiction    reipiires.  that  the   terms 


usecl 


lion 


Id   i 


le  exiiouilileil 


;reeabl\  to  the  nature  of  the  sniiject-r. alter,  and  to  the  relati 


bet\ 


ween  the  parlies 


if 


:eiieral  expl'e: 


]ac\ioiisly  siibsistin.ii; 
-ions  are  not  controlled  1)V  these  iirinciiiles,  then 


M' 


the   term   'their  lainl. 


ill'  meanin 


.hat 


or.  as  it    is  elsewhere   called,  '  their  limiting;  j;rounds.'  instead 
11(1   the   Indians  theinsi'lves.  understood,  that 


our  own  lu'Lidtiator,- 


lossessorv  riiihf,  which  thev  have  lu'ielolbre  enjovetl.  would  at  once  cliam:e  our  wlioh 


s_\steni  ul   policy,  and   leave  tiieiii   as 


I  U 


live  to  sell,  as  it  would   individuals  or  nations  to 


buy.  those  large,  unappropriated  districts,  which  are  rather  vi.>iled  than  possessed  by 
the  Indians. 

'•It  may  be  remarked,  that  all  riiiiits  seenri'd  by  treaty  stipulations  are  wholly  inde- 
pendi'iit  of  this  (pieslion  of  jurisdiction.  If  the  Indians  i\\v  subject  to  the  Ie,i;islativ(> 
authoritv  of  the  United  States,  that  authority  will  no  doubt  be  exercised  so  as  not  to 


contravene  those  riiihts.     If  tlu'v  are  suliject  to  the  respective  States,  such,  too.  wil 


1)0 


11 


le  coin 


se  of  leuislat 


ion  o 


ver  them.    And  if.  unad 


viseil 


aiiv 


riiilit  should  be  imiiaireil. 


the  Indians  liavi'  the  same  resort  as 


own   citizens   to   the    tribunals  of  justice   for 


reilre.- 


for  the  law.  wliil(>  it  claine;  t! 


leir  obedience,  jiruvides  tor  their  seciii'ily, 


Th 


sujireimu'i'  of  the  State  u(jveriiinents  is  iieitlii'i"  inconsistent  with  our  obliLsatioiis  to  th 


Ii 


iKlians.  nor  are  these  neeessarilv  i 


inpaiied  by  it.      It   may  be   ilillicnlt   to  define   pre- 
cisely the  nature  of  their  possessory  right,  but  no  one  will  contend  that  it  gives  them 


i 


II  r 


llllli^ 


m 


!•!'  1,1 


'/;l 


!  I  ;  *; 


i    II 
.  iijii 


I 


ft., 


I 


1 


llir   ,  !  !■ 


Ii 


mM 


i' 

' 

f    ' 


I  i  !'(:!. I 


I.  i 


Pfl  *  !i 

i 

1 


li'i 


440 


Til  M    ri  ItST    !»  IK'  \  hi;    OK 


llic  ;ilis.iliiti'  (illc  dl'  till'  ImiiiI  witli  nil  ill  Mttrllmti'M  ;  Mini  every  oiii'  will  iirnhalily  cnii- 
('('(!,'  ih.'ii  ilicy  Mil'  cnlilli'il  111  ;i^  imirli  lis  is  lu'ccssiirv  to  llii'ir  cumliirlMlilc  Mili.-istcnco. 
If  \v<'  li;i\i'  riilrii'il  iiii'i  :ni\  ^lipiijatioiis  willi  llicni.  (if  wliicli.  ImwcviT.  I  iiiM  iinl 
nwiii'i'.  incoiisi.-tciil  will)  till'  liiiiitnl  jKiwi'i's  of  tlic  (iDVi'i'iiincnt.  or  iiitfrrfrinu  with 
piiriiiuniiiit  (pliliiriiliDiis.  tlic  n'liiciK-  is  oliv  imi-j.  I^ct  imipli'  (•i)iiijicnsiiti()ii  lie  inaili'  tn 
tliciu  liy  till-  I'liili'il  Stairs,  ill  a  spirit  iil'i-'ooii  I'aitli  and  liln'rality.  The  iincstidii  woiiM 
1)1'  one.  Hut  (if  iii'cmiiaiy  amninit.  hut  nl'  national  I'liai'acti'f  and  national  olili'iations. 

"Tliat  we  may  miilici'  deceive  oiu'sehes  nor  tlio  Indians,  it  heconu's  us  to  exainino 
till)  actual  state  ol'  tliin'^s.  ai:d  to  view  these  as  they  ai'e,  and  as  they  are  likidy  to  lie. 
liOokini.'  at  the  cireunistanees  altt-ndin^  this  (daini  of  exemption  on  the  one  side,  and 
(if  supremacy  on  tiie  other,  is  it  proliaiile  tiiat  the  Indians  can  sneeeed  in  their  jiri'teu- 
nions?  The  nature  of  tlie  (pH'siion.  doulitful.  to  say  tiie  lea<t  of  it  ;  the  o|)inion  of  the 
llxecutive;  the  praeliee  of  the  older  Stales,  and  the  claims  of  the  younger  ones ;  the 
(lillicidlies  which  would  attend  the  introduction  iuti)  ouf  system  of  a  thii'd  trovei'nnu'iit, 
I'oniplicated  in  its  relations,  and  iiidellnil"  in  i|s  principles;  piiMie  sentiment,  naturally 
opposed  to  any  leduclion  ol'  territorial  I'Stent  ol'  ]iolilical  |)o\ver;  anil  the  olivious  dilli- 
culties  inseparahle  from  the  consideration  of  such  a  urea t  jiolilical  (piestion.  with  rcLianl 
to  tlio  trilmnal.  and  the  trial,  the  jnd;:inent.  and  the  process;  present  ohstacles  wliicli 
iiuist  all  be  overcome  lief  prt>  this  claim  can  lie  enforced. 

"  Hut  could  the  trilies.  and  the  remnants  ol'  trihes.  east  of  the  .Mississipjii.  succeed  in 
the  prosecution  of  this  claim.  Woi..d  the  issue  lie  heuelicial  to  them  iiumediatcly  or 
reniiilely  '.' 

■■  \Ve  have  ev(  ly  reason  t<i  lielicve  it  wcmlil  not:  and  this  conclusion  is  liiunili'd  on 
the  condition  and  character  of  the  Indians,  and  on  the  result  of  the  elliirts  which  have 
lieen  made  liv  them,  and  for  them,  to  resist  the  op  'I'atlon  of  the  causes  that  yet  threaten 
their  destruction. 

'•  1  need  not  stop  to  illustrate  these  positions.  Tlpyaro  rcmnpcted  with  the  vievva 
Avhich  will  lie  found  in  the  seipul  of  this  report.  And  it  is  not  necessary  to  embarras.s 
a  .suliject  already  too  comprehensive. 

"A  change  of  residence,  thercf  n'c.  from  their  present  iiositions  to  th(>  reL'ions  west 
(if  the  .Mississippi,  presi'iils  the  oulv  hope  of  permaneiit  estidilishnieut  ami  improve- 
ment. That  it  will  he  attended  with  inconveniences  iind  sacrifices,  no  one  can  doulit. 
The  associations  which  liind  the  Indians  to  the  l.'ind  of  their  forefatlu'i's  are  stroiiiu'  and 
cndnrin;:';  and  these  must  he  lirokeii  liy  their  mi'jration.  V'ul  they  an'  also  liroken  by 
our  cili/ens,  who  every  day  encounter  all  the  diUlcultics  of  similar  chanL-'es  in  the  pur- 
suit of  the  means  of  sup|iort.  .\iid  the  experiments  which  iiave  been  made  .satisfac- 
torily show  that,  by  proper  precautions  and  liberal  ajipropriations.  the  removal  and 
establishment  of  the  Indians  can  be  elll'cted  with  little  com])arative  trouble  to  tlioni  or 
US.  'Why.  then,  should  the  |iolicy  of  this  measure  be  disputed,  or  its  adoption  (ip|iosed  ? 
The  whole  subject  has  materially  cliam.:ed.  even  within  a  few  years;  and  the  imposing 


ir 


II' 


TIIK    ((tr.oMZATIoN'    PLAN'. 


441 


roii.sidcriitioiiH  it  now  prcsi'iits.  iiuil  wliirli  urc  cmtv  i1;iv  L'liiiiiii.iT  ii(>\v  (orcc,  cull  iipnii 
tlif  (lovrniMiciit  ami  the  (•Diiiihy  ti)  (Icli'iiniiir  wli.it  i-.  rriiuircd  on  om'  |i.'irt,  inui  wiint 
coinx!  ."liall  lie  rcconnncnilcil  to  the  Inilians.  if  iIkv  riMnain.  tlicy  iiiii>.t  (Irclinc.  and 
eviMitiitvlly  disiipiH'ar.  Sncli  is  tlic  result  of  all  cxpi'iiriici'.  If  they  ivinuve.  tlicy  may 
1)0  fonifortalily  estiihlisliod,  and  tiuii'  nioial  and  iiliysical  ('(indition  ameliorated.  It  is 
i-ertiiiniv  botter  for  tliein  to  moot  tlie  dillioiiltios  of  removal,  with  the  i)rolial.ilitv  of  n\\ 
iidi'(|iiat(!  and  (inal  reward,  than,  yielding'  to  their  constitiitionMl  apathy,  to  sit  still  and 
perish. 

'• 'I'he  pjreat  moral  deht  we  owe  to  this  unhappy  rare  is  univei'sidly  I'eit  and  aeknow- 
lediied.  Diversities  of  opinion  exist  respecfinj;-  the  proper  mode  of  diseharuinu'  thi.s 
(il)li;iation.  hut  its  validity  is  not  denied.  And  tlii're  certainly  are  dilliculties  which 
may  well  call  for  discussion  and  consideration. 

"For  nioro  than  two  centmies  wo  liavo  heen  placed  In  contact  with  the  Imlians;  nnd 
iftliis  long  period  has  heen  fruitless  in  useful  results,  it  lias  not  Iteen  so  in  i-xperimentfi 
havin<r  in  view  their  improvoniont.  Able  men  iiavo  lieen  investi,L'atinL'  tlieir  condition, 
and  p-ood  men  attemptimr  to  improve  it.  But  all  these  laliors  have  heen  as  uusticcessliil 
in  their  issue  as  many  of  them  were  hiliorious    nil  expensive  in  their  prouress. 

"Tiie  work  has  heen  aided  hy  nosci'iniK'nts  and  communities,  hy  |iul)lic  opinion,  by 
the  oliliirations  of  the  law,  and  hy  tiie  sanction  ot"  reliiiion.  IJut  its  history  furnishes 
aliunilant  evidence  of  entin;  failure,  and  everythiui:'  around  ns  upon  the  frontiers  con- 
lirms  its  truth.  'I'he  Indians  lunu  either  receded  as  our  settlemiMits  atlvanceil,  and 
united  their  fra'^ments  with  some  kindred  tribe,  or  they  have  attempted  to  establish 
tiiemselves  u]>on  reservations,  in  the  \ain  hope  of  resistiu'.:'  tlie  pressure  upon  tlieni, 
nnd  of  presei'vimi'  tlieir  peculiar  institutions.  'I'Iiom-  who  are  nearest  to  ns  have  licuo- 
rally  snU'ered  most  severely  liy  the  deliasiinr  effects  of  ardent  spirits,  and  i)y  the  loss  of 
their  own  piinciples  of  •■.■straint,  few  as  these  are,  without  the  ac(piisition  of  ours;  and 
almost  all  of  them  havi?  disappeared,  erushod  by  the  onward  couise  of  events,  or  driven 
before  them.  Not  one  instance  can  Ik^  |)roduci'd,  in  the  whole  history  of  the  inter- 
coiu'so  l)otwoen  the  Indians  and  the  white  men,  where  the  former  have  been  able,  in 
districts  surrounded  by  the  latter,  to  withstand  succ(>ssfully  the  pr();iress  of  those  oanses 
which  have  elo\aied  om^  of  these  races  and  depn-ssed  the  other.  Such  a  monument 
of  former  successful  exertion  does  not  exist. 

"These  rcwnarks  apply  to  the  elVorts  which  have  been  heretofore  made,  and  whose 
history  and  failure  are  known  to  us.  IJut  the  subject  lias  been  lately  revived  with 
additional  interest,  and  is  now  prosecuted  with  ,i:reat  zeal  and  exertion;  whether  with 
0(pial  <'llect,  time  must  show.  That  most  of  those  enixau'cd  in  this  labt)r  are  actuated 
by  pure  and  disinterested  motives.  I  do  not  ((uestion;  and  if.  in  their  estimate  (jf  suc- 
cess, they  place  too  high  u  value  upon  !ippe;irances.  the  error  is  natural  to  persons 
zealously  enufaged  in  a  task  calculated  to  enlist  their  .sym|)athies  and  awaken  their 
feelings,  and  has  been  common  to  all  who  have  preceiled  them  in  this  labor  of  philan- 
Vot..  VI.  — :)0 


I'     I  '!F"1 


i 


l,\, 


II: 


TilK    rilJST    DiiCADK    OK 


c;;  ,1  ■',  :  i 


i     tli'lr'    'i 


u  *r 


ii  >; 


i   , 


'  f 


:i  ;■  I 


tln'()|>y.  Mini  wlin.  IVciiii  tiint>  t<i  tiiin'.  Imvt'  iniliiliiril  in  anticipiitidiis  of  tlio  most  hi;;iiiil 
Hiici'ivH,  uiilv  to  lie  siiccci'ilcil  liy  ili-^;ip|)t>iiitiiU'iil  ami  ilc^iiDiuli'iicy. 

••'rii:it  tlii-i-  I'M'ilimis  li,i\c  ii'i'i'iitly  lii'i'ii  |irii(liii'ti\('  nC  tumw  ail\iiiilii,i.'i\  inny  wrll 
III'  Miliiiilti'ii,  A  r<'\v  liiiM-  |>r(i1i;ilily  lii'i'ii  ri'i'hiiiiii'il  rimii  :ili:iiii|iiiii'(l  liiiliil.-i.  iitid  ^oiiio, 
|irrlia|is.  liii\i'  I'cilllv  ;i|)liri'fiiltr(l  llic  illol  iliilllilc  Mlllli-  nf  lln'  (luclrilli'S  wllicll  llil\c 
lici'll    iMU'jllt     tlirlM.        1   CMll   s[)c;iU    iVoin    |HTsi)lllll  dli^cl'V  lllidll    (illly  ill'   llii'  liul'llli  111  illul 

ii()i'lli-\vi'>l('ni  trilifs.  Anmn'i  llniii.  I  am  iiii|inli('ii,-ivi'  tlic  lH'i..|ils  will  In-  rmiinl  imt 
H'W  ainl  IriiiiKirary.  Of  llii-  ciiiiililinii  nl'  llic  ( 'liiToUi-rs,  who  lU't;  Miiil  to  Iiavo  iiiatli' 
jii'calcr  aihaiiccs  than  iiiiy  ol'  tiirii'  kiiuiri'il  race.  I  imict  jihIl'i'  iVoni  mirh  iiiliiriiialidii 
as  1  ha\('  lirrii  aMi'  to  |irii('iiri'.  Ouiii'j  to  the  in'cvalrncc  ui'  ^la\l'|■y  ami  other  jn'cii- 
liar  causes  anions  them,  a  iimiiliei'  ol'  liie  li;ill'l)i-enls  ainl  tinir  connexionH,  iiiid  |ierhM|is 
a  lew  other<.  ha\e  aei[iiireil  piopeiiy.  ami  with  it,  some  I'lhieatioii  ami  inroiniation. 
Mut  I  lii'lieM'  the  threat  mass  of  the  tiilie  is  li\iii'/  in  imioiaiioe  ami  poverty,  siiiijeei  to 
tlie  iiilhieiiee  of  tlie  principal  men.  ami  siilimittiiiL'  to  ii  stiito  of  tliiiij:s  with  which  they 
art;  ili'sati>lici|,  ainl  wliicli  oilers  liiem  no  rational   prospect  of  stahility  ami   iniprove- 

IlU'llf. 

'• 'I'lie  failure  which  lias  attemlcd  ihe  i  lliiils  heietol'oio  maiie.  ami  which  will  pro- 
lialily  atleml  all  comlticteil  upon  similar  principles,  may  he  atlrilaileil  partly  to  tlie 
iiiiiereiit  illljiciilty  of  the  iiinlerlakiii--,  resiiliiiii^'  from  cliaracteri>tlcs  peculiar  to  the 
Imliaiis,  ami  paii!\   to  the  moile  in  \viiii'h  the  operations  lia\e  heeii  I'nmhicteil. 

"Withoiil  ciitciinj;'  into  a  ipie.-tioii  wliieli  opcnsawiile  liclil  for  impiiry,  it  is  siilli- 
cient  to  o!i,-ei\e  that  nur  primiti\e  peo|ile.  as  well  in  their  Iiahits  ami  opinions  us  in 
their  customs  ami  [lUi-iiiN,  ollir  olistacles  almost  iiisiirmoimtahli'  to  any  coiisiilerahli) 
ami  iiiimeiliale  ciiaiiLie.  Imlnlent  in  his  lialiits.  the  [nilian  is  opposed  to  labor;  impro- 
\  ideiit  ill  his  ninile  of  I'ie,  l.i  has  little  foroiuht  in  providiiijr  or  care  in  prcserviiiij'. 
'I'amiht  from  infancy  to  ic'\-erence  lii-^  own  trailitions  ;nid  institutions,  he  is  satisfied  of 
tlieir  \aliie.  and  dreads  the  aiitrer  of  tlie  (ireat  Spirit  if  hi'  should  depart  from  the  cus- 
toms of  his  fathers.  ])e\(ited  to  tlie  n-e  of  ardent  s[iirits,  he  aiiamlons  himself  to  its 
imiiilneiice  without  restraint.  War  and  liuiiliii'.i-  are  his  only  ()ccn[)atioiis.  lie  can 
cmliue  witlioiil  complainiiiv'  tiie  extremity  of  human  siilli-riiiL;';  and  if  he  caiiiiol  ovcr- 
ciime  the  e\ilsof  his  situation,  he  suhmits  to  them  without  repiniiiL'.  lie  attrihiites 
all  the  misfortunes  of  his  race  to  the  white  man,  and  looks  with  suspicion  upon  the 
ollirs  of  as-i>laiiee  thai  are  made  to  iiiiii.  These  traits  of  character,  tlmu-li  not  uni- 
versal, are  \et  i;cinral ;  and  the  practical  dilliciilly  they  present,  in  chaii-iii'.:'  tlie  con- 
dition III'  such  a  people,  is  to  satisfy  them  of  our  sincerity,  and  the  valiio  of  the  aid  we 
oiler;  In  hold  out  to  tlieiii  motives  for  exertion;  to  call  into  action  some  powerfnl  fcel- 
iii;j.  whii'h  ;-liall  counteiacl  the  teiideiic_\'  of  previous  impressions.  It  is  under  such 
circiimstaiices,  and  with  tlioe  dillicultie>  in  view,  that  the  (iovernment  has  Keen  calleil 
njion  to  determine  what  arraii-ienients  shall  he  made  for  the  permanent  estahlishment 
of  the  Indians.     Siiall  thev  he  advised  to  remain  or  removi' ?     If  the  former,  tlu/ir  fate 


Tin;    COl-oM/ATlDN    I'l.AN. 


it:i 


Im  wrlttiMi  ill  till-  luiiiiils  (pf  tlicir  nii'i';  il'  tin-  lullrr.  wi-  tnuy  u't  lin|i(«  to  hcc  tliciu 
rcimvati'il  in  flianiLtiT  ami  cuiiilitina  li\  mir  cmuihiIc  ami  iiistnittioii,  iiiiil  li^  llll■il• 
c\l'l•tilln.t. 

'•  iiill.  til  ili'rc>iii|ili-ll  llli>.  tlli'V  lllll^>t  Ik-  (Ir.st  ]i|;ici'ii  IfcMhuI  (lie  ri:ii  ji  iil"  (Hir  si'l  ||,'- 
iiniils.  w  ilii  Mii'ii  ciii'i'lvs  ii|iiiii  tlicir  (li.'<|i(isitiiiii  tn  liii>tilitii'.s  a<<  nniy  lie  liiiiiid  iii'ci'ssai'N', 
mill  witli  t«iii'li  iiiil,  moral,  iiitt'llcctiial,  ami  )M'('iiiiiaiy.  a^  iiiny  teach  tiicm  tlic  value  of 
(iiir  iiii|ii'iivrim'iil.«  ami  the  reality  of  our  lVii'mlslii|i.     With  these  .xaliilaiy  |irecaiitiiiiH, 

llllli'h   >ll(illii|   tliell   lie  jell   tu    tlieinsel  Vi'S.  [,>  riiiJDW   Mliji  iiccil|i;ltii)lis  ill   the    |ule-|   (if  tin' 

(iclil  a,«<  llicy  may  cliocise,  \\  ilhuiit  Iom  iiiiich  interrrrence.  'rine'  niiil  |ir(i-|ic  rii  \  mii-t 
he  tho  .L'l'eat  a'.'eiils  in  their  ineliciiatioii.  N'ltr  have  we  any  reaxm  to  duulit  Iml  ih.if. 
Hiich  a  ciiiiiliticai  wmilil  lie  altemlcd  with  its  lull  >liai'e  nl'  ha|i|iiiii'>s,  imr  that  their 
exertitiMs  woiiM  Im?  Mtiiiiiilateil  liy  the  security  nl'  their  jMisiliiiii,  ami  hy  tin'   new  pius- 

jiecls    hel'dre    tlielll.       My  I'lieu'.lia'iin.;'    the    .''e\erall\     ol'  »iil.  Mlllicielit     tlMcIs    miL'lll     liC 

nssiuned  to  all  dis|iii.scd  to  (uiltivalc  them;  and.  hy  timely  assistance,  the  uiunucr  t'liisi* 
iiiijiht  ho  hiiMii^ht  ti>  seek  ill  their  liirms  ii  less  |ir<cari<iiis  siihsisti'iice  than  is  i'lirnislied 
liy  tho  (iliase.  'J'lieir  [iliysical  coiiiliirts  liciir^'  increased,  and  the  ilesire  nt"  ai'i|ni'itiiiii 
hroiii^hl  into  actiiiii.  a  imiral  slimiihis  wmild  he  |i'I(  hv  the  vniuhiiil  [inrlinn  nl  the  enni- 
Jiiiiiiily.  New  wants  wmild  aiinear,  and  m  w  iii'mii-^  n|' i:ralil\  in  •:  them;  ami  tie'  ;^reat, 
Wdi'li  Would  thus  ('(immeiici',  ami,  inmiiieiu'inu.  would  lto  on. 

'•  To  its  aid.  the  truths  of  rcli,^ioii,  toi^cthcr  with  a  kiiowled-e  of  the  simiiler  inechaiiic 
arts,  and  tho  rudiineiits  nl'  science,  hIiouIiI  then  he  lirou::hi  ;  hut,  il"  our  dependence  ho 
<irst  ]ilaced  1111(111  these,  we  niu>t  Iliil.  a<  all  others  ha\i'  tailed,  who  ha\'e  i;one  heliire  us 
in  this  Held  nl'  lahor.  And  \m'  have  already  I'alleii  into  this  error  of  adapliicj  onr 
cH'orts  to  a  state  of  society,  which  is  [iiohahly  }et  reiiioto  ainon-  llie  Indian-^,  in  with- 
drawing so  many  of  the  y<iun,t;'  men  from  their  friends,  and  cducatiii'i  them  at  our 
fchocils.  They  are  then;  taujhl  various  hraiiclcs  of  leariiiii;^',  and.  at  some  of  iheso 
institutions,  a  [lartial  kiiowlediie  of  the  mcehaiiic  arts,  and  of  the  luinciples  of  aLiiicul- 
tiiiv.  Jhit,  after  this  course  of  instruction  is  completed,  what  are  these  youii^;  lueii  to 
do'/  If  thi'V  rt'iiiaiii  amoiii:'  the  whil"s,  lliey  lind  themsidves  tho  momheisof  a  peculiar 
rasto,  iiml  look  round  them  in  \ain  for  emiiloymenl  and  eiicoura;jemeiit ;  if  they  rt'tuni 
to  their  countrymen,  their  aci[uiiemenls  are  nseh'^s  :  these  are  neither  umler.-tooil  nor 
valued;  and.  with  tho  i-xceptioii  of  a  I'ew  aiticdes  of  iron,  which  they  pi'ocuiv  from  tho 
traders,  tho  common  wca'k  of  our  mechanics  is  useless  to  lluin.  I  vcjieat.  what  is  a 
young  man,  who  has  been  thus  educated,  to  do';'  He  has  no  means  of  support,  no 
iiislrmnoiit.s  of  aj^rieulturo.  no  domestic  animals,  no  improved  farm.  Taken  in  cai  ly 
life  from  his  own  people,  he  is  no  hunter;  ho  cannot  ilnd  in  the  tdiase  the  means  of 
support  or  o.xcliange ;  and  that,  under  such  ciroumstances,  ho  should  ahaiidon  hiiiisrlf 
to  a  lil'o  of  iiitemiieraiice,  can  scarcely  oxcito  our  surprise,  however  il  must  our  rciiiet. 
1  have  boon  oanu'stly  askod  by  these  young  mon,  how  they  wore  to  live'.'  and  1  liavo 


! 


Ill    •■ 


ii   I' 


444 


THE    FIRST    Df:CADE    OF 


^!    -1. 


I      I 


>j( 


.1: 


Mi. 


'<    I' 


ii 


ii'It  that  a  satisfactory  answer  was  beyond  my  roach.  To  the  Government,  only,  can 
they  looli  li-ir  relief;  and,  if  this  should  he  fiM'nislied,  thoiijih  in  a  moderate  degree,  they 
might  still  become  usefid  and  respeetal)le ;  their  exainiilo  would  |je  encouraging  to 
otliers,  and  they  would  form  the  best  instructors  Ibr  their  brethren. 

"  Tlio  general  details  of  a  phni  for  the  iiermaueiit  establishment  of  the  Indians  west 
of  tiio  .Mississippi,  and  for  their  proper  security,  would  re(iuiro  much  delil)eration ;  but 
there  are  some  fundamental  jn-ineiples,  obviously  arising  out  of  the  nature  of  the 
subject,  which,  when  once  adopted,  would  constitute  the  best  foundation  for  our  exer- 
tions, and  the  hopes  of  the  Indians. 

'vl.  A  solenni  declaration,  similar  to  tliat  already  inserted  in  .some  of  the  treaties, 
that  tiie  country  assigned  to  the  Indians  shall  Ije  tlieirs  as  long  as  they  or  their 
descendants  may  occupy  it.  and  a  corresponding  determination  that  our  settlement.s 
shall  not  spread  over  it ;  and  every  elVort  should  1)0  used  to  satisfy  the  Indians  of  our 
sincerity,  and  of  their  security.  Without  this  iuiiispensabie  jireliminary,  and  witliout 
full  conddence  on  their  part  in  our  intentions,  and  in  oiu'  abilities  to  give  these  efl'cct, 
their  change  of  position  would  l)ring  no  ciumgo  of  circmustant'i's. 

"2.  A  determination  to  exclude  all  ardent  spirits  from  their  new  coimtry.  This 
will,  no  doubt,  be  dillicult ;  but  a  .system  ol' .iiirvell/diicc  u[mu  the  liorders,  and  of  projier 
police  and  penalties,  will  ilo  nnicli  towards  the  extermination  ol"  an  evil  which,  where 
it  exists  to  any  considerable  extent,  is  equally  destructive  of  their  present  comfort  and 
their  future  happiness. 

"3.  The  employment  of  an  adequate  force  in  their  immediate  viciidty,  and  a  fixed 
determination  to  suppress,  at  all  hazards,  the  slightest  attempt  at  hostilities  among 
themselves. 

"  So  long  as  a  passion  for  war,  fostered  and  encouraged  as  it  is  by  their  opinions  and 
habits,  is  allowed  free  scope  lor  exercise,  it  will  prove  the  master  spirit,  controlling,  if 
not  absorbing  all  other  coiisiilerations.  And  if,  in  chocking  this  evil,  some  examples 
should  become  necessary,  they  would  be  .sacrilices  to  humanity,  and  not  to  severity. 

"4.  Encouragement  to  the  severalty  of  property,  and  such  provision  for  its 
security,  as  their  own  regulations  do  not  aH'onl,  and  as  may  bo  necessary  for  its 
enjoyment. 

"5.  Assistance  to  all  who  may  recpiire  it  in  the  opening  of  farms,  and  in  procurin'^' 
domestic  animals  and  instrmnents  of  agriculture. 

"  C.  Leaving  thorn  in  the  enjoyment  of  their  peculiar  institutions!,  as  far  as  may  be 
compatible  with  their  own  safety  and  ours,  and  with  the  groat  objects  of  their  pros- 
perity and  improvement. 

"7.  The  eventual  o!nph)yment  of  persons  competent  to  instruct  them,  as  far,  and 
as  fast  as  their  progress  may  require,  and  in  such  manner  as  may  be  most  u.seful 
to  them." 


li 


r  hi  r 


THE    COLONIZATION    PLAN, 


445 


The  Iiulian,  iilthoiiiih  slow  to  investigate  and  tleeiile,  Ijegan  to  rejrard  the  plan  with 


a  vol' 


am 


1  the  better  lie  unilerstDoil   it,  tlie  more 


aid  h 


le  aiii)rove  o 


f  it.   r 


om 


this 


period,  increased  acti\i(_v  and  ellltneney  was  inipaited  to  tiie  eoloni/.alion  proji'ct. 

April  1,  1S;;2,'  the  Creeks  entered  into  a  treaty  witii  liie  Secretary  ol"  War,  liy 
which  they  ceded  ail  their  lands  east  of  the  Mississippi,  to  the  United  States  (jovern- 
nient,  in  consideration  lor  ii  grant  ot"  7,O00,0U0  acres  in  the  Indian  territory,  west 
of  that  river,  to  which  they  agreed  to  remove  at  the  earliest  practicahle  period. 

At  Payne's  Landing,  on  the  Oclawaha  river,  May  9,  lS-'>'2.  the  Si'Uiinoles  ce<led  all 
their  lands  in  Florida,  and  agreed  to  migrate  to  the  country  of  the  Creeks,  west  of  the 
Mississippi,  there  to  reunite  themselves  with  this  cognate  tribe."  This  treat}-  provided 
lor  the  inunediate  payment  of  5il5,0U0  in  cash,  and  the  sum  of  S~('00  was  agreed  to 
lie  paid  as  a  reindjursement  to  owners  t)f  fugitive  slaves.     This,  and  other  features  of 


tl 


th 


)les  did 


jflec 


dc 


d   it  h: 


b 


ction, 
referred  to  as  one  of  the  original  causes  of  the  Florida  war. 

October  II,  IS.'Jli.  the  Appalachicolas  renewed  a  prior  agreement  to  remove  to  the 
west  of  the  Mississippi,  and  to  surrender  the  tract  on  which  they  lived,  at  the  mouth 
of  tlu!  Appalachicola  river.^  The  Chickasaws,  finding  themselves  surrounded  liy 
adverse  circumstances,  followed  these  examples  by  ceding,  October  20,  lS3l!,  their 
entire  territories  east  of  the  Mississippi  river.  This  convention,  concluded  at,  and 
known  as  the  treaty  of,  Pontitock  Creek,  is  remarkable  for  the  introduction  of  astipulation 
of  a  new  character.  The  Chickasaws  direct  that  the  lands  ceded  bo  subdivided  and  sold 
for  their  benefit  in  the  Land  Olllce  of  the  United  States,  which  pi'ovision  manifests  more 
refiection  a  .  forecast  than  the  tribes  have  generally  evinced,  and,  in  effect,  has  secured 
their  future  prosperity  and  independence." 

October  '2i,  18o2,  the  Kickapoos,  by  the  treaty  of  Castor  Hill,  in  Mi.ssouri,'  acceded 
to  the  plan  of  removal.  On  the  2Gth  of  October,  the  Pottawattamies  ceded  their  lands 
in  Indiana,  taking  in  payment  annuities  in  money,  and  agreed  to  accept  a  location  in 
the  Indian  territory,  west  of  the  Mississippi.  On  the  lilUh  of  the  same  month,  tlio 
Shawnees  and  Dclawares,  near  Cape  Girardeau,  ceded  their  old  Spanish  location  in 
that  quarter,  with  the  view  of  removing  west,  and  the  same  day  the  Piankashaws  and 
Peorias  also  accepted  a  location  in  that  region.^  On  the  29th,  the  AVeas  gave  their 
assent  to  the  project.'  On  the  same  day  the  Senecas  and  Shawnees,  of  the  Neosho, 
relinquished  the  title  to  their  lands,  the  more  perfectly  to  accommodate  theni.«elves  to 
the  ])lan.' 

Without  these  details  it  is  impossible  to  form  an  adequate  idea  of  the  class  of  duties 
which  oriiiinated  from  this  scheme  of  colonization.     The  labor  was  incessant,  and 


i\    I' 


i    1 


'i    :i!),! 


:!  ;, 


1  iJ 


II    'r    t 


'  V.  S.  Treaties,  p.  197. 

'  Ibid.,  p.  ty.V2. 

•  Ibid.,  p.  558. 


•  Il.i.l.,  p.  .'■.00. 

•  Ibid.,  p.  5U9. 


'  Iliid.,  p.  ,'.12. 
'  Ibid.,  p.  547. 


*  Ibid.,  p.  513. 
'  Ibid.,  p.  55G. 


' 


1      M 
J'*       i. 


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440 


THE    FIRST    DECADE    OF 


required  to  be  renewed  year  after  year.  It  was  diflicult  to  satisfy  the  Indians,  as  tliey 
were  ijrnorant  of  all  the  primary  elements  of  knowledge,  and  very  suspicious  of  tlio 
wliite  man's  arts.  Knowing  nothing  of  the  first  principles  of  geometry,  space  and 
quantity  were  estimated  in  gross.  To  reduce  miles  to  acres,  roods,  chains,  and  links, 
was  an  art  requiring  arithmetical  accuracy.  They  had,  likewise,  no  correct  or  .scientific 
standard  of  value  for  coins.  They  reciuired  to  be  located  and  re-located,  informed  and 
re-informed,  paid  ami  re-paid.  This  was  more  especially  the  case  witli  the  hunter 
tribes,  whose  standard  of  value  had  not  long  previously  been  a  beaver  skin,  and  whose 
land  measure  had  been  a  dav's  or  a  half  da\'s  walk. 


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THE    COLONIZATION    PLAN. 


447 


i 

i- 


CHAPTEU    IV 


THE    BLACK    HAWK    WAR. 


Wiiii.E  tlie  removal  of  tlio  trilics  from  the  soiitli-wcst  to  tluMf  new 
location  in  the  West  was  proceediiii;  prosperously,  a  sudden  and  unex-  1832. 

pected  di(Tl(;ulty  arose  with  some  tribes  residing  along  the  bani^s  of  i.ie       A.  Ja(  kso.v, 
Ui)pcr  Mississippi.  Puksidknt. 

Tlie  remote  l^ey-note  of  the  war-sonjr  had  been  sounded  by  the  Wyandot, 
Shawnee,  and  Deiawaie  prophets  in  17S-i,  by  EilUsattawa  in  181'J,  and  by  the  Creek 
prophets  in  ISll.  Tiie  Government  of  tlie  Union  had,  in  various  ways,  l)een  apprised 
of  the  dissatisl'action  anil  threatened  hostility  of  the  Sacs,  and  tlieir  co-tribe,  the  Foxes. 
The  Sac  chief,  JMaek  Hawk,  or  MuccodakaUako  (Plate  Vlll.),  was  l)orn  in  17G7,  at 
the  Sac  villaiic,  on  Kock  river,  Wisconsin.'  His  "grandfather  had  lived  near  Montreal, 
whence  his  father,  I'yesa,  hail  emiirrated  to  the  Ijoundless  and  attractive  field  of  the 
great  West.  lUack  llawlc  was  one  of  those  dreamers  and  fasters,  of  the  aboriginal 
race,  who  mistake  the  impressions  of  dreams  for  revelations  of  tlie  Great  Spirit,  lu 
his  own  person  he  united  judgment  with  courage,  and  had  acipiired  nuicli  iuliuence  iu 
the  Indian  comicils.  Pyesa  having  emigrated  to  the  West  while  Great  Ihitaiu  exercised 
sway  over  it,  his  preference  lor  that  power  was  very  decided.  His  son,  iulieriting  the 
same  views.  kei)t  up  the  l)ii>s  by  annual  visits  to  ^lalden,  where  i)resents  were  distributed 
by  tlie  Hritish  Indian  Dei)aitment  to  the  tribes,  whether  residents  of  the  United  States, 
or  not.  Tales  of  Hritish  supremacy,  of  their  Indian  jiolicy,  and  of  the  grasping  and 
iicquisitive  spirit  of  the  xVmericaus,  have  Ijocu  circulated  for  yeans  by  every  foi'eign 
subordinate  in  the  Indian  territory,  who  lias  selfish  aims  to  promote  thereliy,  and  who 
is,  at  tlie  same  time,  indelited  to  tii"  clemency  of  the  American  system  for  permis.sion 
to  remain  in  the  country,  tlie  jjolicy  of  whicii  he  traduces.  Black  Hawk  had  brooded 
over  the  early  history  of  his  ti  il>e,  and.  to  his  view,  as  he  looked  down  tlie  vista  of 
years,  the  former  times  apiieared  so  nnich  better  tiian  the  present,  that  the  vision 
wrougiit  upon  his  susceptible  imagination,  which  pictured  it  to  be  the  Indian  golden 
age.     He  had  some  remembrance  of  a  treaty  made  by  General  Harrison  in  ISUl,  to 


II 


'  Life  of  Bliick  Hawk,  1  vul.  ISmo,  l.>i>  pp.  :  Uostoii,  1S3-1. 


\  ; 


h    '  I 


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448 


THE    FIRST    DECADE    OF 


wliicli  his  pooplo  had  not  pivoii  Ihcir  assent;  and  his  fcidinL's  were  with  dillieuUy 
controlled  when  he  was  desired  to  leave  the  Koek  Hiver  valley,  in  complianee  with 
a  treaty  made  with  General  Seott.  That  valley,  however,  he  peaeefully  ahandoiied, 
with  his  tribe,  on  heini;  notified,  and  went  to  the  west  of  the  Mississii)[)i ;  hut  ho 
had  spent  his  yonth  in  that  locality,  and  the  more  he  thought  of  it  the  more  deter- 
mined he  was  to  retm-n  thither.  lie  readily  enlisted  the  sympathies  of  tlio 
Indians,  wiu)  are  e\er  prone  to  ponder  on  their  real  or  inia;j:inary  wnmiis;  and  it 
may  he  readily  eonjeetmeil  that  what  Indian  counsel  could  not  aeeoniplish,  Indian 
prophesy  woidd.  Without  donlit  he  was  encouraged  in  his  course  hy  some  tribes, 
who  fnially  deserted  him  and  denied  their  comidieity,  when  ho  took  up  arms  and  began 
to  experience  reverses.  Black  Hawk  claimed  to  have  such  relations  with  the  Foxes, 
AVinnebagoe.s,  Sioux,  Kickapoos,  and  others.  Karly  in  IS.'! I  he  sent  a  .symbolical  iniiii- 
atm'o  tomahawk,  made  of  wood,  and  smeared  with  \ermilion.  to  the  [M'inci|)al  war- 
chief  of  the  ('liip[H'was.  This  warlilie  invitation  was  received  at  the  ('hip|ii'wa  agency, 
Sault  St"  JIarie.  at  the  lower  end  of  iiake  Superior,  ami  a  report  of  tin;  ellbrt  to  enli.'jt 
the  Chiiipewas  in  this  confederacy  commimicatt'd  to  the  (lovei'imient  at  Washington. 
Mr.  Schoolcraft  was  dii'eeled  to  vi.-it  the  susi)eeteil  distrii't,  by  passing  through  tlie 
inteiior  Indian  ct)nntry,  lying  between  the  south  shore  of  Lake  Superior  and  the  .Mis- 
sissippi, in  liulit  canoes,  manne(l  liy  Canadian  voyageurs,  and  under  a  small  escort  of 
inl'anti'y — devoting  the  season  to  that  expedition.  He  did  not  di.<cover  tiiat  any  of  the 
tril)es  wt're  conunitted  to  open  hostility;  but  there  ap|>eared  to  be  a  great  fandiiarilv 
with  Hlack  Hawk's  plans,  and  the  tribes  in  league  wilb  idni  were  named.  In  conse- 
quence of  these  disclosures,  and  of  the  existing  state  of  alVairs.  the  spring  and  sunnner 
i)f  the  following  year  (iS^lli)  was.  by  direi'tion  of  the  (luvernment,  devoted  to  a  furtiiir 
inspection  of  the  Sioux  and  Cjiippeua  tribes  towards  the  nm'tli.' 

The  Mock  river  valby.  and  tlie  adjacent  country,  was  ceded  to  the  United  States, 
Novend)er  .'5.  IMtl,  by  the  Sac  and  Fo.x  triiies,"  witii  a  proviso,  permitting  the  Indiai\s 
to  continue  to  reside  and  hunt  on  the  lands  until  they  were  ref[uired  for  si'ttlement. 
The  Sac  chief,  .Ma-ka-tai-mo-she-kai-kaik,  or  (Ireat  Kite,  called  IJlack  Hawk,  after  an 
nndi>turbed  occupancy  ol'  the  lands  for  thirty-two  years,  suiiseipu'iit  to  the  iH'gotiation 
of  tliis  treaty,  all'ected  to  believe  that  the  chiefs  who  ceded  it.  and  who  wci'c  then  dead, 
had  not  been  duly  authorized  to  do  so;  or,  tliat,  after  sueli  a  lapse  of  time,  his  tribe 
was  unjustly  required  to  comply  with  the  terms  of  the  treaty,  by  crossing  •'•o. 
Mississippi  to  its  opposite  banks.  At  all  events  this  plea  fmiiished  an  excuse  lor  gi\..  ; 
vent  to  the  hostility  which  he  had  long  felt  against  the  Americans. 

'  Tlusp  visits  til  till'  liislniil  iiorllicrii  liiln's  wi'n,'  tlic  iiiiiiiciliato  oi'c.'isicjii  nf  tlic  ilisi-nvcrv  (if  llu.'  romnto 
F..ii.ri'f  i.f  tlir  Mi^^si.^,«ip].i  :   »  ili-' rij  tiuu  uf  wliicli  li:is  Imcii  ]ln•vi^ll^l_v  'jiMii.      Tin'  ilcplli  (if  walrr  (>ii  llic  v:ist 

1111(1  clcv.-itcil  .niiJiiiiils  liciliL'  f:i\(pr:ilil.',  tin rii.-iiiii  w:is  (iiiliniccil  Id  lr;ii-c  tin-  M  i^-i>vi|,],i  i,,  |(s  iiclii:il  .-nurcc  ; 

wliicli  w.is  iisrcrliiiiicd  tn  In'  ;i  cniisiclcn)'!!'  Iji^ly  (.^f  w;itcr,  (.mIIcJ  lt;i.-(.'ii  l.iiko  — \  kl(.'  Diiruirii/  i,i'  tUr  ,S'junta 
.,/  il,'   .V.''S,\,;i.j„\  1  v,.l,  :   N(_'\v  Vuil;,  IS.M. 

'  L'.  S.  'J'lvatic.-,  ).,  lUH. 


* 


it  \A 


TIIK    ('OliONl/,  ATI(»N    PLAN. 


4»lt 


IJIuck  lliiwk  was  one  of  tlio.'^t'  iilioriiiiiics  wlio  dwell  so  lonji  on  a  sinL'lf  iilcii.  tlint  it 
apiit'ai'.stdlK'  possessed  of  sutlii'icMt  inipDrlancc  t<K'iif;aj:e  the  altention  ol' the  entire  Indian 
race.  The  tlienio  of  Black  Hawk's  delusion  was  the  Amerieaiis,  the  hated  Americans, 
who  had  unjustly  supplanted  tlio  Enjriisli  in  tlie  country,  and  who  were  treatinii'  the 
Indians  with  injustice.  A  native  of  Kock  river  valley,  where  he  was  horn  aliout  17tl7,' 
lie  had  heen  a  regidar  attendant  at  the  annual  convocations  of  the  ahorijrinal  tribes 
in  ('anada.  which  has  been  the  source  whence  so  much  evil  political  counsel  has 
been  transniittcMl  to  the  Indians  residing  on  the  contiguous  territory  of  the  United 
States.  It  wa.s  there  that  presents  were  distributed  to  them,  in  acknowledgment 
of  the  services  they  had  for>-  ri ,  rendered  to  the  IJritish  armies,  and  as  a  means  of 
securing  their  aid  in  future  ,  .mtingencies.  Hither  had  'recumseh  come,  for  the 
benefit  of  British  counsels,  prior  to,  and  during  the  war  of  ISl'J.  Tiie  Indian  triiies 
rt.'garded  Maiden  as  {\w  metropolitan  centre,  which  Detroit  had  lieen,  befoii'  the 
days  of  General  Wayne.  The  writer  may  be  pardoned  lijr  these  nMiiarks.  He 
had  served  a  long  time  on  the  frontiers,  in  tiie  Indian  Department,  dmiiig  which 
period  lu;  became  familiar  with  Indian  ojiinions.  on  the  topics  which  attractetl  tlii'ir 
attention  at  that  era.  The  aboriginal  chiefs,  from  Detroit  to  the  Mississipjii,  as  high 
up  as  tiie  Falls  of  St.  Anthon}',  and  to  the  head  of  Lal^e  Suiierior,  never  ceased 
boasting  of  the  i)rofusi>  liberality,  the  wealth,  and  the  power  of  tlieir  British  Father. 
So  liir  as  these  demonstrations  were  conlined  to  the  limits  of  the  British  provinces,  no 
objection,  certainly,  could  be  made  to  the  policy;  hut  on  the  trilies  from  thi!  United 
States,  who  constituted  generally  by  far  the  largest  part  of  tin-  assemblages,  the  elfect 
was  to  disturb  and  distract  their  minds,  and  fan  the  llames  of  an  enmity,  which,  if  left 
to  itself,  would  have  died  away.  Meantime,  the  few  blankets,  kettles,  and  guns,  which 
the  United  States  tribes  received,  were  no  e(iuivalent  for  the  time  lost,  in  long  journeys, 
the  occasional  losses  suHered  on  the  road,  and  the  actual  moral  degradation  to  which 
their  families  were  expo.sod. 

No  theme  is  so  popular  with  an  Indian  reformer  as  conii)laints  of  the  existing  state 
of  things,  compared  with  the  years  that  are  past.  when,  it  is  imagined,  the  people  wen- 
wiser  and  b(>tter,  and  even  s[)oke  their  language  in  greater  purity."  The  jiast  is  always 
relerrcd  to  by  the  Indians  as  a  golden  age,  and,  while  indulging  in  reminiscenci's  of 
bvgone  pro8i>erity,  they  are  prone  to  overlook  the  future  and  neglect  the  means  of  pro- 
viding for  it.  This  was  the  ariiuinent  used  by  tiie  great  Algic  leatlcr  Pontiac.  when  he 
counselled  resistanci;  to  tlu'  British,  at  the  period  of  their  coiupu^st  of  the  West  from 
the  French,  in  ITtiO.  The  same  grounds  were  assumed  by  the  Wyaiuh...  Shawnee, 
and  Delaware  seers  and  powwows,  when  the  Americans  exfemled  their  soxerei-nty 
over  the  territory  in  178.) ;  and  it  constituted  the  theme  of  the  harangues  by  which 
Tecumseli  and  liis  wily  brother  preached  ui)  the  war  of  1S12.    The  olden  time  has  e\er 


r;.u 


'  Life  of  Hlock  lliiwk;  Hostmi,  1834. 
Vnl,.    VI.— .-.7 


Vul  \'.     Litoraturo  of  the  Iiuliaii  LanL:iia,L'i's,  p.  i^.'Jo. 


450 


TIIK    FIUJST    1)E(JAI)K    OK 


I  t 


i 


1  f 


•■■    ! 


Iwen  liallowed  in  Iiuliiui  remiiUHceiicoH.  Tlio  ovils  of  tli(3  pri-sciit  hour  arc  iniigiiilii'd, 
uiul  tlio  liitiiro  disrt'giudod.     Such  wviv  Hliick  Jlawk's  tt'iioliiiigs. 

In  ail  ovil  Iiour,  the  cliiol"  detoriniiiud  to  ii'iu-w  tliu  oxijuriiiu'iit  of  keeping  tlio 
intrusive  leet  of  eniigraiitu  from  IiIh  native  valii'y,  and  fioin  tlie  llowiiig  lino  ol'  the 
Miwsiwippi.  Black  Hawk  was  then  about  sixty-seven  years  of  age.'  His  featmeH 
denote  great  lirinness  of  purpose,  and  his  wisdom  had  actpiired  him  great  respect 
among  the  united  tribes  of  tlie  Sacs  and  Foxes,  as  well  as  the  Winiiel)agt)es,  lowas, 
and  surrounding  tribes.  He  had  undertaken  to  form  a  confederacy  of  the  trilx's; 
a  task  much  easier  to  propose  than  to  ed'eet,  there  being  no  certainty  how  far  the  tiil)es, 
who  hearkened  to  his  messengers  and  counsels,  would  fulfil  their  engagements  when 
the  trying  hour  arrived.  But  little  alarm  was  excited  by  the  details  of  Black  Hawk's 
proceedings.  At  the  St.  fjouis  superinteiideiicy,  not  much  importance  appears  to  have 
been  attached  to  the  menaced  liostilities,  not  only  because  the  time  was  so  unsuitable 
lor  the  Indians  to  make  another  attemj)t  to  roll  i)ack  the  tide  of  civilization,  but  owing 
to  the  lack  of  reliable  information,  as  to  how  far  the  other  tribes  had  consented  to  act  in 
concert  with  the  Sac  chief.  The  ollicials  at  the  Michigan  superinteiideiicy,  being  nearer 
to  the  Indian  rciidez-vous  at  Maiden,  were  more  intimately  acquainted  with  the  state 
of  Indian  feeling,  and,  consequently,  as  eonsiderable  uneasiness  was  felt,  the  agents  on 
the  Chicago  Iwrders  were  instructed  to  watch  closely  the  Indian  movements. 
Everything  denoted  that  there  was  an  active  comljiiiation  Ibrniing  among  the  tribes  of 
the  Upper  Mississi[)pi,  extending  to  the  waters  of  Lake  Superior.  The  expedition 
directed  to  that  (piarter.  in  June,  18;5l,  in'oceeded  through  Lake  Superior  in  canoes  and 
boats,  to  Chegoimegon  or  La  Pointe,  thence  entered  and  followed  the  Maskigo,  or 
Manvuin  river,  ascending  through  liillicult  rapids,  to  a  lake  at  its  source,  passing 
numerous  and  intricate  portages,  ami  raits  of  driftwood;  crossing  a  portage  into  the 
Namakagiin,  or  south  branch  of  the  St.  (Jroix  river,  and  then  descending  the  main 
stream  to  Yellow  river.  At  the  St.  Croix  river,  he  was  informed  that  the  combination 
of  Black  Hawk  embraced  nine  triiu-s.  From  the  Yellow  river  he  proceeded  to  Lac 
Courtonelle,  or  Ottowa  lake,  at  the  head  of  Clii|)pewa  river,  and  i)y  a  dillicult  jjortage 
to  the  Red  Cedar  fork,  whence  he  descended  the  latter  to  the  mouth  of  the  Chippewa 
river,  at  the  loot  of  Lake  Pepin,  on  the  Mississi[ii)i.  in  his  course,  he  diverted  from 
their  purpose,  and  arrested,  a  war  party  of  Indians,  under  Ninaba,  who  were  en  route 
to  the  Mississippi,  to  attack  the  Sioux.  The  Mississippi  river  was  finally  descended 
to  Galena." 

Indications  of  immediate  hostilities  were  apparent  in  the  spring  of  1832.  Black 
Hawk,  at  this  time,  crossed  to  the  eastern  side  of  the  Mississi[ipi  with  all  his  tribe,  took 
possession  of  the  Rock  river  valley-,  and  annouiiced  his  intention  to  plant  corn.    Troops 


'  Lift'  of  Hhick  lluwk;   li.istoii,  ls:U,  |,.  '2. 

'  8cliijolcialV.- ixiiiiliiicjii  I  )  lt;i.-c;i  l.ilir.      ll;ii|iii- \  Mrnthirs,  New  Vuili.  l>:il,|..  II 


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46t 


wore  (irilorrd  to  nscciul  iIh'  MixMissippi,  iiml  picscivi'  llio  |)eaco  of  tlio  frontiers,  wliile 
till'  iitiiiDsl  cxcitciiii'iit  cxistrd  in  llic  cniiliuiiims  Illinois  Noltli'nu'nts.  As  wion  as  tho 
troops  Hero  known  to  l»o  im  tlicir  way,  Jlliuk  lliuvk's  wiiniois  piociciliMl  to  tho 
I'l'siiliMicc  of  tlic  ii'iriit,  Mr.  St.  Vi'iiin,  iit  Ilock  isliind,  wlioin  tlii-y  n'^riinliil  iis  tliu 
instiiriitor  of  liiis  militiiry  iniivonirnt,  and  iniiiicdiattdy  nun-iUircd  liiin,  s('u!pin^^  and 
iniitilalin).'  ids  ijody,  Ail  tiif  noi,uid)orin;;  laniilit'S  rwoivctl  liko  treatment.  Tlio 
lliinois  iniiitia  wore  proniptiy  ordoivd  to  tlio  IVontiiT,  and  a  Imttlo  was  lon^dit  in  tlio 
Hock  riviT  valioy,  in  wliicii  tiu>  Indians  a|)p(iai'  to  Iiavi?  iia<l  tin-  advantaiic  as  Major 
Stillinan  witlidrcvv  iiis  forcfs.  altiT  a  .M'vt'rc  coidiiiit.  Black  Hawk,  in  iiis  nanativc  sa^s 
tliat  tlicy  rt'trcatt'd  In-'foro  a  dctc  rinini'd  firo  I'roin  forty  warriors.' 

In  the  meantime.  Ijofore  any  overt  Imstile  acts  were  connnitted,  the  aiicnt  of  tlio 
Cliippewas  was  instrncted  to  make  a  rcconnoissantu;  of  tiie  Indian  conntry,  evteiiding 
nortli  and  west  of  tlie  ])arts  visited  in  IS.'JI.  for  the  pnrixise  of  aeipiirinj^  more  perlect 
inl'orinatioii  as  to  tlie  extent  of  tiie  dissatisfaction. 

The  loUowiiii^  is  an  extract  from  the  instructions  received  :  "Tiic  Secretary  of  War 
deem.''  it  important  that  you  should  proceed  to  the  country  upon  tho  heads  of  the 
Mississippi,  and  visit  as  many  of  the  Indians  in  that,  and  the  interinedinto  rej^ion,  aa 
oircnmstances  will  permit. 

"  Reports  have  reached  the  department,  from  various  quarters,  that  the  Indians  upon 
our  frontiers  are  in  an  un(|uiot  state,  and  that  there  is  a  prospect  of  extensive  hostilities 
anioiif?  themselves.  It  is  no  le.s.s  tiie  dictate  of  hninanit}',  than  of  policy,  to  repress 
this  feeliiiL'.  and  toi'stahlish  pernianeiit  peace  amoiiij;  these  trihes.  It  is  also  iiiipnrtant 
to  inspect  the  condition  of  the  trade  in  that  nnnote  country,  and  the  c(jiidiict  of  tho 
traders.  To  ascertain  whether  the  regulations  and  the  laws  are  complied  willi,  and  to 
sujrgest  such  alterations  as  may  lie  retpiired.  And,  finally,  to  iiupiire  into  the  niiiiiliers, 
standing,  disposition,  and  prospects  of  the  Indians,  and  to  report  all  tho  statistical  facts 
you  can  procure,  and  which  will  he  iiselul  to  the  Government  in  its  operations,  or  to 
the  community  in  the  investijiation  of  these  suhjects."' 

To  plunge  into  a  vast  and  hostile  Indian  wilderness,  required  a  contidence  only 
derived  I'roin  long  experience.  The  agent  was  furnished  with  a  small  military  forco 
ol'  hut  twelve  men,  under  the  command  of  Lieutenant  J.  Allen.  Leaving  the  agency 
at  St.  Mary's  early  in  June,  he  passed  through  Lake  Superior  to  its  extreme  head,  at 
l'"oiid  dii  Lac.  ascended  the  River  St.  fiOiiis  to  the  Savanne  portage,  and  thence  entered 
Sandy  Lake  and  the  Mi.ssi.ssipiii.  The  latter  was  followed,  through  its  windings,  to 
the  extreme  point  hefore  visited,  at  (Jass  Lake,  where  an  encampment  was  formed,  and 
tlie  haggage  left.  The  height  of  the  waters  heing  favorahle,  he  sot  forward  from  this 
point  in  Indian  canoes,  with  a  select  party,  fully  resolved  to  discover  tho  source  of  tho 


I'll'   ' 


i|if 


'  l.if.M.f  IJIack  Hiiwk,  p.  110. 

'  MxpiMlitidii  til  Ita.xa  l,:iki' :    li.ir]Hi' \-  UmtluTH,  Nt'W  York,  1S:)4,  |i.  i"). 


■i  >  ? 


nr' 


4.')2 


Til  K     I"  I  KST     l»K.('  A  l)K    dK 


MissiNHip|)i.  Tlio  Bonrcli  wan  pnrHiicd  with  llic  ai<l  dC  an  Indian  friiiJc,  up  fiilln,  ttcronn 
liikoH,  nroiiiul  pri'cipiccH,  tliron^rli  dclilcH.  over  drifu,  and  tliroii^li  winding  clmniU'lH.  lor 
tliroo  diiyn.  Tlio  result  of  tills  loilxonio  jiaumn  wnn  tin'  arrival  of  the  party  nt  Itanca 
lake,  it«  true  Hourco.' 

Tlio  infonnntion  ohtainod  in  tliis  jonrncv  dtMnnnHtratcd  that  tlii<  CliippowaM  and  Sionx, 
whatever  HVinpalhii'H  thcv  had  witli  Black  Hawk  and  liin  hcIumik*.  woro  not  couiinitti'd 
to  Ills  i)rqjoct  hy  any  ovrrt  participation  in  it.  The  Indians  were  vaccinated.  asdircctc(l 
hy  an  act  of  ron^rc^s.  and  their  ninnlicrM  th'linitdy  ascertained.  While  on  a  visit  to 
the  larfTC  hand  at  l/cerh  Lake,  tlieir  leading  ehief.  (luel'e  Plat.  cxliii)ited  to  the  ajrent 
several  Hritish  medals,  which  were  smeared  with  vermilion,  the  synihol  of  hlood ;  hut 
it  appeared  to  Ik*  done  rather  in  a  spirit  of  l)oastful  sidl-importance,  than  as  a  threat 
of  alliance  with  lHack  Hawk.  Information  ohtained  in  these  reconnoissiinees  implicated 
the  Winnehatioes.  lowas.  Kickapoos.  I'ottawattamies.  and  some  Missouri  hands.' 
.Meantime,  while  this  e.vpedition  was  pursnini;  its  explorations,  \\w  Sac  ehief  hail  eoin- 
nieiiced  tiio  war.  and  lii'cn  driven  hy  Tienerals  Atkin.son  ami  DodL'e  to  the  month  of 
the  Had  Axe  river.  Itetween  thi?  Falls  of  St.  Anthony  and  I'rairi"  du  Chien.  Without 
lieinj:  apprized  of  the  inipendin,!:'  peril,  the  expedition  eluded  the  danuer,  after  aseendiuf^ 
the  river  to  the  intlux  of  the  St.  ("loix.  hy  |iassini^  up  that  river  into  the  waters  of 
Lake  Superior. 


Ex|H'(litiuM  I.I  Ita.scii  l.:il;i':    lliirprr  .%   I!imiIi.'|>,  N'rw  Yuri.-,  IS.'M 


IM.I. 


'.  Hi 


r,.: 


i  i 


I 


f 


I 


'ill 
fl? 


i 


KUli 


I. 


r 


ii*' 


M' h  ;? 


M  I 


,i' 


1 1 


^ 


■  M 


: 


; 


\ 


« 


i 


I 


1  .'If 


i^ii 


If  1 

;. 

\ 


THE    COLONIZATION    I'LAN. 


4r)3 


CHAPTER   V. 


LEADING  EVENTS  OF  THE  CAMTAIGN  AGAINST  BLACK  HAWK. 


The  efTbct  of  an  Indian  war  on  the  frontiers  is  always  appalling ;  a 
few  hundred  hostile  Indians  having  the  power  of  alarming  the  inhabit-  1832. 

ants,  and  disturbing  the  settlements  throughout  a  wide  extent  of  A.  Jackso.v, 
country.  Their  apparently  ubicjuitous  character,  tlieir  subtlety,  and  the  President. 
facility  with  which  they  thread  the  mazes  of  the  forest,  the  liorrid 
cruelties  practised  on  the  defenceless  inhabitants  of  the  settlements,  and  their  wild 
on.set  and  noisy  outcries  when  driven  into  open  conflict,  always  make  a  deep  impression. 
The  ordinary  militia  are  not  adequate  to  tlie  task  of  repelling  such  inroads.  A  man 
suddenly  summoned  from  his  plow,  or  his  work-btach,  to  the  field,  has  not  suflicient 
discipline,  or  knowledge  of  camp  duty,  to  render  him  of  much  service  in  sudden  emer- 
gencies. Frequently,  he  neither  knows  the  position  nor  the  number  of  his  enemies, 
and  rather  helps  to  increase  the  existing  confusion  and  panic,  than  to  allay  it.  Such 
was  the  effect  of  Black  Hawk's  inroad  into  Illinois  and  Wisconsin ;  and,  before  a 
sufficient  force  of  tiie  regular  army  could  he  drawn  from  remote  points,  the  most  that 
the  militia  and  volunteers  could  effect,  was  to  keep  him  in  check.  For  a  considerable 
time,  the  headquarters  of  the  Sac  chief  was  located  at,  or  about,  Lake  Coshkinong,  near 
the  upper  end  of  Rock  River  valley,  or  at  the  intersection,  or  on  the  line  of  the  Four 
Lakes,  now  the  site  of  Madi.son,  the  State  capital  of  Wisconsin. 

One  of  the  most  singular  and  appalling  incidents  of  this  campaign,  was  the  fact  that 
the  Asiatic  ciiolera  first  made  its  appearance  among  the  United  States  troops  while  on 
tiieir  mardi  to  the  scene  of  conflict.  On  tiie  banks  of  tiio  St.  Clair,  at  Fort  Gratiot, 
at  Michilimackinac,  at  Chicago,  and  at  every  harbor  for  vessels  and  steamers,  the  most 
frightful  mort.ality  occurred.  A  characteristic  feature  of  this  disea.so  was  the  rapidity 
with  which  it  terminated  in  a  fatal  result  — a  few  hours  only  intervening  between  tiie 
appearance  of  the  first  symptoms  and  death.  The  best  medical  men  were  at  liiuh, 
and  had  to  study  the  features  of  the  disease  before  they  could  cope  with  it. 

This  calamity  added  to  the  delay  in  reaching  the  scene  of  action,  and  gave  the  wily 
chief  a  little  breathing  time.  Cieneral  Scott  landed  his  army  at  f/hicago  with  all  prac- 
ti(';il)le  expedition,  an<l  instantly  sent  forward  a  detachment  to  reconnoitre  tiie  position 


\  \'A 


1 


fk 


4-A 


TIIK    FIRST    DKCADR    OF 


dl'  Rlack  ITiiwk,  und  foive  liim  to  liivc;  battle.  A  iiciionil  action  is,  liowovur.  nno  of 
ilic  verv  last  iv.sort.s  of  an  Indian  captain.  It  is  contrary  to  tlio  Indian  mode  of  wiir- 
llnv.  wiiicli  consists  of  opcnitioMs  in  detail,  secret  and  cralty  attacks,  and  sndden  niove- 
inents.  wiiicli  ai'e  practicable  only  for  an  army  nnencunibcred  with  bajrjfafie.  (joneral 
Atkinson  pnrsned  the  Indians  up  the  Rock  Kivcr  valley,  where  their  trail  jiiive  evi- 
dence of  their  sniVerinj;;  from  want  of  food.  In  this  pnr.suit,  the  knowledge  of  wooil- 
ci-aft,  of  the  Indian  mode  of  warfare,  and  of  the  local  geograijhy,  possessed  by  Colonel 
S.  Dodge.  enai)led  the  connnander  to  conduct  his  movements  with  great  precision.  After 
some  skirmishing.  Black  Hawk  was  traced  across  the  Wisconsin  river,  and  hotly  pin- 
sued  towards  the  west.  After  a  harassing  march,  his  ill-led,  starving,  iind  worn-down 
I'orces.  were  fmally  overtaken  at  the  junction  of  the  Bad  Axe  river  with  the  Mississippi, 
where  a  steamer  (the  Warrior)  opened  her  lire  on  him.  While  in  the  act  of  cflecting 
ii  crossing,  tlie  American  army  arrived,  and  an  innnediate  action  ensued,  in  which  the 
Indians  were  <leleiit(d.  Sime  of  the  Sac  warriors,  and  the  women  and  children  of  the 
tribe,  bad.  li()\ve\er.  succeeded  in  crossing.  Black  Hawk  escaped,  but  soon  afterwards 
voluntaril\'  delivered  himself  up  to  the  agent  at  Prairie  du  Chien. 

Black  Hawk  was  carried  a  pri.soner  to  Washington.  Private  vengeance?  clamored 
for  his  blood,  in  expiation  of  the  foul  nnn-der.s  perpetrated  by  his  warriors;  but.  to  the 
credit  of  the  President,  General  .Tack.son.  he  promptly  and  decidedly  resisted  the.-^e 
importunities,  saying  that  the  chiel  had  surrendered  as  a  i)risoiier  of  war,  and  was 
entitled  to,  .iiid  should  be,  treated  as  such.  After  his  advent  at  the  eaitital.  Black 
Hawk  was  taki'u  to  see  the  military  works  at  Fort  Monroe,  by  an  ollicer  of  the  army, 
who  was  ap[iointed  to  escort  him  through  the  .-^eabord  cities,  to  his  own  country,  that 
he  might  form  adecpiate  notions  of  the  populousiiess  of  the  Union.  He  was  salely  con- 
dui'ted  to  his  home,  on  the  distant  Mississippi,  where  ho  lived  many  years,  a  wiser  and 
a  better  nuui.  After  his  death,  his  tribesmen  gave  to  his  reniain.s  those  rites  of  sepul- 
ture which  are  only  bestowed  \ipon  their  most  distinguished  men.  They  buried  him  in 
his  war  dress,  in  a  sitting  posture,  on  an  eminence,  and  covered  him  with  a  mound  of 
earth. 


i<       I- 


l> 

1 

1 

ll 

\ 

1  1 

w 

!• 

1 
1 
1 

1 

1 

1 
t 

I'l 

ll 

V 

)     '^ 

1 

ill 

1 

1 

1 

( 

'i 

i 

1 . 

J 

Ij 

Bh ' 

,J 

It 

m 

TllK    COLONIZATICN    PLAN. 


4o5 


ClIAPTEK    VI. 

SUBDIVISION    OF    THE     INDIAN    TEKIUTOKY     INTO    TK115A1,     I'UO- 
I'HIETORSIIU'S.      CONGRESSIONAL   SANCTION    OK   TllK    PLAN. 

Tin;  sc'ttloniont  of  a  pooplo  ignorant  of  letters  und  liiinrcs.  or  of  niiy 
mode  ol' estimating  ((uantitie.s,  in  a  new  country,  whore  nil  slnigi^ied  iS:!.'!. 

to  obtain  the  l)e,st  locations,  revealed  another  source  ol'  ollicial  care.  A.  .Iack.-o.v, 
The  proper  adjustment  of  boundaries  between  the  tribes  in  the  new  I'uk.sidkxt. 
territories  became  a  subject  of  infinite  perplexity.  As  the  Indians 
ac(piired  a  better  knowledge  of  arithmetical  measures  and  (piantities.  they  became 
astute,  and  strenuously  di-manded  public  action  in  the  matter.  It  sometimes  happened 
tliat  boundaries  conflicted,  and,  whenever  an  interest  or  right  was  surrendered  to 
acconnnodate  another  tribe,  the  United  States  (loverumeut  was  reiidy  to  grant  an 
equivalent  in  land,  money,  or  right  of  occupancy.  Tlie  Milunn's  of  treaties  contain  an 
amount  of  interesting  matter  on  this  subject,  which  is  alike  creditable  to  the  l\epul)lie, 
and  to  the  activity  of  the  Indian  mind.  An  acre.,  an  improvenu'ut,  a  salt-si)ring,  or  a 
stream  of  pine  water  was  held  at  its  just  value. 

On  the  1  ttli  of  February,  18."];i,  the  United  States  engaged  to  secure  to  the  Cherokees, 
forever,  7,U()(),()(I()  acres  of  land  in  the  Indian  Territory,  including  the  snuiUer  tract 
previously  granted  them  by  the  IJarbour  treaty,  signt^l  May  0,  IS'JS,'  IJy  a  separate 
article,  the  Cherokees  released  the  United  States  from  providing  "a  [jlain  .set  of  laws, 
suited  to  their  condition." 

On  the  same  day,  a  treaty  was  concluded,  specifying  tlie  boundaries  between  the 
United  States,  the  Creeks,  and  the  Cherokees,  which  also  provided  that  collisions 
between  the  tribes  should  be  avoided,  and  compensation  maile  to  them  by  the  I'nited 
States  for  the  improvements  they  surrendered,  in  order  to  enal)le  the  Government  to 
furnish  the  Cherokees  with  their  full  ((uota  of  lands."  I{y  a  ticaty  concluded  the  liSth 
of  March,  IS').'),  a  definite  location  was  assigned  to  the  Seminoles.  who  had  migriitt'd 
to  the  West,  and  settK-d  down  among  the  Creeks.^  On  the  loth  of  May,  the  QuM|)aws 
ixilintpiished  their  territory  to  the  Caddoes,  a  cognate  tribe  on  Ked  Hiver.  in  considera- 


'  L'.  S.  Tiviitit's,  p.  jt'il 


Ibiii.,  [1.  T)!)."). 


Ibid.,  ]i.  57;J. 


i  ; 


I 


'1,1 


m 


ii 
m 


i       i 

u 

UK' 

* 

1 

W 

f 

f 
1 

1 

i 

1  ^ 

ii 

* 

1 

4oH 


THE    FIRST    DECADE    OF 


tioii  ol' ii   tract   (if  l'"i(l  sections  of  liind  p'luitod  tliiMu  hy  tlio  Utiifod  Stati's.  on   tin- 

Ni'oslio,  witli  lilicral  iloimtions  of  cattle,  oxen,  1ioj;h,  ,sliec|),  agricultural  iinplcnioiitH,  arms, 

annniniitioii,  clotliing,  the  services  of  a  blacksniitli  anil  farmer,  and  other  advanlaires.' 
On  the  IStliofJune,  l.SI)3,  the  Appalacliicolas, of  Florida,  ceded  certain  lands, 

I  S.">:5.       wit  h  the  exception  of  some  reservations,  and  were  admitted,  on  the  principle  ol' 
a  reunion,  to  share  with  the  Semiiioles  the  benefits  of  the  treaty  concluded  at 

l'ayiH''s  Landing.     It  was  stipulated  that  they  should  sell  their  reservations,  belong 

leaving  Florida  and  removing  west,  in  which  case  they  engaged  to  defray  viie  expenses 

of  their  removal." 

On  the  21st  of  September,  the  Otoes  and  Missoiirias  surrendered  their  lands  to  the 

United  States,  Ibr  valuable  considerations,  agreeing  to  accej)t  another  tract  in  lieu 

thereof,  and  to  engage  in  agricnltiu'al  pursuits.' 

Under  the  provisions  of  the  act  passed  July  11,  ISoU,  three  connnissioncrs 

lS',)i.  were  appointed  to  proceed  to  the  Indian  territory,  west  of  the  States  of 
Missouri  and  Arkansas,  to  make  an  examination  of  its  character  and  resources, 
and  divide  it  into  suitable  districts  for  the  expatriated  tribt's.  'I'hese  commissioners, 
after  an  elaborate  examination  .and  survey,  occupying  nearly  two  years,  made  a  report 
on  the  10th  of  February,  18o4,  accompanying  it  with  the  map  herewith  submitted. 
They  had  set  apart,  and  reconnnended  to  bo  allotted  to  the  tribes,  the  entire  district 
west  of  the  States  of  Missouri  and  Arkansas,  comprised  between  the  latitude  of  Red 
Kiver  and  that  of  the  Platte,  or  Nebraska  River,  extending  west  to  the  line  of  Texa.s 
thence  north  .along  the  KlOtli  degree  of  longitude  to  the  banks  of  the  Arkans.is,  and 
up  the  latter  river  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

(.'ongre.ss  having  now  the  reiiuisite  data,  and  being  prepared  to  act  definitely  on  the 
subject,  the  Hon.  Horace  Everett,  Chairman  of  Indian  Afl'airs  in  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, m.ade  an  elaborate  report,  reviewing  the  (jolicy  and  action  of  the  Govern- 
ment from  the  beginning,  and  submitting  for  consideration  and  aj)proval.  .separate  acts, 
for  the  organization  of  the  Indian  Department;  lor  the  revision  of  the  original  .act  of 
1S(I2.  regulating  trade  and  intercourse  with  the  Indian  tribes;  and  for  the  organization 
of  the  Indian  territory.  The  former  of  these  lets  received  the  sanction  of  Congress; 
the  plan  of  a  mixed  civil  and  Indian  government,  which  was  prepared,  having  beiMi 
omitted.  l)ecause  it  was  regarded  as  in  some  respects  incongruous,  and,  on  the  whole, 
rather  in  advance  of  their  actual  necessities.  Tiie  act  of  March  2Sth,  18:J()  (p.  -I'M), 
laving  the  legal  foundation  of  the  colonization  plan,  was  the  organic  law;  but  the.se 
acts  Ibllowed  out  the  general  features  of  that  law,  to  which  we  may  ascribe  the  coni- 
[iletion  of  the  colonization  plan  originally  recommended  to  Congress  by  Mr.  Monroe, 
nine  years  previously. 

The  passage  of  these  acts  forms  a  definite  period  in  the  administrative  policy  of  the 


U.  S.  Treaties,  p. 


Ihi.l. 


p.  ...^ 


IbM., 


p.  TiSL'. 


i 


j 


-; 


. 


TlIK    COLONIZATION    I'l.AN. 


4r,7 


Oovcrnnioiit  townnl  tlio  Imliiins.  mikI  niiirks  iIh-  iilisoiiilioii  of  tlic  KxL'ciitivi'  powiT  by 
(Joii'TrHs.  wliicli  Imil  l)i't'ii  j)voviously  illiinitiil)ly  I'Xi'rciscd  ovor  tlic  iitl'iiirs  of  tlic  iilioii- 
"iiiiil  trilu's.  li\  llit'oi'iiiini/iitiun  act,  no  agent,  siHJerintt'Mdcnt.siilHiiivnt.orotlH'roilicial, 
can  1)0  appointed  for  tlu'  Indian  country,  witliunt  anpocial  act  aiitiiorizing  it.  imd  fixing 
tlic  amount  of  his  salary.  Those  appointments  are  also  limited,  l)y  this  act,  to  tho 
presidential  term  of  f'ur  years.  All  arti.sans  or  a;.nicultiiialists  employed  hy  the  iiiiviit.'^, 
ui'der  treaty  stipulations,  must  he  nominated  by  the  respective  ajients  under  wlmni 
they  aro  to  bo  em[)loyed,  and  their  nomination  be  conlirmed  by  the  (Jhiefof  the  Indian 
IJureau.  The  acconntaI)ility  of  the  diilereiit  ollicials  is  carefully  provided  fur;  the  forms 
of  issue  of  presents  and  provisions,  prescribed;  and  additional  siile,i;uards  imposed. 
Under  tho  provisions  of  this  act  no  person  can  hold  two  ollices.  or  draw  pay  in  two 
capacities;  anil  any  iluties  properly  beloiijiiiifj,' to  the  department  maybe  assi;j:ned  to 
»)Hicors  thoroof,  on  tho  frontiers.  Tlie.se  definitions  had  the  direct  teiideMcy  to  inipiir' 
the  bonolits  of  system  to  the  lUireau. 


!    I 


Vnl,.    VI. 


.".S 


tlie 


I  :i:l  r  ^ 


I  If;: 


feh,  in 


ai  ! 


1  I.V 


I  I 


,.  l: 


11*      .   f 


;      i 


4M 


TlIK    I'll?  ST    KKCA  l)l-:    OK 


(•II  A  I'TKU    Nil. 


I'lloMINKNT  TIIKATY  STI  IT  LATIONS  WITH  TIIK  KMKIKANT  AND 
INDKIKWorS  TKIUKS,  To  I'KOMOTI';  I'llKlU  Co  N  C  KN  T  I!  AT  I  0\ 
WKST    OK    TIIK    MlSSlSSII'l'l. 


Till-:  vi'iir  is:')')  wms  (listinjrMislicil  hy  si'VcimI  Irciilii's  ol'mi  im|i()it;iiit 
18.")5.  clliirilittil'.       llitllfl'to  llic  illcllDiltr   conlt'iiiTilcy  n['  the    I'otliiwullillllics, 

A.Jackson.  Cliipjicwns  and  Ollowns  ol'  nuitlu'in  llliiidis,  ImkI  rctiiiiiiMl  i(s  Miicii'iit 
Pi;i;.--iiiK.\r.  pd.-itiim  in  tlu"  \ii'inity  nl'  ('liii'ii:^!),  ut  the  liciul  of  I,;il\c  .Miclii'/nii. 
On  the  liliili  of  Sr|itcnilicr,  IS.'.:;,  tlicy  ccilid  to  tlic  I'nitcd  StMtcx  tlirir 
lumls  1111  tlif  wrstfin  sliuics  of  tli;il  iiiki'.  in  cxcliiinirc  I'or  a  tract  coiniiiisinL;'  "i.llllll.lllltt 
acres  in  tlic  West,  in  consideration  ol'  very  liuvc  aiuniitics.  to  lie  paid  in  coin  and  its 
ei|nivalents.  It  Mas  ftiiiiilatcd  tliat  S]  oii.ddi)  slioiiid  lie  a|ii)ro|iriated  to  tlie  |iiircliMs(! 
oli^ci.ids  and  |iro\isioiis ;  !?1(III.(I(IU  to  satisiy  tlie  (daiins  of  sundry  individuals  to  certain 
|-eser\ations  ;  .*(l")(l.t)ll()  to  lii|uidate  tiie  claiins  of  deb'.ois  ai^iainst  the  trilies,  aLM'ceahly 
to  M  sclieihiie  annexeil ;  .-i'jM  1.(1(1(1  to  the  |iayiiieiit  of  annuities  of  .■<1  I. (!(!((  per  aiiuuin, 
l(ir  twenty  years  :  .-^1  od.dlKl  fur  the  election  of  mills,  fariu-honses.  simps,  and  the  supply 
of  aLiiicultnral  iinplenients  ami  stock,  and  liir  the  sii|)port  of  such  artisans,  smiths,  ami 
other  nu'ciianics,  as  were  uecessar\'  to  the  inauinration  of  their  colonial  existence  in 
the  West;  and  !:<7tl.<l(ld  for  t'ducatioual  purposes.  'I'liis  treaty  encountered  numerous 
olijectioiis  in  tli(>  Semite,  and  was  not  ratified  until  the  Jlst  of  Feliiiiary,  ISo'i.  :nid 
then  only  with  certain  exceptions. 

'riie  principle  of  acknowled'.:imi'  the  iiidi\iduMl  ilehls  of  the  hunter  trihe.s  a.s  nation.il 
(ilili'iatioiis.  hail  hceii  pre\iousIy  lecomiiscd  in  a  treaty  with  the  (,lua|iaws.  concluded 
Miy  1.).  ls:;;i.  hut  the  amount  appropriateil  for  that  oojei't  in  the  ('liicai;()  treaty, 
and  the  extensi\('  pi'isniial  scliednles  aei'ompanyiiiLi'  it.  excited  remark  in  the  Senate, 
and  induced  that  body  to  ipiestion  the  ]iropriety  of  nationali/.ini:-  the  dehts  of  the 
tribes.  The  experience  of  the  Somite  also  made  them  averse  to  i^rantin^'  lariiV  resi'i'va- 
tions  ill  lands  to  the  tribes,  as  well  as  to  their  Wood-relations,  esjiecial  local  friends  and 
habitual  ijenctiictors.  out  of  tlH>  tracts  ceded:  since  it  was  fanid  that  such  reser- 
vations, beini;-.  in  a  few  years,  surrounded  b\-  a  I'ivili/ed  population,  ac(piired  such  a, 
value  as  to  render  their  purchase  a^.iin  iieicssai;\-  liir  the  purposes  of  aiiriculture. 
(leiieral  .Fackson.  whose  experieiici'   in    Indian    allaiis   hail    been   acipiired    by  personal 


I    I 


'I'll  r.    <M>I,oN  1/ ATFoN    I'LAN, 


4A0 


t\. 


(iliMiviiiion.  (•(•iiMiii'i'il  tlii.s  |)()li<'v  (li'citlcdlv.  mid  (Iim'iiumI  it  piolt'rnldc.  for  many  rcnHoiis. 
to  coiiiiicnsatc  liotli  tlic  tiilti's  iind  tlicii'  lildinl-rcliitioiiM  with  piiymi'iits  in  inoin'x . 

In  Older  to  iiccotnniodati'  tlic  cini^riitiii;^  tril)t'H,  it  was  ncci'ssary  to  prooni'i'  tin- 
ccsxiou  (if  lar;.'i'  tniots  from  tlic  alxni^iiial  natioiiH  in  the  West,  wlio  roved  over  iiiimonst; 
plains,  cultiviitinjr  notiiinfr,  and  livinj;  principally  on  tlie  (lesii  of  the  iMitliilo.  My  tlie 
treaty  of  October  !•,  iS.'i:!,'  the  I'awneos  (!eded  ii  hw^o  district  iyin;,'  south  of  the  I'latte, 
or  Nehraska,  which  nllorded  locations  to  sev((ral  of  the  eastern  trilies.  'I'Ik?  Kanzas, 
hy  the  treaty  of  Angiisl  ICi.  I.Sli"),-  cedi'd  all  their  land-i  IsiiiL;'  witliiii  tlir  homidaiics 
of  the  Static  of  Missonri,  as  also  the  wide  tracts  lyinji  aloiiL'  the  .Missomi  riser,  to  the 
west  of  the  western  line  of  the  State,  comprising  the  \alle3s  of  the  Kanzas,  Nodowa, 
and  Naiiiahaw. 

'I'iie  tract  ceded  hy  the  Kanzas  trihe  comprehended  a  large  part  of  the  laesent 
Territory  of  Kanzas.  It  is  somewhat  remarkahle.  that  while  a  geographical 
e.vploratiiin  was  lieing  made  of  this  territory,  a.  respectiMJ  anil  intelligent  agent  leported 
to  the  Secretary  of  War,  iMay  12.  IS.'M.'  that  not  over  one-half  the  ipiantity  of  land 
lying  within  this  parallel  of  latitnde,  north  of  the  Osage  reservation,  and  extending 
to  the  Neliraska,  was  adapted  to  the  [)nrposes  of  agriculture.  So  far  from  this  lieing 
the  fact,  it  is  precisely  this  part  of  Kanzas  which  is  now  heing  settled  most  rajiidly.  i.s 
most  estecmeil  lijr  its  fertility,  and  admired  for  its  s\l\an  hi'antv.  Such,  however,  has 
always  licen  the  case  in  forming  estimates  ol'new  and  unexplored  countries;  the  mind 
lieing  continually  appreiiensive  of  "  cimmerian  darkness,  or  serhonian  hog."  Michigan, 
one  of  the  liest  regions  in  the  West  for  tlu!  growth  of  wheat  and  corn,  was  at  (irst 
jirononnced  unlit  to  hestow  uiion  the  soldiers  of  the  late  war  as  hounty  lands.  In 
ItiSd.  that  stout  old  joker,  and  unfrocked  monk,  llaron  La  Hontan,  called  the  area  of 
the  upper  lakes,  now  an  immens(>  mart  of  connnerce  and  agricnltine.  ''the  fag  entl  of 
the  world. "  Not  only  suhseipient  to  the  explorations  of  tin'  several  ex[iedition8  to  the 
sources  of  the  Mississip|)i  and  Ued  rivers,  in  IS2I)  and  ISlio.  liiit  even  as  late  as  1S;10, 
much  of  the  country  lying  north  of  (Iri'en  Hay,  and  neai'ly  the  entire  area  of 
Minnesota,  at  the  iieriod  when  the  country  of  Superior  was  annexed  to  the  State  of 
Michigan,  was  considered  to  lie  unfivoralile,  if  not  wholly  nnsnitalile  for  agricultural 
pur|)oses.  A  large  jiart  of  the  Indian  territory,  locate<l  west  of  Arkansas,  likewise, 
at  the  period  of  the  inceptitni  of  the  colonization  plan,  was  reported  to  he  deficient, 
either  in  timlicr,  water,  or  fertility. 

The  (Jhickasaw  Indians  evidently  labored  under  tliis  impression  during  some  years; 
for,  at  tiic  original  sale  of  their  lands  at  Pontitock,  October  20.  IS.i'J,  they  ex[)ressed 
a  (leti'rmination  to  I'emain  on  their  reservations,  and  tiiere  cultivate  the  soil.  Two 
years'  exiierienee,  however,  caused  them  to  cliango  their  views.     In  the  preamble  to  a 


'  I".  S.  Tiv;iti,'S,  p.  Cdt.  ^  Iliid.,  p.  :il',!l. 

'  I'lPi-iuiirMls,  N,i.  L'T  I  :    lluusc  III'  Iti'pri'sontalivi's.  "Jinl  si'^itni.  ]i.  "ti. 


I 


i  n 


,  I 


i     ! 


4t!() 


TIIK    I"  IK  ST    ItKt'ADK    Ol-' 


tiiMiv  nci:i)tiiitc'(l  nt  Waxliiiiu'tKi).  May  -I.  IS.'U.  llicy  t\[)r(>ss  iv  rofjivt  tliiit  tlun  "iHi- 
u>i"iit  til  iiliiuiilon  tlicii'  lionK>!<,  wliicli  tlicy  Iimvc  lon^  cliiTisluMl  mid  lovt-il :  ami  tliiini:li 
liillicrtd  iiiisiu'ci'.xsliil.  tlii'v  Htill  linpc  to  liiul  a  cDiiiitrv  nilci|iiat(>  to  tl«'  wants  ami 
niili|n)rt  of  tlit'ir  iic(i|)l('.  somcwiu'rc  west  nl'  tin*  iMis.xis>4i])|)i.  and  within  tlii»  ti'iritdriai 
limits  of  till'  rniti'd  States."'  ]\\  this  treaty  they  ceded  their  reservations  east  of  the 
.Mi>,iissi|i|ii.  at  the  sanu'  time  makimr  some  jjersonal,  henellciary.  and  eleemosynary 
prosisions.  They  also  dirci-ted  tin'  proceeds  to  1h'  added  to  their  vested  l\nids,  and 
tt,!;reed  to  send  a  dolejration  to  the  West  to  seek  a  location.  This  delcL'ation  visited  the 
Wi'sl  diiriiii.'  the  year  iS.'i'i.  anil  selected  a  Icx-ation  in  coiniection  with  the  (!hootaws, 
a  closely  aililiated  jieople.  inakin;:  their  own  terms,  as  tribe  with  trilie. 

There  MOW  remained  hnt  oni^  tpiestion  of  any  importance  to  settle  with  the  .southern 
trilirs;  \i/.. :  that  with  the  ("horokees.  who  had  been  the  first  to  smrL'est  a  we.sti'rn 
outlet  liir  their  hunter  population.  The  nation  hail  now  hecome  politicall}-  divided 
into  two  parties,  the  one  lieiiiLr  ravoriiMe  to  migration,  and  the  other  adverse  to  it.  The 
latter  numliend  amonL'  its  leaders  the  noted  cliiel'.  John  Hoss.  and  comprised  a  majority 
of  tlie  nation.  Their  policy  contemplated  the  retention  ol"  their  lands,  the  contiiniaiice 
ol'  (he  a'.:iicultural  labors  so  successCnlly  coiiimeiiced.  and  the  iiisterin):  of  the  ample 
educational  facilities  they  then  ]iossesseil.  :, ;  well  as  of  those  arts  and  domi'stic  indus- 
trial  ]iursuits  which  had  been  developed  by  tlcir  location  in  a  region  I'lninently  fruitful, 
liialtlil'ul.  beautiful  to  tiie  eye.  and  hallowed  'ly  .issociations  coiuiected  both  with  the 
li\inL;-  and  tlic  dead.  Tlie  einiiii-ation  part\  contended  that  these  superlative  advan- 
ta'.ies  could  not  lie  pi  rinaiientlv  maintained;  that  the  riLdit  of  sovereijinty  to  the  country 
could  not  be  wrested  iVoiii  the  States  wiio  possessi>il  it:  that  schools  could  Ije  established 
and  teachers  olitained  in  the  West ;  and  that  they  were  oll'ered  an  ample  and  fertile 
country,  beyond  the  limits  of  any  State  or  Territory,  under  the  solenni  frnaranty  of 
Coiiuress.  over  which  they  could  extend  thi'ir  own  laws  and  form  of  government,  and 
where  the  arts,  industry,  and  knowledire  they  had  acquired,  could  not  but  hasten  the 
ile\elopment  of  their  character,  and  make  them  a  powerful  as  well  as  prosperous 
people. 

.\  treaty  cedini:  their  landi*  wan  concluded  at  New  P'chota,  December  2!l.  1S.'1"»,  with 
tile  party  favorabli,>  to  emifrration.  In  con.'iideration  of  the  payment  of  5!"i, 01)0.(1(1(1, 
they  ceded  all  their  territory  east  of  the  Mississippi  river,  and  agreed  to  remove  to  thit 
West,  and  rejoin  their  brethren  already  there.  Twenty  chiefs  of  hii;h  character,  and 
pos.sessed  of  inllnence  and  intelliirenee,  sij:ned  this  treaty;  Ridire,  IJo'jers,  Starr,  (lunter. 
Belt,  and  IJoudinot  beiuL'  of  the  numboi-.  .\  (leleji;ation  of  intluential  ( 'lierokees,  mem- 
bers of  the  opposinu:  party,  immediatcdy  proceeded  to  Washington,  with  the  \iew  of 
pre\eiitinL'  its  ratification  by  the  S"nate.  The  subject  e.xcited  deep  interest,  but  the 
validity  of  the  ti'eaty  was  finally  sustained.     Some  supplementary  articles  were  added 


iriMli.s,  1..  liil, 


if 


; 


TIIM    COLOM/ATI  ON     I'l.AN. 


Kit 


Im  iIic  Dlijililll  ill-Ill  hiclit.  Illnl    till-    Scliillr.  Ii\   a    n-' illllinii.  yrillltril    to    l!li'  ('llcluki'Cf* 
itii  iiilililiiiiial  MUlii  (if  ."riiiUll.lliM).  to  liijiiiilati-  claiin.-i  liclil  ii.u'iiiii^'l  tliciii.      In  this  li)riii. 


till'  tri'iits  was  (Vc  iitiiiiUv  laliiii'il,  M 


i\ 


ls:;(l 


Other  cniivi'iitioiial  a,i;ri'i'iiii'iits  rulldwctl.  A  tifaly  was  rDiicIinh'd  witli  the  Cailihiis 
as  <'ail\  IIS  .III!}'  I  1(1'  tills  vt'iir/  thiiii,:i;li  not  riitilii'd  iiiilll  i^Ii'i.  Thi--  irilic,  in  whuiii 
we  ri'ciniiiisc  one  of  the  buiulH  <lt'HiU'n(U'(l  IVom  the  indoinltiihli'  Knpaixas,  of  De  Soto's 
era,  eednl  all  their  lands  lyiii;i  within  the  southei'ii  lioiiiidaries  ol'  the  I'liited  States,  and 
i'\|iressed  their  iletei iiiiiii'itioii  to  reiiio\e  within  the  lionndaries  ol'  I'evas. 

The  Comanehes  and  Witehetiiws,  two  iniiiortiiiit  trihes  ivsidiiii:  in  Texas,  now  llrst 
oiiriii'd  a  politiciil  intereoiirse  with  the  I'liited  States.  A  treaty  willi  llinn  was  siuind 
Anjiiisl'Jl,  ISii.'j,' iiiid  ratilled  on  .May  I'.l,  iSoCi.  In  order  that  it  iiii-ht  eU'eetiially 
serve  the  endw  sonpht.  and  lie  not  onlv  tin-  evidence  of  jn'iiei'  and  I'liendship  with  tho 
I'niteil  States,  hilt  also  with  the  trihes  liy  whom  they  weii'  snrroiindeil.  and  with  whom 
tiie\'  assiieiateil.  it  was  as.-eiiled  to  and  siiiiied  \i\  lari^'e  delectations  of  the  western  ('lie- 
rokees,  Choetav.s.  Osaues,  Seiieeas  of  the  Neo.slio.  and  <iiia|i[)as.  The  (.'oiiiaiiches  sli- 
inilated  to  restrain  their  niaraiidinn  |iarties  from  eiicroaehiim'  ""  •'"'  territory  of  the 
I'liited  States ;  to  make  restitution  for  iiijnriis  dmii';  to  receive  friendly  triiies  and 
citizens  of  the  United  States  on  terms  of  amity  ;  and  to  lake  the  first  ste[)s  toward 
[iroul'css  ill  ei  vili/alion. 


'  I'.  .'^.  'i'l-ralii',",  [I.  lioli. 


'  II. hi.,  p.  liJI'i. 


i    . 


1     I 


» 


!>'!!. 


5  i  i    •': 

4 


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it  I 


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54     I 


,M<I     '•     I 


^'  1. ' ! 

1    i;:     II 


,Vif 


A-%d 


si:(  TioN  m\kti:i:ntii. 

IIOSTi  M:     \TTITl   l)K     OK     Til  K     SOI  Til  K  K  \ 

ruiuKs.   i»i{i:viois    ro   tiikik    kinai. 

U  KM  OVA  K. 


ClIAI'TKU    I. 

M(»\  KM  IINI'S    <tr    A  lj;i>N(JI'IN     TinitKS     IN     TIIK     HKJiloN     (H-'Tlir, 

ri'i'Mii  i,AKi;s. 

I''nn\i  fiiiiy  times  tlu-  Cliippowiis  liiiil,  iiikUt  tlirir  liciici'ii'  iipiK'Hiilioii, 
Is.lii.  Mini  llii'  Miiiiiiis  liiciil  iiiiiiios  of  tlicir  M'M'iiil  siilHlivisiiiMs.  coiiMtiliilt'd  one 

A.  .Ia(  Kxi.v.  nl'  till'  iim^t  |«(\\crriil  Ixidics  of  liiiliiiiiM  in  tiic  Noftli-Wol.  In  ii  rci;i(in 
l'i;i;-iiiKM'.  iiiiil'  cuNcii'il  witli  liiki's.  to  lie  ijdnd  ciiiiociiR'n,  oxpiTt  wiirriois,  keen 
liiiiilcis.  active  iurefters.  iiml  elmpient  speakers,  are  iiinst  itiipiii'taiit  (piali- 
Ili'M lions  in  tiie  ineniliers  nf  tlie  trihes.  Tlie  name  ('iiippe\vaap|ieai's  to  liaxc  im|ieri-'eptii)ly 
t;ikin  liie  place  ol'  lliat  of  Alii'ompiin.  tlie  lanunai;e  lliey  speak.  Ila\in;i  Keen  friends 
of  llie  Kivncli.  IVom  tlie  period  ol'  tlieir  landing;  in  ( 'aiiada.  tliey  adhered  to  tla;  Hii'tniies 
of  tliat  nation  nnlil  the  final  snrreiidcr  ol'  the  conntiy  to  the  I'liii^lish.  when  they 
traiisrerrcd  their  attachment  to  the  latter  power.  They  foii'^ht  liir  the  French  on  the 
lilo(id\-  Held  which  was  the  scone  ol'  Mraddock's  dercat.  at  Michilimackinac.  ami  at 
Detrnii  ;  and  aided  their  new  allies,  the  llritish.  at  St.  Clair's  del'eal,  and  in  almo-t 
(■ver\  liattli'  ioiitiiit  during:  the  Hevolntionary  and  post-Kevolntionary  wars.  At  lemitli, 
having'  lieeii  dercated  on  the  Thames,  nnder  'IVcnmseh,  hy  (leiieral  Ilan'ison,  the\' 
returned  to  their  several  liannts,  vexed  and  di<satislied.  In  I  Mill,  they  opposeil  the 
I'litranci'  of  an  olllcial  American  e\plonitory  expciiilion  into  Ij.ake  Superior,  and  hoisteil 
the  Jiritish  Ha::'  in  defiance.  Two  years  siihsecpieiitly.  an  American  j:ai'ri,son  was 
siatinned.  ami  an  liidi.in  aiicncy  located,  at  the  loot  of  that  lake,  aial  Iidcrcoursi' (ipencd 


lluSTIM',    ATI'I'II    I'K    i»K    sn|  TllllltN     TIMIIHS. 


4fl» 


willl  tlll'lll.     Sitllli'  li'W  Ni'ur.i  lull')'.  Illi>   Itlili^ll  willlilllW  till'  |iii.'<|  iViilll   |)nilllllin||i|   |-l;illi|, 

lit  till-  I'litiimt'c  nl'  till'  •■'tniits  1)1'  St.  .Mary,  iiiul,  irtiriiii;  to  tlir  font  ul  l,.iki'  IIiU'iii.  iit 
l'<>iu'tiiiiv;iiii*liiiiv',  |iIiiiiIl'(I  lui  liiiliiiii  culony  on  tlio  ltii'^'t>  liiiicHtinii'  i'li;iiii  ul'  iIh'  M.iin- 
liiiiliiii'.  vviii'i'c  llio  trilirs  wi'i'c  iiiviti'il  to  M'Klt'  liy  Sir  Ki'imiis  lli'inl.  witliniil  ri'>|irri  tn 
the  |i(iliti('!ll  hoilMiliilit'S  iil'tlu'ir  liDlllt'  liK'iltioil.  'I'liis  |iiilii'\  wii^  ill  /|llil;;i'i|.  'I'lii'  lliiiuili", 
iH  11  iKiily.  ilid  iiiit  wish  III  t'li^'ii,!.'!'  ill  ii^'i'iciiltiirc,  iiiid  miic.Ii  nn  iliil.  liiiiiiil  tin'  M>il  wiH 
|iiiiir.  MMil  iIimI  llirif  I'Nistfii  nil  ('i>iii|)('iiMiitiii^  iiilviiiitiiL'i'H.  Mjiiiy  nl'tlii'  tiilT-^  livi  il  in 
the  rnitcil  SttilcH,  iiml  rcffivcil  aininitii'M.  wliirli  tliry  innst  i'i'lini|ni>li  liy  |ii'rniMn<nily 
nii;:i'atiiiu  In  IIm'  Maiiiitonlini'.  IIi'iici'  tin'  lailiii'i'  ul'  tlic  |>lan.  Ilavin.:  Ih'iii 
waniiiis  ami  linnti'is  ilnrini;  ail  tliat  pcridil  ol'  tln'ii'  liisliiry  knnwn  In  us.  lliat  i", 
IriMii  IlillS  III  js.'iii.  tlii'sc  ti'ilii's  .Htill  cnntiinii'il  In  |iMisur  till'  >anii'  vciratimis.  wiili  llic 
(lill'ofi'ni'i',  that  llifwiuw  in  wliicli  they  liad  hern  alliisoj'  iviiniiians  lia\in'.;'  IrrMiinaiiii, 
tlii'y  wci'K  ilcslilnir  nl'  i'ni|ilnyinrnt,  while,  at  tin-  xanu'  tinir.  lln'ir  liniitin'i-.'  nmU 
wci'i'  I'Niiaiisti'il.  War  had  rciliu'i'il  their  iinnilierH,  anil  llie  iliclinini;  I'm'  trade  liaii  lel'l 
tlieiii  in  drill.  I5nl  line  i^eiieral  tiimli!  nl' ncrnitin'i  their  iiHiiiiH  reinained  In  them  :  they 
were  |inssessed  nl'  immense   trai'ts  nl'  lands,  miiiii'  nl'  uhieh  \\iii'  nf  n  rii'ji   a'jrieiill  iiim  I 

eharat'ter;  nthers  ennlaini'd  valnalile   mines,  and  weii veivd  with    linests  nl'  timliei-, 

while  the  lake  shnres  were  \alualili'  lisheries.  .Many  millinns  nf  si|iiare  miles  intervened 
lietweeii  their  extreme  Imnlers,  'I'li  eede  a  |inrtinll  nf  their  lands,  in  enn>i(leratinn  nl' 
anmiilies.  and  In  pledge  a  part  I'nr  the  estahlishnient  nl'  srimnls,  arts,  ami  a'lrieiilture  in 
their  midst,  was.  I'learly.  the  prnper  ennrse  tn  he  pnrsni'd  :  ami.  liir  I lii-<  |iin'pnse.  a  larL:e 
di'leizatinn  nl'the  ehii'fs  visited  NV'ashiii'jtim.  dnriiiLi'  the  antimin  and  winter  lA'  |S."i"i-:',ti, 
where  they  were  Jnined  hy  a  similar  deleiiatinn  nf  the  (tttawas.  With  lespi'i't  In  the 
Manalniiliiie  selieme.  it  rei|nired  means,  whieli  tlie  Mritish  (inxcrnmenl  withheld,  and 
industry,  wliieh  the  Indians  did  imt  pnssess,  nesiiles.  if  they  were  inelined  In  Inrm 
indnstrinus  haiiils,  the  mn>t  aihanta'iemis  pnsiiinii  liir  their  e.\erei~e  wmild  he  that 
pninted  iiMl  iiy  llie  .\meri('an  (invernmenl,  in  the  lerlile  lieliU  nl'  the  Wot. 

*A  li'W  nl' their  nldest  and  iimst  sauaeiniis  men  havin'i  heen  made  In  eninpreheml  this 
fact,  and  iirjred  In  liirn  their  attention  tn  ii  permanent  state  nl'  I'liture  prnsperily.  nthei- 
memhers  nl'  the  triUs  lieeame  I'avnralily  inelined  lnward~  tlii'  plan.  'I'he  Canada, 
eolnny  eansed  snme  Ineal  distiirhance  amum;  the  trihrs.  hut  never  made  ninih  pru'^res-. 
Sn  Iniiii  ,is  ample  prest'iits  wt'i'e  distriliiited.  I  he  Indians  went  In  Canada  liir  them  ;  tliev 
spent  till' Slimmer  mnnths  mi  the  Manatnidine,  hut  returiu'd  to  winter  im  their  lands  in 
the  I'nited  Statis. 

'I"he  Chippewa  trihe  had  alwa\s  exercised  an  impnrt;iiil  inlhieiu'e.  'i'heso  nali\es 
were,  persoiialK,  a  tall,  aetivi',  and  hraxe  race  nl'  men,  renowned,  in  Indi.in  stmy.  lia' 
prowess  in  war.  skill  in  the  ehase  and  diiilnmaey.  and  for  their  exelleiil  oratoiiial 
powers.  It  was  nhserved  hy  the  Freiieh.  at  a  \eiy  early  period,  that  they  pnssessed  a 
hnd\  nfnral  leiieiidary  Inre  wdiieh  made  their  Indi:!'  eirrles  attractive,  and  an  imieiiious 
iiiude  of  liistin'juishinL''  family  ties  ;iiii|  chuis.  hy  tolemic  devices,  or  pictnurapiiic  s_\  mlmls. 


r 


II  i  I 


« 


tt-S'    I 


■'Sit 


'.  ■« 


4mn 


( i 


hnv. 


^ 


I  ,- 


4t!-l 


lIOSTll.K    ATTITUDK    OK    SOI  TIIKIJN    TRIBES, 


A  siiniliir  system  of  i(l<'()j:rii]>liic  si.uns  was  usimI  to  sii]ip1y  tlio  pluec  of  tlio  art  of  iioliitioii, 
liir  ilifii'  sdiiLis.  1111(1  liir  liricl'  inciiioriiils,  displiiycd  on  tlicir  cedar  Liravc-pcists.' 

'I'lii'  policy  of  the  L'liited  States  (loveniineiit  hi'iiiii,  to  remove  all  the  trilies  from  tlu' 
St:ites  to  tiie  lands  west  of  the  Mississippi,  it  hecaiue  desirable  tt)  ascertain  the  wishes 
and  leeliiii;s  oi'  a  tribe  which  had  liiriired  so  ])romiiieiitly  in  Indian  history.  The 
Cliippewas  and  Ottowas  speak  dialects  of  the  same  laii,t;iiau:e.-  very  much  resemble  each 
oilier  in  manners  and  customs,  and  either  live  in  juxtaposition,  or  interiiiiniiie. 

When  the  dideiiates  of  the  co-tribes  arrixcd  at  Washington,  the  Secretary  of  War, 
to  whom  the  fjoverniiu'iit  of  Indian  all'airs  at  that  time  ]iertaiiicd,  and  who,  haviiii:- 
tbrmerl_\-  residi'd  in  the  West,  was  aware  tiiat  the  two  tribes  were  intercalated,  and  held 
tiieir  lands  very  much  in  cominou,  iliri'cted  the  (.'liippewa  chiefs  to  be  present  at  the 
conferences,  and  entnisted  the  negotiation  to  their  local  agi'iit,  Mr.  Schoolcraft.  The 
conlerences  occupied  the  entire  season,  delegates  having  been  invitetl  from  remote 
])i)iiits.  and  the  deliberations  were  jirotracted ;  but.  on  the  2Sth  of  Marcdi,  they 
united  in  a  general  cession.'  The  Ottawas  and  Cliipiiewas  of  Grand  Traverse  Bay 
ceded  all  their  territories,  e.vteiiding  from  Grand  River,  on  the  lower  jieuinsuhi.  to  tiie 
Straits  of  .Michiliniackinac,  tlieii(!i?  north  of  the  basin  of  Lake  Huron,  along  the  Straits 
of  St.  Mai'y's,  to  Lake  Sii|)erior.  and  up  its  sontiiern  shores  to  the  inlhix  of  Gitclie 
Seebi.  or  the  Great  l>i\('r;  thence  to  the  river  Mi'iiomonee  of  GiH'cn  IJay,  and,  along 
a  water  line,  to  the  place  of  beginning  at  Grand  Kiver  Lake,  Micliigan. 

The  cession  of  lS:!('i  was  lar  the  largest  ever  made  by  this  tribe:  including  himting- 
Liioiinds.  hoiiU'steads.  burial-grounds,  and  ossuaries,  which  tiie\'  had  possessed  and 
cherisiied  for  cciiliiries.  Seas  were,  in  fact.  coin]irised  within  the  limits  of  the  territory 
ceded;  lor  the  character  and  amplitude  of  the  lakes  entitles  tlier  to  lie  so  called.  Aliout 
|(i. 0(1(1. (lUO  acres  of  tiiesv'  lands  were  locati'd  in  the  iipjier  peninsula,  or  Algoma  region, 
ahaig  tiie  shores  of  Ijake  Superior,  without  estimating  any  jiortioii  of  those  situate  in 
lower  Michigan.  Ample  n-^ervations  <rf  the  best  tracts  were  secured  to  them  in  dill'ereiit 
locations;  upwards  of  .<.!.(i(M!.onii  were  stipulated  to  be  ])aid  them  in  aunuities,  within 
iwcnty  \ears;  5;.'i(MI,()(l()  to  be  expended  in  lii|uidation  of  their  delits ;  Sl-">".'"l"  to  be 
distributed  in  gratuities  to  their  half-bieed  descendants;  and  presents  of  goods  and 
clothing,  to  the  anioiiMt  of  .^1  od.ddd.  i.i  be  made  them  on  the  ratification  of  the  treaty. 
Ample  provision  was  made  fur  their  education,  and  liir  tlieir  tuition  in  agriculture  and 
the  arts.  Their  surjilus  'amis,  which  had  lost  their  \alue  as  lumting-groiinds.  thus 
furnished  the  means,  not  onl\  for  their  present  sulisistence.  but  also  [\>v  their  instruction 

'  .'^niiii' cii'  their  (li'^rriidiiiils  l>_v  Iri-li  |in'u'i  iiit'U's  liavi' rviiic'i'i!  ropcctalili'  Listen,  .'unl  I'lin^iili'niliK'  iiii'iil:il 
jiiiwcTs  in  till'  walks  cit'  iitoraturr.  .luliii  .liilui.oiii,  hlsij.,  a  jri'iitli'iiiari  IVmii  ilic  imitli  nC  inlaiul,  iiiti'nii.iiiiril 
ill  lliis  nil"',  aihl  lii-i  iViiialf  cliiMrrii  liaviiiL'  n'l'civoil  tlirir  I'ducatinii  in  Irclainl.  tin  rr  acc|Mirc'il  hiL'lilj'  JidILsIhiI 
iiiaiiinr--  ami  liiu'  litrvai-y  ta>li'<. 

"  Tliu  iiitrrcli;nij;c  ol'  tlu;  ('lii|i|M'W,i  ./ainl  y>  tnr  ',  .il'  /.  dir  /i,  ainl  tin'  Mili>liluliuM  uf  Imi.iil  m  I'nr  «.  in  llui 
( )U  iwa  iliali'c-t,  is  ii  cliarai'lcrislic'  tniit. 

'  r   S   Tr.   <;,,. ,,,  i;-,'i. 


^ 


!   i 


PREVIOUS  T(»  THEIR  FINAL  REMOVAL. 


•U)i 


ill  nrts  and  letters,  iiiid  liir  their  adviineoinoiit  in  every  element  of  eivilized  life.  Tlio 
niiiiil)er  of  ]ier.soiis  who  iiarlicipated  in  tiiesc  Iienefits  was  uliout  4o00.  In  ii  rejiort 
of  the  superintendent,  made  to  the  Government  on  the  ;]Oth  of  Septomher,  1840,  tliey 
are  returned  from  the  pay  rolls,  as  organized  in  their  separate  l)ands  and  villa<res,  at  •")020 
souls.'  The  results  of  four  years'  experii'nce  and  ohservation  of  their  liahits  and  prospects, 
ha<l.  at  that  period,  given  data  to  deeide  wheliier  a  mixed  occupation  of  the  territory 
would  he  j)ermanently  henefieial.  It  is  remarked  that  insuperable  causes  of  dislike  and 
iiissensi(jn  exist  between  the  European  and  Indian  stocks,  and  that  the  latter  cannot 
long  reside  in  prosperity  on  their  reservations.  Tlu>  ((uestion  of  their  removal  and  dual 
location  in  the  West,  began  to  assume  importance,  and  b«  came  the  subject  of  animated 
discussion  among  themselves.  "  It  is  not  probable"  adds  the  agent,  '•  that  any  provi.-inn 
can  he  made  for  the  aboriginal  race,  which  promises  to  be  so  (>flectual  as  their  trans- 
f  rence  to,  and  colonization  in,  a  separate  territory,  wliere  they  cannot  be  reached  by 
the  evils  now  pressing  upon  them,  or  thwarted  in  their  peculiar  government  and  laws. 
If  the  Indian  is  ever  successfully  to  assei't  his  claims  to  distinction  among  tlie  races  of 
men.  it  must  lie  under  circumstances  which  will  give  latitude  to  the  peculiar  bent  and 
t.istes  of  aboriginal  intellect."  ' 


!l 


Oniciril  n.'pnrt:    n.'trnif.  A.  S.  T?n-L'.  «V(1.,  luiiiplil.-t,  '_'>*  y\, 


'  Ilii.l.,  p    (',. 


iion. 


V,,t..  VI.  — r,9 


Hi 


:n    •! 


f         A::  ill. 


H 


r"     1 


' 


4(iG 


IIOSTII.K    ATTITl'DE    0 1'    SOUTHERN    TltlHES, 


CnAPTKH    11. 

lIsDIAN    HOSTILITIES    IN    THE    SOUTH. 

Wiiil.K   l!ii>   l':i\or;il)l(>  ailiustiiicut   of  tlu>   iiali<ui;il  pnlicy  tun';  placi' 
iSllC).  in  till'  Xiii  ill.  iliUli'iiltii'S  arosr  with  tlu'  soiillicrn  ti'ilics.  wliicli  a<>iiinri| 

A.  J  \(  KsoN,        a  most  tlniMtiiiiii;;'  aspect.    Tlic  cau.scs  (li'tlii'sc  triinli!i<  iiiav  li"  liiidlv 
J'i;i:.-iiii:.\i'.         rcl'iTnil  m. 

Two  (ili-taclcs  tit  tlii>  surci's.^l'ul  rxt>c\ition  nl"  tlir  [ilaii  ol' n'mii\'al  hail 
oxi-l'il  till'  s('\rral  years;  oiii'  ul'  whieh  was.  the  (lilliciiltics  lictvM'i'ii  (li'iii'Liia  ;iii'i  the 
('ri''k^.  'I'hi'  tiraty  I'lUirlmlril  with  liic  ('recks  at  Iniliaii  SpriiiLis.  l'\'lii'iiai'\  I'J.  \^-'', 
hail  hiTii  the  souiTi'  tit'  inni-|i  iliscurih  haxiim'  Ihth  lU'tintiati'il  wilhnul  ihr  full  cui-'iit 
i>'  all  the  I'll  iris,  w  111)  shoulil  ha\i'  |)aiticipat('i!  in  it.  ami  rati  lied  onK'  a  few  ila\  <  priur 
to  the  i-liwi'  111'  till'  prcsiili'iitial  ti'i'ni.  hclorc  the  nhjections  to  it  were  maile  knin\n.  or 
i'lilU'  linilei'stiiiiil.  Mr.  Aiiains.  in  hi-  liist  nies-a;;e,  expresses  his  intention  to  eoni'nii- 
iiieaie  to  ( 'oni;ress  M  special  Miessaire  on  the  siiliject ;  '  anil  also  re^jiectniL;'  the  Lieneial 
ficlini:  I'l  the  Cherokees.  Uausis  ut'  ilis-ension  iiail  heeii  ci'ealeil  with  tun  ol'  the 
]irincipal  tiilies.  such  as  IkcI  nut  lul'ure  uccurreil  in  our  Imlian  historw    .\rii'r  the  I.nwe 

of -e\en  _\ear~.  the  ("reeK   iplesliun    W  as  vi  rt  liallv  ailjnsti'il    h\   the   l|-e|||\    >iui|cil   ;il    \\':i-Ii- 

iniitmi.  .March  "J  1 .  l^'-'r^:  hut  the  ilillicultii's  were  nut  ti'riiiinateil,  i!y  this  treat  \.  tliey 
reileil  .all  their  hiiiils  I'asl  ul'tlie  .Missi--.-i|ipi.  inakhii;'  personal  reser\ations  liir  a  limit  'il 
innnliir  ol'  years. 

Am  n'.:'  the  ( 'herukees.  the  tri-aty  of  New  i'iehuta.  coiiclinleil  Decemiiei- L".i.  l^-'i'i. 
tuL^ether  \\ilh  tliu  pulicy  u['  eniiiiratiun,  iiail  civated  t\\o  ili-^tinct  ami  \iulu:itl\  anl:i'jo- 
iiistic  [larlies.  ouf  of  which  fa\oreil.  am!  the  utiier  opposeil.  the  renio\al.  'I'lie  fadci' 
tif  till'  till  iiier  WIS  .luhii  l!u,-s.  the  ruling-  chief,  who  was  siip[)()rteil  1)\  inan\'  oilier 
chief-,  anil  ly  ih"  iinjurity  of  the  trihe.  IJein;;'  jittaclu'il  to  their  resi  lenc  hy  lii>tuiical 
!i-suciations.  il.itiin;  hack  to  tlu;  era  f  the  (lisco\er\'  of  the  eunntry.  |iosses-ii !'..;■  a  t'citile 
soil,  ami  eiijoyin--  a  mild  i  liniatc.  amid  a  district  of  iiill  and  dale  whose  scenic  heatitv 
is  hardly  surpassed,  this   party.  ha\inL,   in  their  o.\ii  hamls   th''   means  ot'  ci\iIi/,!tioii, 


'  AiM'-i'sscs  !iiiil  .\I(■^>;l'_-L■■i  iif  the  I'ri.'siil.  Ills  .j|'  iliu  Unit.'d  .Stiitr-, 
\Va]l;rr.  .'     w  V..rl,.   |-  II. 


ml,  I  vul.  8vo.,  T.'tJ  paL'cs:  Kilwiinl 


.■l>ll. 


liii'l' 
lirr 
■  Ml 
til,' 

iiily 

inn, 


i     s 


I'ltKVIoCS    TO    Til  KIR    FINAF.    I!  K  M  U  V  A  T,. 


4"! 


wciv  iivt-TM'  to  oa'liMiii^iiii;'  it  l'i>r  territiirics  licyord  ilii'  .Mi.<si>sii!|ii.  with  wIidsc  cliMi-iiclri' 
tlii'\  were  ini[ic'ilrclly  :ii'(|iiiiiiitt'(i,  iiiiii  rcLiiii'iliiiL;-  tlii'  cliiiKtlc  nf  wliicli  tli^'V  \\r\\'  in 
(liiiilit.  Coil^ivss  li;nl.  Iiy  a  ri'soliitioil  jiaf-scd  in  .Maicli,  lS.';"i.  olU'l'i'il  ."i^'i.llUll.nno  lo  ilic 
Clit'i'oki'cs  for  tlii'ir  hunls.  DcctMnhLT  'I'.).  IS:!"),  a  ti'caty  assi'iitin;^'  to  tlic  (ioxciiniiriit 
]polic\  was  I'oi'nu'il  at  Mew  I'lcliota.'  witli  tiic  party  liu'orinL;'  cxclriiiL:!' and  iiii.:ratinn, 
at  till'  licad  of  wliicli  was  Major  Iiid,::i'.  'Pliis  treaty  tiinw  tlii'  ii;''ion  inln  a  liniiid- 
tiiou>  I'xciti-'nu'iit,  and  a  inuiici'ous  dt'k'gation  vi.-itnl  W.isliinLilDn  t;)  (i|i|im<c  iis  I'aiill.'a- 
limi  !iy  tlic  SiMiatc.  Wliiji'  tiic  ten"  4"  the  treaty  were  under  disens^ion  ;i'  \\'a>lnn.> 
l(in.  Conuros  uranled  Siillli.ddO  liir  llie  [iin'[iuse  of  eoveriiii:'  tiie  inridenlal  e.\|Mns  >  d 
tlieir  removal,  and  to  meet  sundry  eoiitin^'ent  claims  wiiicli  it  was  aii'i-eliend' d  miulit 
arise  therefrom.  The  westi'rn  Cherokees  also  apiiendeil  tiieu'  aii|iro\al  of  the  niea.-ure, 
without  elaimini:  any  interest  in  tin.'  fiscal  provisions  of  tiie  rom[)acl.  In  thi^  firm, 
the  treaty  was  ratified  hy  lin'  Senate.  May  '2'].  iN.'Kj. 

Tiie  maleiiiileiit  party  of  the  ( 'lierol<ees  denied  tiie  validity  -d'  tjie  treaty,  avei'i  iiiir 
tha'  the  majoi'iiy  ol'  llie  nation  should  not  he  houml  hy  tiie  terms  of  a  ticiu  to 
■\\hieli  they  had  not  iiivcu  their  consent,  and  wliiidi  they  allcLied  h:id  fren  siinv|,ti- 
liously  iiepitialed.      The   minds  of  the   jieople  weiv   intensely  exi'ited  ;   mie   jiarUcnii- 

telldimr  that   the   removal  policy  would   he  their  de- trUCtion.  ::lld   ihe  otiiei'  thit    11   \\nidd 

prove  their  salvaticn.      The   public   pivss  of  tiie  I'liiied  Slates  tnuk   par!  in  ilie  di-eir— 
.^-ioii.  lieinp'  Liiivcniid  in   the  e\pres>iiin  of  their  (ipiui(jns  In  their  adlie>iiiu   to  exi-tiirr 

parties,  and    liy  the    dilli'r"llt    views    llcy  entertained  ol'   the    tiiie    pnfcy  to  he   p;ii',-U'd 
with  respect  lo  the  I'litiiiv  disjiosit ion  of  the  Indian  trilies. 

'I'liei'e  was  another  element  ol'  disturbance.  The  ' 'reid^s.  who.  by  the  tnaiy  of 
April  •! .  l.'s.'lli.  had  coiiiproiiiisetl  tlic  disaLiivcments.  and  settli'd  the  raLiiiiL;'  discord 
created  by  the  .M'lntosh  treaty,  ncjoiiated  at  Indian  Sprim;-.  l'"ebiaiary  !"J.  l.s'J"i.  were 
not  disposed  to  com|)ly  wiili  the  terms  of  this  treaty  of  Licn/ra!  pacdicatidii.  Wlietli.'r, 
ovvinjr  to  the  fact  that  the  Indian  iiiind  has  many  coucealiiients  and  mental 
reservations,  or  does  not  I'^adily  comprelcnd  the  true  scnpe  and  beariuLi'  of  leLial 
coiistri'ctions.  many  and  lorn:-  continued  delavswere  interpe>rd.  and  urudi  diif'/iiltv 
was  exjierienccil  in  obtainju^  a  proiniit  and  L;eii"i'al  compliance  with  the  strict  ii'nns 
of  lids  r,-.  aty.  and  in  a  Ijustiii;.;-  ipiestions  ot'  reservations  and  assumed  rights,  which 
had  not  been  cuiiceded  b\-  iliat  instrnmen!. 


■  I'.  .'^.  Tiv.iiii's,  |i.  ii:;:i. 


f  i  >' 


I 


i^l 


I     I! 


H      : 


^ii 


!    Hi 

1        "i    i 


■  \ 


•■IH 


^i-!    1 


1!   i 

!  1  ■ 


h     ! 


li 


468 


HOST  ILK    ATTITIDK    UF    .SO  UT  UK  UN    TlilliES, 


C  IIAPTER   III. 


OUTBllEAK    OF    THE  FLORIDA    WAR. 


Wiiii.K  this  .stiito  of  tilings  existed   in   the  Soutli.  tiie  diiiriiiil   press 

lS;i().  teemed  witii  niiiiors.  which  were  not  only  IVeijiiently  eontnulictory.  lint 

A.  .IacksoN",       ;dw:iys  iipiiearcd  to  orii:iiiate  iVoin  tlie  apiu'eheiisioiis  ol' exposed  settlers. 

I'lii-siDENT.         Ivirh'  ill   the   iiKnilli   of  .laiiuarv.  the   astoiiiidiiii:'   intelligence  reached 

Washington,  that  Major  Dade  and  his  entire  eoinniand,  hoth  ollioers  and 

men.  had  been  waylaid  and  massacred  by  the  Si'ininoles  in  Florida. 

The  Seiiiinoles'  are  eoimected  with  the  Creeks,  both  by  ties  of  blood  and  lanunatie. 
Their  syin[ialliies  had.  doubtless,  been  with  the  Creeks  in  thi'ir  loiijr  controversy  with 
'Ii'(ir::ia.  but  their  action  on  this  occ.ision  appears  to  have  arisen  IVoin  internal 
dissati>l'action.  In  an  elabnrate  re[)oit.'  nni.de  February  H.  IS.'Ki.  and  I'ominnnieated 
bv  the  President  to  Congress,  it  is  asserted  that  the  Seininoles  were  not  satisfied  with 
the  terms  of  the  treaty  concluded  at  Payne's  Landing.  May  !),  1S3'J.  The  extent  of 
this  disall'ection  was  not  known.  The  dilliculty  does  not  appear  in  this  light,  in  any 
(if  the  ri'[iorts  made  by  the  agi'iits:  ami  the  (iovernment.  at  least,  was  ignorant  of  it. 
On  their  failure  to  comply  with  their  treaty  ;igreement  tu  remove  to  the  West,  and  the 
expiration  of  the  liinr  and  liui"^  granted  for  that  pnrpose,  troops  were  concentrated  in 
the  \it'inity  of  the  Seminnlcs.  ami  the  local  ci)inmander,  (jeiieral  Clinch,  directed  to 
organize  companies  of  regnlars.  .\.s  early  as  February,  lS3o,  he  was  authorized  to 
drasv  from  the  North  six  additional  companies,  four  cif  which  were  artillerv.  .V  spirit 
of  dissatisfaction  was  evinced  by  the  Indians  during  the  summer  and  antuinn.  Sev(.'ial 
ontrages  occurred  while  keeping  up  the  coinniunications  between  fort  and  fort,  and  it 
was  apprehended  that  the  Creeks  secretly  partieiiiated  in  this  feeling  of  animosity.     In 


'  Till'  name  Si'iiiiniilc  ili'si;_'Miiti><  tlii-ir  !i.«viiin]itinii  of  trilial  inilrpcmU'iicc,  aihl  \v;c<  iiitcmlrd  tu  lu'  (liToL'aturv 
ill  il.s  first  appiiiMtimi  hy  tin'  Creeks.  H  may.  as  iii.in'  ur  ^■^s  pc-  -uri'  is  iiitcinliil,  lie  riTnli'n'il  "  si'jiaralisls, 
refractory  iiioii,  rolji'ls,  ur  n'fiiL'i'i's  "  'flu'  )icrioil  ..l'  tli.-  .Tiiaratimi  is  unci'rtaiii.  'I'lii'v  witlnlrcw  fruiii  lln: 
parent  trilje  eitlier  wliilc  re.-i'liiiL'  mi  tli  ■  .\ll.rii:cli.i.  .n-  at  in  earli.r  piriM.I,  lj-|',,iv  tliu  (,'re'lis  liaii  naclieil  tlio 
eastern  tcriiiinu.i  iif  their  iiii'-'iMlior.  W'lirii  ilir  Seiniuili  s  left  tlie  uplanil  v,ill._vs  of  .Maliain.1  ami  (iei.r'-ia, 
tli''V  witliiirew  tri  tlio  intrieate  recesses  of  ilie  interior  lalvos,  lagiAjus,  liuiumucks.  ami  (.'veriiladci  of  Florida. 

'  .Nilos'  ReL'iftcr,  Vol   XL1\.,  p   IM 


rit 

ral 

it 

11 


"0. 

>ls, 
ll,.; 
Ilio 


r i{  i;  V I ( > [•  s  T ()  'I'l  1 1: i  \i  v i n  a  r,  k  i: m o v  a r- . 


400 


NovcinliiT,  (u'licral  (.'liiicli  hiiviiig  roiinilcil  lluU  it  would  Ijc  m'ccsMiry  ti)  cull  out 
V()luiiti'Oi>  I'oi'  the  pruti'dioii  ol'  tlio  frontiers,  lie  was  iiiitliorized  to  deliver  anus  from 
the  public  st(jri's  for  tlni;'  o(|iiiiinient.  The  iiiainleiiiuiee  of  tin.'  lines  of  coinrnuniciition 
lietweeii  distant  posts,  scpai'ated  by  a  wilderness  (;(jiiiitry,  interspersed  with  deep  creeks, 
and  frecineiitly  with  dense  thickets  and  hainniocks,  was  a  dillicnlt  and  harassing 
service.  The  lines  wen;  attacked  at  \arious  points,  and  the  defiles  and  (pnigniires 
ollereil  siniinlar  facilities  for  the  prosecution  of  the  Indian  mode  of  warfare.  Fort 
Kiiiu',  the  headquarters  of  tin;  arni)',  was  situated  about  lOI)  miles  from  I''ort  Hrooko 
on  Tampa  ]5ay,  the  W^'thlacooche  river  inti-rvtmiiig  between  them.  The  Indians 
burned  down  a  bridi.'e  over  a  deep  stream,  within  si\  miles  of  iMjrt  Brooke,  but  it  was 
reliuilt.      At  this  time  there  were  u[pwards  of  (IDO  regular  troops  in  the  field.' 

A  niail-earrii'r  had  been  miirilere<l  in  Amiust,  within  six  miles  of  Tam[)a  l>ay ; '  Charles 
Emathla.  a  ehirf  friendly  to  I'liiigration.  had  been  sealiied;  the  Miekasnkics  were 
hostile,  and  held  a  sironu:  position  on  the  Wythlacooche  river;  the  Tallas.sees  were 
accused  (if  boldiuu"  seeivt  cinnells;  ami  the  I'lM  creek  band  Were  en;.:aged  in  continual 
depreilations.      Th.'  aspect  of  allairs  was  extremely  thrrateniiiL;'. 

While  matters  were  in  this  i)o>ition.  on  the  li.'Id  ol'  Deeeniber.  -Major  Dade  marched 
from  Fort  IJrooke,  on  Tampa  Haw  l()r  Fort  (Clinch,  with  a  detachment  of  twt)  compaifn'S, 
cme  six-ponnder.  ami  the  usual  eoniplemeiit  of  military  stores  and  supplies.  The  entire 
force  numbered  |(l(l  muskets.  The  llr>t  day  he  halteo  at  a  stream,  distant  seven  miles 
from  Fort  Ibooke,  called  the  Little  Ilill>boro  river,  the  brid^'C  over  which  had  been 
burned  by  ihi'  hostile  luiliaii.-.  and  subse(piently  rebuilt.  The  foUowiiCj:  day  he  ])ro- 
eressed  six  miles,  reaidieil  the  l>ii:-  Wythlacooche  on  tin;  liTtli.  and  on  the  "JStli  arrived 
at  the  delile,  where  he  wa-;  waylaiil  by  the  Iiulians.  distant  only  sixty-five  miles  from 
Fort  Brooke'.  He  wa>  attacked  about  ten  o'clock  on  the  inorninLr  ol'  the  liSth. 
it  ainieared  tnat  the  Indians  had  narrowly  watched  his  march.  disturbin;.r  his 
barricades  al  niu'it.  but  keepinir  onl  ul'  si'jht.  on  his  Hanks,  durin;;'  the  day,  until 
he  had  proceeded  a  lew  miles  beyoiiil  the  Wythlacooche,  where  lOU  I'ea  creek  warriors, 
under  tlu'  iie_;vn  Ibniy.  and,  as  has  been  estimated,  nuu'c  thmi  double  that  number'  of 
the  Mickasukiev,  and  of  the  liands  of  Fufollab-^  and  Alaliers.  unde'i'  the  chiefs  Little 
('loud  and  Alli.raliu'.  formed  an  ambuscade  on  both  sides  of  the  road.  The  column, 
mail  binu'  in  ordinary  e.iien  oriier.  was  smldeiily  attacked  on  all  sides  with  showers  ol' 
allows  and  balls;  Major  Made  was  shot  dead  from  his  lior.-e  at  thi'  first  onset,  'i'li" 
coininand  iunneiliatidy  closed  their  ranks  and  unlimbered  the  ficld-[)iece.  from  whiib 
fort\-nine   rounds  wt'iv   fired.'     l')ut    the  shots  were    fired    al  random,  no  bod\  of  the 


'  'I  he  .'.'lj'it:iMt  I  ;,■!'. Til  ^t!llos  tin:  f.iivo  at  ^>-)'\     On  tlio  ">lst  'if  t»i'i;i-iiiln'r  it  inolirl'il  two  firl'l  and  twontv- 
I',, 111-  (•■nil  i:h.v     liir.  r-   — Nilo'  Iu"jl^|i  r.  Vol.  Xf,IX.,  1'.  ■\')'^. 
'  Nil.-'  !;'..;i-i.r    \-..l.  .\I,I.\..  p.  .M. 

^  Tfii'  I'orci'  w.is  rstiniiilo  I.  tit  t!i.'  tiuK',  at  ••  JOC  or  lOOU  :"    viUu  .Niks'  ltc;;i..-ti.r,  V'.l.  XI.IX..  p.  otJH. 
'  Nilfs'  Iti'ui-tor,  Vol    XLIX.    o    :i'jT 


li  !i 


iii '  I  ■ 


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I 


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Ml 


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5 


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170 


I10ST11-1-:    ATTl'l'lDK    U  F    S  ;)  T  T  Jl  R  l!i\    TJUIiKS, 


('ii(jiii\'  lii'iiiLC  \i.-il)lt'  at  one  j-pnt.  wliili'  llidr  nriMWs  and  lialls  wcfc  discliarp'il  iVcni 
tlu'ir  iihufs  oi'iHinci'alnienl  witli  (ii'ailly  aiii;.  .Sovtii  coiinnissiiinc  d  ulliccis  were  killed 
in  (|iii('k  succession;  tlie  ranks  were  riddled,  and  every  etViirt  to  iv-I'drni  the  men  IUiIimI. 
The  Indians  picked  n|)  and  used  tiie  niu.-kels  of  the  dead  sdldiers  auainst  their  siu'vi\  ini^ 
ciirnrades.'  Lieutenant  liasin'jer.  al'tei'  heinn'  I'alally  wuundeii,  had  lii-^  throat  cut  liy  a 
lU'Liro.  The  most  horrid  hntejirry  occurred.  Several  of  the  \\ounded.  \\ho  knew  the 
lead  ;•'■  of  the  enemy,  iijipealed  tortheii'  lives  in  vain;  iln'  cry  tor  (^uarter  Uiis  ;iuswered 
liy  the  kuil'e  or  tonudiawk.  Not  an  ollicer  nor  any  ol'  ihc  coinuuiud  I'scaped,  except 
two  soldiers  who  ci'ept  oil'.  Alter  heinir  badly  woiuided.  hul  \et  remaiuinjr  pi'rfeetly 
conscious,  they  laid  niotioide.-s  auiouz  tin.'  dead  until  an  oii|K)rtin!it_v  olIt-re(l  lin' escape. 
Some  accounts  estimalt'  the  American  loss  at  llli  men.  Ilow  nuiny  men  the  Indians 
lost  has  never  heeii  ascertained. 

Such  was  the  massacre  (lor  hattle  it  was  not)  of  the  ^\'y ihlacooehe.  the  news  of 
w  liich  operated  like  an  electric  shorl<.  and  uiaile  as  (|i'c|)  an  impression  on  the  .\mericans, 
a.s  the  massacre  at  Caliul  did.  in  al'ier  times,  on  the  iiiilish  in  India.  An  oilicer, 
wril;n_  i'rom  Foi't  Brooke,  on  the  1st  ol  .lanu:ir\.  fou:'  days  alter  the  san^iiinar\-  evi'ut. 
isiiy.s :  •■Such  are  the  Indian  condiinations.  that  it  is  not  coiisi'lere'i  pr.-icti<"il)le  lo 
force  or  kei'p  open  a  communication  wiih  Fort  Kin^'.  \\ith  less  than  a  well-appointed 
auil  instrui'ted  I'lirce  of  lll'iil  nieii.  'I'lirei  out  of  limr  liriilv-  are  ih^sti'oNcd.  lunl  two 
forils  are  \ery  dil'icul*  :  and  the  coui'My  may  Liener.dls  he  (iescriheil  as  a  series  ol' 
ami;ii-(ades  and  delilcs."  '■ 

(>!i  the  ;;  1st  of  Deceinher.  (IiMierai  ("inch,  with  "-'I'll  reiiulars  and  a  la  rue  force  of 
n  iiiii.i  \olunleers.  mar(died  to  the  Wylhlacooche.  and  foULdit  a  sharj)  action  on  the 
iianks  .,!'  that  >tream.  near  the  steiie  (>!'  Dade's  ddrat.  with  the  same  Indians,  who  mani- 
li'stfd  as  nnich  dotermined  iiiiri'pidit\  as  tlie\  had  previously  e\ini'ed.  In  this  ei:i:aL:e- 
meiit,  O.sceolii  was  noticed  to  have  been  actively  eni:iijred  in  marshallim;  the  Indians. 
The  ai'tion  was  .se\cre  ;  General  Clinch  had  nine  <if  his  force  killed,  and  ninetv-eiiiht 
woimded.'  In  a  letter  from  St.  Auiiustine.  of  the  tilh  ot' .lanuarw  1  S.'Jd.  it  is  said 
"tieiieral  Clinch  has  louuht.  ami  'jdI  the  worst  of  it:   driven  hack  to  his  pickets.'"' 

It  is  dillicnlt  t.)  depict  the  political  ami  social  cunmolion  cre;ited  in  l'"lori(la  b\- thes(? 
events.  Th"  iud'ans  attaekeil  every  di'leu'vlcss  house  and  pl.anlation  ;  miu'ders  and 
(•oiitlaniatii'.is  devastated  tin;  country  ;  and  the  accounts  of  the  atrocities  of  the  savages 
wer"  th'  y  codaleil.  would  till  a  book.  "  The  newspapers."  .-^ays  a  writer  Ironi  M.  .Marv's, 
in  (!.■.  ■lia.  uniha-  dale  of  .ianraiy  iCitli.  "have,  perhaps,  abnndantlv  iul(>rmei|  \iin  to 
wha'  a  deplora!ile  sitoati'  n  we  ;ii.-  low  reduced.  The  temporisiuLr  policv  of  Ciueral 
Thomp.son.  the  Indian  Sup.'  intendent,  and  the  forbeaiance  of  inn' (iovernmeiil.  h,i\e 
set   the  uiercile.ss   8av!i;:es   iij,ion  our   phintatiun.-i,  (Uir  crops,  and   our  dwellings:   ,ind. 


'  Nilos'  K.L'isti'r,  V(,l.  .\Ll.\,,  y   ;;t;7 
"  .Nil.'s'  H-ji^M-.  V^.l    Xl,l\  ,  ,.   :'i;7. 


'  I'r   .luhii  Tim  iKi>  ami  It.iii-.  uu  CI. a!;. 
'  IM.I  ,  I-.    ic,.;  II,,, I  .  , .,, 


r 


:t     if 


I 
i 


I'nEVMMS    TO    TIlKIi;    riNAI,    I!  KM  OVAL.  471 

M'lillv,  I  do  iKil  ,-'■(•  wlial  is  In  liiM'diiir  I'l'iis  ami  tliis  i'(iiiutry.  it'  lailitarv  succors  do  not 
i,\nii:i)i.\Ti;i.\  arrive  'I'hc  Indians  seem  to  li^;  fully  licnt  on  tia,'  most  dctcnniiii'd  irsist- 
iinci'.  and.  in  the  acliiui  on  the  \V_\  llilai'ooclic,  disfilayi'd  ii  (Irnuu'^s  and  d('S[H'rMtioii 
never  fxccrdcd  in  the  histor\'  ol'  Indian  warliirc." ' 

A  siinidtani'ons  oiilhicak  t>'ik  idaci'  tlii'ouLihont  Florida.  On  tlic  liStii  of  Dcot'inlu'i', 
tlic  day  of  Dade's  massacre,  a  jiarty  of  ten  men  vcre  dinin.;  with  Uoiitrers.  the  sutler 
at  Fort  KiuL'.  in  a  dwellim;-  distant  not  2-")ll  yanis  from  the  Ijlock-iniusc.  wiieii  they 
were  sndd'iidy  iieset,  and  fired  on  hy  a  parly  of  Indians.  A  hnndreil  shots,  it  is 
estimated,  were  di.-ehai'ied  tl.rouiih  ihe  o|ieii  window,  hy  whiidi  llie  host,  who  was 
sltlinjr  at  the  head  of  Ids  lalile.  and  lour  of  his  u'U'Sls,  were  killed.  Amonu  the  hitler 
were  (ieiieral  'I'liompsoii,  the  Indian  aL:enl.  Ijieiitemuit  (.'onstiinliiie  Smith.  I'.S.A., 
and  two  others.  Five  persons,  who  Ifd  to  the  I'ol't.  escape(l.  The  oHieiaU  and  atleinl- 
aiils  ^oll-ht  fell  lie  ill  a  iiaminoc!\.  hnt  w  ere  .-hot  do\\  n  he  lore  they  I'eaehed  it.  'I'hr  I '(ink, 
a  lu'.lil'o  Woin.ill.  \\  ho  hiil  lurself  held  n  1  a  harrel.  ainl  silcc  eiled  in  elleclim;'  her  e-rape, 
was  a  speclalnr  (pf  ail  the  liailiarilies  coiiimiiled.  (•~eeola.  who  wa^  the  leader  of  the 
jiarly.  entered   first.  o\'ei'threw  a  tahle.  ^a/ed   sternly   roiiiiil   for  a   moment,  ami   Ihen 

Weill  out."  The  hody  of  Tholil|isoll,  the  ai^ellt,  was  I'ollllil  to  ha\e  hei'li  Jiierceil  with 
lil'leeii  hullels,  and  sixteen  entered  that  ol'  IJod'jvr:.,  the  po,-.t-sllller.  'J'lie  ilidi.ins 
scalped  all  the  deail  to  the  \'ery  ears,  .iiid  then  heat  in  their  slvulls. 

IJelweeii  the  day  of  the  m.issacre  and  the  middle  . if  the  eiisniici' .lamiary.  a  wide 
e.vlent  of  eounlry  was  made  a  scene  of  de-olatioii.  Houses  were  Ininied.  the  oceii[iaiits 
killed,  cattle  and  stock  driven  oil",  thu  mail  routes  iiiterriii)led,  iind  a  jreiieral  panic  iiiul 
confusion  created. 

The  caiisi'S  whiih  oiiuinated  this  w  ,•  r  heeoine  ap[iarent.  when  attention  is  diiveted 
to  ihe  peculiar  prrjuili(e>  and  nc-iital  re>er\  al  ions  of  the  Indians.  J>y  the  li'aty 
llciotiated  at  l'a_\  lie's  LaiidillL',  on  the  (.-'clilawaha.  .May  '.l|h.  l>;ll^.  the  Sclninoles  ceded 
their  lands,  and  all  claims  i.i  i  iiids.  w  liich  they  held  in  Florida,  in  consideration  of  the 
pa  Mile  lit  to  them  ot'  a  yearly  aiiniiily  of  .":;^1  -i.  li'ii.  They  alM)  aiiri'ed  to  >,:\u\  a  dele;.'.,itioii 
ol'llieir  most  respected  chiels  to  view  the  terri  tnry  iiirnN'd  them  west  ol'  the  .^^ls^iss;ppi, 
and  to  ascei'tain  w  hetlier  the  western  Ci( civs  woiilil  allow  the  Seininoles  to  rejoin  them. 
It  was  >tipiilaled  in  the  tre.ity.  that  the  impio\emi;nl-  left  in  Florid. i  should  he  ^>aid  f.ir 
h\  (he  I'nited  Stales;  their  cattle  he  estimated  and  |iai  i  for'  and  the  hlack-;i.i!  lis' 
services,  sanctioic-d  hv  a  pri  >r  treatV.  he  colllilUled  to  them  in  the  West.  I'lovisioii 
vva--  made  that  each  person,  eu  reacliiiiii'  the  new  location,  should  receive  ii  hlaiil<et  a;id 
ii  home-spim  I'roi'k  ;  and  an  additional  annuity  of  $)IHKI  per  yeai'.  for  liftecn  years,  was 
to  he  divided  amoic;  liii'iii.  Clai'us  liaviie;'  heen  le.ad' on  tlnMU  for  riiiiavvay  slaves  finni 
the  soiitlcrn  plaiitatioiH.  .•^7ll^(l  were  allowed  fo''  the  satisl'action  of  siirh  deiiiaiids. 
I'nder   the  seventh   article  of  this  ti'eaiv.  tliev  a'jree  to  r.anove  within   three   veais.  al 


Nilrs-  l{,.._ris|,T.  \',,1    \l,l\  ,  ,,.  :;c,;i. 


lliid  .  p  :ils. 


II 


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472 


lIOSTll.  K    ATT  FT  TDK    OT    S()rTIFKI{N     TltllMlS, 


till'  t'.\|ii'nso  of  du'  riiit('(l  States.  \>y  wlioiii  tli(>y  mtc  to  In-  Mi[i|ilii'(l  willi  oin-  \i'ar's 
subsisti'iici'  ill  till'  iH'W  territory.  A  treaty  eoiielmled  witii  the  (Greeks,  at  i'"ort  (iil)soii, 
Miiri'li  liStli,  IS.'J;!.  providi'd  l"or  the  rehel  trihc  an  ample  country.  'I'lie  Scuiinoics  li\  in.r 
north  ofthe  honndary  line,  designated  by  tiie  tri'aty  ol'('am|i  Moultrie,  he^ian  to  remove  to 
the  West ;  hnt  liioso  ri'iiiovals  iiroceeilod  slowly,  heinu'  delayerl  Iiy  (Miiharrassmonts.  .\t 
tilt'  close  of  the  time  .stipulated  hy  the  treaty  of  .May  IMli,  I  s'l'J.  it  havinir  been  decided 
that  the  oiniirmiitH  i^hoiild  proceed  hy  water,  across  the  (iulf  of  .Mexico,  to  their  western 
lionie,  vessels  I'or  their  transportation  arrived  nt  'I'ainpn  May.  and  their  speedy  eudiark- 
ation  was  myi-d.  Throni^iiout  the  year  IS;!")  there  ajipciired  to  lie  slrouL'  ohjectioiis  to 
eniijii'ation,  on  the  part  of  all  the  prineiiial  Seminole  hands,  and  they  finally  refused 
to  iro. 

Ill  a  full  re|iort.  made  hy  the  War  Deparlmeiit.  Fehriiary  '.•.  is^iii.aiid  coiiimiiiiicated 
to  Conp;ress.'  this  f.'eneral  dissatisfaction  with  the  treaty  of  Payne's  I.andiiiir  is  the 
cause  assi^'iied  lor  the  war.  In  the  prosecution  of  this  war.  iicojraphicid  phenomena 
sin.;alarly  favored  the  cause  of  the  Semiiioles.  .-iiid  it  may  he  fr.:iirali\il\  said  that 
the  country  itsell'  fought  for  them  ;  every  swamp  and  hammock  was  a  fortress. 

Nature  has  ri'iidered  the  pminsula  of  I'lorida  peculi.'iiiy  all  i';icti\(>  to  the  Indians. 
Its  taiiiiied  iiuu'asses.  its  dense  and  iiiipeiietrahle  hammocks,  ami  its  >crpentiiie  streams, 
form  so  many  natural  defences  ai:aiiisf  iMiropean  enemii's  ;  and  spontaneous  means 
of  .suhsistence  are  also  a])iindant.  The  rivers  are  covered  with  the  i;reati>st  ahundance 
of  water-fowl;  the  adjoiiiiiij:  seas  ahonnd  in  turtle;  and  the  .-oil.  where  arable,  yields 
a  profusion  of  vci'i'tabU"  nourisliiueiit  in  the  contee-[)laiit.  wliicii  is  the  arrow-root  of 
rommerce.-'  Tiie  Florida  war  was,  in  truth,  a  contest  wa,i;-ed  ai;ainst  ;;co;.'rapliical  and 
climatic  laws.  To  elude  the  pursuit  of  an  enemy  in  these  hihyrinth.s  was  such  an  easy 
matter,  that  an  Indian  hid  in  a  haiumock  could  not  be  discovered  at  tlie  distance  of  ten 
feet.  Cattle,  oriu'inally  iiitroduciMl  by  the  Indians,  were  timiid  to  reproduce  on  the 
prairie  ineadow.s  with  the  L'reati'.-t  rapidity. 


'  Xiios"  Hrgistor,  V..1.  .\bl.\.,  p,  440. 


•  Hiirtraiii'i<  Tmvol.s. 


i'ui;\  I  ors  To  Ti;  i'.\  w   v  <  x  \ :,  i;  ;;M(»\'  \  k. 


47;) 


CIlAi'TKl!     IV. 
(iliKilN    (IF    Till'    SKMlNnhK    11  (1ST  11, 1  T  IKS. 

In   ;i   i|r!i;i;r   wliii'li    tdok    liliicr   i'l    till'  SiMiali'  ii!|    liir  '2't\\\   ilMil    'jTlll   III' 

.i:inii;u  \ .  111!  ;i  1  rsiilutii)ii  ainl  a  lull  nll'iTtil  li\  Mr.  I, inn.  lo  niaki'  ajiprd-  iS-'lii. 

|iriali(ins   tn   ^upiiii'^s   lin^iililics   wiili    llic   Scniini.lc.--.   ''dlnnrl    ilrnlun        .\.  .1  Ark^dN, 
iiiiiilf  lln'  lolliiwinL'  L'ia|iliii'  ivniaik:-  conccinin;;  tlii'  oriLiin  nC  lin'  Semi-  l'iii.>ii)i..NT. 

iiolc  war : 

•■  Snuic  \rars  auii  1  was  a  nicnilicr  of  llic  ( 'mnniitlic  on  In'lian  .Ml'.iirs.  .\t  lliiit 
tini<'.  iIk'^o  Inilian.'  in  l^'luiida  wciv  in  a  .^talc  of  >lai'\aliiin  ;  llii'\  w.inlil  not  work,  ami 
il  was  nccrssarv  llial  llii'V  sIkiuM  Ij''  led  li\  tiir  I'liiliil  Stales,  im'  iIu'v  nuist  snk.-isl  on 
llir  |ilnn(li'i'  'A'  imr  citizens.  1  am  umlrr  llir  iiniires>iiin  thai  I'nr  tin'sc  Indians  tiicrt? 
was  a|i|irii|ii  iaiiil  !iy  ( 'oni;i'('.-s  a  \ery  larir  snui.  ]i('rliap,-  .lU.lllKI  m' •'^HklKKI.  to  piact' 
liicin  wlinc  llii'V  wcinlii  !>■  inaMrd  to  lixc  witiiont  pinndrrinu.  'riirse  Indians  are  ;l 
\vv\  had  trilii'.  as  tlicir  name  siunilies;  ilu'  wdi'd  .'^i:mimi|.i;,  in  hhlian.  liriuL;  •wild, 
riniawav  Indians."  Ther  were  llirrd'oi;'  ccinsidercd  a  l)ad  lare.  ll  wa.s  (iliviuusiy  tliu 
li  si  jMiliry  l<'  I'rinoNc  tlir.-r  Indians  111  ;i  iilacc  where  lliey  woidd  lie  a'ne  lo  olitaiii 
jileiity.  'I'l'ealies  Were  cDiiseiincntls  made  willi  them  111!  the  sniijeel  >>['  their  removal, 
and  the  [ifucess  ha.^  keen  ;..;(iinL'  on  i'or  some  yeais  ;  hnt  when  ihe  lime  aniscil  when 
tlie\  shonkl  he  remo\cd.  llie\  d.  riared  tiial  lliey  Ini'!  no  wi.di  In  uo ;  and  so  a,i;ain  last 
snminer,  wlii'M  ihei'ewas  another  alteinpl  lo  r.  ino\e  iliem.  The  di.siinhaMces  he^iiu 
li\-  their  siiuniin;.'  tiieir  ekiels.  and  iVoin  ihis  inereaMil  lo  the  e.xPaii  deseriheil  in  the 
leiiovl  ol'Caiilain  Helton.  iViin  wiiich.  and  from  |M'i\aie  letter-,  it  is  understood  that,  in 
the  massaeres  whieh  have  taken  [ihiee.  the  innaNsa_\  neiii'oes  of  the  Soulh  were  the  most 
cun.^jiie.leus.  'rhe\  Iraversed  the  lield  of  the  dead,  and  cut  open  tile  throats  of  tilose 
who  weie  e.xpiiint;'.  'J'wo  we(dvs  a;:<i.  i  stateil  hei-e.  that  what  had  already  resulted 
lioiii  the  moNfineiits  ol'  aholitionisls  wa  -  ..nllii/ieiu  to  east  upon  lliem  a  sin  I'drwliieli 
t!]e\'  iie\er  eoidd,  alniie.  (Ireai  as  ihat  mass  ol'  sin  is.  they  may  U'l  iniM'a  izrealer 
mass  to  ai!>wei   for.  in  eompari.-on  wiili  whieh  the   p;ist    is   hut  as  a  drop  in  a  hiieket."' 


NiK>'  ll.:;l-i.  !■,  NmI.  XI, IX,,  \>. 


\'(ii.    \'  I,        (In 


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474 


IKJSTILI':    ATTIl'lDl-:    Oh'    S(»  l' T  II  K  K  N     TKIIiKS, 


CHAl'TKK   V. 


(J(>NTl{(»Vi:i!SY    Wnil    TllK    CIIKIIOKKIIS. 


Tin;  (lissciisiuiis  wliicli  com  iilscd  tliis  trihc.  nriuiiiiiti'd  \>y  tlic  rcinoval 

iSoi'i.  i)()lirv,  iviicIrmI  tlnir  ;iciim'  in  ISo'i.     On  llic  "J'.ttli  cf  Dcccinlicr.  IS.'!"), 

A.  .lACKSdV,        till'   iliiy   iil'ti'i'    till'    Dailc    miissiicrc.   tlic    treaty   ol'    New    iv'liotii    was 

I'liKslPKNT.         cuncliulcil  uitli  the  < 'ln'rokci's.     As  this  treaty  Ih'c.iiih'  a  I'mill'iil  soiirrc 

of  liiscord.  a  detail  of  some  of  the  eircninstances  wliieii   preeiMled   its 

negotiation,   is  iin|porlaiit    to  the  ri^rlit    understandinir  of  events,   wliieh   sMhse(|iiently 

transiiireil   in  the  NV'rst  ;  e\iiits  wliieli   liiially  led   to  painl'nl   and   trairie  scenes.     'I'he 

(.'lieioivi'e  nation  iiad   heen  divided   in  opinion  on  tlio  snl)ject   of  eiiiiiiration   I'roin   thi> 

year  1SI7.  at  which  period  the  Western  ('heroivces   removed  to  tlie  West.      'J'lie  chiefs 

and  ie  idcrs  ol'  enrh  party  did   not  dill'er   wiy  wiilely  on  IcaiiiiiL:'  (piestions.  ihonuh   as 

tlie    discussion    of   tiie    project    pi'ouiessed.    the    spirit    of   rivalry,   aronsed    iiy    their 

antauonistic    posiiion.  enjeniK'red    consideralile    feelinn'.     The  secret    sprinu's  of   this 

ri\ahy.  and  the  futterness  of  the  I'ontroversy  wore,  donbtless,  tliu  result  of  the  counsels 

ol'  white  men. 

(!ii  the  l.^lh  of  .lanuary.  ISI'.C.  .Iud;_a'  Hu.iih  fi.  Widte  of  Tennessee,  then  an 
€'is[)iriirit  liir  the  I'r^  -  li'iic\-  iu  l"^!?.  anil,  consnpiciitly.  very  sensitive  to  political 
movements  in  'he  South,  sniimilti'd  to  the  Senate  ,i  resolution,  resjiectiinr  a  .Mr.  Turry. 
who  hail  li'-en  employed  as  an  aijeiit  in  the  Cherokee  coiinlrx.  This  resoluliou  wa> 
appai'ently  introdnc'd  only  liir  the  purpose  of  [ireli'rriu'.^  ill  n.itured  charges,  or  of 
introducin:;'  to  puf'ic  notice  some  transactions,  which  were-  calcidaied  to  cast  odium 
upon  the  administration.  From  the  detailed  statement  m;ide  by  him.  which  he 
corrotiorated  ly  reference  to  letters,  it  appears,  that  .Mr.  <'urry  was  an  anient  liir 
em'ollini  the  ('herokeo,  and  valnini:'  their  improvements,  in  aiitici|i;itiim  of  their 
emi^'ralion.  in  which  husimss  he  had  liei'u  em|iloyed  some  time;  takinu.  meanwhile, 
an  activi'  interest  in  the  political  movements  ol"  that  period,  and  opposini:' tlie  andiitioiis 
aspirations  of  -Mr.  White.  The  .ad joininir  States  of  (leorjiia,  Alaliama.  Tennessee. 
North  Carolina,  and  .Mississippi,  were  then  deeply  interested  in  the  Indian  emi,L'ration 
ipiestion.  and  whate\er  had  any  KeariuL;  upon  the  negotiations  with  the  tribes,  or  their 
remmal   from   the   limits  of  tlm-e  .">tates,  became  ii  topic  of  general   interest.     Any 


I'ln'Vlors    TO    TTlKIl!     FFNAI,    I!  K  Nf  O  V  A  T- 


4TS 


(l|>|)t).><itii)n   lit  till'  rrmuViil   Imlicy  \\!IS.  tliriTlul'c.  ill   liii'^i'  Slilli's  II  (•:|ll>c  i<{'  lin|iulilll;irlf y. 

Ill  liis  .•<|if('cli,  Mr,  NVIiitc  ii\('ii'<'il  llial  liis  pnNitioii  li;iii   Imi'ii  !iii.'<n'|ii'i'M'iiit'il   I'v  Mr. 

Ciiriy.  wlio.   ill  II  ii'ttiT  wi'ill.'ii  (111   the    l>l  dl"  I) iiilicr.    Is.'l'i.  asscit,-.  tiiiit    a   .Mr. 

.M'CiiiiiicIl,  ■•  liiif*  I'or  Hoiiio  yiirs.  iiiidcr  lln-  |ir(iciiri'iiitMit  olMinluc  Wliitr.  nf 'I'ciiiic.xHct', 
liiM'ii  n'i'ci\iiiM:  pay  I'loiii  the  riiilcd  .Slates  (Jiivi'iiiinciit.  as  a  snTcl  ;iiii|  coiiliiifiilial 
iiut'iit,  wliili!  all  Ills  visilili!  (illurts  liiivi*  liccii  to  lU'lcil  tin'  iiumsiii'o  >>!'  tin'  n^tciisilil*) 
atri'iils  ill  liriiiuiii^i'  iiIkhU  n  trt'aty."'  It  is  also  ussitUmI  1i\  Mv.  Curry,  tliat  a  |)ii\alii 
interview  touk  place  hetweeil  .Mr.  Wllite  ami  Mr.  .lolm  Iius-,  the  pinliuiieiit  cliiel'  1)1' 
tlie  rlielukees,  will)  (ippiiseil  tin;  exceiltiiill  (if  tlie  New  I'lelliilil  lre;it_\.  IIiilli  tlieso 
nsxi'i'tioiiM  of  imiiviiliial  tiviKjiiury,  aiiii  tampi'riii,u'  witli  the  iiialeoiiiiiit  ilm  r.  l|iis<, 
were  false."  Tlie  aeeiisatiiiii  anil  siiliseipieiit  rerntatiuii  have  heeii  Imii.'  sinoe  lorijidten, 
mill  would  not  now  lie  nli'ired  to,  were  it  not  liir  some  laets  whie'.  iiiey  iiii  ideiitiilly 
revealed. 

It  iip|)ears  that  '^  Uoss  and  his  coadjiilors  had  iiiaiie  an  ii'ireeinent  with  a 
lunctioniiry  ol'  the  , wriiiiieiit.  lonu'  prior  to  the  treaty  ol'  l>«l'l.ti.  aeeept  lor  ihe 
Cherokee  lands  and  elaiiiis.  situate  east  of  the  .Missis>ippi,  wliate\er  siiin  the  Senate 
niii;lit  award,  on  the  suliinission  of  the  (piestioii  to  that  lioily.  '{'he  .Senate,  to  whom 
the  ipiestioii  was  e\enliiaily  siihmitted,  awardeij  .S."i.( MM  1,(11  III.  ;inil.  on  this  iiasis.  the 
treaty  of  New  Kcliota  was  nepitiated.  hut  not  with  /lim  and  /(/'•.  it,ll,iiiii(i.s.  Dnriiii^ 
the  pendency  of  the  iieifotiatioiis,  eertiiin  inlhieiices  were  lirouLilit  to  hear  upon  .Mr. 
lioss,  and  he  hecanie  apprized  of  the  fad,  that  there  was  a  lar>:e  lioily  of  the  people 
of  the  rnited  Stales,  who  not  only  concurred  with  the  maleoiileiil  party  of  the 
("herokees,  in  thi'ir  ideas  of  aliorijiiiial  sovereignty  within  the  limits  of  the  rnilrd 
States,  lint  approved  of  tjii'ir  reliK^tancc;  and  refusal  to  excliaiiiie  their  lands,  and 
deemed  the  eompeiisiition  awarded  by  the  Senate  iiiadeipiate.  Indi\iiliials  of  liinh 
moral  and  legal  standing  in  the  N<irtli  promulgated  these  views,  in  which  they  were 
Mip|)orled  hv  a  part  of  the  diurnal  and  iieriodica!  pi'css  of  the  Northei  n  and  .Middle  Slates. 
It  was  allirnied  that  an  agent,  of  the  part}'  in  the  North  opposed  to  the  iiolicy  of  the 
iidiuiiiistriitioii,  visited  tlio  (Jherokees.  held  intt'rviews  with  the  nialcoiiteiil  chiels.  and 
ei  icon  raged  them  in  their  resislanci'  to  the  riovernment.'  The  o|iposiiion  to  the 
e.Necntion  of  Ihe  trisity  of  New  Kchota  thus  assiiined  the  character  of  resistance  to 
the  legal  otli(U'rs  of  the  (Jovermiieiit,  who  were  chaiind  with  the  duty  of  removing  the 
tribe.  When,  therefore.  Comniissioners  Carrol  and  .Sidiermerhorii  \isiled  the  Cherokee 
(■ounlr\'.  and  ollered  to  conchide  a  treaty  on  the  live  million  Iiasis.  the  i{ii>s  party 
declined  to  negotiate.  The  authority  of  these  commissioners  was,  at  one  time. 
(|uestioiied  and  denied,  ami  at  another,  their  character  was  unjustly  assaileil.  Finally, 
the  iiid'ie  jiarty.  who  regarded  the  compensation  oll'ered  as  amply  siillicienl.  and  the 
removal   [lolicv-  as  one  suited   to  aiUance  their   pi'iinanenl   jirosperily.  eoiieliided    the 


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II  OS 'I' I  [.K     \TTITri)!:    (IF    Sol'TIIKK'N    THIP.T'S, 


tn-iil  V  :  mill  llm.-  !  In'  <  'hi'inUf.'s  Ihmmihc  ilisliiu'il\  ili\  idccl  into  Ito-iitcs  inul  Kicl.rritcM  ; 
ii  ili\  isiiiii  wliii  li  |)iMiliit''(l  :i  sliitc  (iT  iliscDiil.  rvcntuiilly  tcrinii\atiii.;'  ill  l!ic  slinliling 
(il    liiiiiiil. 

It  liMS  ln'cli  ]n'i'\  iuii.-lv  >t.il  'i|  that  a  ijcii' iiltiol)  |iri)Ci'i'i|('(l  to  \Va,-^llill;;toii  to  olijiosi; 
tlic  ralilicalioii  of  iho  licatv  ;  llial  llic  licatv  laiil  lid'oic  tin'  Sciiatc  Irolii  Dci'ciiiiici' 
until  Ma V  ;  lli:it  an  iiicrt'a>f  ol' Si'iilUjidl)  \vms  '^ranti'il.  to  coviT  cNpi'iisi's  ;   ami  that  tin' 


litaiiii''l.  will)  wci'i'  anxious  to  lafilitatc  ll 


lull    a^M'Ilt    ol'   the    Wi'SliTIl  (llrroKccs  was  o 

iiu'asui'o.  ami  to  wch-onn    liicir  lirt'thrrii  to  llii'  Wi'st.      Dni'intr  tlic   attcndanri'  of  tlii 
(Iclciiatioii  of  tilt'  Ko>silcr  at  W'a- 
tlT  of  tl 


ic  iiiMin'-:iii''.  wlio  I 


liiutoii.  iIh'v  ('\iiii  .ll  till'  niorhidly  suspicious  cliiiiac- 
|oiilit<  wli.'ii  III'  shonlil  ih'ciili',  ami  lii'sitatrs  wlirii  hr  slninlil 
act.  It  is  statnl  thai,  when  i:  was  intiniatcil  to  the  Kossitcs.  hy  a  senator  in  the  I'oii- 
lidi'iicc  of  the  nlllllini^t^.ltioll.  that  anew  Ir.'aly  niiLiht  hi'  eiitcreil  into  with  Mr.  lios.s 
mill  his  |iiirl\.  if  he  >l  I  on  ill  |iri)iiii>e  it.  true  lo  ;  .  !r  iiative  instincts,  the  ( 'herokees  assnnieil 
the  positiiin  that  siieh  a  iiieasiire.  if  eontciHil  iteil,  shonlil  lie.  ollicially  and  prd  I'nnn.i. 
('oniinunicated.  The  inlliii'iiee  ol' th'' delei.'ation  at  \\'a>liiiiL;toii  iiia\  iie  deeineil  to  have 
|i|-ocureil  the  a|)|iroiiriation  of  the  siiin  to  defrax  the  e\|ii'.ns.  -  ot'  iheir  eiiiiLrratioii  :  luit 
('oiiLii'ess  dci'ined  the  S'l.lliin.dilii  an  aile(|iiat('  iillowancc  tiir  the  icnitoiy  relim|nislied. 
When  it  i>  roiisidereil  ill-It.  ill  addition  to  this  sum.  (he  nation  was  i;ratuitoiisly  fiiriiislicd 
\\itli  an  ain|ili' doiiiain  iii  ih,'  West.  o|'  a  tiTtile  character,  and  aiioMiiiliim  in  all  ilie 
reiinisites  for  an  aLincnitiii'al  i.olnn\.llie  coiii|iensation  awarded  Ic  this  lioil\  cannot 
lillt  he  coii.-ldered  a-.  Hot  onl_\    lilier.il.  liut  '.nunillceiit 

The  oi'dinary  iiietiiod  of  iie::otiation.  thvoUL''ii  agents,  coiiiinissioners,  ami  lio'.eriiors. 
lia\ill'J  hecll  resorleii  !(i  without  any  benelicial  result.  Iroojis  were  Oideled  into  the  field 
under  ('oniinaiiders  of  ackiiow  led'jed  re|)Ute.  There  was  no  occasion  liir  a  wai'  ol' 
extenninatioii.  (ieip  ial>  (Jaiiies.  .Iessu|).  Scott.  Taylor,  and  others,  to  whom  the  coii- 
tliicliii'.:  of  the  War  was  eiilru-teil.  kept  the  Indians  in  check,  and  t'vinccd  their  aliili- 
ties  li\   their  conciliatory,  yet  linn,  iiiodi'  of  operation. 

With  the  Clioclaws  and  'hickasaws  no  didicnlty  had  Iieeii  eNperieiiced.  Tli''\  had 
joiiiiil  the  ( 'reeks  ill  their  ho-lilities  diniii'i  the  llexoliitioiiary  war.  the  incident'-  of  winch 
lia\e  heen  particularly  iiieniioned.  They  had  in  eaii\'  times  \alimill\  opposed  ilie 
Spaniards;  hut.  I'lom  the  lii>t  coloni/atioii  of  Louisiana,  they  had  evinced  a  dis|ii,sition 
to  li\i'  in  jieace  and  eiii;aL'e  in  ciimiiK'rce.  This  polii'v  thev  persevered  in  ilnriii,;  the 
iii'eat  eNcitcincni  licjeiidi  ii  d  ainoiej  the  Indians  hy  their  miuiaiion  to  the  W'c.i. 
Neither  the  dillienllie.-  with  ilie  (  reeks  iior  w  ilh  tlu'  ( 'herokees  indiiced  them  to  take  p.aii 
in  the  contest,  llui.  while  these  trihes  were  |iur.-uini!'  the  e\en  tenor  of  tlii'ir  w.iv.  tic 
war  with  the  Seiiiiiiolrs  assiiined  a  more  desperate  character;  amhiiscades.  murders, 
and  predatory  iiicm ^ion^■.  superseded  open  eiiuaireiiicnts  and  uciieial  moxcnients;  .'ind 
il  reipiired  a  lar-je  force  to  uiiard  a  small  district.  .V  ['fw  Indians,  concealed  in  a  liaiii- 
iiiock.  could  a><aiilt  a  train  of  \\ajeii>.  or  a  detached  party  of  -oldier.-.  with  inil'ict 
iiiipimily.      It  was   -en. 'rally  iniprai  licahle  io  piii.-iie  iheiii  at  once.  and.  Ii\   tin-  lime  a 


^ 


TREViors  TO  Tiii:!i;   i'i.\.\:    'imoval 


M 


illiciciii  Idivc  fcviiM  lie  ilctiicliiMl  Tor  tin-  |iin|io- 


ihr  iiMli.ni-  h  I'l  li".l  In,  tl 


II T  ri'i'cs.-c 


nil 

ll.' 

-I. 

'.■Ill 

111.. 

'IS. 

>mI 

Hi- 

•I 


54 


i 
n 


'I'iii'  solilirr  ccMilil  scldi'Ui  or  iicmt  nircl  liis  ii)it;i'^tiiii-t  in  ihc  n|M'ii  ti,  M.  mimI  It  •  riNi;'-! 
hi.H  lili'  (liiil\-  ill  llif  .-ifrxicc  ol' liis  comitry.  witli  .-^r.irr.'ls  ili.'  Iiojic  i  f  .ilitniiiiM;.'  llr'  mTiIi- 
iiiii\  rcwiirds  dC  liiiivci  \  and  Ik  roi-^iii. 

Till'  siiiiiiiii'r  1)1'  1^'iii  \Mis  clijiriictcri/.i'il  liy  l'iiii;iiinj  iiim\i!i..-:.  skirmisiii's.  ;iiid 
;.|i|i;iHini:'  nniidiTs.  'I'licrc  si'ciiu'd  to  lie  Iml  lilllc  in'o^prri  m1  >trik!ii  ;■  an  cIIitIuc  IiIdw  . 
,iiid  lliiis  hi'illuillir  tlic  \v:ir  In  a  clnsr.  Ill  Ills  last  aiiiiiial  iiii'--aji'  In  t '  m  ;rcs^.'  *!■  iM'ral 
.l.uksnii  taki's  tlic  folldwiii-:  view  <i|'  tlif  siilijcrt  : 

•■  'I'lir  war  witli  tiii'  Sciniiiolcs  diiiiii'j:  tlu'  siiiiuiicr  was.  nii  i  iir  |i;iri.  rji;.  liy  iniiliiii  d  in 
{jic  |)rnl('ftinli  (if  niir  frniiti'T  scllK'liU'llts  I'loill  tilr  iliciil'siniis  nl'  ill.'  (•iii"!;\  :  ;iiiii.  a>  a 
:ii.ci'ssar\  aii'l  iiiijinrtaiil  means  I'nr  the  a('('(Hii|ilisliiiii'iil  nl'  llial  .-iid.  In  iIm'  iniiii'.'nani'-' 

nl'   llic    p'.sts    pr    \inMsl\    (■>laliii-llrd.       il)   ill.       nlirsci^l'   U;i^    dlT'..   -ex     ial    ..linll-       ..n;-. 

nlaci'.  ill  wliiidi  llif  liiMVciy  and  di.<ci|iliiu'  ..1'  Imtli  oir.rris  and  uu  ;i  unv  c.  ■,i-^i'i;'n.Hi,-i_\ 
!li^llla\l•d.  ami  wliidi  I  liaxc  dcciiird  it  iii'n|HT  tn  nnti,'..  ill  r.'~;ii'i-[  in  'he  I'lrincr.  Ii', 
ihi'  urantiii^  n['  lirr\ri  rank  Inr  ..^allaiit  .-crvicrs  in  liir  I;.  Id.  I!al.  as  !li..  Ilnvr  nl'  ili,- 
Indians  was  nnl  .-n  I'ar  wfakcii.'il  li\  tlicsc  partial  sun'"  srs  ;i-;  in  j  n  1  ihrin  in  siili,  i:;. 
:iiid.  iis  their  .sa\a.j('  inmails  wdv  I'l'i'ipu'iilly  r.^p.-at...!.  i':iii_\  inea~.ii-c-  w.Tr  taken  [\,v 
plaeiii'.;'  at  the  ili^pnsai  lA'  (in\criinr  Call.  wh.i.  a--'  eniniu  ii.iiei-  .ii  .■iii. T  nl'  ih"  1.  niliTial 
militia,  iiail  liein  t.'iii;w>rarily  ;ii\i'>leil  wiili  tli..  en;n'.ii  ind.  an  liinp!  •  I'mre.  lin-  [!;:• 
jilirpnse  of  reslimini:  nU'rli^iv.'  npciatinns  in  the  Illn.--t  e!l,.'lent  lliami'  r.  sn  -nin  a<  ih" 
reason  sliniilii  pennil.  .MaJ.ir-!  I'li'ial  dessiip  \,a  -  al-n  dli  r!.' ;.  .!;•  l!ie  eniir'ii--:')ii  .if 
his  duties  in  the  Creek  muiilry.  In  repair  tn  Florida,  an  '.  assimi  ■  tin   e'.aiiiiaiid. 

•• 'I'iic  rt-nil  li'  th''  I'.i'sl  i!i..\e!,ii.nt  made  liy  ih.'  I'nivr-  nnil"!-  ii:e  di.  "linn  •!' 
(inveinnr  Call,  in  <  )et(,')..r  lasl.  as  d<'l ailed  in  ti.e  aecnni[iaii_\  iiij-  paper-,  exeii,  .1  n;  imi 
;-nr prise  ami  disappninlimnt.  A  I'nll  e.\ plan:'.! inn  has  Im.ii  ivipiir.  .1  ul'  the  eau-e-;  w  lii.'!i 
liil  tn  ilie  failure  nl'  th  It  ;ii. iv.'iiieiil  ;  lint  il  ha<  !ii,t  \ -t  h. -.'ii  ree/ixed.  inlliei::.  m 
lime,  it  was  ll-:!r<i|  liiii  ti."  healiii  ufCnwri;  r  Cill.  v.l.n  w.-is  in:  ;e'.-.-i..n.i  t.i  ha'..' 
Mllli'red  miU'h  li'iin  ^I.•\nes..  iiii..:ht  n.a  he  aleipiat"  in  the  (•ri>.-;  alil.  a  .Ma,n] - 
(ielieral  .lessnp  Wa<  kll  'Wll   In  ha\'.'   reaehe.l    l-'Inri.la.  t';ai   ellicer  was  i|i;',-eted   !n  a--'ini.' 

the  cniiimaiid,  and  tn  prn^etaite  all  m'edl'iil  operatiniis  with  tlie  uCii'-t  pr'HiijiillM  1  • 
and  \  ii:ni'.  l'"rnin  the  I'.ive  at  his  dispnsal.  and  ih"  .li-pn-ilimis  h"  has  mad...  and  's 
instnieted  tn  make,  airi  I'mm  llie  \ery  ell',.'ient  inea-in.'-  wiiieh  i'  is  >ine.'  a  e-'ii  lin.'.l 
lia\e  heeli  taken  li\'  <  invil  imv  Call,  lliere  is  reas.-n  !•>  hope  l!iat  th.')\\ill  snnii  l.e 
eliahleil  in  redlie'.'  ill''  .'ir'Hiy  1. 1  sn!ijerlin:i.  In  ll...  .ii'aii  iime.  as  ;,  .'I  will  ji  rrei\.. 
.'r.ini  the  repnrt  nl'  the  Serietary.  there  is  iii-'^eiil  11  •cev-ity  I'nr  hiith.'r  appr  priatinii-  i.i 
">llpjire.-s  ihes:'  hostilities. 

••  Ilappih  liir  tlie   inl.'re>ts  nf  hnnianity.  the  h.,-;i!iiiis  \',  itli   theCi^eks  !ia\e   1m  m 

ljvnl|..;llt   In  a  elnse.  soiill  after  ynlll     adi.ilirillii'  n;.   \.ilhnll'   that  1  Itn-^inll  n\'   iiln     I    ,iii:.  (I. 

'Cii,  I ,,.,  .,;,.,■,  i-.;i,. 


!      !!    I 


li   ! 


h    .  H. 


I:  I 


47J<  IIOSTII.K    ATTITUDE    OF    SOUTIIKIIN    TIJinES, 

at  nn..  li,,,,..  uns  a|.|.n.|u.n(If.l  as  iiu'vitaMr.  Tlio  iin.'.)n.liti..nal  .til,inissi..i,  of  tho 
iM.slilf  party  was  ll.lluwc.l  hy  (lu-ir  spiMMh  ivinoval  to  tin-  c.uiitry  assi-ned  thciu  wvst 
of  tlu-  .Mississippi.  Til.,  in.piiry  a.s  to  alii-cl  Inmils  i»  tlic  p.nvl.asi.  of  tlio  r...s..rvati,.n,s 
of  tliosi.  In.liai.s,  :iM<l  till-  ,.aus..s  of  tlu-so  liostilitifs.  M.,pu.st..tl  l,y  tlio  ivsolutioii  ..f  tli.. 
Jlo,i>o  of  Hcprm'iitiitivcs.  of  tho  Ut  of  July  last,  to  he  ma.l..  to' tho  I'lvsi.lnit.  is  , 
uoiii^'  on,  through  th<'  awiicy  of  coimnissioiuTM  appoiiiU'il  for  that  pinposo.  Tht-i 
ivport  may  he  cxptrttMl  (hiring  tlio  pifscut  session. 

••The  .iiin.ulties  apprelieialcl  in  theCheiokee  oountiy  have  Invn  piv\eiit..(l.  i.ii.l  the 
peace  aii.l  sall^ty  of  tliat  re,i:ioM  ami  its  vieinity  elKrtually  secured,  hy  the  tiiuely 
measures  taken  l.y  tlie  War  Department,  ami  still  eoutinued." ' 


low 

V 


J'r.>id.Tit.s'  .Mi'.s.,M);o.s  :   .N\w  \\>lk,  ls||,  p   671). 


M' 


tin 


•lis 

ll.' 

'ir 


1 


M 


PUEVIOUS    TO    TIIKIK    FINAL    U  K  M  O  V  A  L  , 


470 


CHAPTER   VT. 

ORGANIZATION   AND  POLITICAL    CONDITION   OF  TIIK   CoLOM/KD 

TRIBES. 

The  removal  of  tlio  fiioiidly  luirtioii  of  tlie  Si'iniiiolcs  was  ciitnistcd 
to  Cu'iicral  Jc'ssii|>,  al)oiit  tliii  iiiiildU'  of  February,  ISod.     Tlic  wIkiU-  IS.'JT. 

miiiilier  of  this  nation   diil  not   proliahly  oxcci'd   L'ifHI.     Tlu'    rrifniily        A.  .Fackshv, 
portions  i)f   tlii'  triho  S('[);irat('d  tlicnisi-lvos    from  tlu'  liostilc,   to    tho         l'iii:sii(i:.\T. 
nuinbor  of  totl,  and  HimI  for  proti'ctiou  to  the  military  post  at  Tampa 
Bay.     On  the  lOlii  of  April,  407  persons  were  enrolled  and   mustered,  preparatory  to 
embarking  on  tlie  transports  whieh  were  to  convey  them  to  tlio  West.    Of  tliis  nuiulK'r, 
308  arrived  at  Little  RoeU,  Arkansas,  on  the  otii  of  May. 

After  tlie  commission  of  hostile  acts  l>y  the  Creeks,  their  removal  was  also  entrusted 
tc  the  efticient  management  of  (jene''al  .lessup.  Under  contracts  which  secnii'd  them 
every  comfort,  and  the  attention  of  careful  emigrant  agents,  tiiey  were  located  at 
diflerent  point.s  in  tlie  Indian  colony,  in  bands  of  2800,  of  10"),  and  of  LjOO.  leaving 
behind  700  warriors  to  operate  against  the  Seminoles.' 

The  removal  ol'  the  (."reeks  was  commenced  through  the  inllueiice  of  tlu'  chid',  Holy 
M'lntosh,  under  the  [irovisions  of  the  original  M'lntosh  treaty,  concluded  February 
12,  lS2o,  as  modified  by  the  treaty  signed  at  Wasliiiigton,  Jaiuiaiy  21.  IS2('p.  and 
finally  determined  by  the  treaty  entered  into  at  Washington,  .March  21.  1S.")2.  During 
the  year,  the  respective  emigrant  parties  arrived  in  the  territory,  and  were  satisfactorily 
located  on  their  lands.  The  agent  remarks;  '■  They  have  a  ricii  country,  ami  those 
that  emigrated  with  M'lntosh  have  been  engaged  l)usily  in  making  corn  ;  they  usually 
have  a  largo  surplus,  as  high  some  }ears  ns  30,000  bushels,  besides  stock  of  e\-ei\- 
description.  As  there  is  now  a  large  emigration  coming  into  the  country,  they  will 
Ihid  a  sale  for  all  they  have  to  sell."' 

The  number  of  the  Choctaws  was  then  estimated  at  18,000  in  all,  a  large  pro[)orti(iii 


'  piKiiMiciils  iiccimiiiaiiyiiii.'  tin'   I'lvsiiliiit's   Mi.ssaj;i-  of   Soptomber  -d,  to  llio  :i4lli   IVnigiV: 
l{i'|M.i't  111'  ('oiiiiiiissiiiiiiT  nt'  liiili:iri  Adliirs. 

'  .Vmiuiii  lli'iioit  of  Coiiimisiiiuinr  of  liidian  AlTairs,  lS;!(i,  [i.  14. 


.\riiuia 


■  ; 


Iv 


tl: 


.(SO 


iiusT!!.!:  ATTiiT  Mi;  oF  sorTiinitx  Tiur.Ks, 


nf   wli'ilu   UiTi'  ill   llli'  Irli  iloi'V.  iir  ill   till'  [il'oi'r.-s  ill'  jriiii  ivmI  Id  tllf  lilir  tnict  (il'rdimlry 

tlii'\-  hill  ,ir,|iiin  ■[  ill  il.  'I'licy  iiiil.  iiiiiiii'ili:il('iy  on  tlirir  iirriviil.  turin'tl  llicir  iifti'iitioii 
III  ImIi  ii',  ill  uliiili  lliiyr\iiu>  1  siriUiiiLt  [iroliciciicy.  Tlicy  liiid  ailDjitcil  n  foriii  of 
HMVi'l'limcill.  \\!iirli  WHS  iidlliiliisl Ti'il  hy  Mil  ('it'ctivi'  (!()lllicil  illlil  l)^(■^^i(lillli■  Illfliristlillrs, 
iiiiil  li:iil  :i  wiilU'ii  cndi-  uf  i;i\vs.  Tiicy  li;iil  iiilroiliii'c'il  tlic  ciiltiirf  iil'  ('(ittdii;  iTccti'd 
i'otton-uiiis;  i>l;nitrd  lu'iri'  lii'lds  nl' ('tirii ;  raised  liorses.  Imurs.  and  cattii',  wliiidi  wcit! 
l>astiirt'il  on  tlic  natural  prairies;  erected  sniitlis'  sliojis ;  and  pursued  varimis  nieiliaiiical 
trales.     Tlav  cuiidiieted   tiu'ii'  nun  inereantile  oiieratinns.  iinnoi'tin'^  laf^c  stocks  of 


diicli  ilie\  cxclian^ii'il  their  iirodiicts 


In  is: 


•  ».  a   census  ui    tii 


the  Cli.i 


oKces.  ( 


ast  ol'  tlie  .Mississippi,  placed  their  miniher  at 


iS.it'HI.     'I'he  western  ('hiTukees  hail  se^'re^ated  theinsehcs  t'loin  the  nation  under  tin 


pi'i'visinlis   ot'  the    ti.atii's  oj 


■liilx-  S,  1S17.  and    Fel.niarv 'J7.  iSlll.  alter  which   liiii 


tliey  had  eiiii-rated  tn  O.ir  AV'st  in  jiarties  under  their  own  or.'ani/atinn.  and  settled 
III!  the  lainl,-  wliich  wrvr  a>si;.Mi"d  In  theiii.  At  tile  era  when  the  census  was  taken, 
thise  wotein  ( 'liii'dkees  ci  iiisl  it  uted.  to  a  fiTeat  extent,  a  separate  nationality.  'I'lii! 
( 'iii\eninn  lit  a'.:i'iit.  in  his  report. '  represents  tliein  "as  gradually  [inigressiii.u'  in 
ci\  ili/alion  and  the  <'ulti\ation  nl'  the  soil;  and  di'picts  their  society  as  coiitaiiiiiig 
niany  intelligent  ineii.  He  remarks,  that  they  raise  com.  Iieel'.  pork,  sheep.  tS:c..  to  a 
eon>iileralile  extent,  and  in  ti'a\il!iiij  throiiL:h  their  cniintry.  yon  are  ipiite  eniiilinialilv 
I'litertaiiii'd.  M:iny  nf  thein  are  eiiuaii'ed  in  trade  with  their  own  penple.  'rhe_\  ha\(! 
.-ii!i;e  mills  erected  anioiiisi   tlicin.  and.  with  a  wide  I'Xtent  of  cnuntrv .  a  portion  of  it 


liiie!\'  w.iti'i-'  d.  tl.'i'v  '.ill  f ,ir.  w 


I  this   r  p.ii' 


itli  I'm^alitv  and  teniiierance.  ti 


)  liecoilie  a  leaiini'j  Irihe 


t.  I'.ie  ('h'ictaws.  ( 'reeks,  and  Clierokees,  art'  stated  to  ha\e  cnlleeti\e!y 
se\"enteen  cliurdies  \viihi;i  thei;-  teri'itnrial  limits,  \i/.  :  ten  in  the  (Choctaw,  four  in  the 
Clieliikee.  and  thl'ie  in  the  ("reek  ccuiiitry.' 

lie-ardin.:  the  other,  and  lor  t!ie  most   part  iniiior.  trihes.  the  repcu't   jrives  data  of 

The  Seiiiiiioles.  who  had   rccenth'  arri\ed.  wens 


dlich     the    lull 


o\\  ii!u   !••   a   s\  nopals 


r-p'irteil  til  he  ill  pi.>sessi(in   of  one  of  the   linest  sections  ot'  tlie   Imliaii  coiintr\-.  and, 


\\  :l  h  their   ail\:;iitajes.  eniili 


1   s'lnii    |irii.-per.      The  Osaii'es.  an   indip'iious  ] 


leople.  \\''H^ 


II     ali.-nrlll" 


in    till-  elia: 


(■ ;    raisiMi     lui    co 


rn    except   what   tl 


leir  Women  ciiltiwili^d 


hniited  the  liuiTalo.  and  stored  ilie  jerked  nieat  for  winter  use.    Tlie\' are  stated  to  ha\( 


lilil. 


la-  no  stoi  k  ;  all  their  extra  means  of  support  hein 


deri\ed  from  their  annnit 


Tiie  (}iiap|>as.  aihaiitajeonsly  locati'd  (in  the  hanks  of  the  Xeosiio.  are  in  [lossc-sion  of 
li'iil  M'ctioiis   in  one   place,  sill  \eyed   and   marked  oil',  adjacent   to  the  Cherokees  and 


II'"  llli,r1i(-i    iiri'iilii]! 


lll\IM_'    lllc    Ir.-liI'Mlt 


t'..    Mr^si.ji.   i.f    .'^rpleihl.  r   lM.   to   (li,.   litil,    (',,11- 


]I  :  i.rl  lit'  ('iiii.iiii>-i 'II '!•  1  t'  Imliiai  .MT;iir-,  l--'.ii,  ]i.  1  [. 


|i.  I'.iiili'  !•  l.-i.  l-:;i'.. 

1  I'lrllliM'MN     ,111  ■■.lllijivill'. 


'O   "1    I  i'lMl:il--i  'Mi'l' 
ll/ul..  1'.   i.". 


.1'  hi'li:...  Alia 


111'    Srritrllllni-    -'I,    111    IIk'    Jh!i    (' 


Allllll:i 


Animal 


I'UKVHU'S    TO    tin;  IK     I' I  N  A  I.    1{  K  M  (»  \   V  1, 


•M 


Osnsros.  Tlio  Scuccus.  ami  llic  iiiiN<'il  liiiiid  of  Sciiri'iis  :iii<l  Siiawmt'^.  lia>r  (iii.tiiin 
aci'i'H.  Till'  Suiit'oas  ol'  Salulll^l<,\,  tiT.UIKl  acres,  'riicsc  lamU  a'lji>iii.  aiv  Iriiili- 
ami  wcil  \vatci'(>(i.  Tiio  Sciit'cas  fiiitivali'  tiii!  .-nii.  iiavi:  a  iiiili  in  iJiiiialion.  wiinli 
is  III"  L'l'ral  service  to  tiieiii.  aii'l  are  iiii]iro\  iiifr. 

Nino  triix's  an-  locati-d  iiortii  of  liie  liistrict  jtist  iiioiitioneil.  'i'liev  comiiri^-e  tiio 
Sliawiieos.  Deiawarps.  Kicliapods,  Kair/as,  Weas,  Piani<asiia\vs.  l'eiiri;i«.  Ka>l\M>lNias. 
and  Oltowas.  'I'liese  nine  trilies  Iiav^  an  aiiirrf-'ate  jH)|iidatiiin  (A'  ll'i"  Minis,  'i'iie 
Slnnvnees  and  Deiawares.  wiei  are  a'ricni!nrisl«,  are  indnslrinn-i.  leiiiiierale.  and  llirillv. 
pdssess  a  I'ertiie  ciinntr\'.  and  are  snii|)lie(l  witii  sciionis.  slhi|i-;.  niilU  and  clmnlie^. 
Tliev  snccessl'nilv  cnitivatc  tiie  varions  rereais.  ami  raise  iai''je  >iii(  i^s  ,,['  Imr-e^.  cattl'. 
and  iid'.'s.  Tlie  KiciiaiKiDH  iietraii  to  turn  their  attention  to  a'jricidinre  in  1  >';"p.  anil 
liotii  men  and  women  lal)or  as>iidnonsi_\-.  Tlic  Kan/as.  liive  tln'  O-.u"-^.  aie  indij'iions, 
and  live  \>\  tlie  (liase.  Tlie  .•^nndi  iiands  of  tiie  Wea-.  I'ianl<:i-li:i\\ -.  I'enii  is.  and 
Oltouas,  are  enilivators  of  the  soil.  Tiie  manners,  iialiit-.  dre>~.  and  de.inrlin'  in  <<\' 
aii  tlie  aixricnltnral  tribes  and  liamls.  denoto  a  decideil  ad\ance  touaiii  civ  ili/alion. 

Tiie  Indian  iiopniation  of  tiie  alinxc-mentioned  coioni/ed  tiilies.  wi'.li  the  (\(ei,ti(iu 
of  tiie  Creeks,  was  estimated,  on  tiie  ist  ol'  Ocloiier.  I>''pii.  al  'IT. 71"^.  Tullii-  ciiu- 
jiiitatioii  must  lie  added.  ii'i.'iiH)  for  the  Creeks  who  have  eniijiainl.  niakiii'-:  an  M'jjie- 

jiate  of  over  "ill.ODIl  [leisons  now  on  liie  soil.    Tlie  trilies  still  in  tl -I.  wlm  are  niidi  i' 

treatv  olilijrations  to  remove,  are  luiiu  Creeks.  -"ilOl)  Chickasaws.  Iii.noi)  (  heidkecs.  and 
tiie  Seininoles  of  Florida,  'i'lie  Clii|i|iewas.  Ottowas,  ami  I'ottawallamies.  who.  ii\  the 
tri  atv  concluded  at  Ciiica'io.  in  I  S.".:l.  i  ntered  into  eiiL'aLiements  to  renio\e.  are  e.^liniali  d 
at '.14(1(1.  It  is  estimated  that  the  entire  Indian  iioimlatioii  of  the  territory  will,  hy 
these  additions,  be  increased  to  IKl.  1  IS.' 

Tiie  i.'eiieral  result  of  tiie  netrotiations  witii  llie  Indians,  dnriiiir  ei;:lit  yi.'ars  prinr  to 
Jannary  1,  18.17.  was  the  cession  of  l):!. tOl.CiIlT  acres  liy  the  tribes,  fnr  wliieb 
S'Jt'i.'.iS-J.OCiS  were  paid,  to.'ether  with  tiie  ^rant  to  tiiein  of  ;')"J.:;si  .(IHII  acre<  weM  of  lii' 
Mississippi,  \alned  at  Silt.  I7(i.li")0,  tiie  total  i-ompeiisation   amonntim:  to  Sli7. 1  •"!>.:!  I  S.- 


'  Annuiil  Hopurt  of  the  Coiuiiiii'.^ioner  of  Iiuliiui  .Mi'airs,  1830,  p.  16. 


lL.i.1 , 1..  ;iit. 


Vol..  VI.  — 01 


i 


1:  , 


\ 


\\i 


( 


'n  n 


!! 


1      'I' 


1 


II 


.M 


1 


SECTION    TWENTIETH. 

(M)  N  S  IJ  M  M  A  T  ION     0  F     T  H  K     (J  0  V  E  1(  N  M  E  N  T 
POLICY    OF    REMOVAL. 


OHAPTKH    I. 

TIIK      CMII'PKWAS     OF     TlIK     ri'PER     MfSSISSIPPI      CEDE     THEIR 
TEKIMTOJIY    TO    TIIK    MolTir    OK    THE    CIloW    WING    RIVER. 

Mu.  Van  UriiKX.  mi  assiiniin^'  tlic  ivins  of  frovcniint'iit  on  the 

l>>'57  4tli  of  Miirc'li  of  this  yoar,  ifcoLMiiscd  (lie  Indiim  coloniziition  plan 

M.  \'an  ISrifKN'.       a.s  a  sctllcil  policy  of  the  (luviTiiiiiciit.    In  liis  first  annual  iiu'ssaiic, 

I'liKsiDKNT.  lie   inforincd   Coniiicss   tliat   tiicir   transfer   from   tiiu   limits  of  tlio 

Stales  liiui  Iteeii  steadily  piomessinir  (hniii;;  the  year.  ••  Tiio 
<lecrease  in  niimhers.  of  tlie  tribes  witiiin  liie  limits  of  tlie  Statt's  and  Territories,  has 
1m  en  most  rapid,  li  they  he  removed,  they  can  he  protected  from  tlioso  associations 
and  evil  practices  which  exert  so  pernicious  and  destructive  an  inllueiico  over  their 
<lestinies.  They  can  he  induced  to  labor,  and  to  acipiire  property;  ami  its  acfpiisition 
will  inspire  tlieni  with  a  feelin'j'  of  independence.  Their  minds  am  he  cultivated,  and 
they  can  he  tan'_dit  the  \aliie  of  salutary  and  uniform  laws,  and  be  made  sensible  of 
the  blessiiiL's  of  tree  government,  and  capable  of  enjii_\inu'  its  advantages."' 

The  |iollcy  of  removal  had  been  fully  vindicated  by  its  practical  operation. 

Mr.  .Monroe  uttered  a  momentous  truth,  when,  in  lSli4,  he  e.xpres.sed  liis  conviction 
that,  if  the  tribes  remaiiieil  in  the  locations  tiny  then  occupied,  they  must  necessarilv 
peri>li.  The  Presidential  inlhieiice  had  been,  from  an  early  period,  directed  toward 
aMi'tini:  such  a  catastrophe:  but.  subxipieiitly  to  I  Mil,  this  truth  became  more  forcibly 
impressed  uimn  the  minds  of  all  well-wishers  of  the  aboriijines ;  and  tiie  dread  of  beini^ 


I'r. -ninit.s'    M,.->;i.v.s  p.  Ilfj. 


nH-2) 


I 


i 


roNSIMMATloN    or    TllK    PoMcV    n  \-     ItllMoVAL 


4sn 


siinMtiiiili'il  liv  ii  (Icii.Mc  white  |)<t|Miliilinii,  iiH  were  tlnii-  co-trilics  in  tlu'  SoiiIIk  rii  Mini 
Miiidii'  Slatc.i,  iil-o  ()|i('nitc'il  on  lln-  trilx's  in  tiic  nm'tli  iind  iiortli-wi'st.  'I'lic  cxiic- 
rit'iicc  ol"  tliirlccn  veiirs  liml  iniuic  ohvioii,-*  tlif  (nitli  of  iin  ii^xriiiim  wiiifii.  in  IS-I, 
ii|i|ifiii'<'il  nini'c  like  tin-  lifiliictiDns  of  a  jiliilDsojiln'r  lliiin  lliu^c  dl'  n  ^lillisl;  innl  i'Xjh'- 
ricncc  in'ovccj  that  tin-  iiolicy  wum  nut  io.ss  Monnd  as  a  |i<ililii'al  than  as  a  innial  (|iic."tii)M. 
\Vliiif  tlic  li-ilicM  li\c'(l  in  a  runililinn  of  acknowliMljcd  i1c|)cii(1i'Mii',  within  tin' jiirisiiii'- 
tiiiii  i>r  the  Slati's,  in  the  tracts  ol'  wiidfi  iicss  on  tlir  tVonticr  hmiliTs  of  thoM'  Slates, 
or  (HI  the  it'seiN  atioiis  aliotleii  iheni.  their  |io>itioii  exeitcil  the  |>iil)hi'  s\in|ialh_\  ;  lait 
whi'n  the  wliile  |io|)iihiti'in  e\|iaMded.  and  ihe  Indians  wei'i'  l.roiijhl  nioie  ininiediateiy 
into  eontaci  witii  inlhicnees  whieli  de;;i'ade(l  lijeni.  it  iu'eame  e\idiiil  that  thi'V  eonld 
not  |iernian<'ntly  reside  in  tlieii-  existinir  hiealions.  When  these  moral  consich'ia- 
tions  were  streniithened  hy  the  addition  of  a  |ioliiicid  (|uestion.  (iri;:inated  hy  some  ot" 
llie  more  adviineed  trihes,  eiaimiiii;  the  ri/lit  ol'  I'ramin'^'  their  own  laws,  and  esl;dili--h- 
inn  iheir  own  inslitiitions.  irres|ieiti\e  ol  the  Stnte  sovereijilty.  they  sealed  their  own 
political  ilooin.  iind  their  exjinision  hin'aiiie  iniperatively  necessary.  Inteil'erence  with 
State  rijrlits  eonld  not  he  permitted  hy  the  (l.neral  (lovernMi-'nt  :  ami  its  toleration  in 
ahorii:inal  trihes,  however  advanced  in  thi'  scale  of  ci\  iii/ation.  would  li.uc  liei'n  siili- 
vcrsive  of  every  ina.xini  ol'  j;((\erninenl.  ami  cunlraiy  to  ;ill  historical  precrdiMiN. 

The  entire  mass  ol'  tlie  trihes.  and  remnants  of  trihes,  still  residing;  east  of  the  Mi- 
ni ssi|)|ii.  was  still  much  distnrhcd  hy  the  discussion  of  the  (|ue>tion  of  their  renioval  ;  ainl 
the  hope  ol'  impro\iu;;'  their  s'ici;d  coniiiti(Ui  liy  the  acceptance  of  lands  in  the  We>l, 
induced  them  to  mal^e  rreipient  treaties,  A  retrospect  of  tin.'  succession  of  these  is 
essential  to  the  proper  nmierstauilinLr  ol'  their  history. 

The  important  trenty  and  cessions  maile  at  Wasliin.uton,  March  28,  1S.1(),  hy  the 
(Mtowas  ami  Chippewas.  and  the  henelicial  eilects  of  it  on  the  alVairs  ol'  those  trihes, 
caused  tlK'irinore  westerly  hretliren  and  kinsfolk,  (jn  the  I'pper  Mississippi,  to  ineditato 
seriously  on  pursuim;  the  same  course.  The  Odjihwas'  comprise  an  inlinity  of  haniis. 
scattered  over  an  immense  surface  c  ,  ■.-iritory.  A  trenty  with  the  western  and 
inu'thern  hands  of  these  people  was  coiici'  'ied  iiy  (ieneial  Ih'in'y  DodLre,  at  St.  I'eters, 

.Iidy   •J'.l,    is:;?.      15y   this    treaty,   in    which    the   I'illa-rr  tril f  l,ic.di    lake   is   lirst 

introdnced  to  notice,  the  ('iii|ipewa  nation  ceded  tiie  country  from  a  point  opposite  the 
jiniction  of  the  Trow  Wiu'j;  river  willi  liie  Missi>si|i|ii.  to  the  head  of  l,ake  St.  Cioix. 
and  liience  nlonir  the  ridiic  dividin.L:  tiie  ()cha~a\\a  ii\er  from  a  northern  trihntary  of 
riiippewa  river,  to  a  point  on  the  latter,  twenty  miles  helow  the  outlet  of  l^ac  de 
Flamheau.  From  tliis  ])oint.  tiie  cession  ahsorhed  tlie  whole  Chippewa  huumlary  to  the 
lines  of  the  iMeiionionees.  on  tlie  Wisconsin  ainl  tiie  Sioux  rivers. 

'i'his  important  compact  ceded  a  larjic  part  of  tiie  present  area  of  Southern  Minnesota, 


'  Tliis  tcnri  liiis  Ixm'II  .VriL'lii'izi'i!  liy  tlic  ti'rm  ('lii|ii>rw;i ;    tlic  TKilivi"  |irHniiiM-iiiliMii  iiiiprrt:iiiiiii'.r  t'l  tin'  iihwi 
rciiiiplr  trilpcv~.     Till'  ipri;jiiiMl  tiTiii,  I  have  1)immi  liir.'r 1,  n'l'i-rs  tn  tin'  imphit  of  liiiHit/. 


;  ■  1,. 


*!    liM 


■HI; 


>      I  ilHHHtlliK  !'■»>;    i 


i 


484 


CONST  M  M  ATloN    ol"    Tlir; 


::i 


,Ti^ 


t    t 


willi  its  \iiliiaMi'  piiiorioK,  liTtilc  |ir;iirii'<i.  liriuuiriil  iMUt-i.  ami   llnwin!.'  liMTs.      |{\   tliis 
ci'H'ioii  ili.'\  ^ccmvil  all  aiiiiiiily  iil' ??;1^.UIMI  lor  Iwciilv  mmis,  |ia_\al)li'  iii  iiioiu'v.  v'"<"l^ 


mill  piMvisidii.* 


Iioiili 


I-  (ilituiiiiiig  the  .<>iTvii'i'-«  III   iiiccliaiiics  and  lartni'i><.  and  ii  ."liiiiiiv 


of  a^jrii'iilliiral  iniplcincnif*.     Tlic  fiini  of  ;?7tt.tMllt  wax  a|iiii(i|irialt(l  Ui  llic  iiavnionl  uf 
tlit'ir  di'lils,  and  SlilD.iiDil  to  Im>  divided  aiiKini,'  tlicir  liaW  lirtrd  doccndaMtM. 


'I' 


lis  trcatN  I'lilli  I'ti'd  iiiio  iini"  i:ro 


lainilit's  and  liands  nt"  tlu-  fainc  stuck,  wlm  liad 


jiiilci'i'd   iiMT   liiindi'i'ds    and   tinuisands    ol'    niilis    nt'   ('uiinti'v,  c'tiin|ii'isin:!   tlir    lai 


V 


riMiliiiiL'  sliori's  (if  Lai 


^iiiici'ioi'.  am 


1   til 


linnet    illiiiiilalilc   sti 


pjii'S   of  tlu'    r|i|it'r 


M 


l«sl-.-l|l|l|. 

'I'll.'  I'liii 


lUrWas  u 


I  S.iL'aiiaw,  1 


II  Mii'lii-'aii,  li\  .1  Ircaiv  tumlni 


Inl  I)^ 


k'Cfmlirl' 


ill.  is; 


Cfdrd    tlii'ir  lands   in  tli 


HI  111'  llif  Kiinl.  till'  Sliiawassa.  tlic  TilaWawassa.  and    llic 


i^aL'.iiiaw    iivi'is. 


I! 


\   (his   iriM 


tv.  till'  I'liiti'd  Stales  granted  tliciii   llu-  entire  pn 


of  the  sales  III'  iheii'  lands  ill  the  pulilii'  land  olliee.  to'.'etlu'i'  with  an  ainoiint  of  li'i'tile 
lands  in  the  U'est  eipial  to  those  ei'ded.  and  an  annual  appropriation  lor  sehools  and 
ii'iiieultniMl  puip'isrs.  while  resident  diiriiii:  a  limited  period  in  the  eoniitr\.  The 
fc^agan  iw-  had  pre\:oiislv  lieeii  reirarded  as  refiigoes  fruin  various  liaiidsof  the  Al^'omiiiiii 
Hloelx.  Tin  ir  eentral  loeatioii  had  hoeii  oecniiied  in  foriner  limes  hy  the  warlike  trihe 
of  tiie  .'^anks ;  heiiee  the  term  Sank-i-iuiiij:.  from  which  orii^imiled  the  name  S.ifiaiiaw. 
Alioiit  the  vcar  ITU.  the  Saes  united  with  the  l-'oxes,  and  made  an  attack  on  the 
Ficiieli  at  |).troil.  The  f.iiliire  of  the  attempt  of  these  two  restless  and  warlike 
trilirs.  didve  iJiciii  at  first  to  the  hanks  of  tiie  stream,  since  known  as  the  l"'o\  river  of 
Wisconsin,  whence  they  afterwaiils  nii,L'rateii  to  the  west  of  the  Mississippi. 

On  the  ITtli  of  .laniiarv .  l^oT.  the  eo-trilies  of  the  Chickasaws  and  Choctuw.s  entered 
into  a  treaty.'  under  the  auspices  of  the  I'nited  States,  which  proviiled  thiit  tin; 
Cliickasaws  siumld  he  located  in  a  .separate  district  of  the  (Jliootaw  territory,  west  of 
the  .Missi.s.sippi.  and  should  I'lijoy  cipial  political  iij:lit.s  and  privileges  with  them, 
fxceptiiifir  only  in  (pu'stions  relative  to  their  fiscal  alVairs.  In  consideiation  of  this 
location,  and  of  the  riiihts  and  |irivili\Lres  granted  them,  the  Cliickasaws  iiiireed  to  pay 
the  ('hortaws  ^io.'KI.IMMI ;  .^.'id. 0(1(1  of  this  sum  to  lie  paid  ilowii,  and  the  remainder  to  be 
iii\i-tcd  liy  the  I'liited  States  in  stocks  lor  their  heiielit.  under  prescriiied  regulations. 
This  initial  step  toward  the  reunion  of  trihes  speaking  dialects  of  the  siiine  liingiuige, 
is  important,  as  foreshadow  iiig  ii  further  and  final  triiial  reunion. 

The  tendency  of  alliliated  trihes  to  coalesce,  after  long  periods  of  .separation,  weary 
\vanderini:s.  and  disastrous  adventures,  was  first  demonstrated  in  the  historv  ot'  the 
Iroipiois.  w  ho.  we  are  informed,  in  ancient  times  warred  furiously  against  I'ach  other.'  I{\ 
theconlederation.  in  the  lifteontli  century,  of  the  .Mohawks,  Oneidas.t  )noiidagas.  Cay  iiu, is. 
niid  Seiiecas.  a  native  power  was  created,  which  made  it.self  feared  and  res|)ected  In  the 
other  tribes;  and,  at  the  jteriod  when  the  colonies  were  sent  west,  they  hidd  a  position 


L'.  .*<.  Trcatii's  p.  liOT. 


'  .V'utes  ou  till'  Iro(|iioi»,  p.  hO. 


(ioVKKNMKNT    I'olJCV    (»!'    Iti;  M  u  V  A  h 


486 


niiii'ii 


L'  till'  oflicr  Hiivii;:!'  tiiliivt  wliii'li  fullv  vi'iifu'd   ilic  iixiuin.  tliiit  in  iiiiinn   tlicrc  is 


wtri'iiutli. 


Net 


nil'.'  Illllllii 


:;iiiis  Id  llii.i  nr^riiiii/.atiiiii  I'si.iti'd  iiiikhi^  tlic  Al'j'iiiii|iiiii;<,  llii 


New  Kii'-'liiiiil  trilK'.i,  or  the  lllinnis.  Tliufi'  liml  lui  |iiil)lic  roiiiicil.  or  ^'I'licriil  ('(pumh'ii- 
ticiji,  wlu'i't'  iiMiPui tiiiil  (|iu'«tii)iif<  ri'liitive  to  tlu'ir  politiciil  iill'uiiN  wnc  (lisciixficd.  'I'lic 
I)Mkiil;ili  Irilic  is  also  ('<Mii|ii)srii  iif  ilisconlaiit  iiiiitiM'iiils ;  tiicrc  lii'iii'j;  no  controlling 
or;.'aiii/.atioM  for  tiic  [Mihlic  wcHan',  carii  triln'  U'ln;,'  liii-  sole  aiiil  iiiil('|ii'iiili'iil  jnili.'i'  ot' 
wiiat  it  consiili'i-s  ri>;til  ami  politic. 

Till'  Sues  tiiul  Foxes  couIcscimI  on  a  firmer  basis,  >ocial.  it  is  true,  Init  so  closely 
niiit'il  hy  tiie  lies  of  laiii;uaL'e,  interniarriafie.  customs,  and  In  I'cal  iiilliiencfs.  tliat 
tliey  lia\c  jiri'sorved  tlie  co-tril>al  relation. 

Very  similar,  and  only  wi'iikeiied  liy  tlieir  dispersion  over  the  wide  country  tliey 
occii|iy.  is  tlie  coaleseeiK'e,  or  social  league,  e.xistiiij;  between  the  ("hiiipewas.  Ottowas, 
and  I'ottiiwiUtiimies. 


1|i 


IH 


V    ,\ 


mw. 


]t| 


i!  r' 


;i!  (I 


I  i 


■, 


'M 


ii 


mf 


n 


■  •    .  ■ 
t  •  j. 

j 

'4 

■;       t   ■ 

b  ■ 

■J'; 

i 

! 

■^.^', 

■jM 

1 

fd 

u 


i         i: 


486 


CONSUMMATION    OK    T  II  K 


(;JIAI»TK1{    II. 

rilEVALENCE    OF    THE    SMALL  IM»\    AMONGST    THE    WESTEUN 

INDIANS. 

TliK  simiiiicr  III'  IS.'IT  is  rnndfri'il  iiu'iiiiii'mIiIi'  in  IikIIiiii  liJKtorv  l)y 

Is.")  7.  till'  \  i>i  I.I  til  111  111'  dill'  dl'  iIkwc  I'liliiiiiitics  wliicli  li.iM'  fill  iiiu(-li  ivdiici'd 

iM.  \'a.\  ItiHKN',        till'  lii'iiaii  |Mi|>iiiMtiiiii.  \  i/. :  till' ravM'.'cn  (if  till' .>'iiuiil-|iii\.  wliicli  tlit>ii 

PllK.-'^lDK.NT.  f\\r|p|    I li iiiii'.:ii   ilir    .NI i>,iiiiii'i    viilli'v.      'I'lir  disi'iiM-   ^va^<  iiitrodiii'i'd 

iiiiiiiii'j  tlii'Mi  111)111  ji  ^||^alllllllat,  uliii'li  itM'i'iidi'il   that  river  rrmii  tlic 

citv  III' St.  liiiiiis.  ill  .liilv.     (Ill  till'  I'lili  III' that  iiiiuith  thi'  diM'asf  iiiadi'  its  a|i|)('iii'aM('*' 

ill  till'  \illa'jf  III'  till-  .Mainland.  ^I'ciit  iiiiiiilH'rs  nt'  whniii   li'll  victims  tn  it.     'I'Ik'Hi'i'  it 

Hjn'raij  ia|iii|lv  iiVcr  tin-  riiliii'  (•(iiiiitry.  and  trilic  at'li-r  trilu'  was  ili'riinalrd  li\'  it. 

Till'  .Maiidans.  aiiniiii:  w  hmii  tlif  |irstili'iiri'  cuiiiiiH'iicril.  an-  stated  tn  have  heen  reduced 
IVdiii  an  estiniali'd  iiniuilation  nC  h'ldH  smils  to  l"J').'  The  .Mimielurees,  or  (Iros 
A'i'iities.  lint  111'  II  |iii|)nlatii)ii  nt'  |(HM)  iiersmis.  lost  niie-haU'  their  iiiiiiiher.  The 
Alii'karres,  nuilllierilli:  .'illlMI.  were  redlU'ed  hv  this  pestili'liee  til  I'ldlt.  Tile  ("rows,  or 
I'lisarnkas,  lust  L'reiit  iniiiiliers.  and  the  siirvi\nrs  saved  themselves  liy  a  rapid  retreat 
til  the  inonntiiins.  The  Assinahniii^.  a  |ii'ii|i!i'  riiiinhly  estimated  ut  !MI(l(l.  were  swept 
(itr  iiy  hniidreds.  The  ("rees.  liviim  in  the  same  re^'inn.  and  luiniherim.'  'ilMIO  suuIh. 
^'lllle|■l'li  in  an  eipial  de;free.  'I'lie  disease  a|ipetirs  at  li'ni;lli  to  liave  eNliansted  its 
\  inili'iH'e  nil  the  iJlaekt'eet  and  Hiunds.  a  niimerniis  and  piiweil'iil  '.^riiiis  nf  trihes.  One 
thiiiisaiid  IihIl'i's  are  repnrted  to  have  hei'ii  desiil.iteil,  and  lel'l  staiidiiiL',  w  ithiiiit  a  sojitarv 
inhaliitaiit.  nn  the  traets  and  prairies,  iiiiee  the  residenee  ul'  this  pnnid  and  wariiUe  race  : 
a  sad  mi'iMiirial  of  this  dreadrnl  seourue. 

Visitors  to  tlu'sc  rej:ioiis.  diirinjr  the  year  wlieii  this  dread  pestilence  was  nvirijiir  tlier(\ 
ri'|iii'seiit  the  Indian  country  as  lieiiiL'  truly  desnlate.  Women  and  children  were  met 
wanilerini.'  a'Miiit  withuiit  prutecfioii.  or  seated  near  the  j;raves  ul'  Ineir  hiishands  and 
jiarents,  utterinir  pitiahle   lainentatiuns.      Howling  dogs  roamed   ahoiit,  .seeking  their 


'  Villi-  C 


.Mitr 


I'tlcr,  Vnl    III  .  p.  '.'.'it       III  l**:!!"  this  trilii'  wiii  rrpiTli'd  t.i  tin'  Imli.iii  OlVin'  nn 


liaviiiL'  a  |M,piilatiMii  i.f  :;jliit :  \',.l.   Ml  ,  p    L'I'.i        In  l^.'il.'.  llii'  iiiiimIki-  iiliiriiril  wa.s  :;s.'i :  \iil.  Ill,,  p    l'.')l. 
Jli'    Calliii  \va.«  liii-taliiii.  wln'ii  In    icp.pri' '1  tin    i-xliiKtinii  ul'  tlii*  trilir. 


(iu\  i;ii.N.M  i;.N  r   i-ui.  lev   vi-    ui;.M(»\  v  i.. 


»mT 


iiiiiHtiTi*.  It  i^  i'('|iinii'il  ill, it  Miiiii'  III'  till'  liiiliaiii<,  altrr  rrciiMi'iiiL'  iVmii  llic  di^riiric, 
wlu-ii  tlicy  miw  liiiw  it  liml  ili.xll^^iuvtl  tlti'ir  Iiu'l'.m,  tliic-w  iIhiumi'Ivlh  into  tin-  .Mi.-miiiii 
riv<'r. 

Liui^iiu^'c,  lidwuver  lorciUli',  liiils  to  ^ivu  lUi  idoa  ut'  tliu  reality.  Uii  every  hIJi'  wiiri 
ilfsoliitioii,  iiiul  wriikK  ol'  iiiurtiiiity  i-vim} wlioru  |)ri'(ti'ii(t'tl  tlu'iimi'lvt'H  to  llif  vit'W. 
I'riiiiiiiifiil  iiiiKHiL'  tln'M'  was  tin'  tciiaiillf^M  wigwam  :  no  luiim'r  iliil  tin'  curliii^r  >iniikt) 
tViiiii  11.4  locil'  lii'liikni  II  wcli'iHiic,  anil  its  rloM'd  tlitor  ^avc  naii  esidrnrr  nl  llic  .-iiriu'i! 
and  dal'knt>^1  tliat  ii'l^'Ui'd  witliin.  'I'lif  |ii'iiiri('  woll'  .tmI  ii|i  it.s  ili.>iiiiiil  howl.  a>  it 
pri'M'd  upon  till-  drcauiijr  caicafi'^ ;  and  tlu'  liinrl\  travclli'i-.  as  In-  raiiidl)  |)ass«'(i 
tliroiiuli  this  sciMic  of  di'solation  and  dratli.  was  liriiin'iitl}  stai  tird  liy  tin*  cloaking 
of  llic  raven,  or  the  terrains  oi'  the  v  iiliniv  and  I'alt'on.  iVoiii  tri't's  or  cruris  I'liiiniiandin^; 
II  vifw  ol'  tliesu  l'uni.'rt>til  sci'iicx. 


(!) 


h  '■ 


I  'I, 


■ 


'III 


ll! 


I  n 


U^        1 

1'   ^« 

K« 

1  ■■     -^ 

ll  1 

488 


CONSUMMATION    OF    THE 


CHAPTER   III. 

EMIGRATION  OF  THE  TREATY  PARTY  OF  THE  CHEROKEES.  THE 
CREEKS  OF  GEORGIA,  AND  THE  CHICKASAWS. 

DruiNT.  the  your  IS.'!?,  tlio  ronioval  of  the  Iiuliaii  trilK.',  and  the 

1837.  negt)tiiitioiis  with  them  ibr  that  purpose,  kept  pace  with  the  progress 

M.  Van  IJi'RKX.       nmde  during  previous  years.     It  was  marked  by  the  migration  of 

Pkesidext.  separate   colonies    from    the    Kidgeitt;    Cherokees,   the    Creeks    of 

(leorgia,  and  the  t'lioetaws  and  Ciiiekasaws  in  the  south.  From  tlie 
northern  section  of  the  I'nioii,  emigrant  parties  of  the  Pottawattamies  and  Ott.iwas 
departed  tor  the  West.  Tiiere  were  still  remaining,  in  this  ri'gion,  the  Wyandots  of 
Oliio;  the  Menomonees.  Stockhridges.  Munsi'es.  and  Oneidas,  of  Wisconsin  ;  tlie  Iroquois, 
of  New  York;  the  Mi.imics,  of  Indiana:  and  the  Chip[)ewas,  of  Lake  Supeiior. 

By  the  terms  of  tlii'  treat\  negotiated  by  Cu'neral  Scott,  September  loth.  lSo2, 
immediately  succeeding  the  close  of  tiie  Sac  war.  the  Winnehagoes  ceded  their  lands, 
lying  east  of  the  Mississippi,  in  tlie  State  of  Wisconsin,  and  accepted  a  location  west 
of  that  river,  on  a  tract  desiiinateil  in  the  treaty  as  '•  the  Neutral  Grou!id  ;"  a  fine 
district  of  country,  abounding  in  game,  and  possessing  a  very  fertile  soil,  situated 
between  tlie  territt)ry  of  tlu'  Siou.v  ami  that  of  the  Sacs  and  Fo.xcs.  As  Wisconsin 
filled  up  with  a  white  population,  and  the  position  of  tln'  Wiunebagocs.  as  a  luinter 
tribe,  became  more  and  more  inconvenient,  they  were  mged  liy  tiie  local  authorities  to 
remove  to  the  Neutral  (Ii'ounil.  which  they  hesitatecl  to  do.  from  a  dread  of  being 
embroiled  in  the  fierce  and  sanguinary  wars  constantly  raging  lu'tween  the  Sacs  and 
Foxes  and  the  Sioux.  Strenuous  exertions  were  made  by  the  (lovernment  to  quell  these 
hostilities,  and  the  removal  of  the  Winnehagoes  was  finally  ell'ccted  during  the  year 
1837.  A  treaty  was  concluiled  with  the  Saganaw  ("hippt'was,  of  Michigan,  on  the  20th 
of  December  of  this  year,  by  which  the  tribe  ceded  their  reservations  in  that  State, 
and  agree<l.  after  a  ri'sidence  of  five  years  on  a  tract  designated,  to  removo  to  the  west 
of  the  Mississippi. 

In  1834.  the  Miamies  had  ceded  their  lands  on  the  Wabash,  for  a  heavy  consideration, 
and  agreed  to  remove  west;  but  this  treaty,  wiiich  was  communicated  by  the  President 
to  the  Si'uate,  for  tlieir  approval,  was  not.  owing  to  certain  modifications  requiring  the 


f:3 


(iOVKKXMKXT    I'OLICY    nV    HKMoVAL. 


480 


conciirvonoe  of  the  Iiuliaiis.  liniiUy  ("(inlii'inccl  liy  tlir  Sciiiitc  until  tlic  closo  (if  tlio  sossioii 
of  IS.'.T. 

Ill  oi'diM'  to  protect  tlic  i'iiiii;raiil  triln'S  nii  tlir  soiilli  and  wcsl,  trralics  were  conclilili'd 
on  till-  "J")!!!  ol' .May.  witli  tlio  liailiaroiis  liilics  oi' llic  Kiowas.  I\alak:i<.  ami  Takawaros, 
(if  till'  jirairics;  and  iVicndly  relations  wen' t'>tal)li>li('il  with  lijc  ( 'Duiinclit's.  oi'  Niuiias, 
of  Texas,  11.  ]K)\vi'rlnl  and  dominant  triin-  in  tiiat  (juartt  r. 

Hut  tlie  most  ardnons  iicld  of  o|ierations  foi-  (lie  adminislialiiin  of  Indian  allairs.  was 
that  in  the  soiitli.  'I'he  incrciisinji- |)o|)nlation  of  the  Southern  Stiles  incs^ed  rajiidiy  oil 
the  territories  ceded  ]<\  the  Indians.  ;\iid  made  it  more  and  mure  ohicctionahle  (o  haxc, 
rc-'lin;:'  in  tiieir  midst,  a,  jieoiile  with  whom  they  could  not  coale-ce.  and  who  were 
iMiiidly  iierishinu'  niider  tiie  adverse  inllueiwe  ol'  tin  ir  u'eneral  haliils  and  iiidnli^ences, 
.•^timnlaled  Uy  the  receipt  of  lari;e  annuities.  'I'o  complicate  these  dillicnlties.  anil  add 
to  the  delay,  the  Seminoles  and  the  Chertikees  a— nnied  an  attitude  ol'  defiance,  which 
appeared    tantamount    to  a    repudiation    el'   their    treaty  ol)li';ations. 


Vol,.  VI. 


:i! 


V'' : 


( ■   . 
\\ 

"p  <    ';■' 

H 

I 


I 


J, 

J 


II 


I 


it 


) 


W 1 

1 ',  il-Jiij 


[li=» 


Ivl 


i 


3-1 


J« 


i 


i# 


4!i0 


CONSIMMATION    OF    THE 


CHATTER    ly. 

ciJiSJs    <)]■    Till':    ciiKJjoKi;!:;    d:ffjcultiks.     the    army    is 

MARCHED    INTO    THAT    QUARTER 

l']\i  liv  uMiV  (lt'la\'  ill  till'  ri'iii(i\:il  nf  tlir  ( 'liiTdki'i's.  Mild  (itlicr 
1S:)S.  malrdiiti'iit    IrihcH.   i)u]y    iiuTcasrd    tin'  dill'u  iiltics    intiTposi'd.   and 

M.  \'an  I'ntKN'.        mIIdwciI  till'  (ipiiiiiifiits  III'  the  incasuiv   liiiic  to  oripiniili'  lu'w  caiisrs 
1'i;i;--iiii:nt,  Jin-  |iriiria-tiiialiiiii. 

'I'll  ci\ ci av.i'  till'  iiialconlciil.-.  and  iiivc  sii|i|n)r(  to  tlio  flovcrn- 
iiirnt  aiitliorliir-;.  lOliii  inni.  ni'arly  tlif  I'ntiri'  disposaMi'  t'oi'ci'  nl'  tlic  army  at  tliat 
liiiii'.  wi'i'i'  kciil  ill  till'  li'ld.  Not  iin!\'  was  tin'  w  ar  witli  tlic  Si'iiiinoics  of  Florida. 
]irotrarli'd  i,i  an  cxli aoi'ilinary  iiiaiincr.  Imt  tin'  dilliculiics  with  tin'  ('licrokccs,  ai'isinj; 
out  ol'  tlir  tn'at\  ol'  Now  Kcliota.  at  lliis  tiiiu'  I'caclicd  tlicir  cnlininatinLi'  |)oiiit.  Tlio 
l!i<s»ilcs  n  I'li-i'd  to  ri'Miovi'  uiidci'  tin'  provisions  ot'  that  trraty  :  and  tliis  jiarty,  bcin,tj; 
aniajority  of  tl.o  nation,  assimu'd  a  |io>iiinn  of  dflianci'  lo  tlio  (lovcrnnicnt.  Tin' 
Small'  had  ori'jiiially  asscssnl  tin'  \aliii'  of  tlirir  lands  at  S.").l)(i(|.(lii(l.  mid.  ai'tor  LTcaL 
di'lilrratioii.  and  tin'  allowanci'  of  .^('itlil.lMIII  inoic.  to  cover  claims  for  improvcnicnts, 
and  I'.'r  t'xpi'n.-i's  ol'  iciinnal.  ratiliid  tiic  iiislnmii'iit.  It  then  licciiinc  the  imperative 
<lnt\-  ot"  the  K\eciiti\i'  to  see  that  these  treaty  eiiuagemeiits  were  complied  with,  and 
not  snll'er  them  to  he  oNcrslaiiulicd  li\-  ii  system  of  factious  delays  and  wily  snhler- 
i'li'j'es.  No  attempt  wa~  made  to  show  that  the  compensation  was  not  ade(inate  or 
lihi'ral.  -V  territ'iry  of  L'reatei'  extent  ami  I'ipial  firtility.  .-ituated  in  a  fme  climate, 
and  atjoiiiidiuL:'  in  all  necessai'v  facilities  tiir  an  alllucnt  !ii;ricnltnral  community  was 
friaiiti^d  to  them,  in  addition  to  the  awaril  of  .*•"•. fiUll. 00(1.  'I'his  new  territory  west,  heinu' 
under  no  state  or  tirritnrial  iuri^diction,  their  own  institutions  ami  laws  could  he  i  stah- 
li-lied  and  enforced,  and  tiie  Indian  mind  and  charactei'  Ikwc  ample  scnpt'  I'or  develop- 
ii'.i'nt.  No  new  systi'in  uf  pnlicy  wa-  iutroduceil  hy  (lovi'i'iimeiit.  it  was  merely  de-ired 
to  eiiliirce  the  old.  'I'lie  course  ol'  the  pri'cedini;'  administration  had  heen  marked  li\ 
tiire>i'jht.  comprehi'iisiiin.  je-tice.  decision,  and  a  due  rcL'ard  for  the  advancement  and 
])eiinanent  prosperity  of  the  nation.  The  people  of  Tennessee.  Alahama.  and  Missis- 
fiippi   haviuu'  t'crui'stly  demanded   the  rriinnal  of  the  Churokees.   (Icuieral   Scott  '.va.s 


CO  V  !•;  I!  N  ,M  KNT     I'ol.icv    o  V    lU'.MitN    \1- 


491 


ordi'icil  to  till'  f'liciokcc  comitiy,  tn  nilnici'  llic  tnii.x  ,<ti|)iil;itiiiii>.  iiml  prcscrvi'  onlor 
(liu'iiii;  tlii'ir  trjins|ii)rtiili()ii ;  ii  ildiciili'  ami  ililiiculi  dut  v.  w  hicli  liic  (.'Nccllciil  jiuljiiiii'iit 
ol'  tliiit  oilici-r  c'liiilili'il  liiiii  to  iicrliifiii  with  di  riiji'il  .-ii(cc.->. 

Oil  rcMchiini'  till'  scc'iii' 1)1' u|ii'ratinii>.  Ill'  is>iii'il  tlir  I'ullowiii'.'  [iroclamiilioii  to  tlio 
Clid'okci's.  ilati'il  at  tin;  Cla-rukct'  aLTi'iicy.  May  H)t|i,  |,s:!^  : 

••('liiTokcrs  1  The  I'lT-iilciit  of  tlir  riiitnl  Stat''-;  has  ,-t'iit  inc.  with  a  |io\v<'rriil  army. 
lo  I'aiisc  Mill,  ill  ohi'iliciici'  to  ihr  trcaly  "f  IS.'lo.  lo  join  that  jiart  ol'  voiir  |)ro|ili'  who 
arc  alri'iiily  otaliiishi'il  in  prdsin'rity  on  ihc  othiT  .■■iilc  of  the  .Mi-si~si|i|ii.  I'lihapiiily. 
the  two  \  cars  w  hii'li  wcii'  allnwcil  liir  that  [Mirposc  you  ha\c  >ul!i'icil  to  pass  a\va\' 
without  l'ollii\viii;j.  ami  without  iiiakiii-^-  any  preparation  lo  lollciw  :  and  now.  in  the 
time  that  this  solemn  addiv>>  shall  reach  yoiir  distant  settlcuii  ni-.  the  ciiii'^iation  must 
be  coniineiiccd  in  luisle.  Imt.  1  hope,  without  disorder.  I  ha\e  im  puwer,  hy  ;:raiitiiii;' 
a  I'arlhcr  delay,  to  coireei  ihe  error  that  you  Ikinc  cinniiiilted.  The  lull  moon  of  M.iy 
is  alread\'  (111  the  wane,  and  hernre  aiiolher  shall  ha\'e  pasxij  a  way.  every  ( 'herokee 
man.  woinaii,  ami  child,  in  tho>e  Stat'S.  must  he  in  motiou  t.)  join  (heir  hiethreii  in 
the  far  West. 

"  M\'  friends,  this  is  no  sudden  dct<'riiiiiiatioii  on  the  pari  of  the  President,  whom 
Mill  and  I  liiii>l  now  ohey.  i^y  the  treaty,  the  emi-ralioii  was  to  hase  hicii  cumpleled 
nil  or  hel'ore  the  'l'\'\  of  this  iminih  ;  and  the  I'lesidi'iit  has  con-tantly  kipt  you  warned, 
duriiui'  the  two  \eai's  allowed,  lliroiuli  all  his  oillcers  ami  ap'iits  in  this  country,  that 
the  treat\-  would  he  cnl'orr.il. 

••  1  lia\e  come  to  carr\  out  tiiat  detcrminiition.  ,My  troops  already  occiipv  many 
positions  in  the  ciiiiiitry  that  you  ar  ■  to  ahaiidon.  and  thousands  and  thousands  -ah' 
aiiproachin'.^'.  Iroin  excry  (piarler.  to  render  resistance  and  escape  alike  hopeless.  All 
those  troops,  rciiilais  and  militia,  are  ymir  friends.  Iiccci\-e  them  and  coiiiide  in  them 
as  such.  ()he\  tlieiu  when  they  tell  you  that  you  can  remain  no  loiiiier  in  this  coiintr\. 
Soldiers  are  as  kinddiearted  as  hra\e.  and  the  desire  nf  every  one  of  us  is  to  eNcciile 
our  painful  dnt\  in  iiH'i'i'v,  Wc  are  commanded  liy  the  ['resident  to  act  towards  \oii 
in  that  spirit,  and  such  is  also  the  \visli  of  the  whole  po|uiiation  ol' America. 

••Chiefs,  head  men.  and  warriors!  \Vill  yon.  then,  hy  resistance,  coinpel  us  to  resort 
to  arms'.'  God  I'orhid  !  Or  will  you  hy  tliiiht.  .-<'ek  to  hide  yourselves  in  inoimtaiiis 
and  forests,  ami  thus  ohlii^v  iis  to  hunt  miu  ifiwn'.'     Kememher  that,  in  pursuit,  it  iii:i\- 

he  ililpossihie  to  avoid  conllii'ts.       The  Mood  of   the  white    mail  or  the  hlood  ol'   the  I'eil 

man  ma\'  he  spilt;  ami  if  spilt,  however  accidentally,  it  may  he  impossihle  liir  the  dis- 
creet and  huniaiie  anions;'  you.  or  amomi'  us.  lo  prevent  a  general  war  and  carnage. 
Think  of  this,  my  Cherokee  hrethren  !  I  am  an  old  warrior,  and  lia\-e  hccii  present 
at  maiiv  a  scene  of  slaii'jhter ;  hut  s|iare  me,  I  hescccli  you,  the  horror  of  witiH'ssiucf 
the  destruction  of  the  Cherokees. 

•  Do  not.  1  implore  you.  even  wait    I'or  the  clo.so  approach  of  the   troops:   hut  make 
such  i.reii.irations  for  emi'iration  as  von  ran.  and  hapten  to  this  ]ilaei\  to  I'ess'  I,:!iidinj'. 


|!h 


m; 


I     !    1 


II   ! 


11  r 


« 


III' 


i 


If 


r  i<rY'f:  }' 


li 


it 


||::^M      111 


■1!IJ 


CONS  r  M  M  A  ri(t.N    Ol''    Til  M 


or  to  (iiiiiIit's  Landing-.  wlnTr  \nu  will  li.'  icccisc'il  in  kimlnrss  liv  olllccrs  .-.clrcliMl  l'..r 
tlic  iiurjiox'.  Villi  will  liii'l  liiiiil  liir  all.  and  rlcilliiiiu  I'lr  llir  dcsiiintc.  at  cillicr  ol' 
tiiiiM-  |i|a('rs.  and  I'lcnci'.  at  \  (iiH' cim'  anit  in  I'Dinlort.  hf  transjioilcil  lu  \i)iir  now  liuiiirs 


arc'Tilii 


lu  lu  till'  ti  rin>  (li    till'  I 


ffats'. 


■•  'I'll is  i>  till'  addii'>>  ul'  a  wai'i'icii-  In  uari'iors.    .Ma_\  his  nitrratirs  ln'  kindly  rt'ccivcd, 
d  iiia_\   till'  ( lull  ill'  1m >i  1 1  |irii>|irr  ilic  Ainrriraiis  and  tin'  ( 'lirruki'i's.  and  iiri'siTvi'  lliciii 


Ion;:  in  iicarc  ai 


lid  riii'nd-lii|)  \,  illi  cai'li  utln'i' 


l»v  tlif  Irratv  ratiliril  .Ma\   •J'l.  is:;ii.  tin' ('lim. 


twu  \  rais.      I'laiis'  in    tlir  \rar 


u .  si'Vi'ial    iiai 


i'iri'S  had  sii|iiilati'd  til  rrinuvT  within 

tirs    ul'   thi'    Ilid'Ji'iti's    had    .-llrrr>srilll\- 


i'iiii::ralrd  lu   ihrir   lH'W    lucatiuii.  ami    lirni    iri'i'i\rd  in  thi'   iiiii>l    trii'iiilK    siiiril   li\'  tin' 


Wrslrni   CI 


irlukci' 


'I'l 


H'si'  iiai'iii's.  Ill  t III'   au'irt 


Liali'.  wri'i'  I'siiniati'd  lu  niiinli"!'  (11 II III ; 


liiil  till'  mass  ul'  ihi'  naliuii  still  ii'inaiiiril.  Al'liT  tin'  arrival  uf  (ii'iicral  Si'ult.  and  tin- 
disiiu-iiiun  ul'  his  liiico  at  siiitaMi'  |iuints  ul' uiim'1'\  atiun.  it  was  iiu  luiiLirr  dunliU'd  tliiit 
I  111'  da\   I'ur  ilcri^iun  hid  arrisnl. 

(•ii  ill!'  li-'id  ul'  .Inly,  in  a  ;ji'ni'ial  ruiinril  u!'  tlir  iialiun.  il  \vi..-  rc.-uhi'd  lu  |ii'ii|iiisi'  in 
llii'  luinnianiliin;  uii'in'ial  thai  ihry  liu  alluvud  lu  rimiliirt  ilicir  uwn  iiiiLiiatiuii,  anil 
ilr|i'i;ali's  wiTc  a|i]iu:iiti'd  tu  cuiniiinnirati'  this  ri'i|iii'-i.'  To  this  tin'  'ji'iicral  ri'|ilii'il 
a|i|iru\  iiiLily.  if  rnlaiii  I'undiliuns.  lUTi'ssary  lu  nisiiri'  it.  wrii'  a'.:ri'i'd  lu  ;  thu  ini'ira- 
tiun  lu  ipi"jin  1111  till'  I -I  ul'  >i'|i|i'iiiiM'r.  and  tin-  |)arlirs  tu  >iu'i'i'i'd  uai'li  ulliiTal  inirr- 
\als.  nut  I'Nrri'diii'.:'  liilru  days.  'I'lii'sc  trriiis  hciiiL;'  ass 'iiti'd  |u.  and  tli"  sli|iiilal  iuii 
ImIm^  ri'|ii'atril.  that  tliu  niijratiun  iiuist  cuiniin'iii'i'  un  tin'  1st  uf  Sr|i|rinlH'i'.  and  ho 
ti'i'ininalrd  hy  thu  'JiUii  ul'  (Irtulicr.  ri'siTvatiuns  ln'iiiL''  niadi'  llir  tin'  sirk  and  siiiu'ran- 
iiualiil.  (ii'iuTal  Si'uti  iji-niandid  I'stiinati's  uf  tliu  cvpi'iisi's  altriidinL:  tlii'si-  ifiiiuvais. 
'I'lir  Clirruki'i.'s  fiirnishril  dilail-.  cstiniatiiii:'  the  rcniuval  uf  rarh  l(M)l)  |ii'isuns  at 
.si',").>sii,-  iind  |iro|iosi'il  thai  liir  Indians  t'iii|iluy  jihysifians.  To  this  in-  assi'iitrd. 
altliuiiLili  lio  critit'iscd  siiini'  ut'  ilir  iinns.  adding;  that  llu'  t'litirc  cNjii'iisr  of  their  iiiii^ra- 
tiun  wunld  In'  paid  uni  of  an  a|i|)ru]irialion  uf  (Auiiircss,  the  surplus  of  which  was 
diirrlrd  lo  hi'  paid  ovrr  to  lliu  Chrrokri's.  thus  fiirnisliiiiL;'  thcin  an  ini'i'iili\i'  lur  thi'ir 
ri'unuiiiii'al  I'.xpi'ndilnri'  tA'  tin'  sinn.  (hi  aiinunni'in'.:'  lliu  conclnsion  of  tlii^  imsiiu'ss 
tu  .Mr.  I'DinsL'tt,  tho  Srriitary  lA'  War.  (ii'iirral  Sruti  rmiaiks. 

••Till'  Clu'i'ukci'  aL'riits  do  nut  think  a  inilitar\'  rsruit  nrri'ssarv  fur  thu  pr.itirtiun  uf 
till'  1  nii'..irants  un  llii'  ronli'.  nor  du  1.  Wu  aru  i'i|nally  of  the  opinion  that  s\nipatli\- 
fiiiii  kind  oirn'cs  will  111'  very  ui'iirrally  shewn  hy  the  cili/eiis  tliroiii;huiil  th.'  iihi\e- 
nii'iil  :  and  the  Indians  are  deslruiis  to  exhiliit,  in  reliirn.  the  orderly  liahils  wliiiii 
their  aripiired  i'i\  ili/aliuii  has  eunlerred.  The  parlies  {<'['  ahuiit  llMI  eaeh)  will  iiiarrii 
wiliiunt  arms,  imder  Indian  eundiirturs  and  siih-ullicei's.  uf  inlelliireiire  and  diseretinn, 
will)   are   reiiiU  tu   proiiiisi;   lo  i'i'[iiess   and    to  punish   all   di.sonlers  anion:;    their  own 


.\iiliil;il  lli|i'Jlt  uf  till'  ( 'niiiliii^jiMiiiT  I  r   111. li. Ill  .\II;iii'<.  I'ur  IsJS.  |i.  --,  'Si 


Ibi. 


p.    •-'!. 


'  'i 


(ill  \  I.  i;  N  M  i;n  t    I'o  I,  I  c  \     (»  I'    i;  |;.M(»  \  ,\  |. 


4(13 


]ii'(i|)l(',  ami,  \\  llifV  I'uiiiMiil  (Uitr;i;i('>  mi  {\v  liti/.r^ns.  or  (li'iirciliitluiis  mi  tli'ir  |)ni|ii'ily, 
in^laiill  y  to  <ii'li\cr  llio  ntlt'iiili'rs  oscr  {<>  iIh'  iirari'^t  v\\i\  dllicfrs  ul'  tlic  Slaio." ' 

'I'liis  airaii^riiiciil  hriiiii  ciitcicil  into,  llif  rcinuval  was  iiiadf.  iimlri'  the  [im'Sdual 
.■-u|irriiili'iiili'iiri'  (if  Mr.  Iliiss.  On  rradun'/  llir  Mi-^is-iiiiii.  ilir  |iailic'<  asrciiilcil  it  to 
tlir    iinictiiiii    (iT    llic    Arkansas,    ami.    liilldwilm'    llii'    lallcr.    in    iliic    tinii'    arrisi'il    at 

llii'ir   m'\v  lioiiit's   in    tiir  Inilian  territory.      No  (iisturlianc ccnri'il   ai    an\   [ininl  mi 

till'  rmitr.  ami  llii'\  cmHlnctfil  this  cmkIus  ul'  tlu'  trilir  with  nrdrr  anil  |aii|iric'l  v.  In 
this  nianiicr.  Ili.llliil  ( 'licr.ikris  wvn'  rriiiosnl:  whicii.  aihl.  d  to  tin'  r.iiiiii  w  ho  hail 
niii;i'ati'il  iliniiiL:  llir  [iirv  ii)ii>  \  rar,  ruini'iilrs  w  ilii  ihi'l'inniT  i'>liiiiatr  of  llimr  ]iii|in- 
lalimi  at    IS.dlMl. 

'I'lnis  \va<  a  nu-asiiiv  liiially  aiiil  [n'ai'i'.ihly  ai'i'iiiii|ih-!ir.|,  tn  iIh'  satl-rartinii  i.f  all 
[lai'lii's.  wliirh  hail  ki'pt  tlir  runiitry  m  tnriii'iil  I'lr  si'Nrral  _\rai-.  mii|  ihrcati'in'il  snions 
rrsiills.  'I'll!'  I'limliirl  111'  ( iriifr.il  Sriil  I  w  a^  ml  it  li'il  tn  cmiiiiii'iKlat  imi  :  hut  tlii'initia- 
tis.'iil'  this  linal  iiiii\  riiimt  was  iliic  to  a  hi'^hrr  ijiiartrr.  .\  ili'li-'jalimi  nf  the  ('lii'- 
nikri's  \isi|i'il  \Va^liiii::liiii  in  tlu'  nmiilli  nf  M.iy.  ami  calli'l  mi  iIh'  Sr^i'ilarv  ul'  War. 
yiv.  I'uiiisiii  tukl  ihi'in  that  tin'  nm-t  strrninpii^  illiirts  i.f  thr  ai|iiiini-l  ralimi  wnniil  hr 
t'M'rti'il.  In  |irr\ail  mi  tin'  Smithcni  Stairs  iniric^li'il  in  ihi  ir  rrniii\al  In  ri'ti'ain  rrnni 
[iri'ssiii;.:'  ihmn  imniiv  riiii'iitly.  ami  Irnni  inti'i'li'riii'.:  w  ith  thi'ir  ini'^ratimi  :  that  this 
nii-irati.ai  sh'inlil.  il'  ihry  ilrsirnl.  hr  I'mnlm-li'd  hy  thi'ir  own  a'jriits;  that  hr  tlimii;lit 
till'  I'ntiir  i'\|ii'nsi's  111'  it  slninhl  In'  hm'iii'  hy  tlii'  I'nili'il  Sinti'-:  ami  that  a  military 
iM'm  t  shnnlil  hi'  [irnviilnl  li'i'thrni  whiir  mi  thi'  runli'.  .Mr.  \  an  linn-n  sancliminl 
llicsi'  trrnis.  ami  I'lTcisril  the  ili'lcjatimi  with  '^rcat  cmirli  sy.  Ih'  ri'i'mnnirmlril  In 
('miui'rss  that  an  ailcijuati'  |irii\isimi  shmilil  hr  niaili-  In  inn-l  thi'  rxprn-cs  nl'  ihcir 
ri'iumal.  in  such  a  >|iiril  nf  lihia-aliiy  aiiil  '_:iiim1-\\  ill  as  .--hiinM  justly  mark  all  tin'  iiatinmil 
ilraliii'j-  w  ilh  that  |H'ii|rli'.  Thi'  iv-ult  w  as.  an  aii|ir()|ii  ialimi  nf  Sl .  i  I  T.lli'i".  'I'his  was 
till'  roiimlalimi  ul' sin-rrs-.  (Irni'ral  Scitl  ili  1  mil  thrrrlnri'  '^k  in  tin'  ( 'In  riil<i'i'  cminlrx' 
with  his  hamis  tii'il.  hut  was  mahU'il  In  ilis|ii'nsf  tlu'  hln'ralily  nf  lln' (lii\  rrmurnt  in 
a  inaini  i  at  mici'  jii-t  ami  uiuniHi'riit.  'I'hr  IJ'is-iti's  \\.  ;•  rmiriliati'il.  ami.  in^ti'ail  nl' 
hi'iiii;-  smir  ami  disn iiitriitril.  as  tln'V  wmilil  hasc  hri'ii  h  i<l  tln'y  In'i'ii  rinh'K"  ilriscn 
IrnMi  llnir  cmiulry  (alh'it  lliry  had  soM  it.  and  hci'ii  |iaid  I'm'  it.  hr-idi'  ri'i'ri\imj  a 
Lrratnilx'  nl'  an  ri|ual  t.'rrilm",  I.  tli('\  iini'^ralrd  In  t  hr  Wc-t.  cniiiiilrti'ly  |i.-irilird.  ami 
riitrrtaiiiiii'.:  I'rii'nilU    I'ldimj-  Inward  lln'  I'lii'i'd  Stales. 

In  a  li'ttrr  nl'  |)rri'iiihi'r  l^lh.  In  (ln\  i  I'mir  ( 1  i  1  iiii'i'.  nf  (li'iu'Liia.  ( ii'iid'a  I  Smll  sums 
up  a  narralimi  nf  his  (M'ltmii-.  ami  nl'  his  sui'itss  in  rmmnim:'  tin'  lmlian>.  in  llm 
I'nllnw  imj  word-  : 

••  TIh'  Clii'inki  ts.  as  it  i>  kiniwu.  wrr.'  di\iiK'd  into  two  imliiica!  parlirs:  riicmN  and 
(i]ilM)m'iits  nl'  the   Ileal',  nf  New    M/hni  1.     ( ){'  till'   I'nriiier.  lln'reweiv   reuiaiiiinu'  ('a,>^t, 


I  !i 


\iiMii.iI  i;.'|iMl  ..r  111  ■  ('..in;!.;";. .HIT  ..l'  lii.l::iii    Ml-iir-.  I'.r  |s:',s.  p.  -Ji), 


1 


J04 


CONSCM M ATIOX     OF    THE 


hi 


tit   'h    I 


i  t  '} 


;S.S!  '  I 


ill  Mny  last,  about  500  souls:  of  tlit>  latter.  iiichKling  ."i70  (Jrooks,'  a  little  more  than 
lo.OOO.  AI)out  'JoOO  of  the  Muti-trcaty  |iiirt_v  iMMii:rati'il  in  Jiiiu'  last,  wlicii  (on  tln» 
lOtli)  the  movoiniMit  was  siispciidrd  l)y  niv  order,  until  the  1st  ol'  St-ptonilier.  on 
acH'ount  of  the  heat  and  the  siekliness  ot'  tiie  season,  'i'iie  siispiMision  was  approveil 
hv  the  War  Dc'partnient.  in  antieipation.  Iiy  an  order  to  that  elVeet,  reeeived  a  tew  days 
later.  'J'iie  l-idians  had  already,  with  Init  mtv  lew  exceptions,  been  collected  hy  the 
troops,  and  I  was  I'm-ther  in.«tructed  to  enter  into  the  arranueinent  with  the  deleiiation 
(.Mr.  .lolni  Moss  and  his  eolIea'j-iiesK  which  uhiceil  the  removal  of  the  l:2.")()il  immediately 
in  tlieir  own  hands. 

"The  droiiLilit.  which  conunenccil  in  .Inly  and  continued  till  th'-  end  of  Sejitember. 
eanseil  tlie  loss  of  a  ni'mth  in  the  (>xecnlion  of  the  new  arranp;ement.  Four 
detaclimt'nts  are.  however,  n<nv  in  march  for  the  West ;  three  or  four  others  will 
follow  this  week,  and  as  many  more  the  next — all  liy  land.  '.)((()  miles — for  the  rivers 
are  yet  very  low.  The  other  party,  makinj;  a  small  detacinnent.  is  also  on  the  road, 
after  heini:  treated  hy  the  I'niled  States,  in  I'onunon  with  their  opponents,  with  the 
Utmost  kindness  and  liberality.  Iveeent  rejiorts  from  these  li\e  detachments.  re[)re,sent, 
as  I  am  In\p]iy  to  say.  the  whole  as  advaneinir  witli  alacrity  in  the  most  perfect  order. 
The  remainder  of  tlie  tribe  are  already  onrani/.ed  into  det.ichments.  and  each  is  eajicr 
for  prect'dence  in  tlu'  march  —  c'Xcept  the  sick  and  decre|iii.  witii  a  few  of  their  friends 
as  attendants,  who  will  constitute  the  last  detachment,  and  wliiidi  must  wait  for  the 
renewal  of  steam  naviLration. 

'•  Hy  the  new  arranL'ement.  not  an  additional  dollar  is  to  be  paid  by  the  United 
Stales  to.  or  on  aeeonnt  of,  the  (^herokees.  The  whole  expense  of  the  removal,  as 
hetbre.  is  to  he  deducted  from  the  moneys  previously  .'<et  apart  by  the  treaty  and  tin- 
late  act  of  ("onirress  in  aid  thereof 

'•Amon,i.r  the  party  of  Ti.oOl).  there  has  iirevailed  an  almost  universal  cheerfulness 
since  the  date  of  the  new  arrau'jfement.  The  only  (>xec|)tions  were  among  the  North 
Carolinians,  a  few  of  whom,  tampered  with  iiy  desiuning  white  men,  and  imder  the 
auspices  alluded  to  above.  w(  re  induced  to  run  back,  in  tin;  hope  of  buying  lands  and 
remaining  in  their  native  mountains.  A  |);\rt  of  tiiese  deluded  Indians  have  already 
been  brought  in  by  the  troops.  aid(^d  I)y  Indian  rimners  sent  by  Mr.  Ross  and  his 
colleagues,  and  the  others  are  daily  expi'cti'd  down  by  the  same  means. 

"  In  yoin-  Slate.  I  am  confident  there  are  not  lei't  a  dozen  Indian  families,  and  at  the 
head  of  each  is  a  citizen  of  the  I'nited  States. 

'•For  the  aid  and  coul•te^:e■^  1  have  received  from  Cleorgia.  throughout  this  most 
critical  and  painful  service.  1  am  truly  thankful;  and  1  have  the  honor  to  remain,  with 
high  consideration,  your  Ivxcellency's  most  obedient  .servant." 


'  '•  Till' wliolo   imiiiliiT  ('■iiind  licrc  tin'   \:\A  ,«miiiiiiT;   most  of  wlmin   liiid   Iipiil' li'i'ii   cloinc.^liciilcil  with   the 
Clicrok'-'t':',  aiiJ  witli  wlioni  iiKuiy  of  their  w.irriors  t'ouiilit  by  our  siji,'  :it  tlic  battle  nf  tlie  llurse-.SJiop." 


II  ( » \  E  II N  M  K  N  T    1'  u  1, 1  (;  V    ( >  1'    H  |.;  M  ( )  \  A  L 


4U.I 


CHA1»TEH    V 


P  A  W  N  E  E    f '  K  U  E  L  T  Y .      'I'  H  E    S  A  » '  H  I  I'  1  ('  E    O  F    1 1  A  X  '1"  A  . 


I       ' 


Tim:    Pawners    liiixc,    iVom    tlio   iMrlii'st     tiiii's,    i]ii.-sf<sril    ilir 
r<|illl;ilii)ll  of  licilli;'  one  ol'  the  wil'.lot    ainl   mii>L  l):irliar. iiw    tlilic<,  1  S^lS. 

\)r   Siiti).   who  c'lK'DUiitci'i'il   lliL'iii   ill    1011.  on   iv;icliiiiL;   liie  gra>.-i-        M.  \.\N  MlKlA'. 
lands,  ui'  [iraiiifs.  wi'sL  of  tlic  hruail  Ozail;  cliuiii.  (;all.-  lliciii  Apaui.  Plii;.>il)i;.\T. 

'I'lirt'c  ccutiirii's  a]ii"'ar  ici  lia\e  |iruiliicc'i  im  iin|irii\i'iiiriit  in  their 
iiianiKTs.  Li\iiiL:  in  (lisccinl  wiili  liiv  tiiljo  ar.iniiil  llirni.  ilicv  m'i'Iii  to  lia\'i'  no  rci^ard 
I'or  till.'  I'L-iiiuti'  alliiiilies,  wliit-li  once  linked  the  inajoiilx  of  the  inaiiic  iriljcs  tone  I  lie  r, 
ii'  tliey  even  have  the  sliiihtest  notion  of  siiih  (li>tanl  eoniieiliun.  Init  puisne  the  savajre 
eiirei'i' of  L'lory.  wielding'  tlie  loiiiahawk  ami  the  si-al|iin^  kiiil'e  with  unrestrained  liny. 
'I'lieir  wars  with  the  Si.Jiix  trilies  lia\e.  it  is  a^serteij.  e(iniiniie(|  llOd  U'ars.  Their 
<.n'i'ale>t  aiiiliilion  has  e\"ei'  heeii  to  >ralp  a  Si(}ii\.  and  >liake  the  ;joi'y  trophy  in  deliant 
triuniiili.  shontinu'  at  the  saiii"  time  t!ie  horrid  ,S.i<'i-</iin„.    [Plate  l\'.] 

Ill  the  iiionlh  oi'  Feljniary,  l,^-';>.  they  ea[)lured  a  Sioux  L:irl,  only  loniteeii  years  of 
ai:'e.  naiiuil  llaxta.  She  wa-;  pLiv'ed  in  one  of  their  lodges,  on  tiie  same  term.-  as  otln'r 
memhers  oi'  it.  and  ti'ealed  with  even  more  kindness;  attention  heiii;:  paid  thai  she 
should  not  hiek  the  lust  I'ood.  wliieh  was  >npplied  aljundantly.  (  Ull'i's  to  |inr('ha~i'  her 
were  iiuide  by  two  of  the  tiaders  on  the  Missouri,  hul  they  were  declined.  .Vl'ter 
heiiii;  detiiinod  as  a  prisoner  about  two  months,  ;i  eomieil  of  the  Pawnee  eliiels  and 
war  <'aptaiiis  was  convened,  lo  d'diherate  on  h'i'  late.  Their  ili'ci>ion  was  known  only 
to  themseUes.  being  ke[>t  secret  from  evi'ry  person  who  miiihi  coinmnnieale  it  to  her. 

On  the  bri/aking  up  ol' this  ciJimcii.  tiie  [irisoiier  was  iiirmally  hrought  t'oriii.  and  led 
froiii  lodjie  to  luilge,  accum(ianieii  by  all  the  Indian  wtirriors  iiiid  their  leaders.  The 
iniiiates  of  each  lodgi'  gave  lier  a  .small  billet  of  wood  and  .'■omo  paint,  which  sji(> 
handed  to  the  war  chief  who  conducted  her.  This  course  was  [lursued  imlil  the  entire 
village  circle  had  been  visited,  and  e\ery  huusehold  had  contributed  its  (piota  ol'  tiny 
iiillcts  and  paint. 

On  the  lil^il  of  .\pril.  there  was  a  grand  assemlihcic  of  all  the  inhabitants  of  tlie 
\illa::es.  to  which  lla.\ta  was  invited,  sho  boiiig  ignorant  of  tiie  [uirpoit  ol'it.  She  was 
conducted   by  two  stout    Indians  to  a  [losl   butweeii   two  trees,  which   grew  within   li\e 


!!  ^    ii 


[I  '.  I 


I    h 


I]      ••     (i     i    .1 


um 


j;; 


r.ii; 


y 


CON.-  r  M  M  \  T|(>N    oK    Til  M 


('•''I  "I'  ''^i''!'  "lli'T.  'I'liv.v  miimH  ;  ar- 111'  w.iimI  wfiv  fa-l.'M.'d  Iimhi  tree  to  tree,  ill  ii 
iiin.lriat.'  Ii.i-lil  alnnv  llir  'J  ii  niiiil.  m.  a-  ti .  r.  MiM  iiict  a  .-call'iildiii-'.  A  siiiall  liiv  w  as 
llii'ii   kiiiillfd   liriicatli,  the  llamcsur  ulii.'li  urrc  l.aivly  Millicicnt    to  ivacli.  wiih  ilicir 

hiulirst  lli,'kcrin-s.  m  the  Tfi.t  ..ftlir  vi.-tiiii  pla 1  mi  it.     Not  until  sho  was  I'diuiiict.d 

'"  ''ii"'  I'laci'.  <li<|  >lii. , jcciinv  the  ,,l;i,vi  ..!'  ||,.r  |,iniiciit(.i's.     The  two  sava^ivs.  ha\  in" 

''"'■'1  li''i'  "II  '"  III''  li'ii-'-  >l'""l  I'l-i.lr  iiri.  lioMiii-  hrr  liiaiilv.  'I'll,,  liiil,.  liiv  licncath 
was  then    in.T.'asr.l.  and.  at    tin'  .-ani.'    liiiir.  ih,.   mm    licid   .-i.lintns  uf  laiinin-   pin.! 

nndrr  her  arm-pits.      Mraiiw  hilc  the  waiiiois  and  (dii.l'-  stood  in  a  riivlc  an d   hrr. 

ai'Hicd  with  Lows  and  arrou..  and  all  tlif  inliaKitant^  of  tlic  \iliaji>  wciv  s|.,'(t.itors. 
W  lien  till'  li-htiMJ  s|ilintcrs  wciv  phirrd  nndrr  her  aiMH.  a  si-nal  was  .ji\rn.  and.  in  an 
instant.  Ii.t  llr-||  was  pinvrd  willi  innninrraMr  aiTows.  shot  with  snrli  nniMiiiiL;-  aim 
tiial  tlinc  \\a>  s.mivcIv  an  inch  ot'  liri'  hodv  nntonrhcd  :  it  was  litiTalh  riddled  widi 
sharp  arrows. 

'riu'si'  arrow-  liciii--  t|iii(l<jv  witjidrawn  iVom  licr  still  (piivorinL'  I'ramo.  tlio  flesh  was 
all  cut  oil'  in  small  piece-,  down  to  t  he  hones  and  put  in  little  wick. 'r-haskets.  which 
were  ipiicklv  carried  to  an  adj.icent  lield.jn-t  planted  with  corn.  Tiie  leader  of  IJio 
ceremonies  then  took  one  of  the-e  pieces  of  Hesll,  and  .spiee/ed  the  Mooil  I'n.ni  it  on 
a  newl\-]ilanted  hill  of  corn.  His  example  was  lolloweil  hv  others,  until  the  little 
liaski'ts  weri'  all  emptied.  Indian  crneliv  presents  no  [larallul. 
Was  this  a  sacrilice  to  ( !eres,  or  to  .Moloch? 


'tl. 


:m 


t '  t 


^(:^'- 


,^jm 


t 


t:n\  i;i;n  M  i;n  r   r(»Licv   cu"   iiKM  o  \  a  i,. 


4SI7 


CI  I  AI'TKK    V  I. 

THANSArTIONS    DTRIXG    TIIK    YKAH,    WITH    TIIK    MlNOl!    Tllll'.KS. 

TilK   removal   of  tlii!  ('lu'roUci's   in   si   lu'iicdul   ami   ciiiu'iliatiny 
maiim'r  ih'oiIiicimI   ii   tiiMiralilc  cllrcl.  allliniiL'li  tlif  ntlicr  cmhN  nl  |s.",S. 

till-  year  were   ol'   ('(|ual    iiitiTcsl    Id   llic    |iiililii'    iiiiml.      I'n-ilion-;        .M .  \  \N   llihi  \. 
ivi|Miriii,i:    t'iici\i;y   iil'   action   were    laki'ii    li\-  several    Iriln'-.      'I'lic  rm-ini  \r. 

iVitlawatlamii's  ol'Imliaiia  cimIciI  llicir  lamis  in  IS."i.l.  ami  aLjiiril  l.i 
ii'iiiovc  wi'st  ;  Imiiaiia  iiiid  IIh'  ailjiiiiiim:'  Statf  of  llliiidis  liaviii.:  liljid  ii|i  \r\\  raiiiilly 
witii  settlers  on  tlii'ir  iiortlu'iii  hordt'is ;  lin'  rich  piairics.  ami  line  cnmiin  rcial  marls  ami 
oullcls.  pny^enliiiir  iircat  atlraclions  lo  an  enlrr|iiisin'_:  pcDiilc.  Tliis  Iriln'.  Iiciii'^  llie 
rccijiieiit  oC  laiiic  animilies.  was  c(inns('llc(l  liy  tiic  traders  and  (illier  inti'icsled  |,ersi)iis  ' 
to  remain  wliere  tiiey  were,  that  ihe  liistrilinlioii  of  these  sums  niiL;ht  lie  made  in  the 
comilry.  The  emi;:rant  ai:'enl.  tindiiii:'  his  operalions  impeded,  and  leariiiv;  an  onthreak. 
and  i'onsei|iienl  liloodshed,  called  on  the  ( ioxcrnor  of  Indiana  lor  aid.  \\  ho  anlhori/ed 
(leiieral  .lohn  'i'i|iton  to  raise  l(M)  volnnteers.  to  assist  liu'  aiicnt  in  llie  reninxal  of  lin' 
Imlians.  This  duty  was  promptly  perlormed.  and.  t'roin  the  repoit  oriliat  olli.er.  ^V.l 
Pol tawattamios  were  delivered  to  the  i'inii:raiU  agent  on  the  Illinois,  on  ihe  iMJi  ol' 
SepUniher;  the.so  were  sent  west,  escorted  hy  drap)ons  to  ]ireser\e  order,  and  -al.ly 
eon\eyed  to  their  location;  every  atlenlion  iieini:'  paid  to  tiieii'  heailii.  eoml'orl.  and 
convenience.  Such  as  were  over-la  I  igne(l  witii  the  rapidity  of  llie  marches,  mid  weie 
sickly,  or  invalids,  weri'  allowed  to  ride  tiie  horses  of  the  dra;joons.  while  the  nieu 
walked.' 

There  wiM'e  removed,  during  this  ye;ir,  IllHi  ('re(d\s.  cliieily  comprisim:-  the  families 
ol  the  warriors  of  this  trihe  who  had  lietMi  engaged  in  the  Klorida  war;  177  ('huciaws. 
4l')(MI  Cliii'kiisaws,  lo!  <'hi|)iiewas.  and  lliol  A|ipalaehicolas  and  Florida  Indians, 
making  an  aggregate  of  l*'.t,l-V.l.  The  Winnehago  imlians.  of  Wisconsin.  I'sinced  great 
tardiness  and  unwillingness  to  leave  the  country.  The  isolate(l  trihes  in  the  selilemenis 
hecaino  entangled  with  associations  which  it  is  dillicnlt  for  a  people  of  so  liiile  ilecision 
of  chai'acler  to  aliandon.      'I'his  trihe.  iiv  a,  treatv  made  at  Washin-ion.  on   llie  I'Slh 


Aiiiiii.il  li<'|iiii't  111'  ('iiiiiiii    lit'  InJi.in  AfTaiis.  I^.'W,  )i.  :il. 

Vol..  VI.  — d:; 


ll.i.l..  |.   :;n 


i.i . ,..  ri-j 


>  .11  ,i 


r  iltir 


Mm' 

i  Em 

!  ■■ 


t..:' 


*1 


i. 


m 


1'JS 


CONS  I'M  M  AThtN    (M'    Til  K 


nl'  (tclulicr,  iTIiiWcil  ihc  flii;ilL:rIiM'iit-<  I'lilrli'il  ililci  ainl  rlidiilsnl  l)\  llir  Iri'lltv 
fiiiirliiilril  :il  lliii'k  l-l,iii'l,  ill  I  ^:'.'J.  al'liT  llii'  I'ln-c  III'  tin-  Sac  war,  lillil  H'jli'r'l  In 
ri>iii(i\i'  Id  ill''  Nriilr.ii  (ii'ciiiinl  in  rijlit  iiiniilli-'.  .\>  this  liiiiilalinii  t'.Npircil  in  tin' 
M  iiiliT.  tli('\  siiiii'iicd  |ii'iiiii.»-:i()ii.  iiiiii  \M'ri'  iiljiiwctl  I.)  ii'iiiiiiii  ill  \Vi.»('niisiii  iiiuil  S|>iiii'j. 
A  trrat\  wa-i  I'oncluiii'ii  wiili  tjir  Sa^jaiiaw.-*  \<\  lln'  ai'liii::  >ii|ii'fiiilfiii|i'iit  nl  Miclii'jaii, 
'^iiaraiilcciii'.'  llnni  (lie  iiiiiiiiiiiiin  lairc-  lor  lliiir  lamU  crili'ii  li\  the  lii'atv  of  "JHtli 
1)i'm'1iiImt,   IS.'iT;   a   llu•a^'lll•('    iu'i'tT^>ai_\   to   pii'Vciit    <(iiiilpiiialiiiiis   tn   ('oiitinl  the  .-al('>', 

wilii'll   wri'c  c|i'siL>-||c(l   1(1  lie  (•\clll>'l\c|-,    Ilir  tllcir  liclll'lit. 

'{"lie  Sii|iiTiiitciii|i'iit  111  liiiliaii  \lVair-i  tiir  .MicluLiaii,  in  liis  aiimial  I'cjiurt  '  liir  lliis 
\ri\v.  liiaki'-*  tllc  Icilliiu  iiii;  allu^icilis  tci  lIu'  Sauaiiaws: 

•■ 'I'liis  i.-<olal('il  trilir  lias  MmmI  ijuwn  id  liic  |iit'siMil  tiiiu'  with  all  tlic  cssmtial  traits 
cdiiinidii  td  tli(>  (iarkfsi  ipciidd  ul'  llitir  liislnry,  'I'licv  air  liciuly,  had  ti'in|K'ri'd.  liiiid 
dl' drink,  and  sa\a^i'  when  under  its  inlhieiiee.  Yet  liiev  are  a  pedjiie  ol'strdiin'  iiieiital 
trails,  dl'  indc|]endeiii  and  'jeiieidiis  reeliii'.:s.  and  uaiiiily  iitlaelied  td  ilieir  ancient, 
uidde  dl' li\  inu  and  sii|ieislilidns.  'I'liev  s|ical;  a  widl  eiiaraeliri/eij  dialect  ol' the  ('hi|i- 
|ie\va  lani:iiai:e.  Iioldini;  nearly  the  saine  rcdation  td  liie  ureal  Aliiic  l'aiiiil\-  nl'  the  North 
that    the  Seniiiidies  do   Id   the  Creeks   drtheSduth.      Their  c(Mniti'y  appears    to   ha\e 

lieeli  a  place  dl'  relll'je  Id  liie  ntlier  triiies.  'I'liey  silcceeilrd  to  the  possessions  dl'  the 
Saiiks.  u  lid  Were  di'i\en  iVdin  the  iiaiiks  dl'  the  Saii'anaw  ahoiit  the  clns,.  dl'  the  six- 
teenth dP  lit\i:'iiinin^  dl'  the  se\-eiileentli  centiny.  They  have  lu'cn  ohserved  liir  at 
least  a  century  to  lia\e  had  a  rulinjr  eliiel',  who  exeii'ised  more  of  the  powers  of  a 
dictator  than  is  iisiial  with  the  nther  trihes.  They  ar(^  known  to  ha\'e  indnliri'd 
their   predaloiy   and    warlike   propeiisilies.    hy   participatiiiL''   in    the   scenes    of   attack 

ami  phnider  which    inai'ked    il arly  seitleineiits   of  westi'in  \'ir;:inia,  I'eiinsx  Ivania, 

;ind    Kentucky. 

••The  Cdiiiilry  dcenpied  li\  the  .^aLMuaws  is  fertile,  densely  wooded,  and  ahounds  ill 
streams  allindiiiL:  \aluahle  water-power.  It  instill  lint  s|)atsely  settled,  liut  in  piopnr- 
tidii  as  the  lands  are  taken  up.  the  natural  means  nl'  siilj-istence  df  the  Indians  must 
diminish.  altlidUi:h  it  is  stateil  that  purlidiis  dl'  the  piihlii'  lands  west  and  north  dl'  the 
Tittahawassa  will  alliinl  a  theatre  liir  huiitini;  liir  many  years.  The  recent  ralilicalidii 
hy  the  Senate  dl'  the  treaty  df  .lanuary  1  Itli.  Is.'lT.  with  this  trihe.  e\tim:iiislies  their 
title  to  all    their  |idsse>.-.idns  in  Michii;:iii.  saviii'.'   the  liLihl  to  live    liir  li\c  \ears  nii  two 

dl'  till'  ceded   reservatidllS   dll   SauaU.lW    Im\,        In    1S.'I7   this  tiihe   IdSt    ."i"il    |iel-sdns   li\    the 

small-pd\  :  nl'  whdiii  HlO  were  men.  III?  w<imen.  and  111  children.  Their  present 
population,  hy  a  census  just  completed,  is  W-', ;  L'lil  dl'  whom  are  m.iles.  li'.tS  ti'iiiales, 
and  171  youths  anil  inlants.  In  |s:I7  iheir  coin-lields  were  either  daiinn;'ed  or  wliolU- 
destroyed  hy  hijh  wati'r  in  llie  ,'>aL;aiiaw  and  its  trilmtaries.  The  |iresent  \ear  llie\- 
lia\e    raised,  collectively.  7lin  hiishels  dl'  corn,  hesides   potatoes   and  vcjetaliles.      Two 


I>;.-,'   I.V 


(;(>\  i:  UN  M  r;N  t   I'oi. k  v   (•  r   i!i;.Mn\  v  i, 


4))U 


tins 


li;i(li'i's   |piirrliii»Ml   ul'  ili.iii.  uiihiii    till'   M'lir.  HI  Ih'ihs.   (i'l  (I.tt.  :>■"»  dttt'O.   :l:l  iKiiiiul.'t 

liiMMT.     "iTll   lim»kl;lN,    I  111   lllilll\>.   •'>■"•   li^lHT-*,    III  fuse-.    ITi'lk.    I    IlltJO^C,    SyO  riU'CDtUI."', 

mill   I'.l  fill-.       Ijdw   iiiMiix    llii'V   Mijil  III  (illni-.  i>  not   kiiuwii, 

•■ 'I'lli'  lK'|i;illiiiinl    iii;iiiitiiiii>  I'lir  lliciii  II  Mili-;iv:i|il.  nil  ilili  r|iiv|i'l'.  :i  IiImiUsiii'iI  li  Mini 
llf»si.itimt.  Mini    ulli'    |i||||ri|iMl    Mill!    m'MTmI    SIlliiinlillMli'    iMIIIIcrs.       'I'hi'V  upiirMr    Id  Iimm' 

liccii  (ivciioiiktil  li_\  |iliilMiitliiu|ii>I.-.  iiM\  iiii;.  ii|i  III  liiis  (ImIi'.  iii'iilicr  si'liDols  iinr  trMcln'i's 
(if  Miiy  ili'sci'iptiuii," 

(>ll    llirlilli    Nii\ciiiImt.  M    lliMlv    \\M>    I'llliTril     llltu  Willi     lllr    MiMIIIJi'SMt    llir    jnlk-^nr 

tilt'  WiiliMsli.  Ii\  wliirli  ilii>  liilif  ci'ili'd  I  Tll.llilil  ai'i'i's  111  iv-i  r\  alinii^  in  iIimI  i|iiMrlrr. 
fur  wliicli  thi'v  ii'i'ciM'il  .■j:l:;.'(.iiii(l.  TIu'v  wi'iv  cniiiiirii'Mtiil  I'lr  nil  l(tiililiii;j«.  nml 
iMi|iri>vt'iiu'iil>,  iiiiil  riii'iiislii'il  li\  thr  I  iilti'ii  SiMli's  with  M  liicMtinii  ill  the  ImliMii  li'i'ii- 
tnr\  west  (if  lllf  .Mis>is>i|i|ii.  ■•  silllirii'lil  ill  cMrllt,  >ui|iil  In  tliiir  WMlits  Mini  \\i>ln'S." 
Mini   I'linti^innis  In  iIimI    iiciMI|iiril    li\    tlir  Irilir-  W  liirll  rlllij  ralii  1    iViilU   till'  SiMli'-  111'  (  llliii 

iiinl  linliaiiM.  'I'lii'V  Murccil  to  .-finl  m  i|fl(".;Mliuii  to  cxiilmv  tin'  iniiiitrv  |iiii|hi-ii|  tn  In' 
^i\i'ii  tliriii ;  llicir  cxiifiisi'.s  ti)  1m'  (Ii-I'i'mvciI  liv  tlif  (inMiiiiii'iil.  'i'liis  IiimIv  Mini 
(■\|il()rMtiiiii  K'tl  to  tin-  cvciitiiMl  i'i'iin)\Ml  ol'  this  Irilii'.  mii'i'  tlir  ti'irnr  of  the  Wrst.  Mini 

Ml   lllllllI'l'UIIS   Mini    WMllikc    tllMl.   lllllill'^'    \VM«llilli;lilirs     Ml|lllilli-ll  Mlinll.    tlll'V   iIi'Ii'MIimI    suc- 

ccssivt'  Mniiii>  iiinlrr  IJMi'iiirr  ami  St.  I  'lair,  ami  I'mi'  xrars  prr\riiti(l  llir  M'tllnin'iit  of  tin' 
AiiiiIii-Sm\uii  I'mi'i'  ill  till'  \\'i'>t.  'I'lli-  tiilii'  liiiallv  inijiMtfil  In  tin'  linliMii  Iririlnrv, 
(liiiiiiiislicil  in  iiiiinlici's.  ili'.:i'Mili'il  in  iinH'MU  Mini  liMliils.  WMiiliiii:  in  iinliistrv ,  Mini  iMikint:; 
ciliicMtiuii.  hut  alllin'iit  in  (iovcriiiiii'iit  riiinls  Mini  amiuitii's.  After  tlii'ii'  I'iiimI  ileli'at  li\ 
AV'avMi'.  ill  1  T'.'.'i.  lln'\  siilMiiillril  tn  till' aiillnnitv  III' till'  I'nitril  States.  Mini  Incati'il  llnir 
rt'siileliee  ill  ulie  nl' the  lirlnst  \alle_\  -  (if  t  he  We-l .  MliiMlinlilli:  ill  'J  Mil  ie  Mini  m11  the  leijuisites 
I'lil'  llnliMlisulisi.-teini',  'I'lny  iHirsneil  (he  iisiimI  cinilse  of  hunters,  hcill'i  sMti>lieil  il'the 
cxt'itiiiiis  of  the  _\ear  allniileil  iheni  l!ie  iiieMiis  of  liviiiL; ;  little  heeiliiii;  lliMt  they  wuiilil 
NKiii  he  Miniiinnleil  hy  an  iinlustrinus  |ii>|iiitMtiiiii.  ami  liiiMlly  .-u|i|ihiiiteil  hy  theiii.  In  this 
tllOllgiltlcss.  CMli'le.-s,  iille  liiMlinef.  they  liveil  ill  the  Wiihash  valley  until  their  hinils 
liecaiiif  valualiii'.  They  het;au  tn  eede  their  tenitnrs  in  IMI'.I.  ainl  ('niitinueil  thai 
ciiursi'  ill  ISIl.  ISIS.  ISJCi.  ami  down  tn  the  ihite  nl'  their  ii'innvMl.  llul  the  hiiye 
l^UIlls    they  receivi'il    thrnllilll  this    eliMUllel    liMil    the   elliet    tn  ilestl'ny  their  sell'-lt'liaiiee 

and  native   iiid(']u'nileii 1'  eliaraetei'.  to  deLiiMile  them  in  haliits  and  innrals,  to  iiiti'o- 

diiee  disease,  and  lead  ill  every  way  tn  m  iMjiid  deiinpnlatinii.  This  liilie.  whieh.  in 
ITl'il.  was  cstiiuated  in  it>  ilivisimis  Mt  'iHllil  snuU.  nr  jllllll  wMirinrs.'  Mini  Mt  tin-  emii- 
inenceiiu'iil  ol"  the  .\ineiieaii  l!e\ olutinii  at  ^i'lll  wiiriinrs.  or  I  Toll  souls.-'  was  redured 
at  the  tiiuc  of  their  reiiniVMl  In  Mlmiu  Tim  iiersmis;  and.  when  ii  census  of  tliein  wms 
taken  ill  ISod.  they  had  dwindled  to  "iHU  souls.'  who  were  in  receipt  of  an  Miiiiuily  of 

■^[■unn).-' 


\nl   111  .  ,, 


II. i. I 


'  V..1.  I  .  ,,.  .-iL"::. 


•  V..1.  II..  ],.  M<.>. 


'J'\ 


n 


i  i 


600 


("oN'fJrMMATloN    OF    Till-; 


Ifi  fli 


ii      :!i 


CM  A  I'TKIJ    \  I  1 


i  .iJ-lL 


hlSCuliliS    lUrrUKKN    TIIK    KAST1;I!N    \NI>   UKSTKHN   ciikiiokkhs. 
IJOlKINoT    AM)    TIIK     IfllXIKS    A  It  K    A  SS  A  SS  I  N  A  I' K  D. 


m 


if:'?  ' 


ijii, 


'I'll I'  ili'^soiisiiilis  lictwiM'll  till-  ;mt;l'ji miotic  pMI'tic-*  nl'tllf  ( 'lliTnl\iT,>i. 

IS:!;),  cmII.'iI  iIii'   IJn^^iirs  iind  KiilL'tili-^.  <iii.iiiiiitiil  li\  lln-  tri'iilv  nl'  New 

.M.  \'an  I!i'I!i:\.        I'lrlmt.i.   nMclicil    llirir  crisis    (liiiiiiv'    tlii"    y.w.      'I'ln'    sinnilicrnl 
I'liK.sinKM'.  ilisliki's  iiiid  IimIi'imI  (<r  Hmr  yt'.irs  \n\v-\  tuilli  wilii  :i  liiTccni'ss  wiiii-li 

tlnviitriKMl  til  ilivncli  till'  ti'riil'uii'x  wiiii  IiIhihI.  'I'Iic  linitMl  iimidci' 
nl'tiii'  Iiiili'i's.  I'ltlnT  iiini  son.  Mini  nl'  Kiiii-^  Mniiijiiicpt.  will  liiiri  ri'iiiiiiii  ii-:  I'mil  Mots  mi 
liii'ir  tiiliiil  csciitcln'oii.  I'di'.  Imwcvcr  ii:iiiiriiiil  tlu'  Miistrrii  ('lii'rnUt'rs  nmv  liiivc  liccii  nl' 
iiiuriil  l.iw  ;ntil  tin-  tlh'ory  nf  i;iivt'riimi'iit.  such  plcus  cMMinit  sjiidil  iliciii  rrmii  iIcsi'I'vimI 

(ilisiliv   \\,y  IJii'  ;i-s;issin;itii)n  "f  tlicir  rclloW-IIU'll  nil  iiccniint    of   |i(ilitii'!ll  (lissclisiiilis.  or 
illi|i'|ic'l|i|i'lll    (jillrrrlicci    (if    i)|iilli(ill.       'rilc    ('\.'llll|ili>    111"    ci\  ili/;it  Kill    :lllil    lilicriilil y    .m't 

tli'iii  ly   till'  I  iiilcil  Siiiti's.  |iri(ir  In  their  iiii'^iiitinii  west,  sliniilil    hiivc  ciiiisMd   tli(>ni  tn 

I'nljjrt   mII   riirilli'l'    CMIlM  >    III'   iinillliisity.   IUimIiicciI    ■.;( mil-will    Mini     I'l  icllillilirs-i    of  li'i'lillj.', 
Mini  iinliircil  ill  thi'iii  II  liijty  spifit  nf  iiuiIiimI  liirln'MrMiici'. 

'I'll  cnmprchcinl  the  siilijcct.  it  is  iii'crisiiiy  In  pirini^i'  that  lie  \Vi--ti'rii  (  hcrnkccs. 
wliii  hail  iiiii'jlMtcil  with  the  sMlnlinn  nl'  .Mr.  .IctliT-^nlis  Millliiliistialiiiii.  ami  IncMtcil 
thi'ir  resilience  in  AikansMS  iis  curly  as  ISIT.  IimiI  cstMlilishcil  a  rnriii  ul'  'juMTiiiiieiit 
iiinl  ailiipletl  written  laws.  When  the  tri'Mty  parly  iiiiiinitcil.  iinilcr  the  Miper\i>iiiii  nl' 
.Mi«-r-.  Iliilije  anil  I'laiiliniil.  they  iiiiiteil  with  the  iilii  settlers,  anil  li\cil  eiiiitciiliil|\- 
iimler  the  esialili-lieil  niih'r  III'  tliiiiLis.  ISiit  the  tiialcniiient  party,  wlm  inij:ralei|  with 
Mr.  Iiii^-.  ill  l^-'.S.  Willi  thither  with  ciiiliitlereil  ami  reveiiijeriil  li'diiiiis  aiiaiii>t  the 
treaty  party  Mini  the  nlil  settlers,  ami  rel'iiseil  to  sniiinit  tn  the  e.sistiiiL''  ^;iivcrimiciil  Mini 
laws  iif  the  W'eslerii  ('lieri)kecs.  On  icacliiiifr  the  cuiiiitry.  ilie  Itnssitcs.  (iiidiiiLr  that 
the\  iiutiiiiii'.liered  llie  Itid'jeites  ill  tlie  prnpiirtiiiii  III'  mIiiiiiI  twii  ti)  line,  at  once  Iiccmhh' 
sticklers  liir  lie  ilenincralic  dnclriiie  that  niajnrities  shuiild  rule.  it  wniild  liM\e  heeii 
well  if.  ill  L'ras]iiii.;  at  |inui  r.  they  had  iinf  liiruntten  rii;lit.  Miit  it  smin  hecanic  c\iilent 
that  they  were  deteiiiiined  nnl  iinly  tn  i'/imre  the  nld  liiriii  nl'  unxcriiiiient  and  laws, 
lint  tn  establish    new  niies.  Mild    to  cninpel    the   iniiinrity  tn   siiliiiiit   to   lliciii,  rijilit   iir 


.r     t-tt*^ 


(loVllUN  M  r;  NT    I'nI.I  r  V    n|'    |{  11  M  n  \    \  I, 


Ml 


Tl...  W.-t.ni  (• 


irlukfi'-.  IliiWi'Vi'l'.  "O 


-l<iUll\    rolltr-li'd   tin-  u'rnllllil.  lliill    witllill 


Ill)   illrlcill'lv    >-ln>|t    lull      II    lllll-"!   i|(-.|ii'li|lc  li'ii.l    \\.\t  I'lil^iiiillr.!.   :mi<I     IIm"    flltlli'    CDIIIlJry 

IiIuii'ZimI  iiilit  ilif'onl.  Ncilln'i'  |i!itty  uitc  a»  ('(iiiiilnilnrs  in  ilnir  \ii'\VH  iiml  ii|iiiiiniifi. 
or  ill  (111  ii"il«'|»Mtiinii(  mill  miiniH'r".  IIM  nu'ii  n|' twiiil)  vimi-i"  i'\|iiTi.'ni'i'  in  j-i'ir-^icivi'in- 
iiii'iit  oii'.'lil  t"  liii\<'  Ik'imi.  ami  nritliiT  :i|i|ii'ari'il  to  have  iliilv  I'^tiinattil  llu*  ini|Hii'tini('i* 
of  i'iiiii|)riiiniH>  anil  union.  'I'lic  wunlv,  ijinii'rli  -poiMn.  Iiail  no  |ilat'i'  in  tlicir  lit'iirtr* : 
«iiii'  |iiirt_\  was  nii_\  iiliiiii'.'.  ll lin'i'  wa-<  rurimix  and  iijrj:r«',><sivi'. 

A  i-oiiMiition  lor  llic  ailjii><(ii!  nt  uf  ilii'ir  iJilVn'iiitiis  uas  r<nininoni'i|  to  imri  it 
'l'iilv.)li)i\iiii  on  llir  llutji  iif  .iinii-,  I >.i'.i.  wliic'li  I'l'iiiaiiiril  in  f^crtsioii  liir  ciujil  or  niin' 
(la\>*  li<  c|i«iMi>-.iiai-'  wiTi'  isiitiii'.'.  ili«i'ori|ant.  aiiij  jpilli'i'.  'I'iir  IIo^'^ill'!J.  wlio  wcrt- 
in  llic  inajoniv,  ri'-nKrij  to  liuM  iln-ir  [lowfr.  aiiiJ  tlir  llitl'.'i'itc-' ijiii  rininnl  nut  to  .-nc- 
ciniiii.      Wlicii  it  liicinu' ('\  iilini  thai  a  <'oni|aoniisc' cuiiM  not  he  (lliili'il,  tiiriMl-i  wire 

»i»<il.  wlii'n'ii|ioii  xoiiir  111'  ihc  liiii'.'t'ili-  I'liit'l's  willnlrcw  to  llicir  Imini's.  and  tin iinrij 

iiilionriiccl  willioiit  clll'i'tin'-'  anvlliiiiL',  (•Nct'pt.   tlir   iiiaiiili'Mtation  of  a  (|t'<'|)  and   -I'tlird 

|in'jiidi >n  ImiiIi  sides,  and  of  tin'   irrcconcilaMt'  (•liariii'tcr  of  tlio   ii'iid.      ll   a|i|M'ars. 

ridin  II  ilociiiiiiiil  III  I'lac  II*,'  tiial.  on  tin'  cvcnini:  w  iaai  tiii^  inniicii  uas  di-sdjvcd.  ii 
hi'i'ii'l  coiii'laM'  III'  till'  jradi'is  ol'  tlir  Unssili*  \va*  liidd.  wlio  Mliclrd  I'mtv  nn'ii.  to 
wlioin  was  as'-i'^nid  llic  diilv  of  a'-Mi«>inaliirj  tlu'  liadi'fs  ol'  liii'  llid'^riti's.  that  liatcl'iil 
jtaitv  will)  liad  siinn'd  tin*  tivaty  of  \rw  Krjiota.  ol' llir  "JMli  of  Dici'iiImt.  |S'J"i.  Knr 
liiiirtt'cii  M'iii's  IiikI  lliis  LTiid'H'  linii  iioiiri>liid  in  tlu'  hrarts  nl'  llic  iiialconlciil  jiai'tv, 
initil  It  at  l.i-l  rcsiilli'd  in  lla'  riiiiinii-->ioii  of  a  couardK  inindcr.  IIowcmt  line  may 
lie  the  a--eiiion  rejaiiliii'j  tile  se^^ion  of  this  dark  coindave.  it  is  certain  that  on  llie 
titliowiii'.'  dav  the  iniinniMn  and  cnicl  niiiiilers  of  ISoiidinot.  and  ol'  the  l!id'/i's.  Iiolli  lallici' 
inid  son.  were  |ici|ietralei|.  Iiondiiiol  was  in  the  act  ol'  sii|iciiiiieiidin'j  tiie  ei'cetioii  of 
a  linildiinr.  when  lie  was  accosted  liy  I'onr  Indian-^,  who  Milicited  him  to  \i^it  a  house 
Home  hnndrcds  1)1'  yanU  distant,  and  adminisler  some  niediciiic«  ;  he  heiiii;' a  |ih\<iciaii. 
With  his  usual  |)i'oin|iliu'ss  he  comidied.  and  hail  |iriii'ecilei|  almiit  hall'  the  distance, 
when  he  was  suddenly  assassiniited.  'I'lie  licnds  were  not  salislied  with  killing.  Imt 
tlicv  cut  liini  into  jiicccs  in  the  most  shockiiiLi  inanner.  'I'iic  yonnuer  iiid'je  was  the 
next  \ictini  of  this  secret  liand  of  cxecntioiiers.  Me  was  dvaLj'jeil  rnun  his  lied,  in  the 
midst  ol"  his  I'amilx,  and  di>|ialciiid.  The  eldei'  Itid'je.  who  was  iili>ent  on  a  \i»il  into 
liie  adjoiniii'.'  limits  of  .Vrkansax.  was  waylaid  and  shot  by  |ieisons  who  occnpicd  an 
••mineiice  heside  the  iiiail ;  and  his  hody.  when  discoveii'ii  hy  his  rrieiids,  was  linind  to 
lia\c  hceii  |)iciced  with  live  rille-liiills. 

This  violence  cNciicd  ;jnat  commotion  in  the  nation,  and,  so  I'ar  I'rom  chci'kiiii;  the 
zeal  ol"  llic  Uidue  parly,  it  only  inllamcil  it.  Discord  I'ciuiicd  e\etywlieie,  and  Mr. 
.lo'aii  Itoss.  who  was  accused  of  conceriinu'  the  plot  ol' the  assassination,  siiridniidcd  his 
lioiisc  with  a  .miiird  ol"  oUD  ol"  his  adherents.      .Soverul  chiefs  of  tlie  opposite  [mrty  took 


'  SlnliMiiitil  111'  Sl.iiiil\V;iliT.  —  ('iiiiijnasinnil  Ihnuiinnh.   Viii.   X.W'I. 


HI! 


IHilli 


Jii 


!! 


i  '•'' 


■I    L 


IP    t 


^\ 


k'  i  H' 


■  M  ;   ■ 

■  -4'*  '  ■ 


it:l:    : 


I  I' 


•?> 


ft     ; 


I    1: 


502 


CONSUMMATION    OF    T  II  K 


flu'llrr  williiii  tlic  walls  ut'  Kmi'i  (libsou.  whort-  tliov  witc  prolcctcd  by  (u'licral  Arlnu'klc, 
will)  also  (itli'n'd  a  rol'iige  to  Mr.  lioss,  wliich  lu'  di'diiuMl.  In  tlio  corri'SjjoiulfiiL'o 
wliii'li  ensued  botweini  the'  eiJiniiiaiidant  of  the  fort  and  Mr.  luws,  tlui  latter  diselosed 
a  subtle,  cautions,  illogical,  evasive  [)olicy.  Kxtienie  positions  were  taken  by  botli 
|iarlies.  evincinj:  a  bitterly  discordant  and  Imstile  spirit.  Tlu'  darkest  (d'  the  ensiiin;;- 
H:iiisaclions.  on  tlio  part  ol"  tlie  IJnssites.  was  the  eallini;'  ol'  a  convention,  or  iicneral 
council,  almost  e.\clusi\cly  coniposcil  of  their  own  part_\'.  which  passed  ii  resolution 
iirautini;  an  anniesty  to  the  murderers!  They  also,  sidjseipiently.  declaicd  some  of  the 
leadiui;  Hidjii'iles  outlaws.  Thoe  proceediuiis  were  disapproved  by  the  local  military 
and  ollicers  ol'  tin'  deparlinent.  whose  suu^iic.-^iions  tor  elU'ctim:'  a  reunion  were  nnbeeded. 
The  (io\ernnicnt  at  \Vashin:jion  in>tructcd  i'.s  ollicers  to  demand  the  surrender  of  the 
nnuili'rcrs.  that  they  mii:ht  be  broiiiiht  to  trial ;  and  directed  thorn  to  withhold  tho 
C'lierokt'c  annuities  while  this  discordant  state  of  society  existed. 

Ml',  lioss.  having;  evaded  an_\ direct  issue  in  the  coi'respondence.  soufiht  to  procure  an 
iiivestiization  of  the  matier  at  a  disiant  poiul.  where  wiliu'sses  could  not  Lm;  so  readily 
sunnnoned.  and.  foi'  this  purpose.  >.eiit  his  lirotlu'r,  liowis  Koss,  and  two  other  Cherokces 
to  Washington.  A  personal  interview  with  the  .Secretary  of  War  was  obtained,  and 
an  appeal  made  by  Lewis  l{o>s  in  favor  of  his  brother,  in  which  he  spoke  oi'  the 
murders  as  pruudr  acts,  and  of  the  decree  of  their  general  |iarty  council.  I'xtending 
pardon  to  the  actors  therein,  as  being  coiiclusi\»'  of  the  niattci'.  lie  niged  that  an 
in\e.-iigation  should  be  instituted  at  the  seal  of  (Joverniiient.  This  Mr.  Poinsett 
denied,  remarking  that,  if  John  Koss  were  innoi  Mit.  he  woidil  not  oppose  the  arrest  of 
till'  murderers,  or  attempt  to  shield  them  ;  that,  with  his  known  iiilliience  over  tho 
iialioii.  he  mi'jlil  have  iireveiited  the  commi.ssion  of  the  savage  dci'ds :  but  he  could  now 
contribute  to  the  ends  (jf  justice  by  surrenderiii;;  the  criminals,  whose  barbarities  had 
bc'ii  countenanced,  and  tliemsiKcs  exonerated  by  the  national  council.  The  Secre- 
tary said  that  the  council  had  no  legal  right  to  >anetioii  a  violation  of  all  laws,  human 
and  <li\ine;  and  that  no  invesligalion  was  iccpiiied.  so  long  as  .lidm  Koss,  the  chief 
magistrate,  refused  to  deliver  np  the  murderers  to  ju.-lice.  He  was  not  charged,  it  was 
conceded,  with  lia\iiig  ordered  the  niurderers  to  perform  the  criminal  act.  but  with 
permitting  it  to  be  done,  when  a  word  from  him  would  have  s|iared  the  ell'usioii  of 
iniioeeiit  blood.  Ih'  might  jnstily  himself  by  withdrawing  his  [irotection  from  llie 
murderers,  ami  '.;i\inu  tbeiu  up;  but  the  ( io\crnmeiit  would  continue  to  regard  him  as 
the  iiirliuator  and  abi'ttor  of  tlie>e  loul  di'i'iU  until  that  was  done.  Mr.  I'^iinsett 
eoii(diid(d  b\  >a\in;.:'  liiat  llie  majority  ought  to  rule,  while  guided  \)\  law  am!  piin- 
eipli';  but  that  tiie\  had.  by  their  (a'liel.  sa\ai;e.  nud  law  less  course,  l()rfoited  all  right 
to  govern  the  old  seitleis.  who  Were  in  a  miiioril\  ;  that  they  had  proved  themsi'Kes 
tyrants  in  the  worst  >eiise  of  the  tei-m  ;  ami  the  (io\-ernment  wiMild  nut  f()r  a  moini'nt 
nphiild  (a' .-aiii'tioii  tyranny:    lea~t  ui'  all.  brutal.  sa\',ii;e  t_\  r^niiiy.' 


l'nll,L'ri'.->iuMlll    IliiiailUCias,   .Nn.    '.',\~.  Ji.   it 


li      \' 


(iOVKllNMENT    I'OLKJY    OF    REMOVAL 


508 


C II  APT  EH   VIII. 


CKOSK    OF    THE    FIRST    DECADE    OF    THE    COLONIZATION    PLAN. 


Till-:  triiiis.ictioiis  of  tliis  ycur  were  rosiiltaiit  from   tli(>  fiiiiil   |ii'r- 
foniiMiicc  of  the  rcirijiiniiiix  trcnty  stiiiulatioiis  with  tlu>  iiiiimr  tril)rs.  IS  ID. 

wliicli  cviilciu'iMl   tlu'  (■oinpictc  icinoviil  of  iill  tlio  trilics.  imd   pMils       M.  \'.\n  1!i  ki:n, 
of  trilics.  fiotn  tlie  limits  of  tlie  Stiitcs  iuhI  Territories,  to  ;i  ImiuI  Phksiuknt. 

wiiero  tlioy  coiilil    tlicmselvcs    exercise   tlie  so\<'reiiiii   power.  mikI 
wiiert'   tliev  could   not    fail   to,  ami  iliil,  aiuiuaily   [irosin'r.      IJiit    few   allusions   to   tlio 
(li'tails  of  this  period  will  he  necessary. 

The  Cherokees.  whose  discordant  relatiniis  had  reached  tlnii-  acme  in  IS.'ID, 
ilevelopini;  themselves  in  the  internal  disconls  and  crimes  which  ha\c  heeii  described, 
were  convulsed  hy  political  turmoils  for  some  yeai's.  diu'iuLr  wdiicii  immistakeahle  tokens 
irave  evidence  that,  however  nuich  dissensions  |)revaile(l.  the  ultimate  result  W(Uild  lie 
a  union  of  all  the  jarriuLi'  (dennuils.  and  the  insliluliou  of  a  peiMuauent  Lioverniui'Ut. 
StroiiiT  wills  and  (dear  minds  were  to  he  liiund  in  their  councils.  The  rivalries  aial 
jealousies  of  the  chii'fs  had  heen  tearfully  e.\citi'<l  liy  the  transaction  of  New  K(diota, 
which,  it  was  iioiieil,  the  conciliatoiy  measiu'cs  of  the  {lovcrmueut  would  have  sootheil ; 
hut.  like  a  violent  and  stuhliorii  disease,  it  could  not  he  cured  hy  palliatives,  and 
re(piired  stl'ouirev  applications,  whiidi.  while  they  relieveil.  at  the  sauu',  infiu'iateil  tlu> 
patient.  It  recpiired  time  to  (piell  discords  which  had  distracted  the  ('herokei'  miliou 
to  the  centre;  and  the  result  has  proved  that  time  was  the  true  remeily.  No  ti-ihe  of 
the  same  aL;ii'rejrat<'  |)opulation  had  emiiirated.  and  no  other  trihe  which  removed  to  the 
tenitory  had  heen  so  lonjr  and  so  successfully  the  suhject  of  instruction.  A  people 
who  had  invented  a  new  al|)h;il)et.  who  had  Ioul;'  jiartiiMpateil  in  the  school  s\stem; 
who  had  learned  the  arts  of  the  loom  ami  spindle,  and  had  reached  a  coudiliou  of 
domestic  society  inid  manners,  the  refmement.  tastes,  and  elei;auce  of  which  ma\  iie 
judirod  of  liy  the  hriiiht  e.\ample  ol' Catherine  IJrown.' could  not  lack  clearness  of 
conception,  ov  the  power  of  distiuLiuishint;'  hetweeu  the  priuciples  of  ri:ht  and  wi'oui;'. 
'I'o  deuv  this,  as  there  was  a  Scottish  element  in  the  nation,  would  he  as  ah-uid  as  to  aver 


M 


111    i 


if 


:i! 


;  ,    I 


Villi-   \iiili'rsiiii'>^  I. ill'.  iJiistnn. 


11  i 


I  :■ 


'i  > 


■!  ■  ii 


'M 


CUNSIMM  ATION    OF    THE 


llint  tilt-  iiH'iital('!ilibri'ol"tlif  Scottish  iicoplc  iit  a  distinct  oriiol'CiiU'doiiifui  history.  hIiouIiI 
bi'  juilgi'il  h\  till'  fXiimpK's  of  Uo\<  Fioy.  oi'  the  actors  in  the  iinitiil  atrocities  of  Ok'iicoc. 

Tlic  siiiallcM'  trilx's.  wlio  yet  lingered  in  the  States,  may  he  reiianled  as  occnpying 
tlie  ivhitivo  jiositioii  of  houlders  in  the  geological  system.  Tliey  had  been  leniovod 
from  their  natal  positions,  ami  locateil  in  ([nestionahle  .situations.  The  Hood  that  swept 
them  Ibrwanl  before  its  i-esistless  waves  was  the  Knropean  race,  and  it  .seemed  donbtfid 
whether  tliey  woidd  e\er  ag.iin  find  a  permanent  IbotliDld  on  tiie  soil.  Mr.  Monroe 
uttered  a  truth,  in  ISlil.  when  he  sail]  that  such  a  resting  place  was  onl\'  to  be  found 
west  of  the  .Mississippi ;  and  in  IS.'ld.  Congress,  b}' clothing  it  in  the  langiuige  of  a 
legal  enactment,  gave  vitality  to  tlii'  suggestion. 

One  of  these  boulder  triiics.  wiio.  of  their  own  accord,  sought  refuge  in  the  coloiii/.ed 
territoiy.  was  the  so-called  .'^tocUbridges.  comprising  the  ronniants  of  the  ancient 
Mohicans.  At  thi'  period  of  the  discovt'ry  of  the  rivers  Hudson,  (..'hatenuic,  the 
Mohigan.'  of  their  own  vocabulary,  and  the  (.'ohahatatea  of  the  Iroipiois,  this  people 
resided  on  its  western  banks,  opposite  to,  and  south  ol'  Albany.  When  the  population 
(if  the  colonies  pressed  upon  tiiem.  they  .jro.s.seil  the  Taconic  range,  and  concentrated 
tiieir  peo[)le  in  tiie  valley  of  the  llonsatonie,  in  Massachusetts,  wlu're  for  years  they 
ii ceiN'ed  tuition  iVom  the  eminent  theologian,  Ivlwards.  They  csiioused  the  cause  of 
tiie  colonies  dm'ing  the  Kevolulionary  war,  their  services  as  runners.  Hankers,  and 
g;iii-men.  having  been  highly  appreciated.  After  the  I'lii.se  of  that  contest,  they 
removed  to  the  upper  waters  of  the  Oneida  creek  valley,  by  virtue  of  an  arrangement 
with  the  Oneida  canton  —  then  under  the  government  of  the  benevolent  Skeuaudoah.' 
About  the  year  l^'l'J.  they  eutereil  into  negotiations  with  the  .Menomonees  of  Wisconsin, 
and  sui)se(pientl\"  removed  to.  anil  settled  on  Fo.v  river,  of  (Jreen  Bay;  but  ten  or 
twcKe  years'  residence  in  this  ijuarter  was  sullicient  to  satisly  them,  that  the  white 
jiopnlatioii  would  soon  hem  them  in  as  clost'ly  there  as  they  had  ilone  in  Now  York. 
Tluy  entered  into  freipient  negotiations  with  the  (ioverument,  liist  acc(>|)ting  a  tract 
on  the  liauks  of  iiake  Winnebago;  but  subsequently  sidling  tiiis.  the_\-  stipulated  for  a 
locMiion  on  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi.  In  l>ti)  a  considerai)le  nund)er  of  tin'  tribe, 
located  on  Laki'  Winneb.igo.  in  Wisconsin,  withdi-ew  from  the  others,  and  emigrated 
to  till'  Indian  colony  west  of  the  Missouri.  They  were  :iccompanied  by  the  .Munsees. 
whose  •mcestors  had  lieen  their  neighiiois  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Hudson  in  ancient 
times,  and  by  an  emigrating  party  oi  Delawares.  from  tiie  ri\er  Thames,  in  Canada. 
uihIcI'  command  of  the  chiel'.  Thomas  T.  Ileuilrick.  Th<'  entire  p.arty.  numherin.;  1  71: 
])ersons.^  were  received  by  their  tribal  I'elatives,  the  Delawares.  who  fin'nishcd  them 
with  a  resilience  on  their  large  ivser\ation  near  Fort  Lea\enw urth,  on  the  Kan/as 
river. 

The  oft-tried  tenijiorizing  and  erroneous  polie\' of  renio\ing  Indians  from  one  location, 


MMlii|.;in.itii'' 


'  v.. I  I\'  .  !•   .Milt 


"    \iiini;il  lii(li;ui  l!.'|iMrl,    ls|ll.. 


^J 


%\i^'^" 


GOVEKXMENT  POLICY  OF  REMOVAL 


506 


witliiii  tlu'  Stixti's,  to  imollu'r.  liuwover  reiiiDte.  also  witliin  tliuir  liiuits,  has  uiiirormly 
proved  to  he  a  t'ailur(>.  Tlie  t'X[i("ii(,'iu'c  of  tin-  Stockhridiics,  Mmisot's,  and  wgrogiited 
Di'lawan's  was  now  added,  to  prove  tin;  evd  results  arisiiii;'  iVoni  this  policy.  Such 
removed  tribes  and  hamls  were  s|)ceilily  siuTounded  by  a  white  population,  with  whom 
tliev  did  not  coalesce,  ami  naturally  w  ;u«ted  away  under  the  intlucnco  of  adverse  manners 
and  customs. 

Tiie  same  attenijit  to  remove  a  ti'ibe  from  one  State  to  another  was  nmdo  with  the 
"Winnebaiides.  {[avini;  been  implicated  in  the  Sauk  war.  they  agreed  in  1S:]2.  at  Rock 
i>l:ind.  where  the  American  army  was  tiien  encamped,  to  leave  the  east  banks  of  the 
Mississippi,  abandoninir  their  favorite  Kock  river.  Wisconsin,  and  Fox  river  vallevs, 
and  remove  to  a  position  west  of  the  Mississippi,  denominated  the  Neutral  (iround. 
For  them.  howe\-er.  it  was  not  -neutral  j:round.'"  ll  was.  in  i'act,  the  wiir  jrround  of 
tiie  Sacs  and  Foxes  and  Sioux  ;  and  they  iiad.  under  tiie  inllui'uco  of  the  presence  of 
a  military  force,  agreed  to  a  propositiou.  which  tliey  had  not  the  ability,  and  were 
unwillin:^'.  to  perl'orm.  'I'lion^ih  ethnoloiiieally  of  liie  Sioux  stock,  their  allinity  was 
not  to  be  relied  on:  tln'v  po^srs-ed  a  natiouality  of  tlnir  own.  anil  coukl  not,  after 
aires  of  separatiiiii.  t;il<i'  shelter  untK'r  tiie  Sinnx  tla'j-.  Tiie  plan  of  the  neutral  trround 
was  a  benevolent  tlieory,  wliich  it  wa-  hoped  and  iielit'\-ed  would  work  well,  but  it 
oveutnally  proved  to  lie  an  niter  f;illaiy,  it  had.  liowever.  strong  advocates,  beina 
fa\()red  b\-  many  persons  who  did  not  wi>h  to  si'e  tlie  Wiinicbagocs  removed,  with 
their  lai'je  means  and  annuities,  l)fyond  llie  reach  ol' a  peripatetic  pedlar's  footsteps,  or 
to  lose  si'.;lit  of  the  dislriluition  n['  their  annual  per  capita  dollars. 

In  l^■")7  the  WinneiiaLioes  renewed  iy  treaty  their  eiu;aLri'ment  to  remove  to  the 
Neutral  (Irouiid.  in  Iowa,  within  eiuht  months  alter  the  ratification  of  that  instrument. 
The  treaty  was  hot  ratified  until  June.  IS.'IS.  which  would  limit  the  period  for  their 
rcmo\al  to  February.  IS.'/.I.  'J'liey  still  liuLicred  in  the  \alleys  of  theii'  ancient  hom(\ 
until  the  matter  of  llnir  riMiioval  ^vas  placed  in  the  hands  of  (leiieral  Atkinson. 
When  tlii'y  iliscovered  tliat  the  I'liited  States  were  in  earnest,  the  mass  of  them 
removed  across  the  Mississippi  w  ithout  causiiiL:-  nuieh  diilicidty;  but,  tlioui:li  still  nrjied 
to  proceed  to  tlu'  Neutral  (Iroiin  1.  they  eiu'amiied  on  the  western  margin  of  the  river, 
wlii'ie  tlie\  were  alloweil  to  remain  until  the  folfwiiiL;'  year.  -Meantime  the\' were 
alUii'ted  b\'  considerable  siekness.  and  snrroundi'd  iiy  whiskey  shops,  toLictiu'r  with 
e\('r\-  tem|>tation  that  Indians,  possessing  Iiea\y  annuities,  are  sure  to  oncounter. 
Their  ajeiit  established  his  buildings  and  shops  on  the  Neutral  Ground,  whcn^  the 
trii)!'  was  eventually  induced  to  settle,  by  the  announcement  that  there  only  would 
tliev  In'  paid  th'ir  annuities.  It  will  lie  seen  in  the  secpiel.  that  in  a  fe\v  years  it 
liecanie  iii'cessary  to  reiihne  the  \\'inneliaL;ii''s  from  the  limits  of  Iowa. 

.\    mi-take   ol'  a   similar  kiinl  x\;i-;   made  with    the    united   ('hip|iewas.  ()t towns,  and 
I'oltawattamies.  who  eeded  their  lands  in    Illinois  by  tlie  treaty  concluded  at  Chicago 
in  IS0.J.     .V  part  of  the  c<insideration   named   in   it  was  the  grant  of  O.IJUO.UUU  acrcj 
Vol.,  VI  —04 


i|  \''    ; 


1  't 


■  1 


.  J,i 


''   |l 


500 


roXSI'MMATIOX    OF    THE    POLICY    OF    REMOVAL. 


of  laiiil  ill  tin-  AVcst ;  in  iircoiiliiiicc  with  wliicli  tlioy  wore  placeil  on  a  tonuiio  ol'  laiul 
sitiMtc  lictwccii  till'  wi'steni  IioiiikImit  of  tlio  Stiito  of  Missouri  and  tlio  Missouri  rivL>r. 
'l"iu'  |iroi;ri'ss  of  tlio  si'ttlt'iiu'uts  in  Missouri  nuulo  tliis  tract  of  liiiul  so  essentially  ii 
L'coirnipliiciil  i)art  of  that  State,  anil  so  neeessary  to  its  airrieuUnral  and  conuucroial 
(ii'V('lo|)inent.  that  Congress  annexed  it  thereto ;  which  act  rendered  it  imperative  for 
llie  (iovcrniiient  to  provide  these  Indians  with  the  stipulated  '),()t)0,000  acres  west  of 
the  Missonri  river. 

Oilier  hands  of  Pottawiittainies,  residlntr  in  Indiana,  who  had  ceded  their  possessions 
in  lliat  <|ii:irli'r.  were  reiiiovcil  diiriiii;'  tliis  year,  nmlcr  the  iiiiniediate  surveillance  of 
(li'iuTal  Iiiiidv.  Tliere  were  also  some  acci'ssioiis  of  the  Seniinoles  from  Florida,  and 
of  iVa'^iiicnts  of  the  seiireirated  hands  of  the  IMiU'k  riv(>r  and  Swan  ereek  (Jhippewas, 
of  Michiizan.  The  whole  number  of  Indians  removed  in  lS-10  was  oG71.'  Tiie 
rhcroUee  dillicnlties  had,  this  y(>ar.  lieen  so  far  compromised  between  tin;  two  contend- 
iiiir  jiarties,  that  Mr.  I'oinsett,  the  Sccri'tary  of  War,  directed  the  annuities  to  he  paid.' 


Ammal  rmliiiii  l!i')iort.  is  10,  p.  'JO 


«lbi(!.,  ,,.  .^.1. 


m 


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; 

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III 


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in 


8ECT10N    TWKXTV-i  inST. 

PKINCIPLKS    (!()NTH\I)i:i)    FOR    BY    TlIK    1\ 
DIANS    DllilNCi    TllKKI':    (' KML  illES. 


r  ir 


Cll  A  I'l'Kll     I. 


A  XT  A(;  ON  ISM    OF     !!  A  J!  I".  A  1!  I  S  M    AXD    (M  V  1  M /.  AT  1  ( )N  . 


'•Why."  siiid  Apiuiiiict,  "tlo  you  liclii'vc  lottors  and  arts  siiprrinr 
1()  tlic  i>iirMiits  of  till'  liow  1111(1  iiridw?     Do  they  more  truly  lull'il  thr  \s'n. 

iiml)iliniis  (if  file  liuinaM  licavt.  accoi'iliii;.;'  to  tin;  incasiin'  of  ii'aiil  anil        .1.  Ill  riiw.W, 
Uno\vli'(l'i(',   -wliicii  (Ictcrniinc   tih'   actual  oonilitious  nl'  the  (liH'riviif  I'ki  ^iiii;.\T. 

races  of  incM '.''  A[iaunii't  was  u  Mohican  scholar,  wiio  iiaii  h''tii 
carefully  educated  at  Princeton,  in  Mew  .lersey,  where  he  was  named  .Tulni  CaKin. 
iind  where  lie  actjuired  a  kiiowlediie  of  classical  and  JmiliHsIi  liileratuie.  dl'  which, 
as  he  had  a  retentive  moinoiy,  he  was,  on  suiue  occasions,  not  a  little  v.iin.  Ih- 
returned  to  his  trilie  on  the  llousatonic,  and  accoin[iaiiied  ihiiii  to  the  hanks  of  the 
Oneida,  in  western  New  Yoric.  where,  as  he  was  neither  a  ininter  nor  a  lislicriuaii.  lie 
hccanie  a  schoolmaster:  hciui^'  disa[i|)oiiiteil  witli  civilization,  and  discouraged  wilii  Hie. 
lie  trie(l  to  <lrowii  his  sorrows  in  tiu'  in  toxica  tiii'^  howl,  anil  often,  while  inelaiated.  w  ould 
recite  some  of  the  linest  jiassai;es  of  Homer.  He  --aiil  that  his  knowled'^e  was  i-ele-s 
to  liim.  hecanso  he  liad  no  letters  to  write,  and  no  accounts  to  ke<'j);  and  thai  hi--  study 
of  history  had  tauL;ht  him  that  his  ]ieo|)Ie  were  savay.es.  and  he  hinisell'  a  letl<'red 
.ravage,  alike  unfit  for  Imiian  oi  cl\iii/ed.  |i|e. 

Aiiaumet  would  neitiier  ]ia\e  warred  a,i:'ainst  tlie  l']uro|)e;ui  race,  nor  laid  a  >ira\v  in 
the  way  of  cis  ili/atioii  :  hut  the  Indian  raci'  lacked  \\\<  iiitelleei.  his  kiie\v|e.|.je  and 
his  ('hri>iiaiiily.  'i'lcir  niiiaU  were  o'l^aired  hy  the  ;:i(iom  ol'  harliai-i-m.  and.  w  heii 
aroused    to  aeliou    hy  liieir   [irojihe(-;.  m'   e.\citt'il    hythe   chMjiieui' •  of  I  iieir  chiel-;   and 


1  ^U 


'4 


'  'f  1 


:   1 

1  1 

!'n 


808 


I'liiNci  iT.Ks  ('(inti;m>i:i)  i'oh  ijv 


paclii'iiis,  tlit-y  liciiiiu.'  iiiKoiiUiilaljlo  ;  llioir  unliir  Itciiig  in  iv  grt'iit  laciv-sm-u  proijortioiicil 
to  tlii'ir  iuiionuuH'. 

It  liiis  lu'i'ii  I'vrr  thus  I'lDiM  lilt'  (lisoovery  of  tlii;<  CDiil'mcnt.  Tlioir  nll't'otion  for 
niificiit  rites,  iiiiiinicrs.  luul  (Mi>toms.  was  ;i  siiccrdiiimin  luc  imtriotisin ;  and  llicir  old 
Inidilions  siipiilii-il  (lu'ii-  I'liliri-  store  of  iiiiorniatioii.  'Vlwy  ri'i,'ardcd  tliciuselvi  s  as 
liaviii.i,'  oiico  lioiMi  till-  jiecidiar  l',i\<uiti's  of  the  Great  Spirit,  and  tliey  looketl  hack  to 
that  [jeri'id  as  to  a  sort  ol'  ui'ldiii  a^^v.  wlicii  rvt'iy  want  was  suinilit'd.  Their  old  men 
were  then  wiser;  their  laws,  and  tluir  \ery  lan,^iia,ij;e,  was  purer.  Savai'is  they  never 
8nspceted  theniscdves  to  he.  and  nne  eonnnoii  thoniiht  pervaded  the  whole  mass.  Then! 
were  no  I'aets  t'roni  whicii  to  draw  inferences,  except  tho.«e  derived  I'roin  Indian  lil'e;  and 
these  taiifiht,  that  lu-avorv  and  endurance  were  the  chief ohjocts  of  iunnan  attainnunt. 
The  Indian  mind  is  a  unit ;  the  likes,  dislikes,  and  ohjects  of  contention  of  one  memher, 
bcinj.^  participated  in  l)y  the  rest  of  the  tribes.  [Jefore  the  [)re.sent  condition  of  the 
tribes,  who  have  been  tranlerred  from  the  ea>t  to  the  west  <'f  the  iMi.ssissi|)pi,  is 
adverted  to,  it  may  be  appropriate  to  reii'r  more  fully  to  ihosi  leiiding  pi'incipli'S 
which  give  nnifornuty  to  the  Indian  iiisti>ry.  The  cnnden.~e  1  \ie\.'  of  it  whicdi  has 
been  presented,  from  the  tlay  when  the  lirst  Kuropean  foot  ti  "1  the  soil  of  this 
continent,  renders  it  evident  that  the  contest  has  not  been  so  much  between  particular 
races  of  Kurope  and  the  Indians,  as  iietween  them  and  all  races  wiio  npludd  civilization 
against  barbarism.  It  was  not  so  much  a  strnirile  between  colonies  and  tribes,  as 
between  condititms  of  society.  True  to  his  instincts,  the  Indian  desired  to  preserve 
his  territories  as  hnnting-gronnds,  on  wliieh  the  entire  race  of  aninnils  might  incrca.se, 
and  his  otlerings  to  a  class  of  imaginary  gods,  at  or"  propitiate  their  favor,  and  avert 
the  penalty  of  past  neglects  or  ingratitude.  He  ilid  not  wish  for  a  religion  whose 
teachings  were  diametrically  o[)[)osite;  and  coveted  not  letters,  which  he  did  not 
understand  or  appreciate,  and  could  not  employ  in  the  nomadic  life  whieli  ho  led. 
Industry  wa.s  to  him  a  weariness  he  could  not  cndui'e,  and  which  ho  was  ever  ready  to 
confound  with  slavery,  of  which  the  surveyor's  compa.ss  and  chain,  th.c  plough,  and 
the  loom,  were  regarded  as  the  talismanic  emblems.  Possessing  a  marked  character  lor 
secresy,  deception,  and  endurance,  lie  only  tolerated  what  ho  could  not  resist.  The 
conspiracies  of  Opechanganough,  in  Virginia,  of  the  Cliicoras  and  Tu.scaroras  in  the 
Carolinas,  of  Sassacus  and  Pometacom.  in  Massachusetts,  of  Pontiac  and  Tecnmsch  in 
the  West,  and  of  Tuscaloosa  and  Osceola  in  the  South,  of  Black  Hawk  in  1832,  and 
of  the  Seminoles  in  IS.*];;,  were  alike  in  accordance  with  the  generic  principle  which 
they  professed,  and  three  centuries  have  not  varied  the  i.xsue.  What  the  Indian 
contended  against  in  1()2"J  and  I(*i7"),  he  tried  to  resist  in  1712,  17(j.3,  and  1812.  It 
was  civilization  he  warred  against;  and  letters,  labor,  and  Christianity,  wore  the  potent 
and  mysterious  powers  he  supplicated  his  gods  to  resist. 

Keeping  in  view  this  great  truth,  we  have  been  enabled  to  present  the  preceding 
sketch  of  Indian  history,  without  breaking  it  up  by  geographical  lines;  for  the  theatre 


TIIK    IN'IHANS     hI'IMNd    TIIIIKK    <J  K  N         itlK^. 


seo 


of  (•()llt^'^'t  was  AiiU'iicii,  iimI  lliis.  nr  lliiil  Stati",  iiinl  tin;  act.i.  wcrv  tli<'  *iil»tl"  lliul 
iMifrL't'lic  ^:r()ii|is  of  Vc>ii('iia.  Wlictlicr  I'luMniiitcrcil  on  the  pi,,  <  Ni'w  Hiiivrlaiid  or 
New  \iiil<,  or  ill  tlio  viilli'ss  ol'  tin-  SiiM|iicliMmi:i,  tin.'  \Vul»asli.  (U*  tlio  Mi^^iM.sipiii,  it 
was  liic  ^alll('  lacc,  iiussi'^siiiL'  >iiiiilar  ciiaiai'(riisli(  s.  and  actiiatiMJ  lis  lilvc  viiiiiicli\o 
iirini'iiilrs.  tlial  was  lo  In'  I'liciimilci'cii. 

Discords  like  those  wiiii'li  cxi^li'd  amoiiir  tin;  ('In  rolici's,  lictwc'cn  the  Iv'oss  niiil  Ilid^o 
i)art\.  art'  cxci'iilioiiai  cases  to  tins  rule.  'I'liis  side  conli  si  may  lie  likeiieil  lo  llic  wai" 
iietweeii  I'lieas  and  Sassaeiis,  wliicli  \>  as  orij,'inall\'  liased  on  rivalry  and  |icr-oiial 
aniliilion.  'i'luM'  I'eiuls  introduced  no  new  prinei[i|e,  and  do  nut  diseloM'  n  new  Irait  ol' 
cliaraeler. 


V  K 


:,l 


■H;i 


i 


;t  : 


r.io 


rit  iNci  I'LKs  cuNTi:  N  i»i;i>  roii  nv 


(11  A  TTKU    I  I. 


u 


I'll  I  Losui'iiU'Ar,    i:\AMiN  \Ti(»\    ok    Till'    Ait»;  I  M  i:.\T    ON    tin: 

DIFFERING   MANNKllS  AND  CUSTOMS  OF  TIIK  KACFS  OF  MKN. 


■'■ . 


i  I 


III'  . 


is: 


Wiii'N.  ill  li'»77.  Sir  Frniicis  Dnikp  visitod  tin-  Pacifii;  const,  Iw 
I'Duli'n'ci!   till'  iiiiiiic  III'  Alliinii  on  :i  jmrt  of  it.  wliii'li  wiis  inliiiliiliil 


J.  ItrriiA.NAN,       h\  II  trilii' will)  iivi'il  iiliiin>i  ill  u  st:iti' of  ninliiv,  >liiiii'riiiLr  tlifiiisrhis 
1'ki;.>iiii:.\t.  in  pits  I'sciivnti'il  in  tlir  uroiiinl,  iiini  wiin.  iiiiiii^iiiii:  tniits  of  iviinliii'ss 

iiiKJ  siiii|)lirily  \vitli  tiicii'  liiiilMiii'  iiiMiiiirrs  iiimI  I'listoins,  cNJiiliiti'il 
Sitviifri'  soi'ii'tv  in  sonK-  ul'  ils  ino>t  siijiLii'stivi'  lii;iits.  In  a  liiourMpliy  of  tiiis  iiitri'|iiil 
mlvi'iitiin'r,  writtrii  l>_v  Dr.  SiiniiU'l  .loliiison.  hi'  i'iii'i'l'iiii\-  ili'|iii'ts  tliosc  traits  of  tlii! 
Alliioiii'iisi'S,  snlijoinini:'  tiu'  moral  roni'liisiuns  ili'durihli'  IVdiii  tin-  stale  ami  conililion 
(if  till'  lloiiiMilir  races  on  tlie  i':\ri'  of  tile  iriolie,  wlliell  towel'  aliovc  tlie  orilililirv  scii|ii! 
of  liiiinaiiitariaii  iiliiloso|iliv. 

"  Wlii'tlier  more  cniii^liteneil  nations  oiiirlit  to  look  upon  tlieiii  witli  Jiity.  iis  less 
liappy  flian  themselves,  some  skeptics  lia\e  iiiaile,  very  niinecess.irily,  ;i  ililliciill\  of 
(letfiiiiiiiiini'.  More,  they  say,  is  lust  liy  llie  perplexities  than  tiiiiiieil  by  ih,.  in^inictioii 
of  science  ;  we  eiilarj;e  oiir  vices  with  our  know  le(l.;e.  miil  miilti|ily  oiii-  w.ints  with  our 
attainments,  ami  the  happiness  of  life  is  better  seciiieil  by  the  ij;nuraiice  of  vice,  than 
by  the  knowleil;;!'  of  virtue. 

'■  'I'lie  falhicy  by  which  such  reasuiiers  hiive  imposeil  n|i(iii  ihemseh-es.  seems  to  iirise 
from  the  coiniiarison  which  tliev  in.ike.  not  belwceii  two  men  eipially  iiicllneil  |,i  .'ipiilv 
the  menus  of  happiness  in  llieir  power  (o  the  eml  l!ir  which  I'rov  iileiice  eunfcrrcd 
them,  liut  fiirnisheil  in  iinei|Mal  proportions  with  the  means  of  liappines.'<.  which  is  the 
true  stale  of  saviiiie  ami  polished  nations;  but  between  two  men.  of  which  he  to  whom 
I'roviileiice  lias  liceii  most   bouiitirul.  de^trovs  ll 


le  blessmjis    b\'  ni'Ltbiiciice  ur  obslniati 


misuse;    will 


ill'  tile  (itlier.  steadw  diligent,  ami  \irtuous.  emiilovs  his  al 


Ibllilies    aiiil   coll- 


^•cllil'nces  to  their  pro]ier  end.  The  i|iiestion  is  not.  whether  a  irood  Indian,  or  bad 
Knjilisliinan,  be  most  liajpy'.'  but.  whicli  state  is  most  desirable,  sii[i[)iisin:;'  \iitiie  and 
reason  the  .same  in  hoth '.'"  ' 


W'uvU.  \'..l.  II  .  ].   :::!(;:   Il;ir;icr\  lirMtluT-.  N'rw  Yorlc. 


(l! 


TIFK     INKIANS     DIIMNd    Tlll!i:i;    Ci;  NTIUIEH. 


Ml 


Ciimnitiit  III!  .'•iiili  II  I'liiK'lii-iiiii  i-i  Viiiii.  'I'lic  lilicrtiiu'-*  nl'  jliilii-iijiliy,  wlm  fill  lln' 
wiirlil  with  new  tlicoiii's,  liiivr  not  liiilcil  to  iiiciili-iiti-  tlio  iilcii  tlmt  tin'  lii'iitlicri  niitinii- 
(if  till-  '.'lol"'  iin-  Milijii't  ti>  II  ['cciiliur  iiioiiil  n'.«[M)ii>iliility,  (liHi'ifiit  Irnm  tlio  onliiiary 
cuilc.  iiiid  iniiy  (li'iivc  liii|iiiiiHfH  IVdiii  dUMliciicu  t(i  iixiotiiH,  I'lu'litl'iil  (ir  crroiK'niis.  imi 
rccu^iniscil  liy  tlio  ciiiiniix  of  trM'Intioii.  My  I'lir  the  j;rciitf>t  pnrt  (if  the  worlil.  Kiiin- 
thi-  rill  wlicii  |iii;riiMiKiii  lii'st  iircdmniiiiiti'il.  an'  tliiiH  |ilii('iil  on  n  hiisis  (liU'ciiii'/  rmiii, 
and  iiiitiif^oiiintic  to,  the  rrst.  To  riconcilc  this  notion  with  iviivim,  tin. p.  nuist  he  two 
^niiliitioiis  of  iiitcllci'tiiiil  tnitli,  twoul  \irtiii',  uimI  two  nf  mumuI  iicciiiintMliility.  Thi' 
liiiiiiiii  iiiiist  h<'  jiiMtilicil.  hy  llii.-i  tht'ory.  in  his  siihiiiiNsioii  to  h:nliiiiiMiii,  hi'ciiiisc  it  ciiii- 
.xtiliitrs  his  liiiiiiiiiicss ;  and  tlit-  skcptii'iil  world  is  siiti-ili'd  to  witnc-s  thf  jiru'/n-i-i  nl' 
idnhitry,  iiiiil  tlif  siirt'iid  of  the  fiii|iiiv  oj'  thr  toinaliaw  k.  'I'hi'v  atlinii  that  idinatinn 
nhonhl  not  he  I'onrd  (ai  Ihr  Indians,  hccansc  it  is  not  an  rlinnnt  r—iniiai  to  tlnlr 
lia|il>iiit'SH ;  and  tlnit  tlio  vovtdutioiis  oj"  ( 'hri^tianily  siionlil  In'  wilhhrM.  Ihcmiim  ihi  \' 
do  not  di'slrc  to  Ix'conio  (.'livlstiaiis, 


I,  I 


I 


il 


t     ! 


n 


r.i2 


PRINCirLES    CONTENDED    FOU    BY 


^: 


CHAPTER  III. 


SUBSIDENCE    OF    THE    INDIAN    FEUDS. 


ii't 


r , 


Ci.osK  association  in  civil  oomninnities  for  a  series  of  yoara  lias  had 

1S")7.  n  tcmloncy  to  allay  discords.     Tlu^  groat  i)rinci[)lc  for  wliicli  all  tlic 

J.  Hn  HANAX.       aliori-iiial  tribes  stni,i;glod,  was  to  jircvcnt  the  hnntcr  state  of  society 

Pkksiiie.vt.  iVoni   lieinir  nvershuiLiiied  and   anniinlat<'d  liy  eivili/ation.     The  hap- 

piness of  the  Indian  was  centred  in  t'orests  and  the  chase  :  schools  and 
chnrclios  wero  ahliorretl  hy  him.  There  have  been  no  contentions  on  this  .score  botwoeii 
tribe  and  ti'ilie.  nor  Ijctween  divi.-ions  of  the  same  tribe;  internal  dissensions  ha\e  inva- 
riably arisen  friim  pri\ate  j.'alonsies  and  lunbit'ons.  Tlu'se  ha\e  been  the  real.  Imt 
secrt^t  source  of  tribal  discords,  (tiie^tioiis  reiiardiii',''  the  disposition  of  funds,  and  the 
rciridation  of  their  internal  policy.  lia\e  been  discussi'd  and  settled  in  both  general  and 
tribal  ot)uncils.  The  tjbject  tiir  which  these'  bodies  are  now  convened  is  not,  as  for- 
merly, (hiring  the  hiintei-  state  ol'  the  tribes,  to  discuss  the  [tolicy  of  procdaiming  war 
or  concluding  jieace,  and  to  wrangle  with  each  otln'r  respecting  trespasses  on  tril)al 
boundaries,  but  to  adjust  their  civil  all'airs.  .Morals,  eduealion.  arts,  and  agriculture, 
rospcctively.  occujiy  a  share  of  attention  in  lln'se  [uiblic  as>end)lies;  and  the  progressive 
improvement  in  the  Indian  ciiaracter  has  been  so  easy  and  impt'reeptible,  that  their 
ciiuncils  ami  assemblies  Inue  been  complettdy  dninued.  in  a  few  years.  I'nMii  arenas  for 
the  display  of  wraui:ling.  and  disputatious  and  di'ejamatui'y  elocution,  to  legislative  bodies, 
wiiose  meetings  are  characterized  by  calm  and  >ober  discussion  and  dispassionate  deci- 
sion, liefercnce  is  had  particularly  to  tlii'  l'\iiii  'I'kiisk.s.  TIu'  representative  principle 
lias  been  generally  ailopted  for  limited  periods  and  deliiiite  objects.  The  lieneficial 
ell'ects  of  teniperaiic(>.  a  \  irtnons  life,  and  habits  of  industry,  on  the  manners  of  societ\, 
and  on  public  as  well  as  private  prosperity,  have  been  recognised  and  aeknowleiigrd  as 
the  true  elements  of  political  economy.  'I'hesi'  Icadnig  tribes  iia\e.  indeed,  fairl\- 
(Mubarked  in  their  national  career,  which  iier-t'veiance.  energy,  and  decision  will  enable 
them  to  pursue  triumphantly. 

The  Cherokee  disturbance,  oiu'e  so  threatening,  has  entirely  subsided,  and  it  is  now 
evident  that  the  prosperity  of  the  nation  was  well  s 'cureil  b_\  the  ticaty  of  \ew  Kchota, 


■I 

-.1 


THE    INDIANS    I>I:RIN(!    THREE    C  E  N  T  1' 1!  I  E  S.  r>\:'. 

iil(!i()iij:li  tilt'  t'xoctition  of  tlial  iiistniiin'iil  liy  tlic  uiiiiority  '^aw  tlic  ixiliticnl  ami 
piM'sonal  prepoiKU'i'aiifc  (o  tlii'  majority,  iiiid  took  tlic  ]ni\vi'r  iVoni  tlic  Icaiiiiiii'.  iiacilir, 
and  proj^i'OKsivo  rliicis.  Tiio  iict  was  rcgiU'ilcil  hy  the  iiiiili'nutciit  cliicls  as  a  iisiir^iatinii 
of  iiutliority,  ami  their  li'dinirs  wen;  moi'c  Iiiirlily  oxcitcd  liy  the  loss  dfjicrsoiial  jkiwi'i- 
than  hy  that  of  national  wealth. 

Events  orcin'ring  amonij,'  the  Indian  trihes  are  .slow  in  develo[)iiient,  and  years  tdajise 
belore  discords  are  forgotten,  or  ojiinions  heeoii  c  nationali/ed.     This  may  he   i'nlly 
demonstrated  hy  refereneo   to   tlie  history  of  the  (,'hcrokecs.     >iiMct<'cn  years    ha\c 
jiasscd  away,  and  the  l)lood  of  lioiidinot  anil  the  liio  'cs  has  not.  to  use  an  Indian  nicla- 
phor,  heeii  washed  from  the  assassins'  hands.     Tho  sanguinary  deeds  which  once  har- 
rowed up  the   feelings  of  the  nation,  and  aroused  the  sym|iathics  of  the  rnioii.  ha\c 
licen  snoeeeded  by  pi'aue,  though  the  atrocities  arc  not  forgollcn  ;  and  the  govcriimcnt  of 
the  Cherokees,  tlu>  great  hone  of  internal  (;ontcntion  for  so  manv  years.  rcuKiius  in  the 
hands  of  the   IJossite   party.     A  detail   of  the   incidents  which   occuire(l   inChcidkcc 
history  during  this  period.  wt>nld   impart  hut  little  additional  iiitci't'st  tn  the  narrative. 
and   add  nothing  at   all  to  the   knowledge  of  Indian  character.      Ni)twillistaiiiliii'.:    the 
feelings  of  indignation  entertained   at  the   time  against  tln'  p<'i|icti'al()is  of  tliese   I'oiil 
ninrders,  the  scent;  of  the  transactions  was  too  remote  to  enalile  tlic  (lovcniiiicnt  lo  act 
with  certainty  and  proniiititude  :  and  the  oliject  to  he  attained,  however  just  and  ri.;hl. 
was  too  delicate  and  diiViciilt  to  risk  ;  for  it  involved  the  sacrifice  of  the  liv  cs  of  a  \  aliiaiilc 
part  of  the  nation,  and.  at  the  same  time,  the  lia/ard  of  tlie  possihli;  outhicak  of  a  general 
Indian  war  in  that  (|UiU'ter.     The  true   friends  of  the  nation  may  feel  a  cou-^olatiou  in 
rellecling.  that  the  wise  llirecast  and  decision  ol'chariicter  which  induced  ilie  Cherokees 
to  rtdiii(|uisii   their  ancient   residences  east  of  tin;  Mississi[)pi.  and  begin  a  new  career 
of  industry  in   the  West,  have   laid    the   foundation   of  the   ]iernianent    piMs|ieritv    and 
civilization   of  the   tribe;  and    that    tlie   respecteil  names  of  i'llias  Uoiidiiiol  and  .lohn 
Ridge  will   long  be   remembered   as   the   great    iienefactors   and   nior;ii    heroes  of  their 
connti'v.      Those  who  stained    their   hands   in  the  patriotic  blood  of  these   men.  tailed 
therebv  to  arrest  the  onward  progress  of  the  Cherokees. 

The  present  condition  of  the  Cherokees  is  one  of  industrial  and  educational  prosperilv. 
They  are  the  owners,  in  fee  simple,  of  T.OOO.OIK*  acres  of  the  iiiosi  lertile  and  iieantil'iil 
lands,  divcrsilii'd  with  ])raiiie  and  forest,  and  watered  liy  the  clearot  streams,  'i'iiis 
tract,  which  is  amply  snillcient  for  their  growing  population  for  many  years  to  come,  is 
situate  on  the  great  level,  intermediate  between  the  bulValo  ]ilains.  at  the  lijol  of  the 
Ixocky  .Mountains,  and  the  forest  country  on  the  borders  of  Arkansas;  and  is  favored 
vv  ith  a  line,  eipiitable  climate,  conducive  to  vigorous  health,  and  beneficial  to  agricultuiv. 
On  its  prairies,  cattle,  horses,  and  hogs  are  raised,  without  otiier  laiior  than  thai  of 
ti'iiding  them.  They  cultivate  the  zea  maize  and  cereal  grains,  and  i)ursue  agriculture 
[jrolltably.  liUmbgr  and  grist  mills,  and  manuliictories,  are  located  in  every  advanta- 
geous position.     Their  si  vie  of  building,  and  the  fences  which  enclose  their  fields,  aro 

\'.o.  vi.-(;-. 


M 


:i''  i 


'I  \''h 


\'\i 


iMl 


II '1 


Ji 


I; 

,   I: 

•11; 

I  I  ! 


in 


ii-''" 


i'-y 


'■;  If  !. 


tl!  'I 


r>u 


PlflNCirLES    CONTENDED    FOR    BY    THE    INDIANS. 


alton'c'tlior  equiil  to  tlioso  of  llioir  wliito  iu'iglil)ors.  'I'lioy  comhiot  thoir  own  mcnjimtilo 
oporatioiis,  send  tlicir  own  proilucts  to  niarUct,  and  reeoivt.'  tlu'ir  iiniiual  supplies. 
Tlic'ir  irovcrnniont  is  a  iv[)r('si'ntativ('  oni'.  with  prosiilini;'  oIVuhms,  whose  terms  ol'olliei' 
are  liniitcil.  They  have  romts  ibr  the  adjudieation  of  civil  suits,  iind  the  trial  of 
eriniinal  oHenders.  The  nundjer  of  their  schools  and  churches,  as  returned  at  statetl 
periods,  is  found  to  increase  regularly.  Their  poi)ulation  feels  the  impulses  of  tlu! 
industry  and  vitality  imparted  l)y  iilent}'  and  prosperity,  e(|uitable  laws,  general  educa- 
tion, and  habits  of  temperance  ;  and  all  observers,  ollicial  and  nnollicial,  bear  lestiuiouy 
to  the  fact,  that  the  stabilit\-  of  their  nasci'ut  government,  the  eli!vated  tone  of  society, 
and  their  general  improvement,  become  more  appan-nt  with  every  decade. 


Il-l 


M<    I    ' 


i  i 


.■in 


I 


m 


Mt 


SECTION    TWENTY-SECOND. 


i 


PRESENT     CONDITION     AND     PllOSPECTS    OF 

THE    TRIBES. 


CHAPTER    I. 

GENERALLY     IMPROVED     STATE     OF     SOCIETY     AND     MANNERS 
AMONG    THE    COLONIZED    TRI15KS. 


Attkn'TIOX  iiuist  now  be  directed  to  tlio  working  of  the  colonization 
plan.     In  the  preceding  pages,  the  history  of  the  Indiiins  has  !)een  iSoT. 

traced  from  the  period  of  the  discovery  of  Nortli  America  to  that  of       .1.  I5i  ciiaxax, 
the  snccessful  completion  of  the  plan  lor  their  colonization  west  of  the  Prksidknt. 

Mississi[)pi ;  wiiich  may  !)e  considered  as  having  been  actually  closed 
with  tlie  removal  of  the  Cherokees  in  ISoS — that  people  having  been  the  last  of  the 
great  tribes  which  opposed  it  —  altiiough  protracted  to  ISll.  Tliey  were  also  the  most 
munerons,  and,  perhaps,  the  most  thoroughly  instructed  and  intelligent,  of  the  group  of 
tril}es  formerly  resident  within  the  limits  of  the  olil  States.  Their  migration  was  follow  ed, 
in  the  scrpiencc  of  time,  by  the  removal  of  the  small  and  advanced  tribe  of  tlie  Wyandots 
from  Sandusky,  Ohio,  the  Miamies  of  Indiana,  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  of  Iowa,  and  some 
minor  bands  inhabiting  lower  Michigan  and  the  Maumee  valley,  Ohio. 

Sixteen  years,  comprising  lour  presidential  terms,  have  elap.sed  since  the  completion 
of  tiiis  colonial  experiment,  during  which  tlie  jiolicy  of  removal  Inis  lieen  regarded 
by  each  successive  administration  as  settled  and  approved,  and  as  etpially  beneficial  to 
the  Indians  as  to  the  United  States.  From  the  jieriod  of  the  coini)Ii'tion  of  tiu'iv 
removal,  tiie  question  has  ceased  to  be  a  theme  of  discussion  in  American  political 
circles.  Wo  may  now  inrpiire  into  their  condition  and  prospects,  in  oi'di'r  to  determine 
how  far  the  expectations  entertained  have  been  realized.  From  the  Soutli  there  have 
been  removed,  of  the  Appalachian  group,  the  Creeks,  and  their  alliliuted  trihe,  tiie 

1.51.5) 


! 


U,t! 


li 


1, 1,, 


t  •' 


k 

,• 

■ftf] 

i 

f\ 

t 

{ » 

1 

* 

M 

i,f  J 

1 

■ 

!' 

J 

j.r 

r 

I 

sS 

.;   8 

:.li;  PRESKNT    CONDITION    AND 

Seiiiiiiok's.  (he  Clioctinvs  and  (Jliickasaws.  ami  tlio  CluTokoos.     Of  tliu  wiJol)'  ilill'iiscil 


ic'iic  stoclv  of  the  Algonq 


uin 


s,  ill  the  Xoi'tli,  there  liiive  been  transferred,  tlie  Drlii- 


wans.  Sliawiiees.  southern  Cliiiipewas  and  Ottowas.  I'ottawattaniies.  Miainies,  Wens. 
I'iankasliaws.  iVorias.  Kaskaskias,  Mohiirans.  or  Stoekbridires,  oMiinsees.  and  the  Saes 
and  Foxes  of  luwa  and  Missouri.  The  tribes  of  the  lro(|Uois  Uneajif.  and  s[)eakin,n' 
that  hinj:uaj:e,  wliich  iiave  inii^rated,  eomiirise  the  Wyandots,  Seneeas.  tlie  niixeil 
Senecas  and  Siiawnees.  and  portions  of  the  ('nvugas ;  and  of  the  Dalvotaii  stock,  tiie 
(.Miappas.  These  twentv-l'onr  tribes  have  been  tht-  objeets  of  phihmtliropie  sohcitude 
lor  two  centuries,  durinj:'  which  period,  they  have  received  instruction  in  arts  and 
nuirals.  industry  and  manners.  Tlie  ell'urt  lias  been  continuous,  from  the  earliest  period 
of  Ihitisli  colonial  history,  having  lieen  originated  iji  iCil  I.  by  the  apostolic  lal)ors  of 
.lolin  I'lliot.  acting  umier  the  auspices  of  the  Tiondon  Society  for  the  Propagation  t)f  the 
(io.-pi'l;  and  the  new  impetus  whicii  the  work  received  from  Edwards  and  Brainitrd 
lias  been  continued  to  tlie  present  time.' 

.Ml  liie  means  for  the  dissemination  of  knowledge,  which  the  Indians  possessed  while 
they  resided  east  of  the  Mississippi  river,  were  transferred  with  them  to  the  West.  Their 
annuities  in  coin  and  kind  were  paid  in  the  West,  and  their  tutoi's  in  li'tters,  mechanics, 
and  agricultmo  accompanied  them  tiiither.  Not  only  was  there  no  diminution  of  the 
care  ov  interest  previously  manili'sted  for  their  welfare  by  the  Government,  1)V  iienevt)- 
lent  societies,  and  l)y  individuals,  but,  on  the  contrary,  they  received  increased  atten- 
tion, and  were  nua'e  amply  pro\ided  witli  means.  Kvery  candid  mind  nnist  admit 
that  the  results  of  their  removal  have  i»een.  in  every  respect,  benelicial.  It  had  been 
,a|)prehi'nded  that  the  removal  of  the  tribes  to  tlie  wilderness,  iifter  having  receivi'd 
instruclioii  and  made  considerable  improvement,  would  lie  attended  with  adverse  results; 
that  the_\-  would  again  resort  to  tlie  chase  to  olitain  the  means  of  siiljsisteiice ;  und  that, 
by  contact  with  the  wild,  indigenous  tribes  of  the  [irairies,  they  would  acquire  the 
inaniiers  iinil  contract  the  vices  of  barbarism.  This  view  appeared  more  plausible 
tiiaii  substantial,  and  the  apprehonsion  expressed  proved  to  be  niifounded.  Those  of 
tlie  tribes  who  had  acipiired  indiistiious  haliits.  and  had  for  years  practised  them  in 
the  East,  did  not  flag  in  their  endeavors  jifler  their  removal  to  the  West.  The  terri- 
tcii\  is  well  adapted  to  the  raising  of  cattle,  liogs,  sheep,  and  horses;  the  natural 
meadows,  or  prairies,  siidiitaneoiisly  furnishing  the  most  luxuriant  pasturage.  The 
eonveiiieiice  of  dwelling-houses,  (jut-liouses,  and  leiices  having  become  necessarv  to 
the  tribes,  they  did  not  attempt  the  experiment  of  living  without  them;  and  education 
became  more  inijiortant  to  them  when  tliey  had  business  to  transact,  accounts  to  keep, 
and  corres|)ondents  to  answer.  The  remark  of  ,\paumet,  previously  quoted,  was  no 
longer  applicable,  when  the  \  alne  ami  utility  of  knowledge  was  practically  demonstrated. 

Their  condition  iiiav  be  assimilated  to  that  of  a  valetudinarian  on  the  banks  of  ii 


\i(lc  .Moral  Statistics. 


I'ROSI'KCTS    OF    TJIE    TRIJJK!^. 


-.17 


vivtT,  who,  by  tlio  nilvi 


I   iiln >iciiiii.  is   Mill 


Idi'iilv  si'i/('(l.  ami   to    liis    iilViiulit 


illU 


1  t'diitoniiitioii,  plmijrcd   iiiidor  llio  wiitiT;  Imt  wIki  siili.-^cfiiK'iitly  i)L'i\'ris( 

III 


til 


lifiR-lits  (IcrivLMl  tliort'lVoin,  that  tho  wariiitli  ami  vitality  thus  ^i'lu'iatcd  arc  ,-aliitary 
and   hoalthl'ul.      In  like  iiiaiiiiur,  the  ti'il)C's  who    dislriisti.'d  tju'  rciiicdy   [)ro[)()si'd  to 


JlCVt'l 


itfl 


ii'ir  cxtiiK^tioii  in  the  Statos,  have  I'ouml  that  tiu;  attfiidaiit  icsiil 


s  ii'.TinMldv 


disaii[H)iiit('d   their  cxjicutatioiis.     They  have  liccii  ('oiiiiifllcd  to   iiiiiirovc.     .Iclli'i^ 


yi 


iiiiroc, 


Ad; 


nils. 


.lacl 


Ksoii,  am 


tiu'\'  nnisl  soon   he  siirroiuu 


I  t 
led 


•ir  ivsin'itive 


SIICCl'SSOl'.- 


had 


•onv(;llv  I'oi'i'si'cn   that 


d  aiinihi 


lated 


111   the  Mate 


iml   wisely  j 


IIIOVU 


led 


remedy,  which,  though  it  seemed  to  them  \iolative  ol'  their  ideas  of  ha[>iiiiie.~s.  laiseil 
them  to  tiie  diyiiil}-  of  men,  and  eonreired  on  them  the  privileges  ul' citizens  and  nations. 
The  detail  of  laets,  however,  will   more  elearly  [irovo  the  truth  of  these  assertions. 
Ill   tlu'    luitumn  of  IS.'IS,  the   Hev.  Mr.  Kleming  visited   the  ollice  of  tho  agent  and 
siiperiiiteiident  of  Indian  iill'airs  in  Miehigan.     Ilis  attention  liaving  heeii  directed  lo 
the  removal  policy  of  the  (lovernmeiit.  the  eharaeter  of  the  country,  and  the  ecnidjiien 
of  the  triiies,  he  stated,  in  a  familiar  and  impreteiidiiig  niaiiner,  the  I'ollowiiig  facts  : 
IFe  had  been  one  of  the  missionaries  expelled  from  (ienrgia.  after  having  labored  there 
lour  yi-ars,  under  the  direction  of  the  American  J'luard  of  Commissioners   for  Foreign 
^lissions.      He   had  acipiireil   a  sullicieiit    knowledge  of  the  Creek  language  to  be  able 
Ut  preach   in    it,  by   first   writing    out   his   discourse.     The    order   from    the   political 
authorities  to  ((iiit  that   station  had  been   abruptly  given.     He   had  since   \isited   the 
Indian  territories  in  the  West,  assigm'd  to  tiio  expatriated  tribes;  and  had  been  in  the 
region  of  the  (riiies  located  on  the  Osage  iind  Neosho  rivers.     He  spoke   highly  of  its 
fertility,  and  of  the  advanced  state  of  the  Indians  who  had  emigrated;   and  ilc-icribed 
the  belt  of  country  lying  immediately  wi'st  of  tlu;  ]\Iis.-ioiiri  State  line,  as  decidedly  tlu; 
most  fertile  spot  in  that  region.      In  reply  to  what  has  been  alleged  regarding  its 
bleakness,   he  stated,  that    there   was  considerable   wood  of  excellent  (juality  on   the 
streams ;  and  on  the  hills,  liickt)ry,  liackberry,  Cottonwood,  cypress,  and  blackjack,  which 
make  excellent  lire-wood.     He  iiore  testimony  to  tlu-  general  excellence  of  the  territory. 
He  stated  that  the  first  party  of  Creeks  who  removed  iVom  Cieorgia,  immediately 
afier  the  JMutosh  treaty,  were  the  most  degraded  in  the  nation;  but  that  recently, 
on  the  arrival  of  a  largo  bod}-  of  Creeks  in  the  West,  they  Hjiiiul  their  brethren,  who 
had   preceded    them  several  years,  in   the   possession   of  I'very  comfort,  and   decidedly 
more   advanced   than   themselves.     The   ^lauinee  Ottowas.  so  bi'sottt'd   wlu'ii   lea\iiig 
Ohio,  had  already  improved,  had   become  planters,  given  up  drink,  and  were  listening 
to  teachers  of  the  gospel.     Thi'  Shawnees  were  in  a  state  of  enviable  advanci'iiieiit ; 
tlicy  were   thrifty   farmers;   jiosscssed  good   habitations,   well-fenced   fields,  and   large 
stocks  of  hor.scs,  cattle,  and  domestic  iiniinals;  and  had  public  roads,  ferries,  schoohs, 
ami  iiK'cting-houses.     'I'hey  dressed    in    tho  Knglisli    style,  most    of   tliciii   s[)eaking 
English,  iind   their  IiorsiMuen   were   provided   with   superior  saddles,  and   bridles.     To 
the  observer,  the  settlers  present  every  appearance  of  thrift  and  coiitentinent.     The 
industrial  and  other  statistics  are  furnished  under  the  appropriate  head. 


:D  ■' ! 


.      Sfl     1   . 


itigSw.' 


y 


518 


PRESENT    (M)N1)[T10N    AND 


!i 


\ 


III  ctiiitrast  to  tliin  rxliihit  may  bo  plaei'd  tlie  coiiditiDii  of  the  trilics  oast  of  tlio  Mi^sis- 
.sippi.  prior  to  tlieir  roiiiosal,  wliicli  had  been,  I'roiii  tho  caiiiest  dates,  ailvi'ise  to  every  iiu- 
pruveineiit.  la  1G07  and  lOliO  thi'y  were  residing  on  tlieir  aneient  loeatii)ns,  whicli  tlioy 
iiccii  [lied  long  after  the  .settlement  of  the  European  eoloiiies.  Hiii,  they  made  no  permanent 
advaiue;  tliey  appeared  to  be  doomed  to  sink  lower  and  still  lower  in  the  industrial 
scale.  Kaeh  MiKX'ceding  century  but  added  its  adverse  testimony  to  that  ol  the 
[ireeeding.  Not  being  al)le  to  withstand  tiio  shock  of  civilization,  many  of  the  ti'ib(>H 
became  extinct.  Soutii  of  the  Chesaiicake  the  Indian  ti'ibcs  wi're  exterminated  by 
their  vices  within  one  century.  North  of  this  geographical  point  there  were  still  in 
existence  at  the  time  of  ri'moval.  some  of  the  leading  and  most  vigorous  branches  of 
tiie  great  AlgoiKjuin  and  Iroipiois  stocks.  Some  of  these  yet  occupied  portions  of  the 
very  territoi'ie.s  upon  which  they  had  been  lirst  found.  They  had,  to  sonic  extent, 
resisted  the  llood  of  sensual  destructive  agents.  Mhich  had  swi'pt  olV  so  many  of  their 
brethren.  Others  had,  at  an  early  day,  commenced  their  migration  to  the  AWst, 
always,  howevor,  llceing  further  into  the  wilderness,  just  in  advance  of  the  enlarging 
circle  of  civilization.  As  the  settlements  advanced,  tlieir  jiolicy  \\as  to  make  new 
cessions,  and  further  removes,  adapting  themselves  to  the  pressure,  until  the  land  they 
held  iiually  passed  I'rom  their  possession. 

.\t  the  time  when  their  systematic  removal  was  commenced  by  the  Government,  there 
still  remained,  within  the  States  east  of  the  lino  of  the  Mississippi  and  Missmn'i, 
11(1..>1',I  souls.'  At  the  close  of  tlio  year  ISotJ,  45.()tt()  of  this  number,  comprising 
]):iilioiis  of  nineteen  tribes,  had  been  transferred  to  the  West.^  At  this  time,  there  had 
Ijccii  established  ibr  these  tribes,  in  their  new  locations,  ol  schools,  at  which  2221 
piqiils  were  instructed.  In  addition  to  this,  \^A'>  pii[)ils,  of  an  advanced  grade,  were 
instructed  at  the  Choctaw  Academy,  in  Kentucky,  and-  lour  of  the  graduates  were 
studying  the  legal  profession  in  New  York,  Vermont,  and  elsewhere.' 

Ill  ISoo,  the  four  .southern,  or  Appalachian  tribes,  namely,  the  Chcrokcos,  (jhoctaws, 
'Jhickasaws,  and  Creeks,  including  the  Seminoles,  had  an  aggregate  population  of 
()2,17G.*  The  twenty  small  tribes  and  tribal  bands,  located  in  the  Territory  of  Kansas, 
numbered  lo,481,'  making  a  total  aggregate  population  of  7^)S)'}7.  These  triijcs, 
])rotected  on  the  west  by  a  line  of  military  posts,  stretching  from  the  Red  Kiver  to  the 
Nel)raska,  in  a  genial  climate,  on  a  fertile  soil,  and  po.s.sessing  agricultural  habits, 
could  not,  it  would  seem,  in  all  America,  have  been  located  in  a  torritorj-  more 
favorable  to  their  advance  in  every  element  of  civilization. 

To  determine  the  degree  in  which  the  .several  tribes,  removed  from  the  area  of  the 
old  States,  have  availed  themselves  of  these  advantages,  it  will  bo  necessary  to  refer  to 
oflicial  records,  and  to  details  drawn  from  otTicial  report.s  and  doentnents,  for  state- 
ments of  their  actual  condition. 


'  V„l.  v..  \>.  4*0. 

'  Anmiiil  J{i|iiirt  of  the  ('oniiiiis!*ionor  of  Inrlian  Aflairs,  for  IH.Sfi,  p.  11 

*  Vol.  v..  |..   t'.is. 


■'  Ilii.l.,  p.  4.'!. 
*  Vol.  v.,  p.  405. 


il  i  l; 


■•  I' 


>   :t 


M  I 


I  t 


,:fi 


I'JIOSI'ECTS    (iK    TIIK    TRIBES. 


519 


CHAPTKH    II 


(lEoaiiArniCAL  aiiea,  KKTiATivK  lu(;atiun,  and  advantages 

OF    TIIK    TKllSKS. 


1 


TiiK  {^eoj^niphiciu  ].')silioii  of  tlic  coloiii/cil   tiihcs  is  sliouii  li\  tlio 
iu'C()inpuii}iiig  iiiiij).'     TjOL'iitt'(l  (II)   ii  tfiritory  iHHiiulcd  by  tlio  IJctl  ISoT. 

Hiver  and  tlio  Nciiiali:!.  itr  tlio  Nuhraska.  of  Missumi,  west  ul'  tlic       J.  IU'cu.vnax, 
limits  of  Arivaiisixs  aivl  Missuiiri,  tlicy  occupy  an  luvii  hotwcon  tiic  I'liKsmiAT. 

:!4tli  and  lOtli  dcgRos  of  north  latitiuk'.  and  tlio  IMtli  and  KHItli 
dcirrw's  of  wi'st  ioiii^ilndt'.  First  in  tin' ordi'i' of  location,  connnrncinu' on  tlio  sontli.  aro 
tli(?  (,'liocta\\s  and  CiiicUasaws.  who  own.  top'thor.  I  •").()(  10. (100  acris.  Next,  tin-  Crooks 
and  Soiiiinolos.  viio  possess  l.'l. I  1(1,(100  acivs;  thou  the  Chorokoos.  who  liavo  lo. 000, 000 
acres  aloiiii'  tliu  norlii  hanks  ol'  tin;  main  channol  of  the  Arkansas  river,  with  an 
adjacent  tract  of  .".00,000  acres,  makiii'^i'  an  aiipvL'ato  of  l;).440.00()  acres.  These 
comprise  tiie  family  of  the  Ansoniaii  and  sonlhern  trihes.  Adjacent  to  them,  on  the 
east,  are  the  ()nappas  and  Si'iiecas.  and  mixed  Seiiecas.  who  jiossess.  respectively, 
OC.OOO.  (u  .000.  anil  100.000  acres.  Tlio  Indian  colony  is  located  on  the  i;reat  guo.iiraphical 
slope  of  the  Hocky  Mountains,  within  tlio  limits  of  tlio  Ibrost  ranuc;  oinhracinc;'.  in  some 
jjositioiis  on  its  western  borders,  a  portion  of  the  ureat  biiil'alo  plains.  ^lajor  Lonu', 
who.  in  I S"J0-"2 1,  conducted  an  explorinu'  expedition  across  it  from  north  to  south, 
comnienciiiii' about  north  latitude,  12".  and  west  loiiLiitudo. 'JO \  passed  thromih  those 
vast  f^rassy  steppes  ami  plains,  where  the  hison  fee<ls  on  the  short  sweet  grass  growing 
amid  boundless  .solitudes. '  Colonel  Fremont,  who  crossed  the  north  section  of  this  slope, 
in  IS42,  from  the  mouth  of  the  Kanzas  to  the  foot  and  summit  of  the  Hocky  Mountains, 
gives  the  altitude  of  this  plain,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kan/as,  at  1000  feet,  and 
states  that  it  has  such  a  gradual  rise,  that  he  reaclied  the  first  range  of  the  leicky 
Moimtains  without  im|)cdim('nt  to  his  teams;  tin-  barometer  denoting  an  altitude  of 
8000  loot  aijove  the  Atlantic'     Sclioolcraft,  who  had,  in  18 lU,  passed  tiie  broad  Ozark 


'  VVMv  WW.,  \»\.  IV.,  ]).   ISO.  '  I,i)iiL''s  Kxiicdili.pii  111  llii'  UcicK-v  .^Iimiit:iins 

'  Hi'port  III'  I'rcniuut's  l-'.xpldiin;;  l'.\]iiililiun  in  lS-t:!-44:    \Viisiiini;tuii,  Ist.i,  p.  171. 


li  '';■••;  ': 


.',{  i  1 


Mi 


■i   I 


r 

f  t 
( 

i             1 
L           1 

It  <       -t 

i 

rf 


520  rnK  SENT    CONDITION    AM) 

riiiiL'c.  trncinji  tlip  Gasconiidc.  McniiiiiU'.  Wliitc,  niid  ()s;ii;i'  livers  to  tlii'lr  soiiii't's.  iinil 
ciiti'i'i'il  tlic  li'Vi'l  iiiid  ll'i'tilo  jiliiins  on  tlic  wi-st.  I'omiil  it  to  In-  a  trad  ^A'  ciiimlrv 
cliiiracti'ii/cil  liy  cxiiliciiiiit  fertility  iiiiii  syhiiii  lieaiity.' 

(JeoloLrically  viewed,  its  .siiil'aeo  eoiisists  of  a  drift  di'jjosit  of  sand.  loam.  clay,  marl, 
niid  foininiiiuted  jrnivel,  arising  from  tin-  livoiven  down  silnrian  scries,  in  wliicli  tlie 
loading  strata  of  sandstone,  limestone,  and  slate,  are  the  parent  i  lements.     Owv  this. 

th'posils  of  leavi's.  of  the  deeayed  forms  of  organic  life,  and  of  caihonai iis  matter 

from  the  forests,  have  liirnied  a  rich  moidil.  maUing  tlie  soil  mellow  and  easy  to  cnlti- 
vat(\  Much  of  it  is  l<'\i'I.  or  1_\  imr  in  gentle  slopes,  nnenemnhcred  with  a  hi'avy  iin'est, 
dillienlt  to  he  remoxcd  hy  tiie  axe.  It  is.  nev<'rthi'Ii'ss,  well  wateicd.  and  there  is  a 
lull  supply  of  timher  for  hni'ding  I'encos,  and  for  (irewood. 

Among  the  advantages  of  the  eonntry  may  he  mentionc(l  the  saline  I'ormation.  Salt 
springs  i>.\ist  in  many  localities,  and  this  geological  trait  is  attended  with  the  nsnal 
accom[)animent  of  this  liirmation.  namely  gy[isum  and  coal.  The  disc(i\ci'y  of 
•  •llloreHCcnt  bodies  of  salt  on  the  prairies,  oriiiinated  tin-  onci"  prevalent  opinion  that, 
masses  of  rock-salt  were  deposited  heneath  the  soil.  Throngh  these  heds.  wiiieh  lie  on 
gtMitly  sloping  hills  and  in  valleys,  the  I{cd  rixcr.  the  Washitaw.  tlie  .\rkaiisas.  and 
the  Kaii/.as,  (low  out  of.  or  from  the  direction  of.  the  Ilocky  nioiintains.  and.  with  their 
niimeroiis  allliients,  water  tlie  entire  country  ;  the  .Missouri  washes  its  l)(ir<lei's  lor  several 
hundred  mili's;  the  l\ed  river  hounds  its  sontliern  line  to  the  distance  of  si\  degrees 
of  longitiidi' ;  and  the  States  of  Missouri  and  .\rkaiisas  lie  hetween  its  eastern  limits  .'iiid 
tlie  .Mississip[)i. 

(leographieally.  this  great  tract  of  arable  land  is  bounded  by  the  O/ark  hills,  or 
mountains,  a  very  broad  midland  range,  resting  on  a/.oie  rocks,  extending  from  the  Hot 
Springs  of  Arkansas,  to  the  head  w;  ters  of  the  Hiver  St.  Francis,  of  .Miss<iuri.  .\t  both 
terminal  points  tiiere  arises  a  si'ries  oi  ;li.  .•  rocks;  that  at  the  south,  consisting  -if  slate, 
schist,  and  cpiartz;  and  at  the  north,  of  granite,  sieiiite,  trap,  and  por|iliyry.  Super- 
iiii[)oscd  upon  those,  and  frofpiomly  eoneealed  altogether  for  a  considerable  <listanc(% 
ail'  the  characteristic  tiaiidstone  and  limestone  formations  of  the  region.  Through 
these  tlio  Ked  river,  Washitaw,  Arkansas.  Wliito  river,  and  St.  Francis,  pursue  their 
way  to  the  Mississippi,  producing  rapids.  Iiut  no  striking  falls.  Connected  with  this 
<  eiitral  upheaval  of  the  old  rocky  strata,  are  developments  of  mineral  wealth,  which 
it  is  not  designed  to  notice  particularly  in  tli  s  place. 

Of  the  climatic  phenomena  of  the  Indian  torritoriop,  thus  bounded,  wo  cannot  speak 
from  instrumental  observations.  It  may  sntliee  to  observe  that  travellers,  ollicial 
agents,  and  missionary  teachers,  all  concur  in  describing  thi'  climate  as  mild,  genial, 
and  favorable  to  the  growth  of  all  the  varieties  ol'  cereals  and  esculents.  The  cotton 
plant  thrives,  and  is  cultivated  in  the  southern  portion.     Wheat  and   Indian  corn  are 


Si-opii's  iiii'I  Advi'iittirr-  in  thv  Oz.'irk  MnniitTiiii--  in  1^1!!,  p.  10!l:   I'liil;\(lrl|iliiii  .■•lltii 


if       ' 


I'ROSPKCTS    OV    Tills    Till  HES. 


S81 


its  stnplos;  nnd  <irnzin>;  is  luiwlicrc  more  ]iriifitiil)Iy  imrsiicd.  lis  wntor-powor  is  siiiri- 
cii'iit  I'm'  till'  jmrpuscs  of  inillH  iiiid  iniiiniractorii's.  Tiiat  this  iifiioii,  jios.si'ssiii}:;  siicli  ii 
soil  1111(1  I'liiiiiitc.  ami  iiliDiiiuliiig  in  iiiitiniil  rcsom-ccs,  is  (Ic-^tiiicd  to  sustain  ii  iarj,'i' 
iiiiliislrial  Tmliiin  population,  can  admit  of  littK;  donht;  and.  iftiic  trihcs  am  but  truo  to 
tlic  iiiorid,  politiral,  and  indiistiiiil  principlt's  thoy  have  cnibracud,  tli(.'ir  futiiri'  history 
may  !»•  written  in  jilowinj!;  Iani.'nuj:;c. 

Hcuarilin;;  the  ninncrons  trilios  of  Indians  wiio  rovo  over  tlio  interior  of  the  conti- 
nent, between  the  Missouri  river  and  tlu;  I'acilic  Ocean,  ami  wiio  are  yet  fascinated  with 
the  pursuit  of  the  eliase — who  yet  reject  the  principles  of  civilization,  and  still  deli^^ht 
til  rob  and  nuu'der  —  it  reipiiics  no  spirit  of  prophecy  to  predict  their  proj^ress,  or 
tin  ir  end. 


v,,i.  v'l.— no 


I  I 


1 .11 


\\\ 


i'i 


i  1: 


vm. 


w 


:t    !l 


;# 


il 


1 1 


j- 


iil 


H 


r  n  E  S  K  N  T    ('  <  I  N  1 1  IT  h  I  N    A  N  I  > 


CITAI'TKI?    in. 


MOIJAr,.      TMn.lTICAL.      AM)      IXDUSTIMAL      COXniTloX      OV     THF. 
cliKKKS,     ClIKK  ASAWS.     ClInCTAWS,     AND     C  II  I".  UdK  K  KS. 

A  ri'HTiiKU  nml  mnri'  di'faili'il  ri'vimv  ol'  tin'  invscnt  rdiiditioii  of  tlic 
l^^'iT.  I'xpiitriMtcii  trilii's.  tlicir  iuiiiiIu'In.  ailviiiicf.  I'liiinu'lcristics,  iiinl  cuiiili- 

.1.    r>i(llANAN.  tiull   will  rllMlili'  tllC  I'lMiIcr  ti)Jll(lL'('  ni'  their  |)r('S('llt  slilti'   llMil    I'lltlllC 

l'lii:si|ii:.\T.  IH'oslicct".       At    tllc  |irri(iil  dl'llic  inini'iUl'lltidll  nftllf   |i(ilicy  of  ('IllJLirM- 

tioii.  many  nl'  tlir  trilir,-  who  liail  Mi-taimil  llic  shoi'l<  of  tlu'  colonial 
priiod.  hml  ilwiiiijlcii  away  to  uww  rcimiaiits;  otlnTs  had  ht'cii  riiiindy  amiiiiilatcd. 
Siidi  of  the  oi'i;:iiial  lilloi'al  triln's  as  hail  not  falli'ii  victims  to  indidiicncc.  idhaicss, 
and  excess,  hail  le'iinvcd  into  tiie  interior.  relrentinL'.  from  tinn'  to  time,  farther 
and  I'lVthei'  inin  tiie  wildei-nes^.  as  civiii/atioii  adsancecl. 

'i"he  entile  n.milier  of  Indians  remainiii'j  in  tin-  States  mid  Territories,  cast  of  the 
.^Iis^issi|)|)i  and  ol  the  .Nli-Miuri.  at  the  |ierioil  of  tiie  ollicial  comniencemeMt  of  their 
removal,  in  1S"J.',.  \va<  I  In. (KMl.  exclusive  of  some  I'.i.nilti.  loident  within  the  limits 
ol  the  State  if  .^Ii■•son^i  ami  the  'I'erritory  of  .\ikansas.'  The  latest  returns  of  the 
colonial  jiopnlation.  in  the  Indian  territories  wot  of  the  Mississijijii.  Li'ive  an  aei;rei_'ati' 
of  '.'"i.t'io".  exclusivo  el'  7."i"i"i  per.suiis  (if  the  indii;enous  trilies  within  the  same  territory, 
coin|irisin'j'  ])i'inci|i:dlv   the  Os.'iiics.  Kan/as.  and  t^iapiias. 

.Analvzimr  the  return  of  the  transferred  frilies  at  that  date,  we  find  that  tlie  ap'.:reirat(^ 
of  the  ('hoctaws.  Cliiekasavvs.  I'herokees.  and  Creeks,  with  the  atliliated  ."seminoles,  is 
S'J.ITi'i  ]ieisons.  who  occu|iv  the  priiicijial  locations  south  of  the  Teriitory  ot'  Kanzas. 
.No  census  returns  havinir  Ir'i'U  received  from  this  (piartcr  liir  several  years,  and  the 
trilies  Iniviii'.'.  me;niwliile.  lieeii  lejiorted  liy  the  ajents  as  iucreasinL''  and  piMsperons.  it 
may  lie  estimated  that  tiie  jjross  population  of  these  limr  important  trihes.  tonclher 
wilii  the  senii-seiirei^ated  Seininoles.  reaidies.  at  the  present  time,  it'  it  does  not  exceed, 
Inn.iiilii.  On  these  four  nati.e  trilies,  transferivd  from  tlie  .\usoniaii.  or  .\ppalaciiian 
r:inue.  the  attention  and  expectations  of  the  country  have  lieen  piinci|ially  cenlereij 
duriiiir  many  years,  as  constitutini:'  the  prohahle  nneleus  of  a  future  independent  Indian 


'  \'.\  III  .  ).  r>s(;. 


'""^iiiiju 


Uto 


V. 


i'it<»s  I'KCTs  (»i'  Till';  TiiiiH': 


f>2i) 


piscnimt'iit,    \M>t   lif    tlir   ,Mi^-i>^iii|ii,      ll:i\iiiu;   iittaiipil    llic   raliu  nf   ('ciii;^iv«,«iuhMl 


i't'|ii')'m'iilatii)ii.'  II  wuiilil  a|>{ii 


ai'  iliii'  Id  tli'ii'  aih 


iiiiC)-  itin 


1  cliarai'ti'i'.  llial  iIkn  >liiiiil<l 


lie  ri'i'clvcil  tif  a  iiii'iiilii'i'  III   till'  riiiiiiiHiiiui'allli,  ur,  al  leant,  tliiil  lln'  tir>l  .'•Ii'Iim  tnwanl 


tl 


ll'll'  liTn 


'jhiliiiii  a.''  Midi  -liiiiilil  III-  tai\i'ii. 


iK'^irii  liir  ii|i|ilaii.x(>  lias  inihici'il  llii>  >vilil  liiiiitcr,  lui'  I'liitiiiir.-',  In  niiirciitrali'  hi-* 
III  tent  inn  nil  till'  twn  niilv  nliiictt  liv  wliii'li  In'  cniilil  olitaiii  il  w  liili'  in  thai  >tati'.  nanirlv , 
ji'aln  in  liniilini:  ami  liia\ir_\  in  \\ai.  Tin'  |iiii-|iri'ts  aiv  nnw  ri'\ii>iil ;  ihr  >liiiii;;('.«t 
liii'i'ntiM'.i  In  till'  rihirali'il  lniliaii>  in  llii'ir  picstni  cnnililinn  aii'  inrnlal  anil  Miiial  ili"- 
tiiii'linii.      ir  iiiihi.-<ti'v.  ait>.  ami  t'lliiratinii   liavc  imt  i|naliHi'il  llnni  I'm'  tluM',  linn  lln' 

eUnil-i   inailr  Ini'  llirii'  I'li'V iit iiiii  lia\r  I II  ill  vaiii.    'I'lit'  j;ii'al  iilolai'li'  to  till'  aiUaiiii'- 

niriil  III'  till'  Imlian  cniiitmiiiitii'-^  lias  lucii  tluir  innately  i«iiH|iii'iniis  charaiiri  ami   ijii; 


r-r>liinalr  tiirv  altaciii'il  tn  imii'iii'inl 
I' 


•iii'i' 


lii'si"   lia\i'  III. Ill 


III 


III    iri'll-i'    tl 


ti'tlciati',  l'i'i'lia|is.  it'  >vt'  L'Miiiiini'  lliis  triljal  imli'iirmU'iic*'  imni'  cIiitIn.  it  ina\  liu 
tiiiiiiil  tn  rrsi'iiilili',  ill  Miiiir  iiifasiiii'.  llic  clu'risiit'il  iinii-intcrli  rriii'i'  in  I'liininiinal  li'^lit?*. 
'IVilial  riiilits  Well'  strciinnii-ily  inaintaiiiril  iiml  riii|i|inrtril  liy  all  tin'  liarliamns  tiilir>; 
ami  it  is  I'lincri  ll'll  that  tlu'sc  vi'^hls  air  innrt'  slrnii'^lx  rlici  i^ln■ll  as  ihr\  ail\  aiii''  in  kimw- 
ji  iIlii'.  ami  |iii|ni'  tln'iiiM'Ucs  nii  llii'ir  uivatrr  ('a|iai'ity  liir  thr  injiu  iiiriit  nl'  ihriii.  ( 'iitain 
it  is.  thill  llicy  hii\o,  lliii,'^  I'ar.  o|i|ins('il  ('\ri'\  innji'ct  I'nr  imlitical  uiiinii.  I.ojjislativc  [ilaiis 
(if  tlii>  niitiii'i'  liavf  Ih'oii  Hiii..iiitteil  tn  thmi.  ami  iir^i'il  n[inn  thciii,  witliniit  clli'i't.  It  is  a. 
iiiattiT  \vnitli,\  nl'^ravc  cniisidcratinn.  ulu'tlici' sniruiciilly  iniiiiiti' atti'iitimi  has  liccn  hc- 

stnWnl   ll|in|l   till'  nlijrcts  ilc.-iliil   li\    ihi'    I  IliliailS.  nl'  sllcll  a  ilisi  rilllilialinll  lliaih'   lirtWrrll 

Irilial  ami  iiriicral  [mwi'i's.  as  the  cmm'  ilcniamls.  I,in'al  ami  jinlii'c  laws  [ii'ii|ii  rly  lu'lniiir 
W  lirlr  nlll'nwil  systrin  lea  \  is  tllt'lll,  tn  thr  illti'^^ial  llicllllu'ls  ni'lhc  Cnlli  [lai't  ;  ami  il  is  |i  iliml. 

as  thr  sNsli'iii  is  ili'\i'ln|i('il,  tiiat  tin"  urratcst  iiii[initam'('  is  altai'licil  tn  ilicsi'  ii'mtsciI 
ri'jhts.  If  the  Imlian  I'niiiiiiiiiiitirs  niulil  ai:i'L'o  on  thr  rniniatinii  nl'  a  iiviinal  'I'l'iii- 
tniial  nr  Stall'  ussi'inhls .  nil  a  liasis  siinihii'  tn  llic  Cniii^ri'ssinnal  ralin  nl' it'im',-  ntalinii, 
Icaxiii'i  In  cai'li  division  \ix  own  trihal  foiiiicil,  and  tribal  ii'sirvt'd  rij:hts.  il  is  aii|iri'- 
lii'iidid  till'  olijci'tiniis  nf  the  trilic's  would  ho  oin  iaffd.  Thi!  laws,  iiii|iiisiii,u  a  tiihal 
tax  I'nr  the  cniislinclinii  nf  mails,  till-  cri'i'tinii  of  liriiliivs,  uuiincil-hniisis.  svlionls.  Ill' 
chnri'hi's,  to  cstalilisli  |)iil)lir  nllli'i's.  and  In  award  thr  iiiinishim'nl  liir  ullrmrs. 
cniistitiitc  so  inaiiv  iti'ins  i'nr  sr|iarali'  ai'tinii.  nii  wliifh  omtv  trilic.  sis  with  iis  r\riy 
State,  retains  the  invalnalile  fijilit  In  delerniiiu'  I'm'  itself.  The  adjnstnienl  of  a  llsral 
^vstelll,  the  desitrnatinii  of  the  [inwers  and  eniniieiisatimi  nl' nllieers,  the  niiiiiaj:i'im'iit  nl 
the  general  funds,  and  the  rt'uiilatimi  nf  federal  nllieers.  cmild  he  aitin'opiiately  emieedi'd 
tn  ;i  lii'iieral  Indian  i^iivi'i'iinient.  Tn  this  i:nverniiu'iil  would  also  lie  emiliiled  the  duly 
of  niakiii'.:  the  laws  hy  whii'li  the  re|ii'eseiitiUives  in  the  Cniiuress  nf  the  I'nitid  Sialis 
shnllld  he  eleetid ;  and  tn  il  would  Justly  aplU'l'taill  the  su|iei'\  isinii  nf  the  liinral, 
.sni'ial.  and   intelloctiial  codes  of   the  country,   and   the   true  dcvclopinenl  of    Indian 


fix.  .1  ,ii  tlii-  iniii'  III  ',•:'.. Tn:! 


1    n^ 

j; 

1                     ! 
1 

\ 

I: 

i'< 

mm 


";  I  I 


l:|F 


I  t 


H 


•L 


524  PllESENT    CONDITION    AND 

iiiitioiialitv.  Kiicli  tribo,  or  tribal  district,  would  thus  a.ssiiuiluto  in  powor  to  one  of 
tbi-  States  of  till-  Union.  The  Cliorokeo  would  no  longer  distrust  the  Choctaw,  nor 
the  ("lioctaw  the  t'hickasaw  ;  or  a  Chickasaw  regard  with  jealousy  a  Creek  or  Seminole, 
or  otiier  member  of  the  league. 

A  single  territory,  organized  on  these  principles,  would  thus  become  the  nucleus  of  a 
State.  Tlie  plan  of  separate  territories  for  each  of  the  four  tribes,  reported  to  the  Senate, 
is  manil'estlv  impracticable,  even  were  not  its  provisions  expensive  in  a  four-fold  degree, 
and  some  of  its  other  leatures  ol)jeetioiiable. 

The  industrial  cnndiiion  and  means  of  these  tribes  are  shown  in  detail,  in  the  statistical 
tahle.s,  together  with  a  digested  exhibit  of  their  moral  condition.  In  an  adilress  delivered 
l)efore  an  ecclesiastical  board  diwing  the  |)re.sent  year,  by  the  Eev.  C.  Kingsbury,  who  has 
Ijcen  a  mi.ssionarv  among  tiie  Choetaws  during  Ibrty  years,  that  gentleman  gave  a  very 
vivid  account  of  the  improveil  state  of  morals  in  this  tribe.  '■  My  mission,"  said  the 
speaker,  who  had  giMwn  grey  in  this  benevolent  .service,  "  is  among  the  Choetaws, 
west  of  the  Statt'  of  Arkansas.  'J'liis  mission  was  jilanted  there  thirty-nine  years  ago; 
then  there  was  no  gospel  there  —  not  a  church  nor  a  school-house ;  no  Sal)bath.  no 
written  language.  Ail  the  Indians  were  addicted  to  intemperance.  Infanticide  was 
common;  witchcraft  was  practised,  and  ever}-  li)rm  of  superstition  and  vice  was  abun- 
dant. Now  there  are  lil'teen  cinirehes,  of  the  Old  School  Presbyterians,  with  JdliO 
miiubers.  all  full  Clioctaws.  twelve  ministers,  four  licentiates,  and  one  candidate.  Two 
of  the  ministi'rs  are  full  Choetaws  —  devoted  anil  useful  men.  We  have  six  boarding- 
schools,  with  ;'rJ()  pupils,  and  pious  teachers,  where  all  the  branches  of  good  education 
are  taught;  habits  of  industry  and  |)rinciples  of  piety  are  incideated.  The  native 
government  is  interested  in  this  work,  and  has  contributed  ^.'JD.OdO  to  the  support  of 
si'hools,  basing  six  besiiles  those  under  tiie  control  of  the  nii.ssiouaries.  Then  then;  are 
a  huge  nuudjer  of  Saturday  and  Sabljath-schools  ;  thousands  of  books  have  been  printed 
and  distributed,  tracts  and  bound  volumes,  dilVusing  knowledge  and  religion  among  the 
people. 

"  The  Clioctaws  give  the  bi'st  eviilence  of  being  a  civilized  people.  InnoiMilof 
this  country  is  the  Sabbath  better  ol)ser\i'd  —  nowhere  is  there  a  more  temperate  com- 
munity. Thirty  years  ago  tlay  adopted  a  law  excluding  ardent  spirits,  and  it  is 
enl'orced.  1  ha\e  seen  large  assendjlies  of  Indians  on  occasion  (jf  the  annuity  ln'ing 
jiaid  to  them,  and,  though  litpior  could  be  easily  procured  across  the  line,  there  was  not 
a  single  Indian  drunk. 

"Though  we  have  but  fifteen  churches,  we  have  sixty  |)laces  of  pri'aching,  and  the 
elilers  Indd  divine  service  in  them  ever\'  Sabbath-day.  At  our  last  meeting  of  presby- 
tery, 400  Choetaws  attended,  camped  out  in  the  cold,  and  remained  interested  to  the 
close.  The  collection  niade  among  them  for  Foreign  Missions  was  $1  !i"i.llo  ;  one  of 
the  Indians  giving  ^"JO,  and  two  others  ^It)  ai)iece.  One  of  tiiem  said,  '  I  remember 
when  we  gave  only  8')  at  such  a  collection.    Then  we  were  poor,  and  curried  our  wood 


4 


I'llOSI'KCTS    OF    Til  [-;    TIM  15  KS. 


on  our 


b.ii'ki 


s ;  now  wo  iui: 


IjL'ttor  i)ir,  and  can  ;:i\c'   iiiDro,  mid  we  must   incroii.si'  our 


md 


gills  as  our  muaiis  mcroiise. 

"Fatlici's  and  bretliren,  you  Iiavc  a  noble  band  of  niissionaries  tbeiv — I  do  not 
speak  of  niysulf,  for  1  ani  in  the  service  of  anotber  Hoard  —  and  \(in  nnist  bold  up 
tbi'ir  bands;  sonio  of  tlieni  are  ready  to  faint,  and  need  lielp.  Send  ibeni  more  men. 
We  are  told  tbat  many  would  ,u:ij  wlio  are  detained  ]>y  tbeir  IViends'  opposition.  Li't 
tbem  como.  Your  missions  tliere  are  standing  fair  in  tbe  natinn,  and.  Avitb  tbe  eonli- 
di'iiceof  tbe  people,  and  enjo3ing  tlie  favor  of  God,  tbey  ouglit  to  be  sustained  willi  viiior, 
and  will  bo  erowned  witli  still  greater  success."  ' 

Similar  details  ('ould  be  i'urnisbi'd  respecting  tbe  otiur  tbree  Ausonian  Irilies. 
Tbe  plantations  and  farms  are  well  cultivated,  according  to  our  latest  information, 
and  tbe  farms  are  w(dl  stocki'd  and  well  leuced.  Courts  ol'  justice  anil  Icgislatiw' 
councils  ai'e  establisbe(l,  scbools  and  academies  cberisbed.  cburcbes  built,  and  funds 
provided  for  or[)lians,  nmtes,  and  tin;  indigent  and  unfortunate,  A  diurnal  press  is 
adetpnitely  sustained,  and  libraries  enconrageil.  Witli  tbese  cbeering  indicia,  it  is  not 
j)ercei\ed  wby  tbese  rescued  and  instructed  tribes  sliould  not  attain  a  iiigb  state  nf 
])rosperity  and  bappiness.  \  tribe  \\bicii  lias  constructed  an  aiplialn-t  for  tbe  exiires- 
siou  of  its  sounds,-  and,  in  Tiio  Oaugbter  of  'I'salub.  bas  presented  a  brilliant  evidenci-  of 
proficiency  in  letters,  grace,  and  manners,  may  well  be  expected  to  e.vcel  in  learning 
and  politeness.'  Fifty-one  .'^(diool:-,  two  academies,  and  lotl  advanced  pupils  and  stu- 
dents, lI  a  single  acadi'iny.  denote  an  intellectual  and  moral  vigor,  and  giv(>  e\  ideuce 
of  bigb  atlainmeiit.^  J5e  it  reiuembered  tbat  tliere  are  at  tbis  lime  sixty  [ibices  of 
pread     g,  fiftocii  cburcbes.  and  Uilil)  cliurcli-iiieinbers  in  tbe  Clmctaw  nation  alone. 

If  tbougbt  and  genius  could  animate  a  Picl,  a  Scot,  a  (A-lt,  a  Frank,  and  a  'reiiton, 
we  are  actpiainted  witb  no  tbeory  of  pbilosopby  ^vl!icll  forbids  tbeir  vital  t'liibodinii'iit 
iy  tlu!  sonorous  and  grapbic  languages  nf  llie>e  sons  of  tbe   ibrest.      I'lometbeiis.  it  is 

assi'rted   in   mytbological   falile,  iinisted   witb   life  a  IniU's   biile.  stuU'ed  witb   bones; 

wliicb  so  provoked  .lupiter.  tbat  be  deprived  tbe  eartli  of  tbe  use  of  lire,    'i'be  vital  spark 

was  ri'stored  by  tbe  son  of  Japetus.  wiio  for  tbis  purpose  visiteil  tbe  cbariot  of  tbe  sun. 

Hut,  witb   tbe   actual   ami   practical    power  possessed   by  tbe  I'nited  States,  no  Prome- 

tlieiis  is  reipiiri'd  to  say  to  tbe  morally  dei'imct  Indian  tribes.  Aijisi:.  and  stand  on  tuv 

h:i;t;  Conguks.s  wii.i.s  it  I 

In  closing  ibis  account  of  tbe  ])resent  condition  of  tbe   fiuir  tribes  wlio  occupy  tlie 

most  advanced   position   in   tbe   progress  in  civili/ation  and   refinement,  tbe  li)llo\viiig 

smnmarv  of  facts,  Uerivt'il  from  ollicial  sources,  is  submitti'd  : 


',(   fe- 


I 


'  ("iinrs]ii.ihlin(r  el'  ilir  New  York  OliMfvcr    .^I;i_v  •-'.'itli.  ls.")7. 

'  J''(.r  lliis  al|ili;il.,  1,  mii.I  iXMiiiiiIrs  ,,f  ils  u,-,.,  .^,.,'  Vol.   II,,  p.  'JJS,  I'hilcs  A  ami  1!. 

'  Lil'i'  (if  ('.■illiiMinr  Hruwn. 

'  Aiiiuial  ltr|i('rl  k\(  llif  ('iiMiiifis>iiiin'r  nl'   lii.liaii   Atlaiis  I'nr  1^:;C,.  |,|,,   ||.   );;. 


I! 


41 


ri  ) 


i! 


i)ji; 


I'HKSKNT    CONDITION    AND 


'•Till!  (.'hoctaws,"  obsei'vt-'s  Mr.  Annstroiij;-,  the  western  superintendent  of  Indiiin 
afliiirs,  ••  liiive  long  since  justly  iic(|iiiretl  for  themselves,  not  only  from  the  Government 
of  the  United  States,  but  from  the  citizens  with  whom  they  have  intercourse,  a  name 
for  lionesty  and  fidelity,  at  least  not  surpassed  by  any  of  our  Iiulian  tribes.  Tiiey 
have,  by  a  steady  attention  to  their  own  business,  since  they  emigrated  to  their  present 
liomes.  greatl}'  increased  in  wealth ;  they  iiave  not  been  nnminilful,  at  tiie  same  time, 
of  educating  the  rising  generation,  and  tliey  have,  i)v  tliese  means,  added  to  the  gi'ueral 
intelligence  and  standing  of  tlie  nation.  Tliis  favorable  change  is  indicated  more 
clearly  on  Ked  river  tiian  witii  tiiat  portion  of  the  nation  on  the  Arkansas.  The 
wealth  and  intelligence  ol'  the  nation  are  confined  mainly  to  the  two  districts  on  lied 
river. 

"  The  Choctaws  maybe  considered  as  an  agricultural  and  stock-raising  people  — 
farms  on  Red  river  will  compare  with  any  in  the  States.  They  have  great  advantages 
over  other  tribes,  as  a  i)ortion  of  their  country  is  located  in  the  cotton  region.  The 
past  year  they  cultivated  tliis  valuable  staple  to  a  considerable  extent;  they  have 
eight  or  ten  cotton  gins,  and  slii()peil  between  "00  and  8(10  bales  of  cotton.  Tiiis  year 
some  wealthy  Ciioctaws  and  (.'liickasaws.  who  reside  in  the  innnediate  vicinity  of  Fort 
Towson,  have  turned  their  attention  more  to  planting  corn.  This  change  took  place 
in  con.seiiuence  of  the  low  \)\\cc  of  cotton,  and  an  additional  market  for  corn  at  Fort 
Towson,  l)y  the  arrival  of  .i  portion  of  the  dragoons  on  the  Red  river  frontier.  The 
corn  rei^uired  by  contract  is  about  "JO.UUO  bu.shels,  which  will  be  supi)lied  within  fifteen 
or  twenty  miles  of  the  post,  by  Choctaws  and  Chickasaws.  Many  of  the  Choctaws 
live  in  comfortable  houses,  and,  with  very  few  exceptions,  even  the  poorer  class  have 
good,  suljstantial  log  cabins.  They  own  large  stocks  of  horses,  cattle,  hogs,  and  sheep  : 
this  constitutes  the  wealth  of  tliose  who  may  be  termed  the  jioorer  class.  It  is  rare 
indeed  to  find  a  family  that  has  not  a  good  sui)})ly  of  stock.  Tlie  richer  class,  in 
addition  to  stock,  own,  nnui\'  of  them,  a  numlier  of  slaves  :  these  are  engaged  generally 
in  cultivating  cotton.  Heretofore  the  Choctaws  have  been  able  to  find  a  market  for 
their  surplus  stock  and  grain  among  other  emigrants;  this  tiiey  will  not  be  able  to  do 
longer,  as  the  emigration  vl'  Indians  is  over;  the  conse(|uence  nuist  l)e.  tliat  the  price 
of  stock  of  all  kinds,  as  well  as  grain,  nuist  be  very  low.  Tin.'  maiuiliicture  of  salt  is 
carried  on  at  two  points  in  the  (.'iioetaw  nation.  Tlie  works  owned  by  Col.  David 
Foisom.  a  Choctaw  of  respeetaldlity  and  energy,  are  perha|)s  the  most  extensive;  about 
twenty  bushels  a  day  are  manufactured,  a  supply  eipial  to  the  demand,  which  no  doubt 
will  l)e  increased  as  the  article  is  wanted. 

''The  Choctaws  have  nieehanics  in  the  nation,  in  addition  to  tlMwe  furnished  by  tin; 
United  States.  These  cnnf^ist  of  litur  blacksmiths,  two  of  whom  ar(>  native  (.'hoctaws, 
and  all  the  strikers  or  a.s^i^tants  are  youths  selected  from  the  nation,  who.  in  a  short 
time,  will  be  able  to  render  essential  service.  It  is  important  that  the  nation  should 
have  mechanics  of  their  i.iwn.  as   in  a  li.'W  year.-   the  tieaty  stifinlations  will  expire,  liy 


PltOSTEr'TS    OF    THE    TIUHES. 


•I 

3 

.1 


wliicli  tlicy  arc  fiiniislicd.  It  is  oxpoctcil,  howover,  tliiit  tlic  new  sclionl,  wliicli  is  soon 
to  ui)  into  operation,  will  Iw  able  to  Cnniish  the  nation  with  diU'eront  meelianics.  as  it  is 
proposed  to  introdiiee  this  system  in  addition  to  teaching  letters.  This,  however,  will 
bo  more  I'nlly  oxi)lained  in  a  report  specially  on  schools.  There  is  also  a  millwrijiht, 
who  has  lioen  en,iiag(>d  in  erecting  mills  for  the  Choctaws.  Trade  is  carried  on  at 
snitable  and  convenient  places  in  the  nation.  TIk;  most  extensive  trading  is  at 
Doaksville,  within  a  mile  of  Fort  Towson.  There  are  live  stores  at  this  place,  three 
of  which  are  owned,  in  part,  by  Choctaws ;  the  other  two  are  exclusively  owned  by 
citizens  of  the  United  States.  The  stocks  of  goods  are  large,  and  the  assortments  such 
as  are  usual  in  stores  —  sugar  and  collee  arc;  used  by  all  clas.ses  in  the  nation,  to  an 
extent  at  least  etpial  to  the  whites.  It  may  not  lie  uninteresting  to  state,  that  the 
villagx!  of  Doaksville  is  one  of  the  most  orderly  and  f|uiet  towns  that  you  will  lind  in 
the  West.  Tu  addition  to  the  five  stores,  there  are  a  resident  physician,  a  good  tavern, 
l)lacksmith's  sho]),  wagon-maker,  and  wheelwright;  a  church  has  also  been  erected,  in 
which  there  is  preaching  usually  once  or  twice  every  Sabbath,  by  tiio  missionaries  who 
reside  in  the  neigliborhood  ;  a  temp(>rance  society  is  also  organized,  which  numbers  a 
large  portion  of  the  most  respectable  Choctaws  and  Cliickasaws.  as  well  as  oiu'  own 
])opulation.  I  have  been  at  this  village  a  week  at  a  time,  without  seeing  anything  like 
ardent  s[)irits  or  a  drunken  Indian.  These  things  certaiidy  indicate  an  improvement 
in  this  section  of  country,  higidy  creditable  ♦o  tlie  people,  and  will  bo  pleasing 
intoUigenco  to  Tnany  of  our  own  citi/.eiis. 

'•  The  Choctaws  and  Cliickasaws.  to  a  great  extent,  may  be  regarded  as  one  people; 
they  speak  the  same  language,  and  have  intermarried  with  each  other,  even  before  the 
emigration  of  the  Cliickas;)ws.  My  an  arrang 'ment  between  tiie  tribes,  the  Cliickasaws 
ol)tained  what  is  now  called  tlie  Chickasaw  district  of  the  Choctaw  nation,  niiiking  a 
fourtii  district,  entilling  them  to  an  e(pial  representation  in  tiio  general  council,  which 
passes  all  laws  for  tiie  government  of  the  jieople.  Tli(>y  enjoy  equal  privileges 
according  to  the  treat}'  to  si'ttle  in  whatever  district  they  may  choose,  and  each  to  vote 
and  be  eligible  to  any  oilicc  within  the  gift  of  the  peo|de.  The  only  diflerenco  is, 
tliat  each  maniiges  their  (iwii  annuities  or  pulilic  moneys  without  any  interference 
from  the  other.  The  country  owned  by  the  Choctaws,  according  to  the  treaty  and  the 
patent  lately  received  from  the  De]>ar!ment.  commences  near  Fort  Smith,  rumiing  n[) 
tiie  .Vrknnsas  to  the  mouth  of  the  Canadian,  up  the  s.ame  to  the  limits  of  the  United 
States,  and  with  those  limits  to  Ked  river,  down  the  same  to  where  a  duo  south  line, 
from  the  beuinning  near  Fort  Smith,  will  strike  the  Red  river,  which  is  tiio  dividing 
line  between  the  State  of  Arkansas  and  the  Choctaws.  The  line  from  the  Canadian 
to  the  lied  ri\er  has  not  been  run;  it  is  important  that  tiiis  should  be  done,  as  that 
woiilil  show  where  the  Texas  line  crosses  l!od  river;  this  the  Choctaws.  who  are  more 
immediately  interested,  are  particularly  anxious  to  know.  The  limits  thus  set  fortii, 
embrace  a  country  beyond  e\en  the  imaginary  wants  of  an  Indian.     It  is  doubted  hy 


i      i! 


\  'V 


'  ill 


I  t 


(    ' 


Jti 


" 


>  ( 


•  Hi 


t    > 


r>-28  PFIKSENT    f'oNDITION    AND 

many  whctlior    tho  Clioctaws    would    not   liavo    pnvpotvd   more  if  tlioy  liivil   been 
oiivnni.sL'i-ibod  by  .><niallor  limits. 

'•Till'  ClioctiiwH,  iih  stated  in  my  fornuM"  reports,  aro  trov(>rnod  by  written  laws  and  a 
constitution  ;  elections  are  lield  annually  for  members  to  tlie  general  council.  Tho 
nation  is  divided  into  l()ur  districts  (one  l)eing  tlie  Chickasaw).  Each  district  elects, 
by  the  qualilied  voters,  a  chief,  who  holds  his  odice  for  fo\n-  years,  and  is  eligible  for 
two  terms.  These  chiefs  receive  a  salary  from  the  United  States  of  ^l2-')0  each,  per 
annum,  by  treaty  stipulation.  The  general  council  convenes  cm  the  first  Monday  in 
October,  consisting  of  forty  meml)ers ;  a  speaker  and  a  clerk  is  elected;  the  s[)caker  is 
adchvssed  as  is  customary  in  legislative  bo(hes.  and  the  wliole  business  of  the  council  is 
conducted  with  the  utmost  decormii.  Kach  chief  delivers  a  message  in  person  to  the 
council,  reconunending  sucli  laws  as  he  ma}- deem  conducive  to  the  interest  of  the  people. 
As  there  is  but  one  representative  l)ody.  all  laws  that  are  jiassed  by  tlu>  council  an-  sul)- 
mitted  to  the  chiefs;  if  approved,  the  same  becomes  a  law;  if  not.  the  bill  is  returned 
to  the  council,  and  if  passed  by  two-thirds.  Iiecomes  a  law.  The  council-house  is  a 
large  and  commodious  building,  with  connnittee-rooms.  also  seats  for  spectators.  This 
building  was  erected  mider  treaty  stiindatiou.  ^ruch  interest  is  manifested  by  the 
])eoplc  in  electing  councillors,  and  also  wlien  they  meet  together;  they  usually  remain 
in  session  from  ten  to  fifteen  days,  and  ai'i'  paid  a  per-dieni  pay  dI"  !?-.  .Fudges  are 
nominated  by  tii<'  chief  of  the  district,  and  recei\e  a  small  coini)ensation  ;  trial  bv  jury 
is  iiuarantie(l  in  all  capital  offences.  There  is  no  law  enforcing  the  collccticii  of  debts. 
In  their  present  situation,  it  is  rpu'stionable  whether  or  not  payment  slioidd  not  lie  left 
optional  with  the  delitor;  tliis  is  undorstood  to  be  th(>  condition  by  every  one  who 
chooses  to  cr<'dit.  and  to  a  iireat  extent  these  debts  are  paid. 

'•  Krom  (his  sketch,  it  will  be  scmmi  that  the  Choctaws  have  materially  bettered  tln'ir 
condition  by  an  exchange  of  country.  Tla^y  are  fast  approximating  to  our  own  law.s 
and  institution.s.  They  feel  a  de  'p  interest  in  the  success  and  prosperitv  of  our  own 
people,  as  well  as  the  perpetuity  of  ijur  Covernment.  They  have  school  fimils  suHl- 
( lent  to  educate  ii  large  portion  ol"  the  ]ieople.  b(\'<id(>  annuities  from  the  United  States, 
and  also  an  investment  of  8"ji"l.iill(l,  ;it  live  per  cent.,  in  bonds  of  the  Stale  of  .Vla- 
liama.  for  the  benefit  ol"  the  whole  pcojile.  They  have  also  other  soiu'ces  of  wealth. 
Their  laws  are  generally  respected,  and  when  violated,  jiunislnnent  is  inHicted.  It  is 
very  rare  that  acts  of  violence  take  place  between  themselves;  every  indiviilual  feels 
safe  in  his  own  property,  'i'ravcdlcrs  jiass  through  the  nation  with  as  iimch  sali'ty  a,s 
they  do  in  any  country.  I  consider  the  location  of  the  Choctaws  as  one  of  the  greatest 
safeguards  and  protection  to  our  own  citizens  a'.'ainst  tlie  wild  or  less  friendl\'  tribes. 

■• '{'he  Chickasaws.  aslha\e  stated,  obtained  from  the  Thoctaws  a  participation  in 
their  country.  The  conditions  upon  which  these  privileges  are  granted  seem  to  imito 
thorn  as  one  people,  excejit  that  each  manages  their  own  public  funds.  The  Cliicka- 
saws  number  about  50U0.     They  have  settled  promiscuously  among  the  Choctaws; 


:..! 
■^ 


r!!5^ 


VROSPEOTS    OF    THE    TIUURS. 


liitely  tlioy  aiv  iK'giniiing  to  move  up  to  the  ilistik^t  unsigned  tlioni.  Tliis  tlicy  did  not 
do  at  fh>t,  ovi'ing  to  the  sciircity  of  provisions  and  tlui  ox|)osc'd  situation  of  tlic  frontier. 
jMany  horses  Iiavo  \>wn  stolen  iiy  the  trii)es  who  resid 


e  near,  and  some  o 


if  th 


til 


('hielvasaw  district.     Thi.s  will  now  1)0  remedied  hy  the  military  post  lately  selected  on 
the  Wa.shita,  and  at  present  oecnpied  l)y  a  eompaii}-  of  dragoons.    This  will  give  proti'O 


tion  andoneonragenient  to  tlie  (,hickasaws  tooxtend  then- setth'tnents.  and  tend  greatly 
to  preserve  order  hctween  the  Te.xans  and  onr  Indians.    The  (Jhickasaws  have  ohtaincd 
greater  pecnniary  advantages  hy  the  o.\chango  of  their  country  than  any  of  the  trihes. 
Their  hinds  were  snrveyed  and  sold  at  a  time  when  speculation  was  at  its  highest,  and  when 
the  most  enormous  prii'es  were  paid  for  lands.     The  funds  thus  arising  wer(>  invested 
for  the  benefit  of  the  nation,  alter  each  head  of  a  I'aniily  had  obtained  a  reservation. 
Some  have  profited  hy  reci'iving  largo  amounts;  hut  in  most  cases,  the  money  having 
been  easily  obtained,  was  as  freely  .spent,     it  is.  lnjwever,  the  homo  the  Chickasaws 
olitained  from  the  (jhoctaws  tiiat  compensates  them.     'I'liey  are  now  fairly  si'ttled  in  a 
(ountry  at  least  as  fertile  as  the  one  they  left,  aiul  removed,  to  a  great  e.vtent.  from  the 
evils  that  were  last  destroying  them  as  a  |)eople.     Their  wealth,  snddeidy  gained.  ^av(> 
them  the  means  of  gratifying  their  wishes  by  purchasing  articles  that  could  have  been 
(lispensi'd    with.      The  conse(|uence   is,  comparatively   speaJving,   liut   few   individuals 
have  nnich   to  show  of  the  wealth   thus  easily    ()l)taint'd.     'i'hero  are,  howt;ver,  some 
intelligent  and  highly  respectable  Chickasaws,  men  of  wi'alth.      As  a  people,  they  are 
friendly  and  well-disposed  to  ourCJovernment.    Tiiey  unite  with  the  (Jhoctaws  in  liirm- 
ing  the  lijurth  ilistrict,  and  come  into  the  general  council  of  the  nation  with  ;»  repre- 
sentation cerresiionding  to   their  population.     The  ("hickasaws   have   am[)le  n;itional 
funds  to  extend  the  mechanic  arts,  as  well  as  education,  among  their  pi'ople.    This  can 
best  be  done  by  concentrating  them  in  the  district  assigned  them.     The  impoi'tance  of 
this  is  fl'lt  l)y  the  intelligent  of  the  nation.     Lately  a  housi'  has  b(>en  erected  for  their 
auent  in  the  district  assigned  them.     Tiiis  will  !)0  the  means  of  bringing  around  him 
many  ('hickasaws  who  otherwise  would  have  remained  away.     That  the  Chickasaws 
liiue  hail  many  dilliculties  to  (>ontend  with  in  a  new  country,  is  ceitainly  true.     Tiiev 
sulVcred  much  at  first  from  the  small-pox.  which  unfortunately  got  among  them  while 
emigrating.     They  hnw.   now  become  acclimated   to   the  country,   and   are  this  year 
nuiking  good  crops  of  corn.     Some  of  tlie  mort;  wealthy  are  planting  cotton,  and.  with 
few  exceptions,  the  Chickasaws  are  getting  around  them  small  stocks  of  horses.  cattlt>, 
and  hogs,  which,  with  care  and  attention,  in  a  country  so  well  adapted  to  stock-raising, 
will  soon  greatly  increase. 

'•  TheCherokecs  combine  more  intelligence  as  a  p(n)ple  than  any  of  our  tribes.  Tlun- 
have  intermarried  more  with  the  whites,  ha\e  had  advantaizi^s  of  education,  and.  by 
their  location,  have  had  an  op|)ortunity  of  observing  more  immediattdy  the  customs 
and  nuumers  of  a  civilized  [teople  than  any  of  the  Indian  tribe.-.  Thei"e  are  many 
iiitellii:(Mit  and  well-educ:iti'(l  Clierokces. 
\Mi,  \-l..      i-.T 


ii  V* 


I'RKSKNT    CONDITION    AND 

"Tlic  nation  consista  of  iibout  18,0(10  isouls,  sproiul  over  an  extont  ol'  country  sixty 
mill's  ,x(|iiare,  comprising  several  varieties  of  soil.  Kstimatin.u,'  one  wanior  to  every  live 
souls,  would  give  ;>(j((0.  They  are  iuiiuoviug  in  intellectual  eonilition  :  they  have 
executive,  legislative,  and  judicial  departments;  an  organized  government;  a  principal 
and  assistant  chief,  elective  every  four  years;  a  council  and  coiumitti-e.  organized 
somewhat  upon  the  i)riucii)le  of  tli(>  House  of  Kepreseutatives  and  Si'uate  of  the  United 
Slates;  the  ioriner  consisting  of  twenty-four  mund)ers.  and  the  latter  of  sixteen,  elective 
every  two  years.  They  sit  annually,  and  are  usually  in  session  from  three  to  four 
weeks.  The  judiciary  consists  of  ii  supreme  U'uch.  a  circuit  court,  and  a  district 
court;  the  llrst  consisting  of  live  mendjers,  the  second  of  li)ur,  and  the  latter  of  eight. 
They  have  written  laws,  and  a  crinuual  code.  The  circuit  court  sits  s[)ring  and  fall ; 
the  supreme  court  once  a  year;  tlie  district  court  whenever  an  tuuergency  ari.ses. 
Tiiey  have  juries,  and  hear  pleadings.  The  judges  of  the  circuit  and  district  benches 
an-  appointed  more  f)r  their  probity  and  personal  worth  than  their  legal  attainment.'*, 
;uid  will  comi>are.  in  point  of  moral  worth,  to  any  similar  body  in  the  I'nited  States. 
They  are  rigid  in  the  execution  of  tlieir  laws;  generally  imiiartial  in  ilw.  administration 
)f  justice,  as  yet  necessarily  in  a  rude  state.  .\.s  nuvny  as  lour  executions  have  taken 
place  in  one  year. 

"As  a  people,  they  are  very  tenacious  of  the  management  and  regulation  of  their 
internal  affairs. 

■•  Thei'e  are  believed  to  be  about  'JddH  i)ri)lessors  of  the  (Christian  religion,  consisting 
(if  Baptists,  .Methodists,  and  Presbyterians:  the  former,  comprising  mueli  the  largest 
class,  may  be  considered  the  lirst  class  of  Cherokees  for  intelligence  and  general 
integrity;  tiiere  are  about  1000  others,  who  miglit  bo  classed  among  the  lirst.  Much 
the  largest  class  of  the  Cherokee  people  are  half-Ijreeds,  or  what  an^  known  to  be  the 
middle  class,  who  are  ardent  and  enterprising,  and  passionately  fond  of  gaming.  When 
not  under  the  inlluence  of  ardent  spirits,  tiiey  are  hospitable  and  well  di.sposed  ;  but, 
when  under  such  inlluence,  their  worst  passions  seem  to  lie  roused.  The  evil  of  intro- 
ducing s[iirits  among  them,  invariably  carried  in  liy  the  lowest  class  of  whites,  I  do 
not  hesitate  to  say.  is  the  cau.><e  of  all  their  troubles  with  the  citizens  of  the  United 
States. 

'■  There  are  three  missionary  establishments  located  among  them,  of  which  a  detailed 
report  has  been  called  for,  and  will  be  supplied.  They  have  a  school  fu  d  of  their 
own.  which  they  are  wisely  a|)[)ro])riating  to  the  dilVusion  of  knowledge  tlnv  ...hont  the 
nation,  by  apjiointing  trustees  to  superintend  the  disbursements. 

■' The  Cherokees.  as  a  peo[)Ie.  iU'e  not  disposed  to  labor;  but,  within  the  last  two 
year,"*,  there  is  a  manifest  change  in  this  particidar,  both  from  necessity  and  inclination. 
They  are  now  engaged  in  agricultural  jjursuits.  Tiiere  is  no  game  within  loO  or  liOO 
miles  of  their  limits.  Their  country  is  well  watered,  and  supj)lii's  abundantly  all  the 
products  known   to  (hat  latitude,  sueh   as  eurn,  whc>at.   rye,  oats,  tobacco,  and   hemp. 


I'UOSI'KCTS    OF    Til  K    Tin  I5ES. 
Within  llio  limits  of  tiiu  nation,  tlioro  aro  two  a!)innlant  and  valuiiMc  salt  sprin: 


IS  ;  (inc 


)l'  tlicni  is  leased  to  a  Cliorokoo  iljr  an  inconsiderable 


Sinn, 


but  is  not  worked  to  nuieh 


advantage,  either  to  tlio  jjroprietor  or  the  nation.     Stone?  coal  of  tiie  linest  qnality 
ahonnds  in  two  sections,  adjacent  to  each  other,  in  the  nation. 

'•There  is  !i  small  class,  termed  mountain  FudiaiLs.  who  are  iL'norant.  and  hut  sliditly 
jiroLO'cssed  in  moral  and  intellectual  improvement;  have  ft'w  comforts, ami  plant  barely 


.sutlicient  for  subsistence.     Manvof  the  GheroUees  own 


slave: 


ind  I 


nanv  nia\'  bi'  call(( 


d 


comfortalde  livers;  all  of   them  own  stock  cattle,  yi't  raise  little  beyond   their  own 
consmnption. 


The  Cherokees  hav 


ived  from  the  flovernment  of  tiie  United  States  1 


ir.iie  sums 

of  money;  some  have  iirofited  l)y  the  money  received,  while  others  li;i\('  luxishcd 
theirs  away,  leavinir  only  a  desire  to  be  snp[)lied,  without  any  disposition  of  liciiuii  so  liy 
their  own  laiuir.  'I'hese  are  evils  whicdi  have  nearly  cin'ed  themselves,  and.  leMieeforlii, 
each  individual  will  be  left  to  ilepend  mainly  uj)oii  himself  for  support.  Tlicir  country 
is  well  adapted  to  raising'  corn,  wheat,  oals.  ^:c..  with  tiie  usual  \iirieties  of  iianlcn 
vep'tables.  Farms  and  neat  houses  are  found  in  many  parts  of  tlie  nation,  exiiiliitiui;' 
signs  of  wealth  and  inteliigeiici!  unusual  in  an  Indian  country.  A  large  portion  of  tiie 
country  is  well  watered.  'I'lie  coiiutr_\'  is  divided  into  woodland  and  prairit'.  The  lands 
are  rich  and  very  productive.  Large  stocks  of  cattle,  horses,  hogs,  and  sliee|),  are 
owned  by  the  natives.  Manv  have  also  paid  attentimi  to  planting  orchards,  which  are 
\ery  uiiiisual  in  an  Indian  c(juntry.  Salt  water  is  (iiiiiid  in  great  abundance  in  the 
('hei'o]<ee  nation.  The  (Iraiid  Saline,  if  judieioiisly  managed,  is  capable  of  sii[i[>l\iug 
a  large  portion  of  our  own  iM)pulatioii  with  salt.  I'l'ejiaralicais  are  making  to  enlarge 
tiie  manufacture  of  this  ueeessary  article.  licad  '>re  is  also  representeil  to  be  lljuiid  in 
the  nation.  Stone  coal  is  to  be  lound  in  several  places.  II' tiie  country  was  eNamined, 
it  would,  uo  doubt,  exliiiiit  great  rescuirci's  of  wealth  in  minerals  and  salt  water. 

••The  Cherokees  are  furnished  by  the  I'nited  States  with  four  lilaeksmiths  and 
assistants,  iron,  and  steel;  also,  a  wheelwright  and  wagon-maker.  IiKJepeiuient  of 
tliese,  they  have  mechanics  of  dillerent  kinds  in  the  nation.  Tiiey  have  also  a  large 
fund  for  education  purposes,  jilaced  by  tri'aty  under  the  control  of  the  national  council. 
This,  if  properly  applied,  will  go  fai-  to  eihu'ate  a  large  portion  of  tiiese  people. 

'•Tin?  Cherokees  are  governed  b\' a  constitution  and  laws  ado[)ted  and  passed  li\-  the 
people.  Debts  are  colK'cteil  in  the  usual  way,  by  issuing  executions;  letters  of  admiii- 
istration  are  also  granted  on  estates  of  deceased  persons  in  the  nation,  and.  iiidiiMl.  all 
the  liirins  and  regulations  usually  observed  in  our  t>wn  States.  The  "iiemkees.  iii  tlieir 
government  as  a  people,  are  in  advance  of  any  of  their  red  brethren. 

'•Among  the  greatest  evils  that  the  Ciierokees  have  to  eomi)lain  of  is  the  present 
mode  of  their  trial  sind  punishment  for  minor  olfeiiees,  committed  (or  alleged  to  bo 
committed)  on  the  persons  of  United  States  citizens,  while  in  their  nation,  and  upon 
their  own  soil;    which   broils  are,  eigiil   times  out  of  ten.  [U'ovokeii  on  the  jiart  of 


^1 

'\  i  i 

! 

Ij!    i ' 

ii 

;  n 


■    : 


rUESENT    rONDITION    ANH 


itiiu'runt  citiwiis  iVoiii  sill  |)iirts  ot'tlio  United  StiUt's,  tciiiptctl  or  indiu'cd  tlicic  liy  umIii. 
It  is  too  iiiiicli  tlio  Iiiil)it  iihroiid  to  rry  out  '  liidiim  oiitra^v,'  without  ii  just  Unowlcdm' 

of   fiU'tS. 

'•All  persons  fiimiliar  with  that  portion  of  the  Chorokccs  bordering  on  (.'riiwl'ord  and 
Washington  counties,  in  Arkansas,  know  they  are  industrious,  iutellijrent,  and  neigh- 
Iiorly  disposed.  The  iuhabitants  of  those  two  popidous  counties  are  distinguisiied  as  a 
laliorinu,  intelligent,  high-iniuded,  and  judicious  people.  It  is  not  from  them  the 
ilillleulties  occur,  or  ccuupiuints  are  made;  hut  from  a  plundering,  pi'cdatory  class, 
upon  whose  oath,  liefore  a  magistrate,  the  Cherokees  are  hunted  down  l)y  the  military, 
taken  a  distance  of  "JOU  miles  to  Little  Kock  for  trial,  and  there  lodged  in  jail  to  await 
.slow  justice.  These  ari'  e\ils  of  nt>  small  imjiort.  and  of  every-day  oc(';ii'ri'nee.  ami 
which  produce  angry  and  emhitteii'd  feelings. 

'•  Tlie  Creeks  are  more  numerous  than  any  of  the  tiihes.  numlieiing  at  least  'JO.OOO. 
The  census  ol'  the  nation  lias  not  heen  taken  since  the  emigration,  the  annuity  not 
l)eing  paid  to  the  heads  of  I'amilies.  As  !i  people,  they  have  less  education  and  intelli- 
gence than  either  tiie  Choctaws  or  Cherokees.  Fiately.  they  have  given  lietter  evidenc(\s 
of  a  disposition  to  encourage  education  than  at  any  [)re\ious  time  ;  and  it  is  hy  these 
means  that  the  Creeks  are  to  be  elevated.  Tliey  possess  as  miicli  natiu'al  capacity  as 
any  of  their  red  liretliren.  and  have  given  as  strong  evidences,  since  their  removal,  ol' 
tlitir  attacliment  and  fidelity  to  the  United  States,  as  any  of  the  trilies.  They  are  a 
working  people  in  crop  time,  making  more  corn  I»y  their  own  labor  than  is  required  l()r 
their  use.  Jn  many  cases,  they  work  for  their  red  neighbors.  Many  of  the  Creeks 
have  separate  fields:  but  their  ancient  custom  of  making  a  town  field  is  still,  to  a  great 
•  •xtent.  observed.  They  raise  large  (piantities  of  corn,  melons,  [lumpkins.  bi'ans.  and. 
lately,  are  cultivating  the  rice  to  some  e.\tent.  It  is  saiil  to  grow  well,  and  will  be 
looked  upon  liy  tiie  Creeks  as  a  great  accession  to  their  living.  They  were  accustomed 
to  the  cultivation  of  rice  ])re\ious  to  their  emigration.  It  is  stated,  iiy  those  who  have 
tlie  means  of  obtaining  correct  information,  that  the  Creeks  will  make  a  snr[)lus  of 
from  IjO.tMIO  to  -Id.dOO  busliels  of  corn  the  present  year.  They  have  a  inimber  of  cattle, 
hor.-^es.  and  hogs,  tiiough  not  so  large  stocks  as  either  file  Clioctaws  or  Cherokees.  The 
Creeks  reside  generally  in  small  cabins  —  have  paid  but  little  attention  to  building. 
There  are.  liowi'ver.  a  few  wealthy  and  intelligent  men  in  the  Creek  nation.  It  mav 
be  objected  to  the  Creek  country,  that  it  contains  an  ovia'  portion  of  prairie  ;  a  consider- 
able portion  of  this,  however,  is  fertile.  The  bottoms  are  generally  very  rich,  being 
heavily  timliered.  and  the  upland  is  very  productive;  altogether,  the  Creeks  own  a  line 
country.  They  complained  that  the  country  was  sickh"  l()r  several  years  after  their 
emigration.  They  have,  however,  become  acclimated,  and  now  enjoy  general  good 
health.  Water  is  scarce  ni  the  (.'reek  nation.  In  the  latter  part  of  the  summer  and 
fall,  tli"  streams  cease  to  inn.  at  which   time  the  only  water,  with  few  e.\(!;'ptions.  is 


PROSPECTS    (•!••    THK    TIIIRES. 


588 


Ibiiiid  ill  liir^ic  stiiinliii!.'  Iiolcx.     \Vi 


li;[\('    lii'vll 


till'.',  mill  wiiU'i-  obtaiiiod:  but,  ti)  ii 


coiunion  Imliiiii,  tliis  is  iiii  uudurluUinn'  of  Iud  niiu'li  imii^niliiilo. 

''Tlic  ('recks  liiivc  Toiir  l)liicksmitlis  luid  nssistaiils,  witii  iron  ami  stoi'l  rurnisiuMl  l>y 
treaty  stipulations,  aud  also  a  wlicchvridit  and  wajjon  uiaUcr.  Tlioy  Iiavo  but  few, 
if  any,  native  incclianics,  ami  rely  mainly  tor  tlieir  work  upon  nieclianics  I'urnislied  by 
tin-  (ioverninent.     Tlie  ("reeks  lunc  (piite  a  lai'jze  annuity,  wliicli  is  paid  to  the  chiefs, 


ind  liv  tlieni  divided   auioiii'   the  diil'eront   towns.     This  is  done  in  accorda 


nee  wit II 


ti> 


e.\i 


I  111'' 


laws,  and  their  own  rccpiest,  which  at  least  makes  it  satisfactory  to  the  duels 


It  may,  however,   be  ol)served   that,  altiioiiiih  the  whole  annuitv  s\st 


em.  as 


Slid 


1,  IS 


objectioiialile.  the  only  eipiitable  way  of  dividinii'  it  is  to  pay  to  the  heads  of  families. 
The  Creeks  liavtM'oinmenced  passiiif^  reiruiar  laws,  which  are  recorded  liy  the  clerks 
appointed  for  that  purpose.  The\'  do  not  (dect  re|ii'esentatives.  their  ciiiels  ln'iiiir  tho 
law-makers  generally.  This  will  bo  cliaufred  when  the  elective  principle  will  prevail. 
So  far  as  a  chani^e  of  p;ovoriiinont  has  been  (dli'cted.  it  is  decidedly  favorable.  I  look 
upon  tho  Creeks  as  the  most  powerful  triiie  of  red  people  on  this  froiiti<M'.  They  wero 
romovod  to  their  present  homes,  many  of  them  auainst  their  own  cjonseiit.     Fr 


oin  a 


series  of  wars  in  whi(di  they  wero  engap'il  willi  our  own  (loveriiment.  it  may  be 
expected  that  there  are  still  some  who  entertain  unfiieiidiy  feelinjrs.  These  feelings, 
how(>ver,  are  gradually  sulisiding.  The  principal  chief,  liolly  M'lntosh,  is  u  man  of 
undonbti'd  attachment  to  our  (lovermiient.     The  same  may  be  said  of  most  of  tho 


chiefs.    The  certaintv  tiiat  the  coiintr\-  tlie\-  ow 


11  is  n 


alh'  theirs,  does  much  to  reconcile 


old  IWdiugs.     (iame  has  disai)peared,  and  each  lias  to  depend  on  his  own   exertions, 
aided  by  the  annuities  alforded  Llirough   treaty  stipuhilions.  for  a  support.     Aside  from 


this,  the  Creel 


itii  a  moderate  share  of  industi'v.  liavi-  a  coiiiitr\  that  will  aillird  all 


tho  substantials  of  life,  to  enable  them  to  raise  their  families.  Tiiey  have  also  limited 
means  of  coiiiiuencing  a  system  of  education,  which  they  desire  to  do  in  their  own 
country. 

"The  late  emigrants,  or  what  are  termed  the  upper  Creeks,  although  much  di?sati>- 
fied  lor  a  length  of  time  after  their  removal  to  their  new  homes,  owing  mainly  to  their 
sufl'erings  from  sickness,  and  the  great  mortality  that  prevailed  among  them,  are  now 
a  happy,  healthy,  and  contented  jieople.  and  are  much  in  advance  of  tho  lower  Creeks 
(or  early  emigrants)  in  tho  variety,  ipiality,  and  (luantity  of  their  agricultural  products, 
as  well  as  in  the  management  of  their  farms.  They  have  larger  and  better  stocks  of 
doiiiestio  animals.  They  are  likewise  much  in  aihance  of  the  lower  Creeks  in  domestic 
or  houseludd  manufactures.  They  make  (piantities  of  cotton  cloth  from  the  raw 
material,  planted  and  cultivated  u[)on  their  own  farms.  The}-  have  also  se\eiai  useful 
native  mechanics  among  them,  such  as  carpenters,  wheelwrights,  loom-makers,  smiths, 
&c..  and  all  reside  in  good  comfortable  houses  of  their  own  construction.  In  short.  I 
know  of  no  people  on  this  continenl  who  are  more  happy  and  contented,  or  who  enjoy 


I, 


'i , ' 


m 


!  i: 


'm 


6U 


I'llKSENT    CONDITION    AND 


^( 


II  f;riiitrr  [ik'iitv.  tliiiii  tla'sf  ju-oplo  do,  ol' all  tlu'  iiL'fi'Hsarit'M  of  lift* ;  and  I  do  imt 
lu'.>'iliito  to  my,  tlmt  tho  prt'sent  j^rowiiij;  crop,  il'  it  iiu'ot.s  with  no  dis!i;-'tor  until  it 
arrivi'i'  iit  niiiturilv.  will  ('((uiil  throi'  tiincH  the  amount  that  may  ho  iv(|trnvil  lor  home 
conMiinptioii. 

'•I  have  }\\>t  ivliiniud  iVoni  a  lour  ol'  visitation  and  iiiHpt'ction,  embracing;!;  all  tin' 
ni)per  towns;  and  1  have  dorived  jrivat  witisraction  in  being  an  eye-witness  to  the 
improveiiicnts  making  by  these  people,  and  the  many  domestic  comlbrls  they  have 
aeeumulated,  and  are  aecumulating,  around  them. 

'•  The  Seininoles  havi- from  time  to  tiini'  removed,  until  it  is  now  understood  the 
triiie  have  generally  emigrated.  The  lew  remaining  will  (K)nbtless  continue  the  war 
with  the  same  unsubdued  spirit  as  lu'n'toli)re,  until  the  whole  are  removed.  This  is 
the  opinion  of  tho.<i'  that  an;  now  west.  Unfortunately  for  the  Seminoles,  the  chief  of 
each  party,  as  they  land  al  or  near  Fort  (iii)son.  endeavor  to  settle  away  from  the 
(itliers.  This  is  done  by  tin-  chiels.  with  the  hope  of  keeping  aroinid  them  a  party  of 
whicli  tliey  are  the  head,  fearing  that  if  they  become  united,  .loine  othi'r  more  fav«)rcd 
leader  will  .■^upi'rsede  them,  ily  this  means  tlicy  are  scattered  not  oidy  in  the  Creek 
but  Cherokee  country.  Micanopy.  and  other  leading  Semiunlcs,  have  settled  on  the 
Deep  Fork  of  the  Canadian,  the  coinitry  assigned  them.  Kll'orts  have  been  nuule  to 
ciiHciMitrate  the  Scmiuoies  iit  this  jioiut.  This  is  dillicnlt  to  do.  and  does  not  mci't  with 
iinicli  favor  Iroiii  tin;  Creeks.  They  arc  willing  for  them  to  settle  in  any  part  of  the 
Cri'ck  nation  promiscuously.  The\-give  as  a  rc;ison  that  the  ScmiuoK-s  themselves  are 
not  suited,  from  llu'ir  present  feelings,  to. settle  in  a  body,  and  become  ((niet  and  orderly 
iuigiit)ors.  They  have  many  negroes  that  participated  in  the  Florida  war,  who  will 
endeavor  to  e.\erci<e  an  improper  intluence  ovi-r  the  Seminoles.  These  objections  are 
cerlaiidy  entitled  to  gri'at  consideration  ;  imt.  on  the  other  hand,  tlii're  is  danger  of  the 
Creeks  oppri'ssing  the  Seminoles  whenever  dilliculty  about  the  right  of  property  arises, 
ami  unfortunately  there  are  too  many  fruitful  soui'ces  of  disputed  property,  esju'cially 
about  negroes.  In  man}-  cases  the  Creeks  claim  negroes  who  are  in  tho  possession 
(if  the  Seminoles.  These  negroes,  the  Creeks  allege,  ran  away  from  them  beiore  and 
(luring  the  Florida  war,  and  were  either  captured  with  the  Seminoles,  or  came  in  under 
a  proclamation  from  some  of  the  connnandcrs  in  F'lorida.  These  negroes  are  now  with 
the  Seminoles.  having  accompanied  dillerent  emigrating  parties.  The  (piestion  as  U) 
the  I'ight  to  these  negroes  should  be  adjudged  as  early  as  possible,  a.s  it  is  onc^  now 
calculated  to  produce  and  keej)  up  a  bad  state  of  leeling.  That  portion  of  the  Semi- 
nt)les  who  have  settl('(J  on  the  Deep  Fork  of  tho  (.'anadian  have  raised  a  surplus  of  corn, 
beans,  pumpkins,  and  melons,  all  of  which  grow  to  great  perl'cctiou,  and  a  lew  have 
rai.sed  small  patches  of  rice.  The  labor,  however,  is  principally  jjerl'ormed  by  the 
Seminole  negroes,  who  have  thus  far  conducted  themselves  with  groat  propriety.  Tlu; 
annuities  in  money,  and  also  blankets,  lin.seys,  and  even  gun.s,  are  given  to  tiie  emigrants 


<K 


i'ii()si'R(vrs  OK  TiiF.  TiuiiFs.  r>nr, 

t'lititlctl  to  llio  siiiiic  as  tlity  arrivf.  To  i^ivi'  ii  ,!j;im  to  ii  Scminolo  wlio  m  lati'ly  citliiT 
runic  ill.  or  was  captiiifcl  in  Floiiila.  appi'uis  all  wrong;  it  in,  liowuviT,  ii  ticiity  hti|iii- 
liition.  anil  is  cuinplii'il  with  wilhutit  iipprchotiHion  of  ilaii^cr. 

"  Wlialivcr  rnav  have  Im'cii  tlic  inipoitaiiiM'  or  disdni'tiou  of  tho  St'iiiinolo  cliiol's  in 
Florida,  tlicy  wi'in  to  lose  llicir  frrfatiicMs  in  tlic  crowd  of  other  IndianH  wiio  an; 
L'ligaf^i'cl  in  tlic  cnltivation  of  the  soil, 

'•Tlu'y  liavi!  a  school  I'lind  sullii'icnt  to  keep  uji  a  school.  \\y  this  means  the  risiii'.^ 
Kcncrution  may  lie  improved.  Ihit  littU'  can  he  done  for  those  ofmatnrcr  years,  e\ce|it. 
to  tnrn  their  attention  as  I'ar  as  possihli'  to  tlie  raising  of  corn  and  stock  to  support 
their  rainilics."  ' 


.\nimiil  Uc'iiurtsof  In. Man  .\(TaiiN,  I>*H,  ISJ-.',  ami  \HV.i. 


¥      i 


\wi 


I  h. 


i  !' 


i'i-.- 


1 1 


■.:ii; 


PRESENT    CONDITION    AND 


(11  A  I'TKIf    1  V. 

STATE    <>?•'    THE    MINOR    TH  A  NSFEHKED    (iHoI'l'    oK    TIUHES    IN 

K  A  N  /,  A  S . 

'I'm:  local  ion  111' I  lie  ((ill  mi /I'd  trilH'siHdcsij.'iiiitodon  tlK'iU'conipiiiiviii.i; 
•  iS'iT.  iiiiiii.      l>y  till- o\l('ii>iiiM  of  till'  ti'iritoriiil  siiviTcii^iity  ol'  Kim/iis  over 

.1.  I'd  (II  WAV.        llic  tirciiliT  iiiirt    of   tlicsi'    trilics.   tlicy   mow  ronstilulc    one  of  tlic 
l'iii;siiii:.\r.  .-oflal    liciiiciits    ol"  tliiit    tiTritory.     Tlio    tiilicx    linvc    incicasiil   in 

tlicir  poiiiiiiilioii.  i'('s|ii'('tiv('ly.  IVoiii  177  to  ."rj(i(»  mmiIs.'  'I'licy 
liavc  x'ciircd  Id  lliciiisclvcs  lar^rc  L'rants  of  tcnilory,  liy  tlic  (•(■.■^>ioii  ol'  mh'iiIiim 
tracis  ill  till'  liiiiiaii  colony,  and  liavc  lliiis  indciii'cd  ii  coni|iclrncy  and  llic  niciiiiH 
of  inslriiction  :  the  sections  on  wliicli  tlicy  arc  located  |)rescnt  sonic  of  the  liiiest  tracts 
to  he  foiiiid  west  of  the  ."Mississi]i|ii  and  Missouri  rivers,  and  the  attention  they  dcMUe 
to  avricnltiire  eiisni'c.s  an  alnindant  siijiply  of  the  necessaries  of  hii-.  This  icjioii  is 
jH  ciili.ii'ly  a(la]i;i'il  to  the  cultivation  of  their  native  uTain.  the  7ca  inai/e.  as  also  all  the 
oi'ilinarv  cereals  and  esculents.  Horses,  cattle,  and  oilier  doniestie  slock  llirivc  willioiit. 
the  iieeosily  of  liiiildiiiji-  houses  to  shelter  iheiii.  or  of  eiittinfi'  aiul  .sforiiij;'  hay  for  their 
winter  ]iid\t'niler.  The  twenty-one  trihes  who  have  heeii  transferred  from  the  old 
States  and  settled  here,  eoinprise  the  l)elawares.  Sliawiiees.  Wyandots.  .Miainies.  Weas, 
I'iankasliaws,  Otiowas,  ('liip|iewas.  I'ottaw  altaniies,  Kickapoos.  ."-^jcs  and  Ko\es,  Senecas, 
mixed  Scneeiis  and  Sliawincs.  I'eorias.  Kaska^kia-:.  lowas,  Siockliridijcs  or  .Mohicans, 
and  Mnnsees.  and  portions  of  the  iinipiois,  fonniii;:'  tuLielhcr  an  aL'^ircLMte  po|nilatioii 
of  :'ill.M':;.  The  indi^^eiions  trilies  residing'  in  the  territory,  who  are  in  this  iii;iiiner 
furnished  with  examples  of  native  industry  to  sliiiiiilat''  tliein  to  pro'irc^s  in  ei\  ili/,;ition, 
are  the  (}iiappas.  Osav'es.  Kan/as.  Pawnees,  and  Arapiihoes,  numherin;^-  7-'l")S.  '|"he 
Oloes.  Omahaws.  Missonries,  Cheyeniii's.  and  some  (.tlur  iiiili;4(.'n(ius  trihes.  Iiavi;  not 
lieeii  eninneraled. 

These  Kansatic  trihes,  distinniiislicd  from  the  Appaliichian  iiroup,  are  the  siilijecls 
111'  ;iii  experiment  in  ci\ili/atioii.  which  has.  in  the  old  States,  heeii  Lieiierally  attended 
w  illi  depopulalioii  and  moral  disaster.  They  are  surrounded  hy  a  Ihrifly  and  enter|irisiiig 
while  population,  jroveriieil  liy  a  s\-lem  of  riiiid  laws,  and  eneriietically  eiiLra^ied  in 
liirmiiiii,   slock    raisini;',    the   mechanic    ails,   millin,;-,    maiiufacturinLr,   and    eonmiurce. 

'  \..l    v.,  'I'.K!.-  \  ..  1,    I'.i.-j. 


I'lmsi'r.rTs  ui'  Til  !•;  nil  hks. 


r.3T 


Till'  iiidii^'triiii  i'li:ii;ii'ti'i'  of  llu;  Hi'lllfrH  iiU'oiils  to  iJu-  tiilics  tliiil  pnictii'iil  species  nl' 

llii'll    CMIIIKit     lUil    t<l    III'  I'lll'I'tiVf.       Sdllli'    ol"   till'    Ililll'S    nil'    tilt'    l'('('i|lit'l|t^    nf 


tlllllilll,  w 


liii 


'^u  milUiilit'!',  wliii'li  ant  |ic'iiiMli(':ill_v  (lirtliiii.Mi'd   \ivv  (M|iita,  mi   llicir  uwii  m)iI,  in   tin 
|iri':^i'ii('<'   III'  I II 'I'M!  1 1  •«   will)  .HU|i|ily   llii'iii   with   iii'lii'Ii"<,  Miiiirliinis  ul'  iilililv,   Imt    iinii'i 


livi|llrll 


IIIIMli' 


'b  "'■ 


:i  rliarui 


ti'i-   I'liiiiliit'ivi-   til  tlu'ir  ilt'iiinnili/atinii   iiiul  ilcstnicli 


(III. 


Th 


dl'  tjii'^i*  |H-ii(iiliiMl   |iii_Mnt'nts  (lit  the  sMiall  liihcr*  wliii  I'l'i'i'iM'  aiiiiiiitii'>,  is 
iiijiiriiiiis,  riii'iiisliiiiii  tliriii  with  nil  fXniiHc  lor  jiIIc-iu'hh,  iiiul  iiroinotiiiu;  ii  i'an'li.'fisiii.'NS  an 


In  tlii'ii'  riitiMi'  wi'irarc.  wliicii  luvvciit.s  tiii'iii  rniiii  liiisliaiitliiiii;  tl 


ii'ir  ri'.-iiiiiri's. 


Tlio  iiitL<rH[H>i'ntoii  (if  lliu  liiiliaii  ami  liiiioiicaii   rarcs  in  tlic  haiiio  Micial  cuniiiiiiiiity, 


iiiii>', 


lias  not  always  luovril  ilcstnictivc  lo  liic  liniiK  r  ;  t'or,  liiiilcr  tins  systnii,  tlic  Six  Nat 
III-  !l'iii|Mni.>i,  III'  Ni'W  York,  wlni  writ'  sililnllllilril  iiy  a  iM'iipli'  >timillalc'il  liy  till'  f 
-|iiiit  dl'  a:/iiiiiltiiral  a   il  (•iiiiiiiicri'ial  cntriiiriM'.  I'Vciitiially  iiriis|it'icil.     'I'licir  I'dUiM' 


aiiic 


iia-i  not.  Iidwi'vc 


liiTP   ■  traiii  r  iini^ri'ssivi' 
)!' 


Til 


llii'V 


liavo  L'.\|iriicia'i 


il. 


-inn' 


tlic  close  ul  till'  war  ot  I  i  ii.  i.diii  lla  cdiijiinu'il  rllccts  ul  iiitciii|ici'aiic(',  hIIi'IK'ss,  ami 
disease.  Iiiivi'  liceii  ciiiisidi.'i'alii'  yet.  tie  iiimilier  ol' teiii[ierate  ami  imliistriinis  |ieisdii.s 
aiiidiii:'  tlieiii,  wlio  prolitc'l  liy  tia'  •■  uii|i!e  iil'tlieir  wV'te  iieiLdilidrs,  has  liceii  siillicieiit 
td  eiialile  llie  trilies,  ill  a  ii'W  yeais  lliiil'tily  levoted  Id  the  |iiiiMiils  III'  ajrieiilliiie.  to 
allaiii  \eiy  nearly  Id  the  liiu;hest  ratio  ii!'  ''i  ;i  'driiier  iiiiiiiiiii'al  |id[iiiiatidii.'  'I'lieir 
e\aiii|ile  may  lie  aiUaiila'^cdiisly  invseiiti'  tn  the  siii  ■"  e\[iatiiated  trilns  ul'  Kaii/.as, 
who  lilld  tlielll>elves  elicld>ei|  wi  'PI'  'is  terrildl'iai  iiii,"  tilies.  'I'lie  atlellllil  ti)  elr\ale 
tlieiii  ill  the  Mii'ial  scale,  and  in  luce  io  them  a  regard  liir  iiiilu>liial  luir.-iiits.  and  iLe 
.•.iijireinacy  ul'  the  law.  is  in  a  nieasine  cdnnter.icted  liy  a  persi.-!''!i -e  in  the  a'jiarian 
[iraclice  dl'  annually  distriliiitinir  their  riiiids.  per  ca|iita,  or  otherwise,  wiiieh  ti'iids  to 
ini|)dvcrisli  and  deiirade  them.  |{_\  distrilaitiim  their  I'liiuN.  the  incentive  to  lalior  is 
taken  away,  while,  at  the  same  time,  tlie  prd|iortidiiale  share  ri'cei\ed  ly  lacli  lUie  is 
very  Sddii  e\rlianv;iMl  I'di'  ardent  spirits,  or  ullier  imans  dl"  sensual  indidL^eme.  On  the 
advaneed  I'ldiitiers.  cuiii  is  ton  >carce  and  valiialile  nut  lu  make  it  an  dliji  it  nl'  interest, 
liir  all  td  attend,  wlm  have  liir  sale  articles  which  an  Indian  wants,  ami  who  conseipniitly 
turn  a  willin.u;  ear  to  their  solicitations.  It  is  the  liu>uiess  of  the  lew,  in  an  Indian 
country,  or  on  the  holders  of  it,  who  are  in  a  positidii  to  iki  so,  to  uphold  the  cause  ul' 
piet\,  \irtue,  tlir  '  imd  temperance.  The  many  regard  ilii' experiiiiint  ul'  leclaimini; 
till'  trilii's  with  c-;'.:i.)'icenc\.  and  do  nut  diiiill\  dppose  il ;  ''H'.  lieiiii;' eiiL'aLied  Iii  tlu' 
cdiilliits  dt'  lilo  and  Sdciety,  which  IreipienlU  assume  a  Iwiiiiidahle  aspect  on  the 
I'ldiitiers,  their  entire  eiiir,u,ies  are  ahsorlieil  hy  tiio  pinsiiit. 

The  con  lilidu  nl'the  tribes  is  ivpivsenteil  liy  the  Itical  aL;eiits  in  the  .-iilijiiiiuil  report, 
in  wlscii  liioy  are  reviewed  tiihe  hy  iiilie,  ediniiiencim;-  with  the  .sdutlniii  limii-  .it' 
Kan/as.  and  jiroceedin;^  north,  into  iS'eiira.~ka.  in  the  Hist  place,  icsjittiting  tlio 
(iuajiiias,  Seiiecas,  and  Shawiiees.  the  audit  sa^  s : 


Nntr-   "11    llli'    InniUliI'* 


Vmi.  VI. 


(iS 


1    I 


1 

;          ! 

t. 

i : 

■fi'-' 
U 

i 

r  ■ 

'  > 

t 

f 

■'*!] 

1        ;■; 

'Il 

il 

^!! 


r,:W  PRESENT    CONDITION    AND 

'■  It  is  il  Lirciit  jrriiliHi'iitidM  to  hi'  iililc  tt)  ^tat(^  tliiit  tlic  liuliiiiis  in  tliis  siili- 
nL^ciicy  iirc  ilccidi'dlv  in  a  lii'ttor  coiiilititiii  tliiiii  they  woro  iit.  the  diiti'  of  my  liist  ri'iKH't. 
'I'lii'v  liiivc  pMR'ially  lai'u'or  iit'ltls;  tlicy  have  raisi'd  nioiv  corn;  tlu'varo  liottt'i'  clotlu'd. 
and  tlu'V  ili'inli  Irss  liijnor. 

"  Tills  is  I'spccially  trnc  of  tiic  (inajJiias.  Wlicn  I  llrst  camL'  amoni:'  tlii'in.  these 
)K'iipU'  were  in  a  wreteiied  ennditioii,  siu-ndini;  most  of  their  time  in  drinl<inus  some- 
times tlie  whole  triiie  toiretlier  jiassinj;'  days,  and  even  weeks  to.iii'tlier,  in  a  state  of 
intoxication.  Literally  every  dollar  they  could  raise  went  for  whiskey.  Many  of  tiuMn 
lived  on  roots,  and  they  were  oft"n  on  the  verge  of  starvation.  In  appeaiance,  they 
were  sipialid   and   jioverty-strieken,   the  greater  jiart  in   raus.  the  ehildivn   generally 


iiake( 


I) 


nriiis 


the  ])ast  year   tliev  have   heen  gradually  changing   for  the  hetti'r.      They 


have  Ijeeome  more  indnstrii 


us  and  more  tein|)e 


ate.     There  was  no  driidvinii  at  their 


last  amu'ity  payment,  a  thing  heretofon^  unheard  of,  nor  for  some  timo  after,  although 
they  had  jilenty  of  moniM'.  and  could  get  whiskey.  Tiiist  siniimer.  for  the  llrst  time, 
they  made  hay.  This  year  nearly  all  theii'  fields  were  enlarged;  their  crops  aie  larger 
than  they  June  ever  hi'i'U  lieliiic.  and  would  have  heen  still  larger,  had  they  not  heen 
ileprived  of  the  services  of  their  farmer  and  hlaeksmith  at  a  time  when  they  weiv  most 
ncei'ed.  They  are  ;dl  well  clothe(].  and  ha\i'  enough  to  eat.  l?ut.  what  is  most  aston- 
ishing, not  a  single  instance  of  intoxication  has  heen  heard  of  among  them  lor  the  last 
three  months.  It  will  no  douht  lie  thought  that  this  statement  is  exaggerated,  hut 
every  one  that  lias  known  the  (.hiappas  lor  the  last  eighteen  months,  knows  that  it  is 
lilerally  true. 

••This  gi'eat  cliamze  is  in  part  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  venders  of  sjiirits  in  the 
Clierokei'  settlements  north  of  the  (liiajipas.  wlunce  their  supplies  ehiell_\'  came,  have, 
without  an  exception,  ahamloned  the  traile.  in  consei[ui'nce  of  the  stand  taken  against 
it  hy  some  of  their  more  respectahle  iicighhors.  A  great  deal  of  cre(lit.  however,  is 
due  to  theOuappas  themselves;  for  they  ciiuld.  if  so  disposeil,  get  liipioi'  li'oni  the 
whites;  hut  i'  ey  are  an  uncommnnl_\'  dneile  jieople.  inclined  to  listen  to  advice,  easilv 
managx'd.  and.  if  properly  encouraged   and  as-.ifted.  \\ill  no  douht  continue  to  improNc. 

••  Th(>  Seiiecas  have  also  heen  less  infeui,"  rate,  hut  from  a  dillerent  cause.  Their 
miller  was  directed,  shoi'tly  after  the  date  of  my  last  report,  to  stop  the  issues  of  toll 
grains  referred  to  in  that  p;iper.  This  depriveil  them  of  the  means  of  procurim;- 
spiiils,  and,  at  the  same  time,  had  the  elli'ct  of  iniluciuL'  them  to  raise  more  corn  ;  their 
prodiii'e  this  year  amounting  to  moi'e  than  twic(>  as  much  as  the  last  year's  crop.  The 
tolls  thus  retained  were  applied  in  part  to  the  discharge  of  the  dehts  contracted  for 
rei)airing  the  mill,  .and  in  ]»art  to  the  relief  of  such  Indians  as  wen'  destitute  of  pro\  i- 
sions  during  the  winter.  Some  df  those  among  tlu'm  who  were,  last  yt'ar.  the  greatest 
(Irunkai'ds.  ha\'e  Ik me  suher  men,  maile   farms  and  huilt  luuises  for  themselves,  and 

in   oilier   r'Spects  S't   a    L'Mod   examiile. 


??^SiBI 


iionilly 


I'UOSI'KCTS    (IF    TlIK 


Uir.ES. 


"  Tlio  band  (if  iiiixotl  Soiiocas  and  Sliawiu'cs  Inivc  n(>voi' hcen  as  nuicli  incliiu'd  to 


inttMnpci'anco  as  (lie  otiior  two 


ljand.>^ 


aiu 


I  tliiMc  has  not  Ijcen  so  j^roat  a  iilian.uc!  anionn' 


tlicni.     Tlioy  t'outiniie  to  raise  corn,  wlu'at,  oats,  iiinden  vi'gotaljk's,  Ike,  and,  on  tin 
uliolo,  ai'i'  iiniu'oving  ratliiM-  tlian  otlicrwisf. 

'•  Tlio  connti'V  occnpii'd  hy  these  trilies  is  lii^iii,  i-(iHin,ii',  healthy,  and  linely  watered 
s|irini;s  in  e\er\'  direction,  of  tli( 
in  streams  hiru'e  enough  to  turn 


hest  water. 


inietnnc 


■^liinir  out  of  thi; 


sola 


1  rock 


a  mill.     Where  it  is  fit  I 


oi'  cuilivalioi 


I  at  all,  th 


MMl 


is  fertile;  nuich  of  it  is  hilly  and  liarren.  worthless  except  for  the  tiniher.  The  lands 
on  the  water-conrses  are  of  the  hest  (|nulity;  well  suited  to  the  cultivation  of  tobacco, 
hemi).  corn,  and  the  small  jrrains.  The  npland  |)rairies  are  scarcely  inferior.  'J'here 
is.  in  i'act,  a  mnch  .ureati'r  (pnintity  of  Ln)od  laml  than  the  present  occupants  will  ever 
use.  Tlu>  heavily-timlierid  holtoms  on  the  I'onniie  de  Terr(!  and  the  Neosho  alVord 
not  only  isood  winter  ran,i;i'  for  cattle,  hut  an  aiunidance  of  marsh  for  lions.  'I'lie 
(^lappas  ha\c  a  coal-hank  innnediat(dy  on  the  Neosho.  'J"he  coal  is  hituminous,  of 
<>(iod  (piality,  easily  ohtaini'd,  and  the  supply  is  apparently  inexhaustilile.  In  the 
vicinity  of  this  coal  there  are  several  tar-sprin,i;s,  or  ratiier  spriniis  of  suliihur-water 
and  mineral  tar,  or  petroleum,  toL'ethcr,  as  tin'  lattt  r  sulistance  rises  with  the  water, 
separating  from  it  innnediately  aflei-  it  issues  from  the  earth. 

"There  are  neither  missionaries  nor  schools  amomr  the  Indians  in  this  sulp-ai:'ency. 
The  Senecas  and  Shawnees  do  not  ajipear  to  wish  Ibr  any.  The  <^iappas,  howevei'. 
are  anxious  to  have  their  oliildren  educated.  1  st'ud  you,  herewith,  their  answer  to 
the  call  mad(!  upon  them  lyyoui'  order  lor  boys  to  .send  to  theChoctaw  academy.  This 
answer  is  entirtdy  their  own,  and  expresses  their  lomi-settled  conviction.  Considerim;' 
the  result  of  former  elVorts  to  educate  their  boys  at  that  institution,  it  is  not  to  be  won- 
dered that  tlay  refuse  to  send  any  moi'e  there,  or  to  any  other  school  out  of  their  own 
connti-y.     They  earnestly  reipiested  that  tlu'ir  talk  mi:.;ht  lie  laid  before  the  President. 

'•Althouirh,  as  a  ijfeneral  rule,  the  e(lucation  annuiti(^s  of  an  Indiaii  trilie  are  most 
advantai2tM)usly  ex[)ended  by  combininji'  tiiem  with  those  ol"  other  tribes  for  the  supportof 
a  central  institution,  it  is  rpiestionable  w  liether  it  would  not  be  bettei-,  with  tin;  co-opera- 
tion and  under  the  superintendence  of  some  one  of  the  missionary  societies,  to  establish, 
with  their  finids.  a  school  amom:'  the  ()ua[ipas. 

■•  One  year's  annuity,  or  81  ""'•.  would  be  siiHicient.  with  the  aid  of  the  Indians,  and 
of  the  mechanics  employed  anion^  them,  to  erect  suitable  bnildiuLis.  and  iirocure  the 
necessary  stock  ami  farminii'  implements.  The  fund  could  then  be  easily  made  to  su|i- 
port  and  educate  twenty  children.  At  the  Choctaw  academy  there  has  been  at  no  tiiiK; 
m<r(>  than  lour.  Such  a  scdiool.  properly  conducted,  would  set  before  the  Indians  the 
advanta.ues  of  education  in  the  strongest  light,  and  keep  tluMn  const;intly  in  view.  The 
teachers  would  .scarcely  fail  to  ex<>rcisp  a  powerful  influence.  One  excellent  instructor 
is  already  secured  to  them  in  their  farmer.     The  person   that  holds  tiiat  situation  at 


m 


III 


»^    Mill 


:-i 


'   0 


•( 


':i;.>l 


1' 


m 


>  it ' 


Hi 


lilii:; 


^  J  m 


iilitiii 


,8lr 


!    : 


^■1' 


, ; 

i 

' 

}' 

■ 

;i.^ 

1 

! 

i   " 

\ 

i  i 

■>40 


PRESENT    CONDITION    AND 


present  is  devoted  to  tlioir  interests,  and  in  other  respects  peeuliarly  well  (jualilied  to 
advance  tliem  in  agricultural  knowledge."' 

"  The  Osages."  reports  the  iigent,  '"  iiavo  made  hut  little  perceptible  imjirovcMnent 
in  their  agricultural  pursuits.  There  are,  however,  some  ten  or  twelve  liunilies  of 
I'a-ha-sca's  ((leorge  White  Hare)  and  Clermont's  hands,  that  have  fenced  and  plouglu'il 
their  liclds  this  spring.  I  received  for  them  in  April.  ])loughs.  hoes,  axes,  and  horse- 
g(^ar,  two  hundred  of  ea<'h.  The  axes  and  hoes  were  divided  among  the  iieople.  as 
they  were  tools  of  general  use ;  hut  the  ploughs  an<l  gear  I  have.  l»y  nvpiest  of  tlu; 
chiefs,  stored,  to  lie  given  oidv  to  such  persons  as  give  evidence  ol"  their  intention  to 
])ut  them  to  immediate  use.  1  have  also  received  two  hinidred  iiead  of  cattle  and  four 
hundred  head  of  stock  hogs,  in  dune  (since  they  left  hom(>  on  their  summer's  hunt), 
which  I  have  not  yet  deliveri'd.  At  the  last  delivery  of  stock,  two  years  since,  the 
hands  of  Clermont  and  liittle  Osage  would  receive  none,  assigning  as  a  reason  that 
they  had  not  made  fences,  and  were  not  ready  to  take  care  of  them.  The  present 
isf^ue.  therefore,  projierly  helongs  to  them,  though  I  siiall  give  !i  portion  of  it  to  each 
family  that  have  made  improvements.  When  I  talk  to  them  ahout  going  to  work,  they 
reply  that  it  will  he  time  I'uough  wiien  the  eliiel's'  houses  are  huilt,  which  will  deter- 
mine wlu're  they  are  permaneutly  to  locate  themselves.  They  are  still  living,  with 
few  exceptions,  in  large  towns,  where  it  will  he  imjwssihie  to  make  nnich  progress  in 
stock-raising  or  farming.  Tah-hu-sca,  the  principal  chief,  is  himself  much  opposed  to 
the  faruiing  operations  of  his  people.  In  fact,  he  is  a  had  man.  I  did  at  one  time 
prevail  on  him  to  hmuovc  himself  to  a  distance  of  three  miles  from  his  town,  with 
aliout  fil'ty  heail  of  hogs.  Iielieving  many  would  follow  his  (>xample.  It  was  hut  a  slmrt 
time,  however,  until  I  found  him  collecting  a  small  town  around  him.  killing  and  feast- 
ing upon  his  little  stock  of  hogs  vnitil  the  last  were  eaten.  He  has  received  the  oidy 
wagon  and  team  issued  under  the  treaty  of  IS.'iO.  which  h(>  kept  hut  a  short  time  mitil 
he  sold  it.  It  is  now  owned  by  a  Inilf-hreed,  living  near  the  line  on  the  Mis.souri  side, 
l-'or  this  conduct  I  have  given  him  a  severe  .scolding,  with  a  promise  that  he  shall  have 
no  more  farming  implements.  These  people  have  raised  hut  little  else  tiiis  year  than 
corn,  and  not  an  abundance  of  that,  their  crops  being  .short.  They  say.  too,  that  they 
have  made  hut  a  poor  hunt  this  suunner,  having  seen  but  ihw  bidfalo.  This  T  do  hope 
will  have  the  ell'ect  to  push  them  to  raise  more  corn  tlie  next  season.  'J'hey  liav(! 
enjoyed  excellent  health  tlii!  past  year.  They  ninnbercd  at  their  last  annuity  ]iay- 
ment,  in  Aia-il,  I'inii  men.  l2"Jli  women,  and  1204  children;  making,  in  all.  :!7SS  .sonls. 
This  dillerence  1  lUi  tiie  strength  of  last  year  is  in  consequence  of  Sho-tal-sah-bas 
(Ulack  Dog's)  removal  lower  down  on  the  Verdigris  river,  within  tlie  limits  of  the 
Cherokee  country.  He  has  made  rejieated  ]iromises  to  remove  home,  and  I  believe 
would  have  done  so,  hut  for  the  encouragement  he  received  from  the  Cherokees  to 

'  Anrucil  Imliiin  l!.p..rt,  ls|-j,  ,,   (mi. 


V  n  0  S  V  K  C  '1"  S    ( >  !•     '1"  1 1  K    T  R  I  IJE  S . 


541 


vcinniii  wlioro  Iio  was.  Tlieso  (Jlicrokeos,  I  Ijolievt',  rurnisli  IJlacU  Dog's  party  all  tlio 
tvliiskoy  till'}'  ri'iiuirc,  with  wliii'li  tlio  Clit'i-okeo  omiiitiy  ahounils.  In  conscqiionco  of 
liis  violation  oi"  tiicsc  jiroiniscs,  I  did  not  enroll  and  \My  liis  ])co|)li'  at  tlio  last  annnity 
payment.  JJlaek  Dog  and  his  people  so  well  understood  this,  that  not  one  of  them 
iipiM'arcd  at  the  payment.  They  have  not,  neither  shnll  the}-,  receive  any  portion  of 
the  liirniinji'  implements  or  stock,  until  they  remove,  and  give  evidence  of  their  inten- 
tion to  remain  at  home.  This,  I  have  no  douht,  will  be  eoinplaiiicd  of.  hut  it  is  in 
strict  accordance  with  the  language  of  the  treat}-  and  the  instiuctions  of  the  Depart- 
ment,    ile  has  aiiout  fifty  lodges  with  him. 

'•The  Osages  have  at  length  consented  to  a(lo[it  a  short  code  of  pi'iial  laws  for  the 
government  of  their  people,  though  I  have  my  (loul)ts  upon  the  suliject  of  tlieir  execu- 
tion. They  forbid,  not  the  iiitroductimi,  Ijut  the  sale,  of  ardent  spirits  in  their  couiiti'}-, 
under  the  penalty  of  the  destruction  of  the  spirits,  and  lashes  on  the  ofVcuder.  Tlicy 
meet  in  general  council  once  in  each  and  every  }ear,  and  are  to  !«■  assisted  iiy  th''ir 
agent  and  iiiterpri'ter  for  the  ])urpose  of  law-making,  &e. 

"The  chiefs  have  been  in  the  habit  of  receiving  for  the  tribe  their  annuity  moiie\-. 
Never,  until  last  year,  was  it  jiaid  in  aii\-  other  wa\-.  I  diil.  however,  after  much  time 
and  trouble,  succeed  in  enrolling  and  pa}iiig  tiiem  b}-  heads  of  families.  Much  of  their 
money  was  spent  among  tln'ir  whit(^  iieiglil)ors  of  .Missouri,  for  provisions  and  whiske\-. 
This  encouraged  many  unprinciiiled  men  to  •-tablish  tliemsehcs  at  convenient  points 
near  the  line  for  the  purpose  f)f  carryiiiu  on  this  infamous  trade.  They  have  been 
greatl}-  disappointed  this  yeai'  by  m\-  pa\iiig  the  aniiuil}-  money  in  such  a  wa\-  as  to 
liave  it  .spent,  undi-r  lu}-  imnu'diate  eye.  for  goods  and  pro\  isions  (the  things  tliey  most 
needed),  of  which  there  was  an  abundance  on  the  ground,  ami  at  fair  jiriccs. 

'•They  are  now  coining  in  from  their  hunt.  I  have  seen  hut  a  few  of  them.  T  shall 
go  u])  in  a  few  da}s.  and  make  known  to  them  the  wishes  and  instructions  of  th(> 
Department  in  relation  to  ilepredations  committed  on  tin-  propert}- of  reil  neighliors; 
to  all  i)f  which,  1  doubt  not,  they  will  clieeri'iilly  promise  their  assent,  for  tliese  cer- 
tainl}'  arc  a  very  proiiiUi iiij  ])eo|)lo. 

"  Tiieir  two  blacksmiths  have  been  engagcil  in  making,  and  in  keeping  in  repair, 
tlieir  I'arming  tools,  guns,  and  traps;  upon  the  last  tw-o  of  wliicii  tluy  inaiiil}-  depend 
for  a  subsistence.  The  smiths,  at  times,  wlieu  the  Indians  are  at  home,  have  as  much 
work  as  they  are  able  to  do." 

^'  S/i<nniiis.  —  This  tribe  own  a  tract  of  country  tw(Mity-(ivo  miles  north  and  south, 
and  one  hundre<l  east  and  west,  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  State  of  Missouri,  anil  on 
tiie  north  by  tht>  Kan/as  ri\er.  This  tract,  in  point  of  soil,  timber,  and  water,  is 
eipialled  by  i)ut  U'W-  tracts  of  the  ,«amo  si/e  in  an}-  coinitr}-;  there  is.  however,  liardl}- 
timber  enough  for  the  prairie.  The  Shawnees  have  become  an  agricultural  people; 
their  buildings  and  farms  are  similar  to  those  of  the  whites  in  a  iiew-setllcd  country; 
all  their  farms  are  enclosed  with  rail  feuees.  ami  most  of  them  in  good  liirm,  each  strinir 


^   I  I 


M 


;i 


i'  i  ^  li 


1> 


Pii 


f    :< 


! 


rAl  rifKSllNT    (CNDITloN     AND 

(>r  li'iico  straii:lit,  aiul  siillic'ii.'iitly  liii;li  to  scciiro  tlu-if  inu[).-i,  m;iii_\-  of  llioiii  .staked  ami 
ridoivd. 

'•  Tiioy  all  live  in  conirortahli;  caMiis.  pL'rlia[)s  liall"  or  moro  of  jijood  licwii  loiis. 
iioatlj  rai.-ud  ;   tlu'v  liavo  oiitliniisi's.  stalih's,  and  l)aiiis. 

••  It  is  imjio.-isiljlo  to  stato  tiio  nuiiilpcr  of  farms  or  acvcs  (•iiltivati'<l,  or  tlio  (|iiantil\' 
of  [)i'odiU'e  raised  hy  tlicni ;  tlu'iv  is  no  family  that  1  know  ol'.  hut  what  has  a  farm 
ol'  as  nuii'h  as  livo  or  more;  acres,  and  somr  liavo  faims  of  over  one  hundred  acres. 
Tliey  raise  Imlian  eorn,  wheat,  oats,  [jumiikins,  lieans,  peas,  Irish  and  sweet  potatoi's. 
(■ahhaire.  turniiis,  ami  many  other  vejiet.iliU's.  They  raisi-  horses,  cattle,  ho,i;s,  tm'k(>ys, 
and  chickens.  They  di'pend  on  aurienllural  pursuits  for  a  subsistence,  and  most  of 
tiiem  raise  an  abundance,  and  many  a  lariie  sur[(lus;  take  the  whoU'  nation  together, 
and  they  raise  considi'rahly  more  i;rain  than  they  need  for  honie  consumption.  'J'hc 
."^hawnees  have  a  water,  jurist,  and  saw  mill,  and  a  larue  meetinj:-hou.se,  to  holil  i)ul)lic 
worship  in;  the_\-  also  have  a  council  honsiv 

••  MAn'vuvs.  —  The  IK'lawares  own  ;i.  tract  of  country  sixty  miles  east  and  west,  and 
aiioat  twenty-four  miles  north  and  south,  hounded  on  the  south  hy  the  Kan/as  river, 
and  on  the  east  hy  the  Missouri  rivei'.  or  State  of  Missouri.  The  soil,  timher,  and 
water,  on  this  tract  are  irenerally  very  jinod. 

■■Tin-  Detawares,  like  the  Shawnees,  depend  mainly  on  their  farms  fur  a  suhsistence: 
their  fai'ms  and  liorses  are  nearly  or  tpiite  eipial  to  those  of  the  Shawnees.  They 
culti\ate  Indian  corn,  wheat,  oats,  heans.  peas.  [)umpkins,  potatoes,  cahha.'ie,  turni[)s. 
and  many  t)tlier  vepetahles  in  ahundance;  they  raise  a  i;reat  many  horses,  cattle,  and 
ho-s. 

'•  KitkiipiKin.  —  The  Kiekapoos  own  a  tract  of  country  innnediatcly  north  of  the 
Delawares,  ahout  sixty  miles  I'ast  and  west,  hy  thii'ty  north  and  s(Mith,  houndi'd  on  the 
ca>t  hy  the  .Missouri  river,  or  State  of  Missouri,  and  on  the  south  \>\  the  Delaware 
country.  It  is  jzratifying  to  me  to  he  ahle  to  state  that  the  Kickai)oos  still  jK-rsevi'iH? 
in  au'rieultural  pursuits.  1  am  unahle  to  state  the  ([uantity  of  land  they  have  in 
cultivation.  They  raise  a  larire  surplus  of  Indian  corn  ;  they  also  raise  heef  and  |n)rk 
fur  sale.  Their  trader  takes  all  the  corn.  heef.  pork,  hides,  and  potatoes,  that  they 
iiave  to  span',  at  a  fair  i)riee,  for  j:oods.  This  is  a  very  u'ood  arrangement  for  the 
Indians;  ills  i;reat  encoura,L:emeiit  for  them  to  he  industrious ;  i^'oods  at  a  fair  [iricc; 
suit  them  just  as  well,  if  not  hotter,  than  money. 

••  >V'y(7,A/-/(/(/' V. —  This  little  hand  of  Stockhridj:es,  hy  peiinission,  settled  on  the 
Delaware  lanils.  near  the  Missouri  I'iver,  and  ahout  seven  miles  hid<iw  Foit  licuvcn- 
worth,  .«onic  time  in  Fehruary,  1810.  Since  that  time  they  have  hnilt  for  themselves 
a  numhcr  of  neat  1o;j:  cahins — I  think  the  neatest  iiewn  Iol's,  and  the  neatest  raised  \w^ 
cabins  1  have  ever  seen.  They  have  ojiened  several  small  farms,  and  have  this  year 
laised  more  Indian  corn  than  they  will  need  lor  their  own  use.  They  I'aise  pumpkins, 
heans.  peas.  (,'ahiia,:ie.  jiotatoes.  ami  manv  other  vegetables,  and  ha\e  made  good  root 


^<#k 


T'liOSF'Kf'TS    OK    THK    TIMliKS. 


U^ 


(I  and 


11   lo^-s 


iiiuility 
!i  liiriii 


IKTl'i 


itatues. 

list    ol' 

iotlicr. 
Til,- 


<t,  and 
river, 
r,  aiul 


toiu'o: 
TlH.y 
riii[)s, 
'.  and 


f  til 

!l    till 


ware 


veil* 


I'   III 

pork 

tlicv 

llu; 


irico 


VlMl- 


I  Vl'S 


1(1  J,' 

Kcar 

ins, 

'odL 


liDiisi's  to  prc'siTvc  tlicin.  all  ol"  wliirh  ilicy  have  done  with  vcrv  littl(>  moans.  Tlicy 
caiiu'  liiTo  jioia',  without  nioiicy,  liorsrs.  (ir  oxen.  They  luuiiilit  a  lew  yoke  of  work 
oxen,  and  a  few  ])lows,  on  credit.  They  have  hire(l  theiusidves  ahoul,  and  have  u'ot  a, 
lew  milch  rows  and  a  few  hoj.'s.  I  deem  it  iiroiier  to  say,  tiiat  they  have  hceii  very 
iniinslrioiis  since  they  have  heeii  within  this  aiieiicy. 


Clirislimi  liiili 


'I'lie  Christian  Indians  came  with,  and   at  the  same  tiino  as. 


the  Stockhridi.res  (lid,  and  settled   anuni'j;  the  Delawares;  the\-  hiiilt  coniliirtahle 


lilll. 


cahins.  and  made  small  farins.  1  think  this  year  they  raised  a  plenty  of  Indian  c<irii, 
j)iiiii[)kins,  potatoes,  heans,  cahhairf.  and  other  veiictahles.  Ilir  a  snhsisleii'e.  'I"li(y  ha\e 
also  worked  for  the  white  jicople.  and  procnii'il  some  mileli  cows  and  hoi;s. 

*■  I  consider  a  large  portion  of  the  Shawnees.  Delawares.  Kick;ipoos.  Stockhridiivs,  anil 
Christian  Indians  to  he  in  a,  thriving',  [irosperoiis  condition.  These  trihes  are  lisini;  in 
peace  and  IVieiidship  amoii^-  themselves,  and  with  their  while  iieiLihliors,  and  with  iill 
other  nations.      It  ma\    not   he   ;iniiss  lor  me   to  state   here,  that  a  itartv  ol'  sixteen 


I K'hi wares  went   out   last   Ikll,  to   make  a   hunt   on   the  Neutral  C    >und. 


tween    till 


Mi 


d  M 


issouri  and  .Mississippi  rivei 


Whil 


e  preiiaring  to  leave  tlu/ir  caiiip,  one  moriiin 


Octoher,  ISII,  they  were   lired  on    hy  a   large   party  ol'  Sioiix.  who  had 


suriiHiniiei 


them.     Some  ol"  the  IKdawares  were  shot  down  ;  some  of  tliosi"  that  escaped   the   (ii^t 


tire. 


<poke  to  a  Pottawattamie,  who  was  with  ihein.  and  told  him  to  make  his  escape 


he  could  ;   that    thcv  inti'iided    to    li'jlit   li\-  tl 


leir  woiiiK 


led    I'lielids    until    the\'  Wi'l'e    all 


killed;  so  the\'  did,  and  were  all  kil 


The  I'ottawattauiie  izot  home,  hut  was  liai 


wounded.  The  Delawares  say  that  the  Sioux  committed  this  miirdt'rous  outrage  on 
them  without  any  cause  or  oIK'iice  whatever,  and  they  hiive  not  attempted  to  reveii'je 
themselves   in    anvwav;   hut   that    the\ha\e  a,   hea\v  chariie   aL;ainst   the   Sioux    Tor 


imirderinij:  sixteen  men.  liir 


111 


the\'  had  with  them,  ri 


iiiii^-saijilles  ami  pai 


k- 


sadilles,   guns,   traps,   hlankets,   (dothiug.   and   camp  eipiipage.      .\ll    tin  se    thiii'^s   the 
Del 


iware  chiel's  riMiuested  me  to  reiioit  to  \ou. 


iidijtx 


'I 
, — The  Kan/as  Indians  are  located  on  the  Kan/as  river,  ahiut  ei-lit\-  niik 


ahove  its  mouth.  I  regret  that  I  Innc  to  say  that  they  are  making  little  or  no  exeriiun 
to  hetter  their  condition.  'J'liere  ha\e  heeii  cousiderahle  exertions  made  hy  niyseH'aiiil 
the  Ivcv.  William  .lohnsoii,  late  a  missionary  among  ihem,  to  get  them  to  turn  their 
attention  to  agricultural  pursuits.  I  \isited  them  in  Mandi  last,  in  company  with  .Mi-, 
.lolinsoii.  who  resided  for  several  years  among  them.  undiU'stoud  and  spoke  their 
liiiij^nage  well,  had  hecoine  personally  acipiaiiited  with,  and,  from  a  correct,  hniiorali'e. 
firiii  course  of  comliict,  he  had  secured  to  himsidf  almost  unhouiuled  inthieiice  aiiioii':, 
them.  We  stayed  several  days  among  them:  most  of  that  time  we  s[ieiit  in  council 
with  the  whole  nation,  trying  to  get  them  to  raise  corn,  &c.,  onoiigh  to  suhsist  ihi'in 
during  the  year.  They  made  very  fair  promises,  ami  I  think  that  tluy  intended  to 
comply  with  them  at   the  time;   Imt.  unfortunately,  Mr.  Johnson,  en  his  way  down  to 


the  mauualdalior  schou 


d  with 


■veil  Kau/i-  li  i\<.  ill  company  with  me.  at  the  crossing. 


\": 


1 

n 

W 

1 

' 

i' 

1 

-r'f  M 


ft 


'3,' 


V: 


\u 


I'lJKSKNT    (((NniTlON    AND 


il'  tlu'  Walknisii,  wIumv  wc  ('iii'iiiiuhmI  lur  tlif  iiiL:iit.  wiis  taken  sick,  siud  iicvor  iccovcrod. 


'I'lic  (lentil  of  tliis  man.  wlmm  1  cdiisiilered  one  of  tlie  liest  men  I  ever  liecanie  aeiiuain 


led 


with.  was.  I  helieve.  tlie  ;,'roatest  loss  tlio  Kanzas  Indians  ever  met  with.  Tlio  last 
siivices  he  iierl'ornieil  were  when  lie  returned  tho  elevt'ii  Kan/as  liovs  to  the  mamuil- 
lalior  sehiiol.  part   of  wliieh    he  remlered   in   great   pain.     The    Kanzas   render  many 


'xeiises  lor  not  tnrniiiu'  liieir  attention  to  agrien 


Itiiral 


pursuits  the  present    \ear 


th 


pi'inrip 


al  one  is.  the\-  sa\ .  tl 


lev  were 


il'raid  to  wiirk.  for  Tear  i!.  ■  I'awnees  would  vnmn 


on  them  and  kill  them  all  oil'. 

••  Tliev  have  raised  hut  little  i;rain  this  year,  not  enough  to  sulisist  them.     Their  only 
dependence  lor  a  siilisistence  is  on  the  Imllalo.  and  what  lew  di'er  and  tiirkevs  lhc\-  can 


ill.      Thev  follow  the  ch 


••  The  ,">liawn( 
towns  or  village; 
where  I 


l)e 


Kiekapoos.  .^^tockhridges.  and  ('hi'istian  Indians,  have  no 


■aeli    person,  o 


r  Iliad  of  a   lamilv.  selects  and   makes   his   location 


le  choose 


( lllius  iiml  ^//.-■■•ii/irKi 


These  Indians  a 


re  in  a  most  dep 


orahli 


situation,  notwitli- 


•itandiiiL:'  that  thev  lia\'e  had  the  kind  and  1 


id  lieiU'Noleiit  hand  of  the  (lovernment  extended 
to  them  liir  many  years  past,  and  that.  duriiiL'  certain  [>criods  of  that  time  (if  we  may 
judge  from  rejiorts).  they  bid  fair  to  follow  the  exam])le  of  some  of  their  more  advanced 
red  lirethren  of  the  west  in  the  pursuits  of  agriculture  and  civilization,  having  hceii 
ers.   Iilacksmiths.  and   farmers,  for  these   jiurposes ;   Imt   the  e\il 


furnished   with   teach 

spirit  found  its  way.  throuLih  \  arious  channels,  into  their  lodges.  an<l  generated  among 
them  discontent,  jealousy  and  strife,  which  eventually  terminated  in  hutchery  ami 
liloodshed.  This  state  of  tilings  produced  in  their  minds  a  settled  jirejudice  against  tho 
spot  which  tluy  then  occupied,  on  the  north  side  of  tlu'  river  IMattc,  under  the  im[)re,s- 
sion  that  an  e\il  spirit  hovered  over  and  aromitl  them  ;  and.  acting  under  this  helief, 
on  or  alioul  the  1st  of  February,  1.^1 1,  they,  in  a  moment  of  drunkenness  and  riot,  set 
liri!  to  their  village,  which  wii-  soon  reduced  to  ashes.  Their  farm,  which  was  located 
contiguous  to  their  v  illa;je.  sull'ere(l  a  similar  fate;  the  greater  part  of  the  Icikh's  iiaving 
been  lorn  down  and  burnt,  and  tlu'  '\  hole  is  now  Iviiiii  waste  and  uncultivated. 

"They  have  totally  abindoned  this  ill-fated  spot,  and  settled,  rather  temporarily,  in 
various  lodges  or  v  iUages  on  tho  south  side  of  the  lliver  I'latte.  The  lateness  of  my 
arrival  last  spring,  and  the  multiplicity  of  duties  I  had  to  perform,  prevented  me  from 
visiting  their  [ireseut  location  until  the  oth  of  August  last.     The  Indians  ;it  that  time 


lieim;'  ai).~en 


t  on  their  hunt.  I  liave  as  careful  an  examination  of  the  situation  as  t 


line 


and  circumstances  permitted.  The  village  of  the  .Missoiuias  stands  on  the  prairie,  on 
the  bank  vi'  the  I'latte  river.  Il  appears,  by  li»rmer  ri'ports.  that  these  Indians  had 
idiandeneil  the  chase,  and  betaken  tiiemselves  to  an  agricndtural  life;  and  I  feel  j'ustilied 
in  saving,  that  tluy  would,  by  this  time,  have  made  a  fair  progress  in  civilization  and 
agi'iculture.  if  the   p'^rsoiis  employed  as  farmers   for  them   had  been   industrious,  r.nd 


ardent  spin 


Is  been  kept   li'i 


im  aiiioiiL'  them. 


.\s  it  is.  thev  iiave  failed  ;   i 


lor  is  it  at  al 


|l.3 


■:  'M 


Sl^i^^mmmi—^ 


I'ltoSI'KCTS    (IK    Til  !■;     I'l!  I  I'.KS. 


<iu'|in."^iiiir.  iiiiiiiT  liii'  ciri'iiiii 


•  liiiii'cs.      'I'lics    li;i\'r.  MS   ii  1 


U'L'i'ssiU'V  ('i)iist'(|iiriic('.  nLiinii 


n'tiiiiu'il  to  llicir  iiuiitiii,:  iiiiliits.  iini  ;is  n  nKitlcr  nf  clioicc.  hut  of  iiccrssily;  for  tlicir 
iiiimlirrs  liiivc  .■■1)  iiiiicli  (liniiiii-licil.  liv  liicir  illicit  trallli'  wiili  iIm'  w  liiir-.  niul  tlicir 
stdi'k  111'  lioiX's  liccii  M)  rriliiciil,  tli:il  llirir  iiuiiiiii'i  trips  ;iri'  allciiiliil  wiili  liiil  litl''' 
snci'i-'ss.  lis  tli('_\  i-m  iMn'\  Imt  a  Miiiill  (|UMiitit_\  ni'  iiicat  tVniii  tln'ir  lniiiiiii'j-iiiMiiinls. 
Till'  Ottoc  vilhiLii's,  limr  in  imiiihcr.  ai'c  locatfil  iv  sliort  <listaiii'.'  I'lnin  tlic  llivcr  IMiiltc, 
I'roiu  ii  [loiiit  fiiiimu'iu-iiiL;'  live  iiiilrs  aliuvc  its  iiuiiitli.  tn  I'iLiiitrrn  iiiiir<  iiji  snid  river. 

■•Till'  Corn    |i;itc-li('s  ol'  till'  MissciMiias   arc   in  the  open   tiinlicr  ol'  tin'  Mi^soini    river 
liottiiui.  at  or  near  the  nionlli  ol'  the  i'laltc.      'I'lie  Irost    lia\  in-  cnl  oil'  iln'ir  crop  last 
•plantinix  Ih'cumic   nci'cssarv  ;   ami,  iiaxini:  to  start  on  llnii'  Innil  larlici'  in  liie 

ICC.   llicir   colllHeliN  were. 


prniLT.  ri 


season   tlian   iisiiai,  ni  (•(instMiueMce  ol   their  waul   ol'  suhsisicn 


to  a  'jrcat  extent.  ucLiiecteii.      'I'liesc  canses  conil'incil.  in  aiMition  |o  ijn'  want  of  rain 

crops  of  these  '  nijians 
ii'-hair,  and.  in  nianv    |iari~  >>!'  ihcii'   .ro'ind.  lo  onc-rourih  of 


n  tile  niontii  of  .liil\  anil  carlv  part  of  Aiil;u>i.  w  iil  cnl  sliori  il 
llieir  West    palihes  to  oi 


ni 


their  usual  pi'oilnce,  'l''he  crojw  of  ihc  ( )iioes  arc  alto'ji'ilnr  infiior  to  tliosc  of  ihe 
Missonrias;  jicncc.  williont  tiie  assi>lance  of  the  ( io\crninenl.  ihev  nin-t  e\periciice  a 
\i'r\    (lisircssinL;'    lime   ne\l   season,   or.    in    tiie  ahseiiee  of   Mich   assistance,   make  mii 


iliv  1 


nniisnaln'  Ioiil;  win 


ter's    hnnl   on    the   hiill'alo  'jroumls;   and.  slionid    thevniake   a    haii 


lini 


t.  on    tlieir   rclnrii.  the  coniplainis  of  liic    liachi-s  iiiid   to    ilier  settlers,   iicretoli 


i;r( 


at.  will   lie   alariniiie|\   iiicieascd 


a  Licncral   ciiarai'tcri-iic.  the  Oitocs.  wli 


hniiiirv,  will  kill  stock  wherever  ihev   find  it.  re-ardless  to  whom  il  iiriv   licloicj.      I  am 


liiriiK'd  tinit.  a  I'c 


inlorinei 


w  vears  aL:o.  llicv  killed  a  nnlcli  cow  lielMii-im:  lo  iheir  lilack<iiiiili. 


and    lii'oilcd    the   meat    at    his  own  lire:   and  when    a^ked  if  ihev   were  displeased  vvilh 
him.  tiiat  tlicv  killcil  ids  cow.  tiiev  replied.  •■  No."  luU  tlial   tiiev  "  were  iniiiLirv .' 

••  Sncli  iicinirs  arc  dilllcnlt  to  civili/c;  _\cl.  if  wo  can  snccc.d  in  keeping  vvlii-kev 
awav  fi'otn  them,  and  once  more  licI  tlieiii  on  a  farm  properiv  prepared,  vviiii  tiie 
neccssarv  assistance  at  ]iro|ier  times,  and  in  a  propel'  manner.  I  think'  tiiev  can  he 
'.^iiulnailv  iiidiiiiiil  to  atti'iid  to  aiiiiciiltiirai  puisiiits.  Tiic  inoie  rcllectiin;  of  ihein 
admit  tiiat  misery  and  starvation  await  tliem  unless  they  cliaiiLie  their  course  of  I'on- 
(hict.  vv  hiic  there  arc  otiicrs  of  tliciii  tiiat  would  liow  suliiiiissivtdy  to  any  fale  rather 
than  lictake  theiiiscivcs  to  manual  ialmr.  ('oiild  tiieir  a'jviit  have  perinis.-ioii  to  use  a 
portion  of  tiicir  aininities  (with  tiieir  consi'nt  I  in  the  piircha-e  of  provisions  liir  tlicm. 
it  would  ill  some  decree  pri'vcnt  tlie  aiiprehcndcd  de[iredations  on  I'ronlier  >toek.  The 
twciitv-two  barrels  of  pork  received  a-  part  of  tiiis  year's  amiuily.  wonld  do  iiiiicii 
towai'd  aidiiiij  them  to  make  a  crop  next  spriiii;.  if  tiieir  present  cro|i  was  even  toleralilc ; 
as  it  is.  tile  porl;  will  do  imt  Utile  toward  feediuu'  some  IMHI  persons. 

'•  1  am  liappv    lo  report  thai  lioth  Olloes  and  Missourias  liave  idieerfully  assented  to 

tlie  rcLiulatioii  of  tiie  deparlment  ■  for  prev I'litiiiii' d<'predations  amoiiLi  the  Indian  tribes,' 

provided  tiie  iieiuhboriiiL;    tribes   siiall    place   fhemsidves   under  a  like  obli-alion  ;   ami 

they  iiave  rt'cciilly  entered  into  un  aj^recmeiit  with  tlie  Didawares.  wiiereliy  they  iKiv<! 

\'oi.    VI.  -f/. I 


'1: 


r 


m 


II      ! 

il 


:^?^ 


."ill!  I'l;  i;.>  i;nt  con  h  itkln    am» 

iiiiitiiiillv  IkiiiikI  lliciiiscKcs  III  |i:i\  a  liirl'citmr  i>\  slOliU  lur  anv  murder  ('(iiiiinitti'd  \>y 
tlic  Indians  <>{'  rilluT  trilic  on  tliusi'  uf  tlii'  othrr. 

not  \('t  iiad  an  ti|i|iortnnit\'  nl'  siiliMUttin.;'  llic  rcjnlaliiin   aliovc   I'd'cncd  to, 


I  li 


i\vt'\i'r  anlii'lpatc   mt  ii|iiiii>ilii)n   iVuni  fillnT  trilii'  lo 


111  llic  ( >iMalia^  and  I'aw  Hits  ;    I 
its  a(lo|ili(iii. 

••  T/n  <)iiiiihiis  I'lilliiu  llir  clia-c  as  usual.  'I'iii'_\  riaiiii  tljr  coiniiiv  Ijoiindt'd  l)y  the 
.Missiiuii  ii\('r  on  tlie  east,  hy  Sliell  crei'U  on  tlie  west,  liy  tlio  Uiver  I'liittu  on  llie  .soiitli, 
and  on  '.lie  noi'tli  li\   the  I'oncas  conntrv . 

••The  l'!lkh<ii'n.  wliieli  nuis  in  a  sonllierly  direction  and  ein|itieH  into  llie  I'latte  at 
alioiit  twenty  miles  al)o\i'  its  month,  is  the  Ijirticst  stream  wlneh  |)asses  throULili 
their  eonnlry.  'I'here  are  a  numlier  ol  small  streams  rnniiinu-  in  varions  diri'e- 
tinns.  and  mostly  thi'oU'^li  piairit';  Imt  of  their  water-power  1  am  not  inrornied. 
e\ri'|)t  III'  that  on  the  I'apeo.  a  small  stream  lamnini;  in  a  southei'ly  dir.  elioii.  and 
rm|)lyiMLr  into  the  i'latte,  ni^ar  its  month  ;  on  this  sli'i'am.  some  tm  miles  <listant  iVoni 
this  |ilai'e.  there  are  some  water  |iti\  ile^ji's.  'I'he  southerly  i)art  id'  this  eonntry  is 
ehiimed   li\    the  Otiors.  also  from   the    I'latte   to  a   line  rnuniiiir  westward    from    tlio 


M 


issem-i  ri 


ver.  ill  the  vieinitv  of  the  old  Coimeil   Mlnll's.  to  the  I'l 


luiire  eonntrv. 


to  he  louiid  '.'roxi'S  ol'  eonsiiiei-ahli-  extent.      Their  favorite  villie. 


■•  The  I'oimtry  claimed  hy  the  Omaha-'   is  almost   di'stitnU'  of  limlvr.  except  on  the 
arje  and  >mall  siii'iims.  which  lia\'e   mori' or  less,  and   at    some   isolated    points,  where 

lice  stood   near 

the  Missouri  river,  and  ahoiit  one  Imndred  nnles  alio\e  Kort  lji'a\'eiiworth.  Several 
U'ars  since  they  wei'e  driven  from  this  location  hy  the  Sioux,  and  since  then  have 
settji  il  rather  temporarily  oil  the  Mlkhorii.  a  di>laiice  of  ahout  tlfty  miles  from  this, 
where  thev  iiow  ale  poor  indeed,  not  iisiiiLi'  even  ordinarv  sa\-a;ie  exertion  in  the  cnltnre 
of  corn.     Thi'V  iireatlv  desire  to  rctum   to  their  tormer  .ilhcje.  where,  it  is  said,  thev 


-111!  Iiave  corn  in  'w- 


■A'.v.      Thoe  I 


iidians  are  so  reduced  in  niimhei's.  and   have  so   few 


liorx'S.   that    tlii'ir   huntimr   trip-;    aiv   attended    with    hut    little   success.      'I'he    |)reseiit 


season  llie\'  loiued 


1  the  Pawnee    Lonps  on    the    hunt,  anil   have   heeii   mon 


.•ce.ssful. 
Thev  are  desirous  of  sellinir  a  portion  of  their  country  to  the  (Jovernmetit.  in  order  to 


olilaiii  a 


~m;dl  annuitv.  and  assistai 


ice  III   their    a'jl'ici 


Itnral    pursuits.     Should  thev  not 


-uc 1  in  this  arraiiL'eineiii.  mi^erv  and  starvation  iiui>i  ^liurtly  overtake  ihein. 

'■  'I'hev  have  an  unsettled  ditlicnl I v  with  the  lovvas.  w  hich  1  had  liopeil  to  see  adjiisleil 


t  that  time  the    lovvas  were  not  in  readine--;  with   their   peace-ma 


ast  spiiii'j-.  hut  a 


rejiaratioiis  :   tiiere  is  a  lair  presiimp 


Kill'. 


tion.  however,  tiiiit    peace  will   shortly  he  ell'ectei 
hetvveeii    iheiii.      The   Oiiuilias   are   a  well-dispoMMl    little    hand,  and   desire   to   live   ii 


pre| 


leace  w  1 


th  .all  inankind 


lilt  tliev  sav    I 


t  is   hard  to  hi'  struck,  and  not  to  he  allowed  to 


taliat 


••Should  the  novernineiit  iinrchase  any  portion  (jf  their  lands.  I  would  recomtuend 
that  no  ])ortion  of  the  jiurchase  consideralion  should  he  paid  in  money,  Ijut  rather  he 
invested  in  iroods  and  >lock  cattle,  .idapted  to  their  present  cnmlition. 


iitoitoi*iMMwi'i**agga!iSig 


T'  1!  (>  !>:  !•  K  f  •  T  S    o  I"    'I'  1 1  1'    T  K  I  U  K 


547 


liV   till- 
MMltll, 


•■  77"  Dnriiris. — Till'  liiiir  |iriii<'iii!il  cliic'I's.  with  ii  liiiiiilirr  nt'tlii'ii'  rc-^in'ctivc  liaiiils. 
liM\c  rciiiovi'il  to  llifir  new  Ikhiii's  mi  llic  Ldiiji  I'nrk  d'  lln'  I'laltr;  inul  iiltliuii'^li  llic'ir 
(iirmiii'^  (i|)('i'iiti()iis  coiniiu'iiccil  iit  a  rallicr  lali'  inTiiul  n\'  the  vcar,  I  hey  will  still  siiccitiI 
ill  raisiii'^'  a  tnlcralilc  ('in|p.  'I'lirrc  is  >till  sniiic  little  (li>.|i()>iti(iii.  mi  llir  part  nl'  a  |inf- 
limi  til'  till'  trilics.  tn  rriiiaiii  at  lln'ir  nM  \illa'j.-  ;  Imt  llii-;  will  -limlly  wrar  away,  ami, 
IIS  till'  cliiris  have  ri'i|iii'st('il  til  lia\('  tlirir  luiiiri'  aiiiinits  |iayiiii'iits  iiiadc  at  llicir  iii'W 
lioiiM's.  I  li()|H'.  ill  till'  cmirsi'  III' 

M'tllril   tluM'r  ill   praci'  ami  I'lilll 


til''   lli'Xt    Near,  tu  si'i-  llic  iXO 


I'lirt.      'Pile  sc'lmnl.  I   1  isiili 


ati'i'  part  of  tin-  I'mir  liaiids 
rill'.;'  tilt'  sliiii't  tiiiii'  it  has  hccii 
ill  i>|iri'iilii)ii.  |ii'miiisi's  wi'll.  anil  I  ha\('  im  ilmilil  will,  in  a  littlr  tiim'.  In-  in  a  vi'iy 
llmiiishiiii;- cmiilitimi.  'I'lii'  lariiii  is  havr  limi  iiiili'l'atiLiaMr  in  tliiir  r\rrtimis.  ami, 
takiii;:'  into  accmiiit  tli"  .shiirt  tiiiii'  that  has  I'hqisnl  sinrr  ihry  luiiicil  ii|imi  thi'ir 
(hitic.x.  have  iit'rlm'incd  a  lar'ic  iiinmiiit  nl"  lalmr.  Thi>  liiiic  sri'iiis  imw  tu  liaxc  an'iv((l 
wlii'ii  the  .stock  cattk',  diir  iimlrr  llir  trraly  nl'  Is.'!:),  cmild  Ih'  aiUantajii'ously  i;ivi'ii  to 
tlii'si'  [mliaiis. 

•• 'i'lii'  I'awm'i's  ifi'iifi'alls  i'\iiirr  a  |ii  arralilr  and  I'l  imdly  dis|iositloii.  Thrv  have 
(111  iiiisi'tllcd  dillii'iilty  with  the  Ottms.  'jiowiiii;  mil  of  iiiiirdi as  ln'ri'tofm-i'  ('oiiiiiiiticd 
li\'  till'  latter  on  .sonic  of  their  iK'opli'.  w  liii'h  I  shall  take  the  earliest  opportiniilN  t') 
liave  settled." 

A'(.-/.'((.s/.'/((-'.  W'l  lis,  I'iniilciisliiDrs,  ( Hidirux  iiiiil  ( '/li/i/ninr-i.  irisf.iiinl  l\itlinriillinni<  s. — 
These  trihes  constitute  the  eliafie  (if  a  separate  a'jeiiey  in  Kan/as,  The  a'jiait  i'e|)m'ts 
their  nmiiliei-s  at  'im  Kaskaskias  and  I'eorias.  Itlll  Piankashaws.  liOll  Weas.  lllillOtlo- 
was,  oil  eNpati'ialed  Chipjiew  as.  and  ■Jllllll  I'ottawattaniies.  The  n'_'eiicy  of  these  trihes 
is  located  ahoiit  forty  miles  sontli  of  Westporl.  in  the  State'  of  Missouri.  The  a^^cnt 
says  : 

''These  trihes  have  made  hiit  little  cliaii'.;e  in  their  roiidition  since  former  reports. 
TlicN  own  some  cattle  and  hojs.  woi'k-oxen.  farmiiii:  utensils.  &c..  ami  depend  entirelv 
(111  aiiricnltiiral  |iiirsuits  I'm- a  siilisistence  ;  and.  if  it  was  not  ti)r  the  ruinous  practice 
])ursiied  hy  those  lawless  iiidis  idiiaU  wlm  are  settled  iiiiinediafely  on  the  line  of  the 
State  of  .Missouri,  and.  in  xiulatimi  of  the  State  hiws  (which  are  \ery  severe),  furnish 
them  with  whiskey.  I  am  of  opinion  their  im]iroveinent  would  he  rapid. 

'• 'i'lie  Ottowas  are  still  iinprinin'j  in  a'.:riciiltuial  |)iirsiiits;  tlie\inay  he  said  to  have 
eiitiri'K'  ahandoned  the  elia^e  ;  all  ol'  them  li\e  in  i^ond.  cmnf  utahle  loi;-ciihiiis :  have 
llelds  eiudoscd  with  rail-fences,  and  nwii  domestic  animals,  'i'hey  ha\i'  erected  a  t;iiod 
liorse-niill  out  of  their  annuity,  and  many  of  them  are  niakiiei  preparations  foi'  snwiiiu 
■wheal  :  and  ere  lonsr.  it  is  to  In'  hoped,  they  will  raise  'iraiu  enough  to  supply  thein- 
sehes  with  Hour  and  meal  for  their  own  coiisumplioii.  The  ('lii|)p('\vas  are  a  small 
h;ind.  and  .■'ire  improxinji'  in  their  condition  :  the  I'ottawattaniies.  as  a  trihe.  are  \ery 
much  improved.  'I'liere  are  some  of  th  ■  hands  that  are  ahoiit  stafimiary.  while  others 
have  made  rapid  improvement  in  their  condi;imi.  The  selllers  on  Simar  creek  are 
iiott)rions  for  .sohrietN' and  industr\  ;  tlie\  iieai'h' all  live  in  trood.  comiortahle  loL'-cahins, 


.'.IS 


I'll  KSi;\T    CON  hirinN     AND 


liiuo  lii'lil-  ri'iiccil  wilh  mils,  iiihl  Will  .■iilliv;ilid.  Mini  li;uc  plowi'd  :niil  rciifi'ij  ■.\  I.triro 
i|ii;inlil\  III  |iiMiii.'-M|nuMil  till-  |>ivs,.|il  x'lisi.ii;  uliili-  in  llic  dllirr  M'llirim'iits.  |li*> 
liiiiiiiiis  liiivi'  iii.iiii-iil  ill  iliimk('iiiii'.<M,  iind  idiciir.^s  rnjlinvcd  ,is  a  ihtc-miiv  cuikxc- 
i|Urii,'c;   wliicli    ha-   lliiouii    III.  Ml    iH'liiiid    til.,   iv.-t   .if  tliiir   Irilir.  mid    iiiniiv  of  tiicir 

IK'ijIllicll's. 

••Till'  liiiK  ^siiiiili>  Ml  111,.  I'oliawMltaiiii.'s,  wild  aiv  all  ilic  iiircliani.s  lliiil  an- 
•'"•"■'"■'I  '"  'lii'^  M,-viir\.  |ia\c  l.rrii  ap|ir.i|irialcl\  riii|i|o\,.d  al  lli.'ir  rrs|Hcii\,.  diitirs 
111''  I'Mst  U'ar.  ill  iv|i;iiriiiL;  nil  iiccr>siiv  wurlv  luMiuhi  |<,  ih,.  .-Imps  1,_\  ih,.  Indians. 
:iiid  inaiinllictiiriiiir  iMriiiin-  iitni-il,,.  \c..  Il.r  tli.ni.  .Ml  ilu-  iril-.s  \\  iiiiin  lliis  miIk 
H-ri\r\  sii-laiii  a  I'liriidlv  i(  iafioii  to  nil  i.tlicr  Iriiirs  „['  tli-'ir  ac(|iiaiiilan(r.  And  1  am 
li;i|'|iv  lo  stair  that  -ciid'ai  |i,  .ilih  has  |nv\a;l('.i  diiiiii-  ihr  tun  j.ast  \cjirs." 

n,  /,,,/•„,,. —  'I'his  trilic  i>  located  oil  tlir  watri-  ,,1"  il,,.  .Nanialia.  a  Irihiilarv  nl'  |1m' 
.Mi-nnri.  and  tin  if  prin-'ipal  vilia-c  is  sitiialnl  one  iiiilc  ahuvc  tlir  iiimilh  of  the  (iival 
Nininiha.  Ten  dwrllin-dinii-cs  have  Ihth  nvrtf  i|  ii\  thr  ( !n\  ..riiiuciil.  at  a  n.st  nl' 
i^'i'ino.  'I'll..  iviiMiiiiiiL:  hcuisrs.  whicli.  iii-cthiT.  an.nniiiiddali'  half  the  luitioii,  Imvc 
'"■'■11  liiiill  In    llic  h.ua-  lhrinMd\.-.      'I'lif  i',.|i.irl  o|"  il„.  a-mt  stales. 

■•  This  iiataui  i-  iiiiirh  -i\cii  tu  irtcniiMTaiic...  and  u  iiilr  iiinlrr  tlio  inliucncr  nl'  lii|iinr 
'1"'.^  ■■"■'  ^'1'.^  '11  l"".ll'd  .ach  nthrr.  a-  >'.rll  as  In  th'  whites;  Innnf  the  h,.^t  lllcll  ill 
ill''  iialinii  ha\.'  hern  kill.-d  in  !hi';r  h  iiTJianaliaii  mws  in  the  l;i-t  t  \vid\  .•iimiitli  ;  nii(< 
nl'  ih.'iM  was  killed  ell  la-t  SiiiHla\  iii-lit.  ||  i-  iiiterl\  iiii|in-.<iliie  I'nr  ,\  mir  a'^eiits  In 
l'i'''\''iil  ill''  Indian-  rrniii  drinkiii.:  ;it  all  time- :  I  can  ke..|i  the  \\  hii,-  nil  their  nwii 
•"i'l"  "I'  III''  ii\''i'  "illi  lli''ii'  wliisk.'V.  I.nt  it  is  easv  Idr  th..  Indians  al  aiiv  tinu'  In  ernss 
the  liver  ami  ni.iain  in  e\(di,in-e  |nr  iheir  -ims.  hnr.ses.  tra|is.  Maiiket-.  or  indeed  aii\- 
tliin.:.  aii_\   (|naiitil_\  nl'  li({iinr  ihe\   mav  want. 

••This    tnhe    ha-    a    laiiner.   Kramis    Irvin.  wilh    whnsi'    help.    ,ini|    the    lalinr  nl'  the 

si|ll,ius.    ihev     ha\e    r,ii-ed    a    -real    aliiindaiiee    nl'  cnr e,irl\    l."i.lMI(l    hll-heU).    al-n, 

|min|'kiiis.  M|iia-lies.  Irish  pntalnes.  \e..  \e.      TIhiv   are  lu(d\e  ,,r  thirteen  men  aiiinm: 
iheiii  \\\\<>  lahnr  ulth  their  sipiaws  diirinj  the  en.|i|iiii-'  seasnii. 

•■I     mn.-t     res|iee|ti|llv     he.^    l,.a\|.    In    s|ie,ik    nf   I  he    mis-i<,mirv    csl  alilish  lllelit     at     this 

I''."'''-      I  ''^I'l  'I'lil.v  .i^''!'  lliat  it  is  under  ilie  siiperiniemli'iice  nl'  as  ile\nnll\   pinn-  indi- 
\idiials  as  I  have  ever  kimwii.  h.ivimj    iinthiiiL''  I"  prnmpi  llieiii  In  aeimii  Inn  a  -incTe 

<l''-i''''  '"  'I"  '- 1  '"  iIk'  '■'■'I  iiian  of  the  Inivst.     'i'liis  estalilishinent  is  under  the  ci.iitrnl 

nl'  the  I'reshvleiian  iinard  nl'  .Mi-sinns.  Il'lhe  (Inveninieiit  wniild  .jive  ,a  lew  thnnsaml 
dnllai-S  ill   ai'l   nl'  edilcaliMii   at    tlli--    pnillt.   mv  npinimi    is.   inmdl    -nod    Wcnild    In-    elliTled. 

I  mean  this:  if  ther,.  was  ;i  snHiei,.|ii  rnnd  In  esl.iMi-|,  .a  mamialdalinr  .s(dinnl  amnii-- 
thmii.  I  have  im  dmibt  it  wnd.!  elll.,.t  mniv  than  .anvlhiiei  which  emdd  lie  done  for  the 
civiliziiti.iii  nf  these  imrnrtnnale  penple ;  the  Inwis  are  nni  aver-e  tn  li.avim;'  their 
ehil'lreii  educated  and  inslrncted  in  ih,.  vvavs  nf  the  whites,  hut  are  nppn.sed  In  >..mlii|.j- 
liieir  childrc'ii  ahrnad  In  he  ediiealed.  .Many  nf  them  have  nr.jed  nn  me  inhawu 
m.inniildahnr  .-ciinnl.    like   imtn   the  Sh  iwiiee   sclnml    within  .Majnr  ( 'nmiiiiiis'   aLicm-v, 


Pit  OS  i-r.  cTs  It  I'  Til  !■;  Ti!  I  iti;s 


MO 


111'    llic 

(ilVlll 

•list    (if 


csliiliii-lii'il  iiiiihiil;'  tliiiii.  I  lin\i'  iin  cluiilil  nl  ilirir  >iiic('rit\ .  Mini  tliiit.  in  r<i\  inniilln 
iViiiii  ill''  (■omim'iM'i'iiiiiil  111'  .-iicli  {III  iii>litiiliciii.  tlii'v  \M>ii|i|  ■'(■iiii  lil'ty  M'lii>|;irM.  iiimIi' 
III II I  lilii.ili'.  Id  .-cliii"!  ;  tlii^.  ill  ni\  ii|iiiiiiiii.  i-<  lln'  mily  w  ;i\  in  w  liirli  tlii'V  run  1"'  iniuii' 
11  Miiirr  |ic(i|ii('.  It  Im  iiMi'li'i*."!  I'lir  inr  In  si'nlii  tlirin  I'lr  llii'ir  ilninlxiiiiii'st ;  tlicy  ('(inH'sH 
it  IS  wiuii.:.  lull  tniii>^irri'ss  iiciliiiiis  llif  nest  il.iv.  nr  iit  liMst  ii>  ^unh  a<  ,iii  (i|i|)iii'tiiiiit y 

.•-IliUlliI  I'lli'l'.        It    ir*    nlli'I'U'   ll,sr|i'.«-<    Hir  Illf  111  ll'\    111  kri'|i  llii'lii    I'l \',  !,;■'>•  ■    ;    llicn'  is 

n  fii'l  (if  ImwIi'ss  w  rclciirs  ^iriilnl  nil  till'  ii|i|iii-ili'  ,-iilr  111'  till'  ri\i  r.  in  Hull  ciiiinly.  wlm 

rnlliiW    liulliill'j  rl.ir   liiT  II  li\  ill'l  lnil   .-I'llill'.'  \S  lii>kr\    In  ill"  illiliaiis.  >tr;ilili.:   linl'M'S,  cunn- 


trirrilill'^     IMii||c\ 


»v;('.      Till'  lili'  111'  \iinr  iiliiiiI  Iims  lircn  lliii'Mlnu'il  nini'i'  ll 


lan  nlK'i'.   Inr 


Ili^i  i'll'(irl>  III  |int  M  sliij)  III  ilii-^  niilmly  triiHii'.  On  lli"  'Mli  uf  lliis  inuntli.  :il  nijlil.  I 
Ciiiiiilil    tlnri'   nii'n  wlin  Viriv    inlrniliii'iii'/  \\lii>ki'y  iiili   lin'  linliin  I'miiilrv.  linl  liirin, 

|^r|il    liii'in     for  a    I'rW  il:l\>.   ami    tmik     tlnill   In    Hull    ciilllltS    In   111'  rnlliinilli'il  ;     ili-lrail   n\' 

(■nininiltin'j,-  llimi.  I  liail  inyi^cll'  to  li'a\i'  in  lia,-ti'.  tn  |nr\i'nt  a  -^nil  I'nr  tin'  wlii-kis 
which  I  hail  (IfslitiM'il.  The  dIU'IkIi'I'.  Iiy  liiNi'  w  iliii's«ii's.  cmilil  ha\i'  |iriiM'il  ihal  In' 
was  nil  his  \va\-  to  llii'  Pin'ifu'  Oci'iin  with  his  liirrcl  ofwhiskry  •iinl  faimr.  ami  inrnlx 

>lii|inri|  nil  llir  Imliaii  siik'  ti k  11  iiii'ar.>  \  iri  nals.  'ji't  a  lillli'  w  nml.  nr  have  a  MiriaMn 

Miinki'  with  his  |Kirliriilar  fi'iriiils.  till'  Sai's  aiiil  l''n\i's.  al  iniiliiijlii  ;  nr  aii\  thin.;  rUc 
thai   it  \\as  iii'i'i>~  u\   In  ihhm'. 

••  I  have  inadf  scvnal  I'llials  in  tin'  last  turhr  niniitlis.  In  ha\r  iiiili\  iiliials  |iiiiii>liril 
fill'  sclliiii;  spii'lls  to  the  iiiilians  in  Unit  I'onnly  :  all  nl  whirli,  in  thr  rinl,  hasc  [iinMil 
ilholti\i'. 

■•Till'  Inwashavc  iirlitinni'il  iiit'  to  ask  thr  ( iovi'inini'iit  to  rrliiiilil  thrir  mill,  it 
wonlil  III'  of  ^rciit  .-crvicc  to  th"m.  ami,  in  jiislicc,  I  am  constraiiu'il  tn  say  il  sliniilil  In' 
(lone  h\  till'  (lovcnimi'iit.  This  mill  lies  cr  was  such  a  inii'  as  it  shnnlij  Iia\i'  lni'ii ;  tin' 
workmaiislii|i  \va«  iimst  shaim'l'iilly  sliiihlril;   the  stones  wi'It  of  im  iisn.  nut  aii^wcrini^ 

thr  liur|iiisi'  fir  whii'h  thr_\  wriv  iloi^liril.  I  am  of  n|iininn  that  il  wniilil  ri»\  aliniit, 
i^T')!!   In   jilll    this  mill    ill  rn||i|ili|i'   nlilnr;    lllsn.    I     li"lii'\('.   it    wiilllil     imlliri'    thrsi'    |iin|ili' 

tn  ciniilnN  a  iiiilliT  ami  lilacksiiiilli.  Tliry  lia\('  aNn  rri|iii'sli'il  inc  tn  ciniiloy  ii  fai'imT 
I'nr  the  next  xnar.  and  have  iiamcil  a  man  to  takn  the  siinatinn  Inr  tlm  pri'si'iil  \rar. 
Thi'  iiiili\  iiliial  naiiiril  Inr  tlmir  faniiiT  I'nr  thn  m'\t  _\i'ar.  with  w  Imm  1  liiivf  I'miirartiil. 
ami  whom  I  rt'coimiH'inli'il.  is  niu-  w  ho  has  lixci!  loii'j  aiiimrj  thc-i'  pi'iiiilc  as  a  iiiissiiiiiar\' 
ami  Irai'lu'i'.  il«'  was  the  chnicr  nf  ihi'  Indians,  and  I  think  tlii^  scU'ction  a  'jiind  mii'. 
•■  r>\  the  ci'iisiis  taki'ii  hy  mi-  mi  tin-  nth  of  Scptfiiihcr,  yon  will  lind  17n  smiU;  I  a:ii 
<if  niiinioii.  liowt'viT.  that  tli.-n-  wi'ii"  ahoni  thirty  iihscnt.  Tim  ii|)|»'r  Inwas.  nr  |i,,iiiiii-' 
|iarl\  as  llicvaic  calli'd,  am  iirarly  as  strmiL;-  as  the  lowaswilhiii  this  siili-a'^i  iir\ . 
Somt'  of  thrill  arc  mn\inn-  dnwii.  ami  it  is  hnpi'd  all  nf  tliciii  will  c\  ciitiialh'  iimM'  t-i 
tlicir  |)in|ii'i'  homes.  It  has  hccn  iinnsiially  healthy  iimniiu  the  Indians  this  \cai  ;  imt 
inoi'f  have  fallen  hy  dist'ase  than  hy  the  knife:  1  mean  adults.  IJiLiaiiiy  is  tnleraled 
iimon'i'  these  |ieo|ile.  it  is  ijiiile  cnminnn  I'nr  a  man  tn  lia\e  as  iiiaiiv  as  three  \\i\i>, 
nil  li\iiiL:'  in  the  .-anic  hmise  or  wii^waiii,  in   perfect    harmony.      The  cniintry  inhahited 


I'  )  h 


i'l  '.' 


.•l> 


iMi  i:si;N'r  con  i»  t  c;  ■•  .n    a  n  i» 


li\  tlii'iM  is  ;i  |iniiric.  Iii.li  mill  lolliii'j.  mtn  rirli.  ai    i  '     .  Iv  WMliTi'd,  iiiiil  Iik.m  ii  (tiiHifitin'V 

III   liiiilirr  liir  nil  llniniim  |im'|iii>i'.«  li>r  ii'iilinir-'  ti mi',  il'  laUi"i  luii'  nl'. 

••  Tlic  Sai'H  ami  FuM'?*  air  a  pnnnl.  inili'|M'iit|i'iit    |iiii|il<'.  |iiir!*iiiiiL'    llif  I'liaw   iliirinj; 
ill''  liiiiitiiiir  McaKiiii.      'I'licN  arc  iml  ^o  iiiinli   'Mx  rii  In  mlt'iii|M'iaiii'i'  an   ilic    low  as,  ami 


11'  ll.iiii  inilrli  iiiiirc  i'i'>[i('(|    all 


II  i.i'.i 


liii' llii'  \wiil<'   man    lliaii   nn   llic    lowa-^.       I  Ih'V 
III 


Il    M'l   ollrli   I'l     llirir    11  |.'l|il-lll|i    hi     I  nr   \N  iillr-,   ami     llu'll'     |i('ai'r;,  ii|i'    il  l»|iiislt  lull     linNUI'il 

llicir  ml  In'i'ilifis ;  mil  ilial  llirv  li':ii  ilnir  liroilicr- :  ilicv  dt'iri,  sa\  llicir  ureal  latlnr 
will  ln'  an^'ry  il'  tlii'_\  .-Iriki-. 

••  I  lias'c  lierii  ilt'i'i'iM'il  li\  lln'-i'  I'l'iipli'  ill  Iwii  ri'.-iiici'N  ;  iiiu'Willi  ri"^aic|  In  llicir 
M'lullll'J-  llicll"  I'iiiMlcn    In  M'liiiiil.  aihl    III    llirir  |iliillli-ill.:    In  lakr   iiiir    Inir  cil    llirlr  next 

h'  il-  Ml  11)  'ji'l  llii'lli  III  semi  llirci'  rliilillcli  to 
■ilioiil.  Iiiii  llu'v  |iriiiiiisc  iiiiii'li  li"lii'r  alliT  a  wliili'. 

••  1  am  |i|i'as('(l  to  say.  that  >iiiri'  I  liavi'  Imtii  Ik  ti'.  nut  a  lilnw  lias  liccii  fivrii  to  ii 
■ilraii'ji'    Imlian.  aii'l    niaiiv  illi'ii-.    Iimm'   Ihtii    m.iilr    In   •^r\    up  war  |iarlirs,  lint   I  have 


aniiniU'  in  jm 


lis.      1  ha 


\  I'  nlil\'    iic'i'll   all 


l\\a\-  lii'i'ii  aMi'  III  jiiil  a  sinp  in  it.  ami  iinin'  li 


ia\i'  'jnlli'.       I    liavr   liail    lin  ll'iilllili'   will) 


llic  >at'-  111 


tlii>  wa\.      'I'lii'S   listrii.  ami  sa\  llicii' ''ivat  I'allii'r  will  iir  iiiiL:r\.  ami  lii'  is 


ri'.:lit  :   thai   it  i-  lirst  III  lir  ,il  prai'i'  willi  all  ml  an<l  uliilc  iii''ii. 

"Till'  liillnwiiij  slinws  till'  I'll  niiii'^  n|M'raliiiii>  :   line  liiimlit'il  ai'i'i's  IiihIm'  aiiii  U'lU't'd 
ill  a  M'l'v   siipi'iini'  iiiaiiin'r.  slalii'l  aiiil  ilniiMi'    iiilrrnl  ;   si\l\-li\i'   arrcs  nl'  wliicli  is  in 


,lM',it.  ami  is  cilli'il  Slid  I'niii  :   si\l_\-li\t'  aiTrs   Ih'Ihu  .-rrili'd  in  wlii'a!  :    lill\    liiisli 

ill  liirni|is:   liall'  an  arrr  in  w.ilriim'lniis.      'I'l 


ic  cnin 


Iri-ll   |inla|iir-  I'laiili'il  ;    li'll  lliTr; 

will  |irniliii'i'  aliniil  iliirl  \ -live  liiislu'ls  prr  ari'i',  ahniit  um'-lil'tli  nlwliiih  will  lie  waiiti'd 
til  Iri'il  wink  r.itlli'  this  Tail  ami  s|iriiiL:  ;  tlii>  iinmimlrr  will  In-  ^i\'i'n  In  llii>  Imliaiis. 
Till  liiiliaii-  lia\r  raisiil.  ai  llicir  \illa'.:c.  wilh  llic  help  which  was  ^i\cn  llicm  hy  the 
lariiicr  and  assisiMiii  in    picpariiiu    Inr   llicir  crnps.  siirli   as   Incakiii'i   up  and    planliiiir. 


iic.ii'U  .  Ill'  i|in 


Ic.  'JnUli  liaricis  iif 
II 


cniii  ;   aNn.  pntalm's.  pmiipkins.  sipias 


.^c.     Th 


III'  seven    llll'll    III   this    natlnll    whn  ijesnte   ihc   wlinle    nt     llic    cmppllii;'    scasnll     I 


■Ipiii'i  llicir  siiiiaws  at  all  liino  in  make  and  sa\c  ll 


TI 


n     laliiil. 


IC  laiincl'  has  hceii  Inn 


iiiiieh  ciiL;ai;('d  iiiijMn\  iiii;  and  iiiakiiiu  a  mw  I'anii  In  l;i\c  llic  atlcnlinii  In  iiisli'iieliiiL'  the 
liiniaiis  in  a^riculliirc  h"  shmild  lia\c  dniic  ;  llic  iie\l  year  he  will  have  iimre  time. 
(>iir  plan  I'ni  I'aniiiii'j  npcralinns  annthiT  year  is  ,is  I'nllnws:  niiieiy  acres  nf  new  prairie 
In  I  c  liinke  as  early  as  pnssihle  in  the  spiiiii;'  and  planted  in  enni  and  pillllpkilis  ;  .si\|\  - 
li'.c  acres  in  wheal;  Iwciils   acres  in   Irish  pnlalncs;  liiiir  acres  in  iiielnns  ;    niic  liiiiulred 

aii'c   wilh    new    rails.    Iweiily    acres   nl'    which    will    he    put    in 


acres    Iclieeil 
tiiiinlliN'  Lrras 


at    the    vil 


III  Incitiii'i'  llic  i'arin  near  the  tiiis^inii.  I  had  maii\'  icasnns  niicratiii'j:  nn  m\-  niim 


iiiakiii'j'   il    ill    c\er\    w.'iv     ihe   nm-l    doiraMe    silnalinii.      In    ll 


-hniild   maki'  an  dlni  l    in  est: 


iili-li  a  ma 


llllal    lalmr  selinnl     aillnli'.'     ll 


nliee   Wnlllil    ll 


:i\c  ;i  lariii  amply  siiHicienI    liir  all  piirpnso  'n  ci 


event    (invcrnilicnt 

le-e     Jienplc.   theV    al 

It 


iiiimeiice  vvil  ll  a'jaiii. 


a-_\   In  keep  the  |i'iiecs  Up:   i!ie    Indians  arc  alraid  In  pull  iliciii  dnwii.  it  is  so  near 


i'i!t».'^i'i:irf'  n I'   I'll  !•;   rit  i  iiks. 


'hlirv 


lli<>  Mll>-:l'.'i'lli'V.  f  iilnilli'il  III  "iiv  tlillt  I  |iaii|  liiilli  li;ltii)llr<  llli'ir  :Ulllllit\  nil  ill)'  '.'ill 
nil  .  W  llirli  'JIM'  1 1 II 'II I  uTi'ill  .-ali,ir;ii'liii|l  ;  il  i^  III  III'  I II  i|  Ml  I  thill  |||i\  lii;i\  Ih'  til  II-  r:illv 
|>;liii   llli'   Ili'St    M'Mi:        I    tiilllk    il    lii'^l    liial    tin'  S.li'^    siiuillil   Ii;iM'  !«'J()()(I  lli   liiailUrl.-*.  i.S:i'., 


Ill'l    Mrn  illllll'k    Cllil >  II 


t'  a  iii.ir^i'  i|iialil  \ ,  xlii'inliii;.',  k'ii'..  I  hi-  iiist  M'lif. 


Till'  I 


iiwa.-* 


illlM'  ll'.'ri'rii   111  taUr  i^-'ilHI  ill   '.'iiiiils  till'   lli'Nt    \r\\V.       'j'lirs    liaM'   ll'il    riMllirHliril    nil'   willl 

nil  iiiMiii'i',  liiil  will  ill  II  li\\  i|:i\  '." 

I'lli'M'ii  M'ai  ■•   allrr   tlir   ilali'  mI'  iln'-r    i'i'|iiirls  uT  tlir    li'i'al   ii'-i'iil   .i|riioiiii;j    I'll'irii'iil 

llllrliliiiii     III    liii'il-    li'-|ii'rliM'    illltir".  ailil     rnriii-iiill'/    a    ilrlaii    oi'    llir    j;|Tat     ijlllirllltli'-i 
I'lli'iillllli'iril     III     Irailill'-''    III!    llli'     llili' "     III    till'    I'lilllllirliri'llli'lil   iij'   a    lili'    iil'    ll'^lii'll  I '  Ilia  1 

iiiilii*lr\.  till'  I'liirl' iillifrr  III' llli-  liiiliaii   ItiiiTaii  III   \Va.-*liiii'^liiii  iji'li'i'iiiiiii'il  tii\i-i',  |ii'r- 
MHialU    till-  I'liliilii/i'ii    ll'ilii'i.       All  i'\ll'.irl    I'l'iilll   Ilis  l'i'|iiil'|    is  Mllijniliril  : 

••'I'lir  iiiinliliiiii  111'  till'  liiiliaiis   liii'ali'il  wi'.-l  nl"  Mi>siiiiii    ami   luwa  is  mil    as  pm  jn-- 
rmis,  III'  llli'ir  aiUaiu'i'  in  ri\  ili/alimi  as  lapi'l.  as  llir   nllii'ial  ii'{ii>r|s   aniiiiallv    n'liiv'il 


I'liiin    that    I'liil  III    ihr   rnnnlrv    vmhiIiI  aiillinn/i'    ns  In  rxi 


1.      I 


n  -■  \iial  inlii>.  Ill''  111 


III'  liiiiml  siiini'  I'lliii'iilrii.  inli'lliji'iil  nn'ii  :  ami  many  iH'i'  alili'.  li\  ih"  riilli\aliiiii  nj'  ilii> 
cailli.  Ill  sniisisi  iIu'UiscIm's,  Aimiii'.:  llirsi'  I'lasscs  thn-i'  ai'i'  sniiii'  -inrrn-  |iriili'«-iii  -  nl' 
I'l'li'^imi  ;  liiil  (III'  iiia-^  ul'  iIm'  Imiiaiis  ari'  iiiilnli'iil  aii<l  iiili'iii|ii'i'ali'.  aiiil  iiiaii_\  nf  lliriii 
all'  ili'jraili'il  ami  lirlia^ril. 

••  'I'lii'  lraiis|ilailtill'i  nl'  llirsi'   Imliaiis.  ami  llii'  ilcilii'aliuli  nl"  tlii'ir  in'i'si'iit  i'iiniilr\    tn 
tlirir  ii~i',  ami  fur  tlirir  I'litiiri'  limm'.  was  an  I'lnanalinn  nl'  ihr  pnri'sl    lii'iii'Vnli'iici',  ami 

till'    ilirlali'  nl'   liiiiiianil  \  .       \  .i^l    siillis    nl'  imini_\    jiasr    I Ii    r\  |ii'l|ilril    li_\    I  hr  ( In\  n  ii- 

Iiirlil  I'nr  till'  ^iislriiam  I',  rniiilnil.  ami  ri\  ili/atinii  nl'  ihr-i'  niirnrtmialr  |ii'n|ili',  ini'l  llin 
inisslniiary  has  niTii|iiii|  ihal  llrlil  n!'  lalinr  Inii'i'  ami  raillirnll\  ;  lait.  iml  w  iih-iamliii.,' 
all  thai  has  liirii  ilniii'  l>\  ihi'  (invi  rnniriil  ami  tinml  iiirn.  thr  i'\|ii'i'iiiii'iil  lia~  iir  a'-iii- 
aliK  I'aili'il.  1,111'. III"!  'jiin  ralK mi  lai'L;''  Irai'ls  nl'  land.  si'|iafalri|  iiiln  small  amlili-- 
tiiirt    liaiiils.  rnaiiiii.'j    al   will,  aiiil  w  anlri'iii'j'   in  iillriirss,  ihi'    iiiassul'  ihc-i'    tiiln'     am 

ill  a  iliL:railiil  stale,  with  nn  lin|ii'  nl'  a  rnlisiilrralilr  ilr'jrri'  nl'  I'l'lnl'llialinll  (I'M'll  Willi 
siii'h  im|irn\  I'liii'iits  lis  arc  iirarliralilr  in  lliiir  |ilrsi'nl  liiMiiaL^rinriil  l.  willmiit  a  fhaii^n 
nl'  rcsidciii'c.  'I'hfir  n|iiiiiniis.  haliits.  I'lisliinis.  anil  |iiir-iiils.  w  hirh  jui'si'iit  an  aliiin-t. 
iiisiinmiiinlalili'  olistacli'  In  ihiir  chaiiLii'  iiniii  a  |ii'iiiiili\r  slain,  liiiil  iinw  Iml  lillln 
M'sistaiiri':  wliili'  till'  atUiri-nl'  tlir  ii'ii'iil.aml  till'  clliirts  nf  thr  Irai'lii'T  ami  ilix  ill!', 
ari'  I'linnlrrai'tiil.  In  a  \rry  ^iral  i'\ti'iil.  ir.  iiilhii'iu'rs  nf  an  aiUrrsr  chaiai'li".-.  ami 
^vlli^ll  it  is  |iri'siiim'i|  will  |ii'i'ilnininali'  sn  Inii'^-  as  ihi'sc  Iiiilians  air  |iri'niitlri|  In  miiaiii 

wlli'ln   thi'\'   linw    ir^iili'."  ' 


:    I 


IP, 


AiiMiial  ll'i'.'il  "I'  till'  liiili.iii  r.inr:iu.  Is.'i.;,  p    In 


>ii 


:i*  I 


I  'f 


1  ■■'■     :  ! 


I  1 


:i  ri  '■•    ! 


\   ■' 


v>  1 


J'1m;si;nt  conditioxN   and 


CIIAPTKI?   Y. 


THE     II  INTER     TRIBES. 


A  coMPKiKNTMiid  ('Mrcl'iil  (ilisiTvcr  liiis  cstiiniiti'il  that.  Inini  ocean  tooccan.  the  riiilcil 
Siatrs  was  (u-iuiiially  orriipicd  \,y  \{)')  trilics.  all  ul'  wliom  wiwc  Iniiitcrs.  or  inoiv 
or   k'ss  of  a  iioniadic  character;  ol'thesi'.  the   details  which    liasc   heeii   suliiiulteil   in 


a  |ii-ecediiiu-  vohiiiie  '  make  it  apparent   that  the  Indians    hicated   hetween  the  Atlai 

Ocean  and  the  sunnnit  of  the  Eocky  Monntains  were  divided  into  si\t\-nine  trilies. 

Of  this  nii-nher.  to  a  greater  or  less  extent  connected  with  the  events  of  our  hist 


itK 


orv, 


the  condition   and  [irospects  of  the   linir  trihes  coniposini;:  tlie  Apiialachian   ^ron|).  vi/, 
tiic  Choctaws.  Chickasaws,  ( 'herokees.  and  Creeks,  liave  heen 


alrcads'  noticed,  a 


nd  tl 


decliirtion  drawn   tiierefroni.  tiiat  they  are  [)repare(i  to  enter  on  tin'  c:ireer  of  civili/cil 

ioned  sixty-nine   trihes.  there  are  also   to  he  dciluctc(l 


lo  are  more  nr 


natiuus.      Frcni   the   hefore-ment 

till'  twenty-four  expatriated   trihes  and  hands  located  in  Kan/as.  wl 

en-a'jed  ill  the  imrsuit  of  indu>triai  arts,  a-riculture.  and    letters,  and  have  niad( 

sidi  ralile    proL'ress   in    morals   and   Christianity :    thus    leaviic.;'   ll)rlv-( 

rcLiariled  as  iiuntei's.  and  as  still  adl 


ne    trihes    to    he 

iiiiiii;'  III  the  precarious  pursuits  of  the  Koossau  in.- 

Airreeahly  to  data  previously  piihlished.  the  nnmher  of  liunter  trihes  located  iK'tween 

the   Hocky  Mountains  and   the    I'acillc  Ocean,  a  scattered   and   diversified    portion   oi 

the  Indian  I'ace.  co 

radicallv  dillerent  lanyrna 


mpriscs  thirl\-six;  most  of  whom  ha\e  small  pretensions  to  spcidvin,:. 


It  would  he   inconsistent  with   all    iiistorv  and 


■rvation,  to  expect   tiiat.  without 


aiii'icult 


ure.   the  numerous  hunter  trihes.  who  suhsist   wholly   upon   the   llesh   of  wild 


1 1 1 1 1 


iiaN.  should  sur-  ive   the  era  of  the  chase.      Idleness,  intemperance,  improvidcn 


and    in  luliicnce.  exert   the    most    ha.iefnl   elli'cts  on   ci\ili/ed 


•iet\.  which  has  e\rr' 


means  at  command  ior  its  support;  hut  the  ojieration  ef  these  \  ires  in  savage  life  pro- 
iluces  rlreadful  results.  From  the  .Missouri  river  to  the  coa-t  of  the  I'acilic  Ocean,  and 
from  the  4Utli  parallel  uf  north  latitude  to  the  river  Gila,  tlu're  rove  trihes  whose  scanty 


'  \M.  111..  !•]..   lej    _'. 

■  Till'  H.inl  A'"/.<<.i.  ill  till'  .\!i.''>ii>|iiiii, 

llil-llll.livi-.    liii'   lllHi  rtii.li    »■,',/    i.s  ailjfif 


i,-    till'    iiiilicativc,  iin's.nt,  nf  llii.  vt-rli  "  ^) /i"/i^"      'I' 


o  ri'iiiliT  It  :i 


i     /I 


Ml    II 


■,i 


inM 


'ill 


r:t 


m< 


iJU^i 


IH: 


II  !1 


i       li!! 


.'li 


!     ! 


y 


\    1  :■  I 


i| 


r 


^•«u« 


m 


(VI 


if' 


'  *^  Ai 


m 


^          : 

^^i 

i 

Ymm 

I 


iili'i 


i 


■  ! 

I 


riH 


A  I 


li 


»•■  i     I  I.   '•■ 


mi 


'M'^t^k^- 


s: 


Lfei^ 


^' 

ys;:liiiiH 

m... 

\t.i' '  ■ 

!,f  1 


HWr 


1  ;; 

,  ■    M 

1 

;    i 

'Si 

, 

'■    -mjM 

1 

i 

1 1 

i.     •      r 


•>mkim^. 


mi^hM-u\titMirm, 


m 


us  !■  KCTS    ti  !•■    T  II  I-.     I  i;  I 


illlil    llliccilllill   Killi-^istciin'  is   sill 


iiliiilic'il    li\   llic   llrsh   ol   llic   iiiiiiiials   ili('\   kill    m  the 


V  tlic  niois  llir\'  ili'/  ill  till'  inairic^.  oi 


till'  firiihlc   ii|il:iiiils.     Till' 


i'.\<'iirsi(iiis.  or  i>.  .  . 

\lllll.  till'  ti'|ii;i.  ;inil  till'  WMtlapilHTL;,  ci  illllii  im'  tllcil'  M';nitV  llli"ll  W  111  11  llir  lic;ir.  tin'  (InT. 
Mild   till'    l/llll;lli)    I'lllllHil  111'  liillllil.       It   is  illlpos-ilili'  til  I'linji  rliiri'  Imw  tlirsi'    trilii'S    r:ili 

iipiiii  siirvivi'  tlic  cNtiiirtiuii  nl  tin'  nii'r  iiri|iiMilrii|i('tls :  iiini'  cNislfiii'i'  iit  iirrsi'iil.  with 
tlic  iirci'Miidiis  iiK'iiiis  111  ciiininMiiil.  Iiriinj  all  tliiit  can  In' olitiiiiii'il.  N'limi'iii'al  iiiiTi'iisc 
is  iiii|)nssilpli' ;  altri'iiiitiiiL;  Irniii  ]ili'iitv  In  want,  ami  wainliTiu;^  osrr  jilaiiis.  nr  tlirnipjli 
lirlili's.  snlli'iiii.L:  ainl  cinliiriii'j-.  tlir  scale  of  |iii]iiilatinii  ncviT  aiU aiiccs.  hut  is  olii'ii 
riiliii'rij.  liir  Inii'^-  iiciiniN.  I)V  waiit  ami  sirkin's-,  'I'licv  imi-i  ahvavs  In-^r  inncli  iil'llifii 
|iii|iiilaliiiii  Kywar;  iiinl  tlu'V 'imv.  in  liii't.  Iir  ili'ciiifil  |iriis|irr()iis,  if  tliry  ilo  iint  iliiiiiiiisli 
lii'Miiiil  tlii'ir  cstiiiiati'il  iiiiiiihrrs.  Tlir  trilir  tlial  rniiijirisnl  .")(|(I  nr  1(1(111  warriors 
iliiriiiL;'  till'  last  cciitiiry.  imw  niiinlicrs  almiil  tlir  same  tiirci'.  No  I'lidcaxdi'  i<  mail''  li\- 
lalinr  to  iiiiTcasi' ;  tlifiv  is  iiiitliiiii;-  to  lan'inira^v  Inijn',  in  tin-  I'liliirc  ;  ciiiisri|iii'nii\-  ilicic 
is  no  basis  on  wliirli  to  I'slalilisii  or  (lrM'lo|i  a  in'iinaiiciit  ]io|iulatinn.  'i'ln'-i'  tiilics 
can  oiilv  lie  cNpccti'il  to  {■xi.-l.  as  Ioiil;  as  their  s|iontani'i)iis  meaiis  of  siihsi^teiiee  coii- 
tiniie.  ami  lllll-t  ileclinc  or  ]ieri-h  when  these  |il'eeaiioi|s  sll|iplies  ;ive  uilhheM.  It  is 
simply  a  ipiestioii  ni'  lime  ;   their  late  is  sea  lei  1  —  they  must  lahor  or  perish 

JJein,:^'  mentally  ami  iiahiinally  inratiiateil  with  savaiie  manners  ami  eiistoms.  the 
)preilatory  hiintim^'  trihes  will  Iohl;  ho\er  on  the  extreme  frontier^,  where  the\-  now  are. 
piirsiiim;' with   Imrharoiis  ileliLiht   their  career  of  plumler.  roMiery.  ami   innnler,     'i'li' 

i;or;jes  allil  ileliles  ninmioilsly  inlersperseil  llil'oll'_;lloUl  till'  hroail  ami  lol'ty  ralr^e  ol'the 
ilocky  .Moinitaiiis.  airoiil  shelter  lor  ijn'-e  wild  iioinailes.  where,  like  the  ori'jiiial  \alle\- 

trihes  of   I'el'll.  will cllpy  ihe  ra>tliesses  of  llie  Aude-^.  tlcy  seem  likely  to  remain,  in 

ilcliance  of  the  civilizeil  settleiiieiils  wliicli  spread  aloii^  it-^  fooi.  W'jiere  hinit''r  trilies, 
li\im:'  on  the  plains  or  arahle  uplands,  are  i'nally  siirnmnded  hy  a  ci'iilized  jionuljition. 
the  oiil\-  iiractical  mode  of  inllneiieim;  them  is  hy  tlie  introilnctioi)  of  scIhihIs.  To  he 
ellectnal.  these  slimild  he.  as  has  been  previously  stated,  el'  the  most  sim|de  charaeler. 
ami  I'alcniated  only  liir  teachiiit;-  the  eli'iuents.  without  iinieh  display  or  expense.  Cen- 
tral schools,  of  ii  normal  chai'acter.  in  the  nation,  \vliere  hi'jher  hrauehes  have  heeii 
taiijilit  to  till'  natives,  to  ipialil'y  them  for  liUiu'j-  the  posts  of  teachers,  catechists.  and 
evaiiiTelists.  have  ellected  milch,  and  lia\e  heen  found  to  h"  most  henelicial  when  con- 
ducted on  the  luaniial-lahor  plan.  Academies  sho.dd  he  eslahlislicfl  in  the  Indian 
territory,  iS:c. 

We  lia\e.  in  withdrawini:'  so  many  of  the  yoiiiii:'  men  from  their  friends,  am.l  ediicaiinu' 
liieiii  at  our  hiiilier  schools  and  collei;es.  unconsciously  fallen  into  the  error  of  aihipiiiii:- 
our  ell'orts  to  a  state  of  society  which  will  prohahly  not  exist  anioiiL;'  the  Indians  lor  a  louu' 
period.  The  youths  are  there  taiiiiiit  vai'ioiis  hrauehes  of  leuriiinii',  ami  at  some  of  these 
institutions  they  olitaiii  a  practical  knowdedL;'e  of  the  nieehanii^  arts,  and  an  iiisiLiliL  into 
the  princiiiles  of  agriculture.  l>ut  when  this  course  of  iiistnictioii  is  coiiipleteii.  what 
are  their  voiinn-  men  to  do'.'  If  they  reimdii  aiuouL':  the  whiter,  they  limi  tbeins(d\'es 
V,,i..  VI.  — 70 


« 


I'ltosi'Kc  rs  oi'   Til  K    I'll  I  iu:s. 


(•iiiniio.McdordcMfrtcrM  IVitiii  lln'  I'lir  Irinii'i.-*  (ni  llic  iiiijicr  Mi^oiiri,  i'i'iii';j:iul<'s  I'l'oiu  Siiiilii 
Ki',  (li.M'liiii'j^t'il  Nililicr.x.  and  lii^ilivcs  Iidiii  justice.  Siicli  [iltnuis  chii  oidv  pi't'V  ii|i(iii 
till'  liidiuiiM,  III'  lie  tiiliTaled  aiimii^'  tliriii,  mi  Ioii^  as  tlicy  n'liiatu  in  tlii'ir  i'Ii'm'iiI  i^'ini- 
iMiil  ami  .-MAiii;!'  >tali' ;  lifiicc  tin'  ninvciuiiij  clliuls  lo  lliuail  all  ;Lllrni|)ls  at  civili/a- 
tiiiii.  Tlicir  I'l'sidt'iicc  in  tin'  Indian  cnniiti'v  i-<  in  iijiin  v  inialiun  nl'  law;  Iml.  liriiiLi 
wlitillv  iiii's|)on>ilil(',  llu\   lan^li  al  all  alti'ni|ils  in  i-cinovc  ilicin  liy  ii  fisil  |)i(ii'i'>>, 

••Till'  I'iriniiais  wliii'li  Imvi'  Imtii  i.^sncd  li\  llw  j)  pailint'iit  to  incM'iit  tin'  inlnidnc- 
linn  and  nx'  of  s|iii'ituiius  lii|n(H>  in  llii'  Indian  connti'v.  rulinwt'd  iiy  tlir  [ii(iiii|il  niuvi'- 


iiii'iil  III  M  riiiniiai 


i\  nrdia'.^iii)iis  til  llif  Ciiuncil  IlluH'-.  and  aiilid  li\   tiii'  /fainiis  arli\il\ 


nl'  till'  fi\i  ral  aiii'nls,  liavi-  ^uin'  llir  luward  liii'  HU|iiiit',>i.siiin  n    liii.^  iiiii|uiluii>  Irallii;  on 
llir  ri'imlirr.-'.      In  tlii'  liiinialiM'  laininii^c  nl' mi  old  cliicr.  wlio  w.i."  in  tiiisciiv  not  li 


'r 


II'  .'•nii>liiiic.  till'  a|i|iniviiiii   >nnle  o 


>r  ill!'  (ileal  .-i'lril.  ini.-  r! 


"ari'd  iuviiv  tin 


til 


|M)lMinrU  I 

lulls  ani 


.vliii'li  >o  Iiiiil:'  darl<i'ni'd  onr  land.      Il  lia>  niiii'  iiiui.'  Ill  ii|i  mil'  dr.-nlatu 
'II  licld.'^ :   its  rlu'criiiLi  wannlli  lia-  diinl  nn  tiii'  Icais  nl'  our  woiiicn  and 


fliildirn.  will!  every  iii;jlit  oIIit  iiji  llieir  |iraw'is  ol'  lliaiilvliiinr^s  to  the  (ireat  Sjiiril 


111 


tl 


le  sKies.  am 


I  our  meat  I'allier  in  Wasliiii'iton 


Tl 


le   arraiiiieiuenl  wiiirli  was   |iro|H).-.ed    li\ 


llie   |)e|iartillelll.  lo  >ul).-t itllte    Lioods    ill 


inoiiev    III  till'    |ia\'liieiit  of  illllilllt  li'>.  wullM    have  iiioxed  hi 


.:lil\    lieiielieial  had 


it  met  the  a|i|iroli;il:oii  nl'  the  Indian^.      The  mi,iii|s  heiin:'  |iuri'lia«i'd  hy  eoiitraei.  at  tliu 


liiwe.-t  niarkei  |irii'e.  and  issued  out  In  the  agents  Iroin  tiiiie  lo  time,  so  as  lo  iiiee 


t  III 


wants  of  the  lnili!iiis.  would  ha\e  In  en  of  more  real  lieiielit  to  tlieni  than  roiir  times 
till'  amount  paid  out  all  .'it  miee  in  iiionev .  The  Indians,  lieiiiu'  de>tilule  diiriiiL:  llie 
i^ieater  part  of  the  Near,  are  eoinpelled  to  solieit  eriMlits  froin   the  traders,  who.  aware 


ol  the  uneertainty  ol  lieiiiL;'  paid,  demand  and  recu'ivt;  the  most  usurious  prices  lor  tlieir 

■^iiod.-.      The   111 y  which  is  not    paid   away  to  siitisly  the  traders  soon   liiids  its  way 

into  the  hands  nf  the  wliisl^ev  dealers,  who  sw'iriii  like  hirds  ol'  evil  uiiieii  around 
e\el\'  place  where  annilitie-  ale  In  lie  paid.  A  ipiestion  or'.^ia\e  iinportaiice  here  pre- 
sents itself  lor  the  coii>iif'ralioii  ol'  the  (ioveniineiit.  viz:  wiiether  the  rights  and  pri- 
vile'ii's  of  ,t;iiardiaiishi|i  miiilit  iiu[.  in  r,  ,iin'ii  r./«.s.  he  e.\erci.--ed  hy  the  Deparlmeiit. 
when  a  measure  is  proposed  clearly  calculated  to  promote  the  ii;ip|)iiiess  and  welfare 
ol'  Irihes  nolorioii>ly  incapahle  of  ind;^iiiu  for  themselves V  .\ltii(Mi.:h  some  mi'jlil 
iiriiinlile  liir  the  time,  the  saint  ua  chaiii:('  in  tiieir  condition  would  souii  teach  lliein  to 
thank  their  Lireat  lather  Idr  his  fosterinu' care. 

■•Iliiiil'i'  Trilxx.  —  The  census  of  the  dilfereiit  tril)e>  reipiired  liv  the  department 
will  he  fiirnislied  liy  the  a,i:eiits  and  sulKiyents.  so  far  a.s  tiieir  Jurisdictions  cMeiid; 
those  hesoiid.  will  he  found,  as  near  as  can  he  ascertiiiiied.  in  the  |iillin\  in,:  tahle  : 


III  ' 


iii^: 


►  t' 


w 

^^^ 

^^^o. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


11.25 


■  50    ^^"     lii^H 

Z   us,    12.0 


Hiotographic 

SoHices 
Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  USM 

(716)872-4503 


'^ 


r^ 


4 


III 


OOti 


Pin-ISKNT    CtiNDITKiX    AND 


Valll'tllll^ 

•I'.lMl,^... 

( )-i'llalii,- 


Lmli:.'. 


li.lll 


Mill  I.IVlllu'i'M 

..r  I' I-;, 


llir  xmlll  Mr  1.1'  .M 
M  i|llr  ('■■lift. 


i.'o^iiin,  at  IIP'  iniiulli 


7.'iO  ■_'.."iiilt  l.iiwrr  IkiikI  III'  Siiiii\,  liviip,'  iirar  Vi'i-inilh^n  rivi 
i.'ni  :;,(iiiil  l..iwrr  Ii:iimI  ■■r  Si. ■MX.  mi  llir  .-uiilli  III'  .Mi.vMiiiri. 
rillll  l,."illll        Siiilix  —  ili.iln't  M  lillli'  ililVrlvllt— >:ilMc  l-cuiiill. 


1.1. "ill  I.IMIO 


iii.\  nil  (III'  ( 'licvriiiu'  rivrr,  iiml  I'l.iili' 


Vanrtiili:i>   

Maiiiians 

AiirKaiiT^   

(Ini-^    \  illllrs... 
A>.-iiialjui.ir.s  ... 


'iiiil         l.^-iMl         ll.iiiMI       I  iiiiiT  li.iiiil  III'  Siiiiix.  iirai-  Manila 


IJll 


:!iMl       liivr  in  ilirt  Imli;!-!,  mi  llii'  .^liM^mll■i. 


l.MI 


1 1 II I 


l.'iil  l.jllll       <Ki'ii|.y 


hi'  «aiiii'  villa'.;!'  \vi 


lla 


nil  III.'  y\:, 


"lill        l.ivr  ill  ilirt  viJla'ji'J.  ri'j-llt   lilili'^  illi.iM-   Maliiiali" 


.11(111       Waiiili'i-iiiL'  Irilir   IhIv 


wcvii   .'li-Miiii'i  ami  liiil  rivi'i' 


III'  till'  iim-lli. 


aii'.;ila'_'i'saiiir 


lisCh 


ililir«'a>  ;  ('III 


iiilrv,  .\>.-iiialii 


Cruws 
Clii'Vi 


Mlai'l;!',' 


.Mill  I.JIHI  1,11(111       l!a.-ials — mi  llip  li.ail  walii.-.  Ill'  Vi'lliiw.'-lmii 


."idll  J.IKKI        \V; 


iiiliriiiir  Irilii'  mi  II 
iiiarkalilc. 


lalti' 


I.iii'.;ii,'il:i'  Vitv  I'c- 


iraiialiii.-. 


l..'inil  |,."illli        KM.IIMI        W'aiiil.l'ili'.;  — iir.'ir  l''all.-  Ill' .\|i-Millli  ;  l.iilii  >iiii's  ol' 

:  till'  i'i\"i'. 

.."illll        I'lairir  iril"'.  iirtwi'i'ii  llir  I'latti'  ami  Arliaii.-as. 


(ii'ii.'-  \'i  iilri"i  I  I'nirii' 


ll.id 

lll'll         .'.■■iilil       W'aii'li 


I'lT-    III  IWrra 


till'    .\|i»miri   ;.ii'l    Sa>kali.'lio- 


I.Mi  l.diHl       I'lmr  Mill.',  ill  tlic  llui'k 


y  iiimiiitaiii.^ 


T.ital. 


C.'.cj.i 


•_'."i(l  Slid       111  till'  inmiiitaiii  —  tniiK'  iiii.>tlv  mi  Cnl Iii 

J(»,:i7(i      I'll. 7(111 


••  The  MMiily  iiopiilMtinii  sliiiwii  ill  till'  li iii'Liiiinu'  t:iMi'  iii'cii[iv  tlic  wliuie  dl'  lliiit 
iiniiimsi'  i\'L:iiiii  1\  iii'j'  \V('-l  nf  tlic  Imrilcr  Iriiii's,  hniiiiili'il  liy  tiii'  .Vikaiisns  mi  ilic  .siiiiiji, 
till'  ili\iiiiirj  iiiiilibiliiis  lii'lwci'ii  tlic  .Mi>s.iiiri    :iiiil  water.-;  nl'  IIihIsdii  I);i\-(:ii  tlic  liiirtli. 


liul    till-'     li(irl<\-    llliiniil.iilis    (III     till'    wr.'-l. 


It    is  cviiji'iit.    iVdiii    tlic    niiii.s  of   \illML;( 


sciUtcR'd  aloiiii'  tl 


ic  iianl 


(if  till'  .Mis.-^miri  and  its  ti'iliutai'\-  .streams,  that  IIr.'^o  tk'solatt 


|)laiiis  once  ti'cimd   with   iiiyiiails  u!'  jiiiniaii 


llClll^ 


^\'t'   lia\i'   tlu^  :iuth(irit\'  ul'  an 


itciliixt'iit    IJritish  traiiiT.  who 


cros.-^cii   iis't'i 


the    .Mis.-Diiri    ill    tl 


inter  dl"  ITS' 


sa\  iii^f  that  the  ii()|nilatiiiii.  e\('ii  at  that  recent  date,  was  jicrhaps  a  hundred  jlild  greater 
thiin  at  present.  The  Maud. ins  hi'  otiinated  at  'J-'i.tldll  (iuhlini.:  men.  and  the  Assina- 
liiiines  at  III. (1(1(1.  A  relerciu't!  to  the  tahlewill  sluiw  thi>  wondert'nl  destrnetioii  of 
Innnan  lil'e  which  war  and  iiestilencc  have  jirodiiced  in  this  region  in  li'ss  than  a  <'eiiinrv. 
The  siiiall-po\.  v.liieh  was  liroii'.:ht  over  lioiii   the  northern   Mexican   provinces  ahoiit 


the  \ear  I  Tsii.  almost   deiiopiilated    the  coiiiitr\ 


T 


lere   are   niaii\-  oh 


I    liidi 


ins  now 


IVIll'i  w 


ho  hear  its  marks,  and  retain  a  \  ivid  recollection  of 


Its  iiorrihk'  ra\inre.' 


A-i 


tin. 


ill  IS'iS,  the  same  disease  swe|)t  oil'  at  le.ist  one  hall'  of  the  pr.iirie  trilies.  Hence  tin 
scanty  popiilatioii.  which  seems  almost  lost  in  the  vast  ('\|iaiise  of  prairie  liy  which  tlie\ 
led.      It  is  some  Ln-atitication   to   know  that  a  new  •generation   must   sprim^ 


are  siirio'iiii 


II 


p  helorc  they  call  he  scoiii'L'cd  hy  another  visitation  I'roui  this  fell  destioM'r;  Imt  tl 


is  another  consiaiitl\-  amoic.^-  them  almost   eqiialK-  destrnclive.  \ 


I/.:  siiiri 


tnons  liiiiK 


111'  wlmli'  Mil-  waiiili  II  r-^  I'vcrjit  ilm^r  iiiarKnl  with  .'in  a.'-lri'i>k  (  'l. 


li   4. 


I'lMtSIMKTS    OV    TIIK    Till  ]\Ki<. 


r.67 


''"■   Mlcilltli 


-ilj:il„,i|.,.. 


It  lias  liccii  asft'itaiiicil  I'roiii  suiircus  ciititli'd  to  tlio  utmost  orcdciii't'  tliat  iipwanl  ol' 
;")(!()  im'ii  lii'loiigiiiu'  to  tliusi'  praii'it!  tiihcs  liavc  Ikh'Ii  killrcl  dni-ini;'  tlif  last  two  years  in 
(Iniiikcii  broils,  wliili'  tiie  survivors,  Tiieii,  women,  and  cliildreii.  arc  ri'diicud  to  tlic 
lowest  depths  of  poverty  and  deL'radation.  The  friends  of  humanity  have,  howexer, 
nnii'h  to  hope  from  the  laudal)le  and  zealous  ell'orts  which  we  have  it'ason  to  lieiieve 
are  now  heiuir  iinide  liy  tlii'  (iovernmeiit  to  save  the  wiccks  ol"  these  once  numi'idus 
and  liap[iy  jieoplo. 

'•  No  advances  wiiatever  have  lieeii  made  toward  civilization  amonL'  the  trilies  on  the 
upper  Missouri;  and  so  lonu'  as  they  continue  tiie  wandi'i'iuL;'  life  in  which  they  so 
nnicii  (leliLiiit.  all  elVorts  directed  to  that  oliject  will  prove  to  he  oni\'  a  useless  waste  of 
tiuu'  and  monev.      While  there  remains  such  a  \ast    extent  ol'  terri 


|cil\-.  C()\elril    o\cr 


with  innnuienilih^  iierds  of  liuH'alo  and  otlit 


er  L:ame,  there  seems   liiil   litlle   pi'ospect  ol 


V  helore 


their  condition  iieiuLf  materially  clumuvd.  (leneralions  will  perhaps  pass  awa 
thi.>  teri'ilory  becomes  nnich  more  cireumscril)rd  ;  for  it'  we  draw  a  line  runniu'i  mirth 
and  south,  so  as  to  cross  the  Missouri  about  the  \'ernulion  river,  we  >hall  desijnale  ihc 
limits  beyond  which  civilized  men  are  ne\-cr  likely  to  settle.  At  this  puinl  the  Creator 
«eems  to  have  said  to  the  triiies  of  emiuiation  that  aie  annually  rnjlini:  toward  the 
West,  ''rims  I'ar  slialt  thou  uo.  and  no  farthei'."  At  all  events,  if  they  'jo  lieuaul  this, 
they  will  ne\er  stop  on  the  east  side  of  the  IJocky  mountains.'  'riu;  lUler  destiluiion 
of  timber,  ihe  slei'ililv  of  the  saiiiK'  soil.  toLietln'r  with  the  coldness  and  dr\iiess  ol'  the 


climate.  Iiniiish   oiistacles  which    not  e\en  •  V 


iinkee  enterprise    IS 


likeU'  to  iiM'rcdiii 


A  lieneliceut  ( 'reator  seems  to  have  intended  this  drearv  region   as  an  as\lnm   lor  tin 


ndians  when  the  force  of  eirciiiiistaiices  shall  have  driven   them  from  the  last  acre  ( 


thu  ferti 


e  ,^oil  wliicli    tlie\'  once    po 


th 


isseSM.l.       11 


ere    no    iiiduceliu 


nts   are   olli-red    to    ih 


.•veriest less   Sa.xoii    breed    to  elect   their   huts.      Should    the   bulfalo  and    oilier  i;ame 


eseiitually  disappear  Iroin  tiie  prairies,  there  are  spots  ol  reliiue  in  some  ricii  liitle  \  alleys 
on  the  banks  of  isolated  streams,  alfordiiiir  timber  siillicieul  lo  furnish  bills  and  fuel  for 
the  few  wanderers  whom  necessity  will  coiupcd  to  st'ck  some  other  means  of  sub>i>tenee. 
Slioiilil    this   period   ever  arri\'e.  a   few  domestic   cattle  miL:ht    Im;    introduced    into   ibe 


uii(r\'.  and  the  Indians  would  readih'  beconu'  w; 


IU(|erm'.i'  llel•^|^mell  ■ 


ibe  'I'arlars  of 


.Viiieiica.  'I'lieir  |ieciiliar  habits  and  inclinations  Ibrm  them  tor  such  pursuils;  tlie\- 
iie\cr  can  be  made  auriiuilturists  or  mechanics.  The  time  may  arrive  when  the  whole 
111'  the  western  inilians  will  be  forci-il  to  seek  a  restiiiLi-place  in  this  L:reat  •  Anu'ricaii 
desert."  and  this,  in  all  probability,  will  liirm  a  new  era  in  the  history  of  this  sinLinbir 
and  ill-fated  race.  They  will  remain  a  \vanderin<i.  half-ci\ilized.  thoiii:h  happy  [lenple. 
•Their  tlocks  and  herds  will  cover  a  thousand  hills.'  and  fnrnisli  beef  ami  mutton  for  a 
portion  of  the  dense  population  of  whites  that  will  swarm  in  the  more  ("ertile  sections 
of  the  frreat  valley  of  the  .Mississi[ipi.'"  ' 


It  li;i«  pii-^s 


tills  limit  In  Cnlifiiniiii,  Orcjnii,  ami  W.-i^liiiijln 


Viiiiuiil  ISr[Mjil  "I   ilir  Imliaii  liiircaii.ls  IJ. 


m 


Kl'i 


;)')S 


I'HKSKNT    CONDITION    AND    I'RO  S  I'K  f  TS. 


ic  wlioli'  I 


I'olili 


if  tl 


IC  cxistclii' 


il   till'   trilx's   i:^ 


slirotiilcd   in  tliiit   iiiscnitiil)!) 


t'litc  wliicli  is  Itul  iiiKitlicr  iianu'  (i)r  tlio  ticfisioiis  ot"  :i  wise  mid  ()^•»M■nliinir  I'rovitlcncc. 
TliMt  suiiK'  of  tlu'iii  will  he  ri'ciaiiiK'il,  mikI  iii'lp  to  swell  tlio  imiltitiiilt's  wlio  arc  (IcstiiK'd 
to  siiiu'  praises  and  liosaimalis  to  tlio  Hii-dicst  cannot  lu"  donhtcd.  Whoever  lias  atten- 
tively peiMised  tlie  |)reecdinLr  |)atrcs,  must  luive  recognised  tliis  eoiieln-^ion   in   tlic  ureal 


ani 


1  sd'ikinir  ('Iianir<'s  for  tlie  hetter  wliicli   have  occnrred   in  the  Ansonian  triln 


who 


irive  the  hest  evidences  ol'  pro'.'ress  in  cxcry  element  of  civilization.  These  trilies  have 
nttcrly  and  forever  ahandoncd  the  chase.  They  have,  to  a  ureat  extent,  eniharkcd  in 
aLTicidtnre.  enconrajre  edncation.  pr.ictise   teinjK'ranee.  and    follow  the   i)rece|>ts   of 


Christianitv. 


Tl 


ley  are  |)r(iclncers  of  niore  than  they  coiisnnie 


Tl 


ii'V  arc 


in  the  liiirli 


to  national  wealth.     Their  llocks  .ind  herds  covi'r  wide  plains,  and  may  be  said  tt 


wander  oviM'  a  thonsaiid 


III  costnme.  in  maiuiers  and  cnstoins.  and   in  all  the 


am 


enitics  of  life,  these  Indians  will  la\oralily  compare  with   the  most   promisinir  adja- 


emnraciiii;'  some  o| 


cent  commnnities  of  Knropean  oriLiin.     'i'liat  otluM's  of  the  triln 

the  Kan/.as  siion|i.  who  have  licen  lom;'  niider  a  conrse  of  instruction  and  moral  triuiiiu>r, 

l)ut  who  have  not  \et  attained  their  advanced  condition,  will  he  snhject  to  irreat  thictua- 


tions.  vicissi 


tndi 


aiK 


I  trial 


s.  ere  tliev  en 


ter  tl 


le  circle  of 


I' 


if  tl 
tl 


lev  reach 


it  at  all.  is  e(|ually  clear.  No  |)rescii>nce  can  anticipate  the  conrse  of  the  nomadic, 
headstrom;'.  mnrderiiij'.  r(il)her  trihes.  who  wander  over  the  Missoiu'i  plains,  climb  the 
ele\aled  ramies,  and  occupy  the  mountain  passes  of  New  Me.vico,  California,  and 
Orejiiii.      How  manv  of  these  lierce  trilies.  of  Tartaric  habits,  ma  v.  in  time,  turn  an 


alti'iitive  ear 


to  tl 


le  voice  ( 


)f  peace  and  instruction,  cannot  be  predicted.     IJiit  without 


the  nccil 


ccrlai.i. 
inlcK 


rrence  of  chanws  nf  the  most  strikinsi  tdiaractor.  their  ultimate  destruction  i.>» 


1< 


ver  since 


tbed 


iscoverx'  o 


f  America,  it   has  been  a  iniestion  ol"  considerable 


-t.  whether  any  evidence  of  descent  from  cast-ofV  fragments  ol'.Vbrahamic  stocks  be 
tr.icealile  in  an  untoward  race,  whose  physical  li'atures  and  p(vuliar  traits  of  character 
so  stroiiirly  resemble  them.  'I'he  tliviue  deiimiciations  against  that  peo])le  im|)K'  an 
utter  aiuiihilation  of  their  nationality:  uhile  the  ]iertinacily  with  which  the  Indian 
cliiiiis  to  the  idiM  that  hi'  is  the  tiivorite  of  the  (Jreat  Deity  of  the  skies,  and  the  faith 
with  which  he  looks  back  to  an  ancient  pi-riod.  when  he  enjoyed  liiLdi  privileges  and  an 
exalted  state,  is  a  peculiarity  undeveloped  in  any  other  iieo|)le  on  the  fa<:e  ol'the  p-lobe ; 
and  then-  is  >carcely  one  other,  so  poor,  so  wretcheil.  so  hopeless,  so  wilfully  wroin:. 
and  so  despi.-^ed. 


DIVISION  SECOND. 


Umm  OP  l\DlSTRIilL  A^D  SOCIAL  DEVELOPME\T, 


AMI) 


PRESENT  NATIOXAL   POSITION; 


ILLUSTllATED  M  SOME  NOTICES 


OF    THE 


MENTAL  CHARACTER  OF  THE  HUNTER  RACE, 


A\D    THEIIl 


ANCIENT  STATUS  AND  ARCHiEOLOCxY. 


i     !■ 


i      II. 


'!    Ill 


(  559  ) 


' 


iif 


ft 


!!  I 


#1 


i 


y< 


I 


!:'■!:■: 

.■)rs 


H 


Wi 


riS'iii 


:;t|| 

;  !TC  Is    .  I 

il 


0 

^ 


i 


M 


»       ■ 

hi 


.' 


m 


i 


•1  ■  -J 


l!!" 


:1 


t 


i 


■  '  -»i 


Hi  I   ' 


m 


SKCTION    TWKNTY-TIIIin). 


CAIJSKS   OF    DKCLINK    OK   TlIK    INDIAN    TKIBKS. 


("IIAI'TKi:    1. 

CONDITIONS    OK     \.\VK    WHICH     nl'i'OSI':     THK     INCKKASI':     oK    Till', 

AI!Ol!l(il  N  Al.    I'dlMI.ATION. 


TliK  Fiulian  witlicrs  nt  l\\v  tmifli  of  civili/Mtioii.  Cniiliict  with  it  cNtTcisi's  ii 
blii-'litini?  intiiii'iH-c  Ixitii  upon  liis  pliv.-iiMl  lunl  iiu'iitul  I'ai'ultics.  Niitiirally  iiidolt'iit  in 
his  liiil)it.<,  hi'  is  ()])|iosi'(l  to  IuImiv.  iiniir()\i(ii'iit,  in  liis  luanntT  ol'  livin'.'.  and  has 
extremely  small  ruicsiL'ht  in  |)id\i(liii;i  for  the  I'lituic  lie  evinces  lait  little  care  lorlho 
jiresent  ami  makes  only  slii;ht  use  of  the  e\|ierit'iiee  of  the  |pa>t.  'I'au'jht  IVoni  early 
inl'ancy  to  revere  tho  tnitlitioiis  anil  institutions  ol'  his  fathers,  he  is  satislied  of  their 
value,  and  drciids  tho  auL'er  lA'  llie  (!reat  Spirit,  if  lie  dei)arts  from  their  teacidm;-*. 
A<ldii'ted  to  the  use  of  ardent  sjiirits.  he  ahandcnis  himself  to  the  di'L'radin^  iudnlp'nce, 
and  may  then  he  said  to  forefro  the  means  of  seeuriiiii'  prosperity  and  of  perpetuating 
his  race,  hy  |)oisonin,ir  tin;  very  source  of  life. 

It  is  a  well-known  fact,  tlnit  the  Indian  trihes  do  not  increase  in  tlie  ratio  of  otiier 
nations;  the  cause  of  wliich  we  learn  from  the  lirsl  principles  of  jiolitical  economy. 
Tiie  want  of  swtlleient  mitriment  is  not  the  oidy  cause  that  limits  tiicir  increase.  The 
entire  mental  constitution  and  habitudes  of  the  man.  his  irregular  lifi-.  mauneis. 
customs,  and  idiosyncrasies,  all  contrihuto  to  this  end.  in  like  circumstances,  lie  neitliir 
acts  nor  thinks  like  other  jier.xons  of  the  human  family.  Devoted  in  his  altachmeiit 
to  th(!  solitude  of  tiie  Ibrest.  thei'e  would  seem  to  ho  some  soeret  priuci[)le  at  woik  .akin 
to  mouasticism,  re[)ellin!;-  him  from  a  i)artiei[)ation  in  the  active  lalwrs  of  lili'.  Kven 
in  the  Saiuhvich  islands,  where  the  jrospol  has  been  most  snccossfully  disseminated,  tho 
Indian  population  very  visibly  and  inscrutably  declines. 

Vc.i,,  Vi.  — 71  '■■^iW\ 


m 

n 


;*•:  I !,«! 


I 


ill 
ij, 
I 


f' 

4 

k 

1 

'  m 

:,r,'2 


rALHKSi    OF    UKCI,  INK    UK 


Tlio  iiii|iilivr  into  tlu>  ciiiiMt's  of  this  iiiiiiKM'iiMl  ilirlini*  in  llir  Iiuliaii  trilics  of  the 
riiilcil  Siu(cs.  is,  ill  11  iiifiiMin'.  |Miz/.U'(l  ill  tilt'  vi'iv  iiiitsi't  (if  lii.H  I'xamiiiiitioii ;  fur  tin* 
aiii|ililiii|('  oi'  ilic  cnimtrv.  ami  tin-  oaw  willi  wliicli  tin;  iu'Oi'.«Harii'H  of  life  can  In-  |iii»- 
niii'ii.  wciiilil  si'cMi  Iti  fii\(ir  till-  iiHTi'ax'  iiiHJ  iniiltiplii-alidii  of  tin'  raco.  Ni-viM- 
tlii'if.xs.  no  niatti'i'  Imw  cin'mnx-iilii'd  or  I'Xlinilcd  the  ^ooiiiaphii-al  liflil,  tin?  >muw 
rt'fulls  arc  ivt'rvwlicif  aiinaii'nt.  Tlu'  j'vil  sccni-i  to  originate  in  an  ill-lialaiiccd  niiml, 
wliicli  L'lasjis  at  lai'sciit  I'lU't-ty.  witlioiit  rci^anl  to  llir  fiitiin'  ii'siiitH.  Tliis  mental 
iin':i|iiiritv  til  ri'aii/c  and  pi'osidi'  for  liis  fiitnio  ncci'xnitii'^,  is  the  icason  «  h v  In-  is,  at 
oiii'  liiiir.  dc-iitnlc  of  food,  and  .-nH'criiiu  'li.'  ki'cin  st  jiaiiuis  of  liuiiuer,  wiiilc.  at 
anotliiT.  lit'  leasts  fiom  a  hoard  lilli'd  lo  ro|ilition  with  an  alaindaiu'o  of  fyrcst  ;rani('. 
Oiu<  of  tlic  strikiii;:  nintalioiis  of  the  ihusi'  is.  t|i;it  want  and  almndanco  siiccccd  i-arli 
oiIht  at  invirnlar  intervals,  'J'iie  time  lievoted  to  lli(>  linntintr  of  wild  animals  is  vastly 
di-|iid|iortion,it('  lo  that  expended  in  tlie  raisin.'  of  ('iilije  \>y  well-regulated  industr}'. 
A  sin;:le  aere  of  eorn  \  ields  more  nntrinient  for  a  familv  tlian  all  the  wild  roots,  trnllles, 
tepia,  and  \vatta|iineeL',  which  can  l»e  jratheivd  in  a  season.  The  oiiinecj.',  or  common 
potatoe.  found  in  \'ir:,;iiii;i  wlioii  it  was  (irsl  discovered,  has  never  heeii  cnllivati.'d  \>y 
llie  Indians. 

Of  all  liie  l\nropean  luxuries  introdnced  aniiin;^  tin-  Indians,  novdiiiij;  has  liccn  more 
injurious  to  lliein  tiian  tin-  use  of  ardent  spirits.  Far  in  the  interior  of  the  continent, 
it  has  lieeii  oIiscivimI  that  tlie  taste  of  liipior  was.  at  first,  repulsive  to  the  initives;  lint 
the  appetite  for  it.  once  oxeited.  Iiecame  rajiidly  tlill'nsed.  Wln'ii  under  the  iulluence 
of  alcohol,  the  Indian  ajipears  to  enjoy  a  slate  of  hcatitnde,  in  which  In;  would  seem 
to  realize  the  fanciful  theories  of  his  luytholo'iy.  in  the  creation  of  the  world  of  hajipy 
spirits,  ami  of  the  human  race. 

Indian  corn  was  |danted.  to  a  limited  extent.  \>\  the  Atlantic  and  Mississippi  valley 
liilies;  liut  no  trader  or  traveller  lias  ever  noticed  its  cultivation  amonp  tlie  interior 
and  mounlaiii  trihes.  On  the  wesltin  jirairies.  where  it  iiii.iiht  have  heen  profitably 
cultivated,  the  Inilians  lacki'd  the  necessary  industry,  cared  lillh^  or  iiothinj.;  for  vcgo- 
tahlo  l(H)d,  and  r  lied  lljr  snhsistence  mi  the  iiiiat  of  the  hnHiilo. 

'I'lieic  were  other  causes,  however,  opeiiitiiiji  to  diminish  the  Iiuliau  population.  Tho 
most  onerous  hnrdeiis  of  sa\aLre  lile  fall  to  the  share  of  the  females.  Long  and  weary 
jouriieyin.'rs.  freijiieiitly  occasioned  \iy  the  necessity  of  lleeiiifj;  before  pursuing  enemies, 
and  camj)  labors,  were,  ordinarily,  superadded  to  scarcity  of  sustenance.  I'lider 
fasorable  circumstances,  one  woman  has  been  known  to  lie  tho  mother  of  twelve  or 
thirteen  children;  but  this  is  a  rare  occurrence.  The  average  number  of  children 
ill  each  hunter  family,  doi's  not  exceed  two.  (Jhildren  rarely,  if  ever,  die  of  iibsolntC 
hunger;  the  small  amount  of  food  that  is  obtained  Ix'iiig  carefully  and  scrupulously 
preserved  liir  llieni.  after  the  protracted  period  of  weaning;  but  exposure  and  its  results 
superinduce  many  trilling  diseases.  Irom  tiie  ellects  o!"  which  numbers  of  diildrcn  die, 
Avho.  in  civilized  life,  would  have  been  saved  by  the  ordinary  practice  of  medicine. 


TIIK    INK  IAN    Til  NIKS. 


MA 


l»i(l<'rillll\'    liniTl     llir    Millr    111' 


Wiiiit  of  prc)|M<r  ii<iuri><liinont  ami  ('\|)<i-iiic  iIuh  i'oi 
|Mi|)(iliilion,  hut.  ill  11  I'lir  l<'.>"<  ilt^'iff  IIimii  pc.xtiliiicc  iiml  lii<linii  Miii-rarc.  iiikIit  tin' 
opcnititm  of  tliat  inoxt  Imrliiirmis  of  all  mivap*  ciiMlnmH.  tli<-  ilcKtiiH'tioii  nl'  woiiit'ii  ami 
cliiiilrfii.  It  U  accoiiliimly  mtticcil  that.  thoH'  lrih<'s  who  havi'  ri'limiuixhi'd  war, 
or  arc  Init  .>*i'lilom  i'ii;.'aj:iMl  in  it,  aiitl,  i-.-'iM'ciallv.  tho-c  who?<i'  limiilirs  me  |ii'niiiim'iilly 
roidcut  ill  comparativi'ly  wrlMmilt  aiitl  wrll-slu'ltt'ivd  hoiiftcH,  ami  warmly  tlolliiil.  aif 
jirt'cixcly  the  caHOM  in  whit;Ii  liciimlity  in  tlio  inoKt  «j)|>ariiit. 

Thrri"  is  (I  iiiunil'cxt  iiicri-asi-  in  tin-  ratio  of  hirlhs  in  the  tiihc?*  wiio  havo  rcriiosi'd 
to  till.'  Wi'.xt,  whore  tiu'v  roxidc  in  p)od  Iioumvm,  xiiiTouiidi'd  hy  wcll-tiili'il  lidiU  and  all 
the  cornfortM  of  agricultural  lifo. 


1 

E           1 

r  ' 

1            ' 

n\ 


-.04 


CAUSES    OK    DECMNK    OF 


CHAPTER    II. 


EFFEfrrs    OF    CIVILIZED    IIAIMTS    ON    REPRODUCTION. 


TiiK  condi'ioii  iiiid  riitiirc  prospects  of  tlie  Indiim  tribes  of  the  United  Stiites  n\v 
suhjucts  of  the  liijiJR'st  iiiorul  iiitcri'st  to  tlu'  iioveniiuent  iind  pfp'o.  In  many  ivspcets 
till'  nice  and  their  prospects  are  aUke  i)eeidiar,  tlic  histi)ry  of  the  world  not  furnishinj^ 
an  exact  |)arailel.  Other  races  of  innitcrs  iiad  the  benefit  of  the  mtorniediate  pastoral 
condition,  in  pro.iiressinjr  from  tlie  hunter  to  tlu;  civiii/ed  state.  The  wildest  Arab 
triljcs,  and  tiie  nomads  of  Asia,  reaivd  the  camel,  horse,  cow,  or  sheep.  But  the  North 
American  Indians  possessed  no  domestic  aninials  when  the  continent  was  discovered  ; 
thi-y  hail  fuiined  none  ol'  the  maimers  resultinjr  from  such  cares,  or  from  the  discrimina- 
tion ol'  j)rivate  rights;  and  the  ferocity  of  their  character  was  not  in  the  least  amelio- 
rated liy  any  such  important  class  of  duties.  Nor,  ,so  far  as  tradition  extends,  does  it 
appear  to  have  been  thus  inliueuced  in  times  past. 

The  Indian's  golden  age  is  ever  the  era  of  the  chase;  and  to  this  period  do  all  the 
remini.sccnces  of  the  elders  jioint,  as  to  the  age  of  aboriginal  prosperity,  and  superlative 
iiappiuess.     The  (!reat  Spirit  then  smiled  on  him. 

Agriculture  wa.s  recogni.-^ed  only  by  the  cnltivalion  of  limited  fields  of  the  zca  maize; 
but  tiiis  was  not  a  reputal)le  labor,  and  the  supply  of  food  relied  on,  from  all  sources, 
was  so  essentially  of  a  spontaneous  growth,  that  it  ri'pressed  the  power  of  re])roduction, 
anil  a  very  sparse  population  spread  itself  over  immense  areas,  remarkable  for  their 
natural  li'rtility  and  abundant  resources.  There  is  reason  to  believe  that  the  native 
population  but  little  exceeded  1.000.(1(1(1.  on  the  same  area  that  now  contains  li2,0()0,00() 
of  the  descendants  of  Kuropean  races.  The  question  of  numbers  is.  however,  but  one 
section  of  tilt!  great  inxestigation  l)efore  ns.  it  has  been  well  said,  in  an  oflicial  papi'r, 
"Tiiese  remnants  of  the  people  who  preceded  us  in  the  occupation  of  this  country,  and 
who  have  yielded  to  our  destiny  and  their  own.  although  greatly  reduced  in  their 
nnnd)ers.  have  yet  claims  upon  the  United  States,  which  their  citizens  seem  disposed 
neitlier  to  deny  nor  conceal.  Dillerences  of  opinion  exist  concerning  the  extent  and 
nature  of  th<!  aid  which  shall  be  ofVered  to  them,  and  of  the  interference  which  it  is 
proper  to  exiM't  in  their  conduct  and  afl'airs.  And  it  is  not  easy  to  ibre.see  how  these 
ililliculties  are  to  be  reconciled,  nor  to  devise  a  plan  which  shall  neitlier  attempt  too 


TllK    INIMAN    TKll'.KS. 


Tifir, 


iiuicli  nor  too  little,  hut  wliicli  slinll  prc'scivi-  a  priictieiil  lucdimii  Ijotwcoii  tIie.«o  Iiiihits 
iiud  I'irfiimstii  ices,  iiiid  tlif  mural  iuul  politiciil  xtati'  ol'  iiiiprov 'iiu'iit  of  wiiicli  \w 
liiniisli  tiic'iii  ail  exaniplo.  Tlicso  di (Tic iil ties  aio  inliciviil  in  tlio  .sulijcct  itnolf.  Tim 
KitUiitioM  of  the  Indians  and  tho  operation  of  tlio  settlement  and  improvement  of  the 
country  upon  tiieni.  are  without  a  parallel  in  the  jirofrress  of  human  .soeietv."  ' 

Within  the  last  half-eeutury.  and  since  our  iioimiation  has  Ijcen  freely  jioured  into 
and  across  the  Mississijipi  valley,  from  tiie  eastern  Ijaniis  of  which,  as  a  consecinence, 
the  Indians  have  Ijeen  driven,  thesti  cpiestions  have,  in  jiart,  received  a  solution.  Ihint- 
iuu',  which,  hefore  the  (Hscovei'y  of  America,  was  pursued  as  a  means  of  suljsistence, 
and  an  incentive  to  manly  viiror  and  adventurous  annisenient,  has  entirely  failed.  The 
wide  areas  wliich.  in  a  state  of  nature  were  reipiired  l()r  tho  chase,  heing  demuled  of 
tlieir  game,  left  the  tribes  with  immense  surjilus  territories,  which  were  no  lonj-er 
valualtle  for  hiniting.  and  which  they  were  not  inclined,  if  they  even  possessed  tiie 
ability,  to  employ  for  agricultural  pur[)osi's.  The  conscfjuence  was,  that  cessions  of 
these  surplus  and  exhausted  areas  were  made  to  the  Goverinneiit  in  consideration  ol" 
annuities,  the  triljcs  oidy  retaining  enough  arabli,"  land  to  sup[)ly  their  own  limited 
need  of  agricultural  products,  or  retiring  into  remoter  regions,  where  the  chase  (!ould 
still  l)e  followed. 

A  contest  of  races  ensued.  Tiie  struggle  between  civilization  and  Ijarbarism.  whi<'ii 
had  existed,  from  tiie  first,  eastward  of  tiie  Alleghanies,  was  renewed,  on  a  wider  field, 
in  tii(,'  West.  Habits  so  diametrically  opposed  as  tiiose  of  the  Kuropean  and  !ndi:'.n. 
]iroduced  a  condition  of  society  rei)lete  with  dilhcidties,  and  e(|nally  adverse  to  each. 
Population,  which  had  never  been  in  a  favorable  and  healthy  state  of  reproductit)u. 
(k'dined,  and,  with  e\ery  decade  of  our  history,  diminished  more  and  more.  History 
alionnds  with  the  eviilenccs  of  such  conflicts  of  manners  and  opinions,  the  result  of 
which,  liowever  protracted,  is  still  seen  to  bo  tho  same.  Tho  higher  type  of  race  is 
sure  to  prevail;  labor,  laws,  and  arts  must  triumpli,  and  this  fact  has  been  denion- 
strati'd  by  the  settlement  of  the  Missi.ssipi>i  valley.  Tiie  Indian  tribes  have  separate(l 
tliemselves  into  two  distinct  classes,  founded  on  the  adoption  or  neglect  of  the  princi- 
ples of  labor  and  knowledge.  Tiie  former  have  eitiier  been  colonized  in  large  masses, 
when;  the  industrial  arts,  protected  by  e(inital)le  laws,  could  lie  most  advantageously 
followed,  Ol'  tliey  have  submitted  to  tiie  domination  of  hibor  and  law  in  tlie  Stales. 
Tiie  latter  are  still  nomadic,  and  pursue  the  business  of  hunting,  deriving  little  or  no 
permanent  advantage  from  civic  jJivcepts  and  exani[iles;  while  every  rational  man. 
who  considers  the  wonderful  problem  of  their  long  resistance  to  civilization,  arrives  at 
the  same  conclusion,  that  while  this  rt'sistanco  lasts,  the  ipiestion  is  narrowed  down  to 
one  purely  relative  to  the  time  of  their  eventual  destruction  and  extinction.     Tlie 


'  Doc.  117,  llousi"  of  Ucp.,  Second  Scss.,  X.Xtli  Conijrro.'-s. 


[il 


I 

i 


m 


CAUSES    OF    DECLINE    OF 


1! 


! 


woiuit'i-  is,  not  that,  uiulor  cxistiiiu;  circiiinstauces,  the  Indian  popnhition  has  diinin- 
isiu'd.  but  that  the  tribes  have  not  already  become  extinct. 

Tiie  .single  problem  of  Christianity,  unconnected  with  field  labor  and  domestic 
inilii.stry,  is  not  ulonc  sullicient  to  accoimt  for  the  decay  of  the  Indian  ra(;e.  lialx)r  is 
the  common  condition  as.signcd  to  men,  and  the  violation  of  this  principle  in  tribes  is 
oi"'  great  cause  of  their  numerical  diminution.  When  the  chase  is  totally  abandoned, 
tiie  most  important  step  toward  progress  is  taken.  Q^he  female  who  spends  days  in 
digging  tepia,  or  wild  articiiokes,  would  be  doubly  rewarded  for  her  lajjor  by  cidtivating 
potatoes.  The  raising  of  cattle,  hogs,  and  sheep,  in  a  few  years,  places  the  Indian 
farmer  in  a  position  to  obtain  IVesh  meat,  at  [iroper  times,  without  wasting  his  energies 
and  strength  in  pursuing  deer.  bullaloc\s,  or  antelopes,  llor.sos  are  easily  raised  in  the 
western  latitudes,  no  expensive  stables  being  rcfpiired,  nor  hay  to  be  stacked  and  fed 
out.  Fioconuititja  is  tinis  maili'  easy  when  it  is  necessary  to  travel  from  .seUiement  to 
settlement;  saddles,  bridles,  and  l)iiggies  necessarily  following  in  the  train  of  improve- 
ments. The  rude  Indian  trij)od  is  replaced  by  well-made  chairs  and  tables;  cast-iron 
stoves,  for  cooking  jjurjioses.  are  introduced  ;  then  a  chandier.  or  a  parlor  looking-glass, 
and  perhaps  a  clock.  The  dwelling  begins  to  display  the  evidence  of  female  taste  in 
furniture,  and  nuu-h  of  the  paraphernalia  of  housekeeping.  Finall}',  the  children  are 
sent  to  school,  and  the  parents  themselves  join  the  church.  lie  nuist  be  a  dull  observer 
of  tiie  progress  of  the  settlement  who  has  not  witnessed  these  improvements.  Society, 
as  it  were,  ari.ses  and  stands  upright.  Indians  liavc  done  these  things.  Who  will 
hazard  the  assertion  that  they  do  not  tend  to  numerical  increase  ? 

To  the  beneficial  inlluence  of  instruction,  the  record  of  missionary  teaching  bears 
ample  testimony.  Perhaps  few  exami>les  can  be  adduced  which  give  a  more  pleasing 
aspect  to  the  lield  of  labor  than  that  of  Miss  Catherine  I$rown,  a  Cherokee  of  Alabama. 
Many  ymu's  have  passed  since  this  bright  native  lemale  exciteil  the  liveliest  hopes;  and 
a  long  time  has  elapsed  since  her  gentle  spirit  winged  its  llight  to  a  better  world;  but 
her  memory  is  yet  green  in  the  recollections  of  many.  To  the  graces  of  person  and 
numners  she  united  high  educational  attainments.  In  the  language  of  Mr.  Anderson, 
her  mind  was  of  a  delicate  texture  —  clear  perception,  correct  judgment,  intellectual 
economy,  and  good  sense,  being  her  strongest  characteristics.  In  the  actjuisitiou  of 
knowledge,  her  mind  moved  easily ;  in  the  communication  of  it  to  others  she  did  so 
with  lelieity  and  a  just  appreciation  of  their  capacities.  Her  delicate  .sensibility,  her 
exact  view  of  propriety  and  dignity,  her  high  principles  of  action,  and  her  gentleness 
and  swi'etncss  of  numuer,  excited  general  admiration.'  A  yary  similar  delicacy  of 
feeling,  sweetness  of  air  ami  voice,  propriety  of  expression,  ease  of  conversation,  and 
dignity  of  niannt'r  characterized  Miss  Jane  Johnston,  and  Miss  Madeline  La  Fraumbois, 
of  Michigan,  Mrs.  Charlotte   (Rev.)    M'Murray,  of  Niagara,  Canada,  and  Miss  Mary 


Life  of  Callipritip  Hrown  :  Boston,  1S25,  p.  150 


TIIK    INDIAN    THIHKS. 


507 


i 

■■5 


HalUdiiy,  of  Syracuse,  Now  VorU.  wlm  wore  tlio  snl)ii'cts  of  parefiil  moral  instruction, 
and  maj'  be  roganled  as  wild  ilowcrs,  transplanted  lioni  the  Indian  wilderness. 

Whatever  mitigates  the  evils  of  Indian  soeiety.  adds  to  its  permanent  means  of 
growth,  ami  is  favorahle  to  its  moral  and  plnsioal  development.  It  may  bo  well  to 
lay  before  the  reader  the  sum  of  these  statistics,  that  he  may  scrutinize  more  (dosidy 
the  character  of  the  Indian  mind,  and  determine  its  capacity  for  hearing  tlie  mental 
superstructure,  proposed  to  be  ba.sed  on  it  through  the  medium  of  the  Indian  colonies; 
and,  by  extending  this  inquiry  to  what  the  aboriginal  mind  has  done  in  past  times, 
without  the  aid  of  letters,  to  furnish  some  idea  of  what  it  may,  with  cultivation, 
accomplish. 


•a 


i 


568 


CAUSES    OF    DECLINE    OF 


(1HAI»TKH    III. 

WHO    IS    THE    INDIAN?      HIS    CAJ'AOITIES    FOR    NATIONALITY    TO 
BE    DEDUCED    FHoM    HIS    CH  Al{  ACTEH. 

It  is  not  Hiipposod  tliiit,  tlnring  a  long  period,  aljciiiding  in  opportiniitiofi,  any  obser- 
vations or  ri'searclies  have  been  nindo  to  Jnstii/  a  eonelnsivo  reply  to  tiio  above 
(|Ucstion.  Far  IVoni  it.  Tiie  indifin,  an  enigma  at  first,  is  a  nnieli  greater  enigma  tlie 
mure  bis  bistory  and  eiiaraeter  iire  exaniineil.  Liive  a  boulder  on  tlie  surl'aee  of  tbe 
globe,  lie  l)ears  very  little  evidence  of  tlu>  parent  i)ed  from  wliieb  be  Avas  sej)arated  by 
tb(^  Hood  of  Innnan  tril)es  and  nations.  Wbenee  be  originally  came,  and  wbitlier  be  is 
going,  are  aliivo  tlu'nies  of  absorbing  interest,  wbieli,  liowever,  cannt)t  be  equally  judgeil 
by  tbe  critical  incpiirer  and  tbe  moralist.  Hut  tbe  o[)portunity  may  be  I'lnbraced  to 
allude  to  wbat  tbeorists,  wise  men.  and  pliilosopliers  liave  advanced  on  tbe  subject. 

Certain  ancient  nation.s  stilled  iiupiiry  on  a  subject  wbicii  would  probably  have 
developed  notbing  very  lionoraMi'  as  to  tbeir  descent,  liy  allirming  tiiat  tbey  had  come 
out  of  tbe  gronnil.  and  tlitis  were  tlie  true  atitocbtlioues.  Such  were  tbe  renowned 
PlKenicians.  Forster  tells  us  that  tbey  originatetl  from  tbe  Horites,  and  bad  lived  in 
caves  as  roblions  iind  plunderers;'  their  assertion  was  not,  therefore,  entirely  hyper- 
bolical, for  every  cave  is,  topographically,  nnder  ground. 

No  nation  is  .so  rudo  in  its  origin  as  not  to  desire  the  reputation  of  having  had 
ancestors.  Many  of  our  native  tribes  give  an  account  of  their  origin  analogous  to 
that  of  the  ancient  Pha'iiieians.'  Even  the  nomadic  Apaehees  and  Navajoes,  at  tiiis 
day,  inform  travellers  that  tbey  came  out  of  the  ground ;  adding  to  the  theory,  how- 
eve  r.  that  tbey  are  wohcs,  be;irs.  rnccoons,  and  other  (|uailrupeds,  in  a  state  of 
transf)rmation.' 

Nearh'  a  century  and  a  half  has  ehipsed  since  the  French  court  sent  a  gentleman,  of 
great  learning,  acntencss,  and  benevolence,  to  America,  to  observe  and  report  the  state 
of  the  tribes.  P.  de  Charlevoi.\  personally  visited  all  the  leading  nations  living  between 
Quebec  and  New  Orleans,  and.  after  his  return  to  France,  having  devoted  his  attention 


.inhn  UciiiliiiM  Knitter's  Nnrtlii'rn  Vnvn!:p.a,  p.  2.  ^  Vidi' Vul    I.,  |i.  17  '  \'iclr  ^'(ll.  I\'.,  ji.  s!l. 


I  • 


V 


.  I 


'i 


m- 


I  / 


/  / 


I  -■-.■ 


3 


r/. 


^f' 


± 


ii 


I 


t 


i.W 


\mi 


THE    INDIAN    TUIIIKS. 


rm 


to  the  problcMii  of  tlii^  ()ii,i,'iii  of  tliis  ijcuplc,  .so  ilis.^iiiiiliir  in  jiliysiiMl  aiicl  mentiil  tiaits 
IVoiii  tliL'  other  known  Mirictii's  of  iniin.  lio  (Ifchiri's  liis  utter  iuiiltilitv  to  subscribe  to 
any  of  the  theories  ol"  tiie  migration  of  tlie  raeu  from  other  parts  of  tin-  L'lolie,  believinjr, 
Jiowevi-r,  tiiaf  such  nii.nnitions  iiail  been  made.  '"After  remlin.ir  abnost  everytiiin!:."  lie 
ri-niarks,  '•  tliat  lias  been  written,  on  the  manmr  in  wliicii  Auiericji  nii,i;bt  have  lieeu 
])t'opleil.  we  seem  to  be  just  wiiere  we  were  before  tliis  1,'reat  anil  interestinu;  (piestioa 
be^iin  to  be  aj^itated,  iiotwitiistandinf^'  a  moderate  volume  would  be  refpiisite  to  relate 
only  the  various  oianioiis  of  the  learned  on  this  suliject.  For  the  most  part  of  them 
have  given  so  much  to  the  marvellous;  almost  all  of  them  have  built  their  eonjeetures 
on  foundations  so  ruinous;  or  have  had  recourse  to  names,  nnmners,  eustoms,  ndijiion, 
and  etymology  so  very  frivolous;  that  it  would,  in  ni}'  opinion,  be  as  useless  to  refute, 
as  it  is  impossible  to  reconcile  them  with,  each  other."' 

Indian  history  has  ever  been  an  anomaly.  At  the  period  of  the  discovery,  the 
Indian  was  a  mere  hunter,  armed  only  with  l)o\v  and  arrows,  and  worshipping  a  class 
of  spirits,  or  diumons,  supposed  to  inhaliit  tiie  forests.  TIk;  Ijold  mariners  who  fust 
visited  the  coasts,  had  some  knowledge  of  the  llindo(j,  and  Tartaric  types,  residing  on 
the  shores  of  Ilindostan  ;  and,  conseipienth',  called  them  Indians,  under  the  supposition 
that  the  newly  discovered  laml  formed  part  of  the  continent  of  Asia.  Red-skimicd, 
blackn'yed,  black-haired,  and  sulitle,  tiiere  was  a  striking  coincidence  in  the  external 
characteristics  and  leatures  of  the  two  races.  Whenever  examined,  this  pliysi('al 
resemblance  has  been  found  to  bold  goo<l,  however  unsatisfactory  the  theory  of  origin; 
and  so  little  has  it  varied,  under  the  most  critical  observation,  that  a  single  tribe  will 
serve  very  well  as  the  type  ol'  all.  They  may  be  said  to  remain  as  nnchangi'd  to-day 
as  they  were  in  the  days  of  I'",li/.aiietb.  Indeed,  nothing  has  elicited  more  frecpient  notice 
than  that  remarkable  coincidence  of  nnmners  and  customs,  ph\sical  traits,-  and  mental 
habitudes  and  idio.syncrasies,  which  designate  them  to  be  a  peculiar  people. 

It  has  been  olj.-<erved,  by  a  compiehensive  and  tali'iited  writi'r,  who  has  closely  studied 
the  history  and  character  of  the  Indian  tribes,  that, '•  from  Hudson's  Bay  to  Me.xico, 
and  frt)m  the  Atlantic  to  the  IJocky  Mountains,  the  country  was  posses.-^ed  by  numerous 
petty  ti'ibes,  resendiling  each  other  in  their  general  features,  and  separated  into  inde- 
pendent conununities,  alwa}  s  in  a  state  of  alarm  and  suspicion,  and  generally  on  terms 
of  open  hostility.  These  peoi)le  were  in  tlie  rudest  state  of  society,  wandering  from 
place  to  place,  without  science,  and  without  arts  (for  we  cannot  dignity  with  the  name  of 
arts  the  nuiking  of  bows  and  arrows,  and  the  dressing  of  skin,'<),  metallic  instruments, 
or  domestic  animals;  raising  a  little  corn  by  the  lalior  of  their  women,  with  the 
clam-shell,  or  the  scapula  of  a  buH'alo,  devoiu'ing  it  with  savage  improvidence,  and 
subsisting,  during  the  remainder  of  the  year,  on  the  precarious  supply,  furnished  by  the 


'  .tdunml  III'  a  \'c.\:ii;<'  \"  .\ipilli   Aiiicricn,  N'nl.  I.  ;    l.i.nd.m,  ri'iiriiiti'd  IT'il. 
"  .Morion,  Vol.  11.,  p   :!!(;. 


Vol,.  VI. 


■w 


'hi 


m 


i  !: 


1 1'  i: 

11     I      ' 


m 


il 


\l^' 


^•\ 


'  m  '  > 

1  if ' ' 

w  Wi' 

570 


CAUSES    OF    DECLINE   OF 


chase,  or  by  fi.shing.  Tlioy  woiv  tliinly  xciitUTed  over  iiii  iiniiioiisc  extent  of  rountn*, 
fixiiijr  their  HUiiniier  residence  iijion  some  little  spot  of  lertile  land,  and  roaminu  with 
their  families,  and  tlieir  mat,  or  skin  houses,  thronjrh  the  forests,  in  pnrsuit  of  the 
animals  necessary  for  food  and  clothinj,'.  Such  a  state  of  society  could  not  hut  arrest 
the  attention  of  adventurers,  to  whom  everythini;  was  new  and  striuige. 

'•Of  the  external  habits  of  the  Indians,  if  we  nniy  so  speak."  remarks  tiie  same 
writer,  ''we  liave  the  most  ample  details.  Their  wars,  their  annisements,  their  Inmtiii!.', 
and  the  more  prominent  facts  connected  with  their  occupations  and  condition,  hav(>  been 
described  with  jrivat  prolixity,  ami.  doubtless,  with  iiuich  fidelity,  by  a  host  of  persons, 
whose  opi)ortunities  t()r  observation,  and  whose  (jualilications  for  descri|)tion  have  been 
asdill'eront  .-is  the  places  and  the  eras  in  wdiich  they  have  written.  Eyes  have  not  been 
wantiuiT  to  sei',  toni^ues  to  relate,  nor  ))ens  to  record,  tiie  incidents  which,  from  time  to 
time,  have  occurred  amotiij;  our  abnri,^inal  neighbors.  The  eating  of  fu'e,  the  swallowing 
of  daggers,  tlie  eseajie  from  swathed  bull'alo  skins,  and  the  juggling  incantations  and 
ceremonies,  by  whi('h  the  lo.st  is  found,  the  sick  is  healed,  and  tiie  living  killed,  have 
been  witnessed  l>y  many  who  lu'lieved  what  they  saw.  but  who  were  grossly  deceived 
by  their  owi\  credulity,  or  by  the  skill  of  tlie  Indian  wabeno. 

"The  constitution  of  Indian  society,  and  the  ties  by  which  they  are  kept  togetlier, 
fuiiiisli  a  paradox  which  has  never  received  the  explanation  it  reipiires.  We  say  they 
have  no  government,  and  they  have  none  whose  operation  is  felt,  either  in  reward  tu- 
punishment;  and  yet  tlp'ir  lives  aud  jjroperty  are  pres(n'vi'd.  and  theii'  pnlitical  relations 
amoni:  themselves,  and  with  other  tribes,  art'  duly  preserved.  lla\<'  they,  tlien.  no 
passions  to  excite  them  to  deeds  of  violence,  or  have  they  discovered  and  reduced  to 
practice  some  nidviiown  prinei|)le  of  action  in  human  nature.  e((ually  eMieaeious  as  the 
two  great  principles  of  hope  and  fear,  upon  which  all  other  goveriunents  have  heretofore 
rested?  Wiiy  does  an  Indian,  who  has  been  guilt}'  of  murder,  trampiilly  fold  his 
blaidiet  about  his  liead,  and.  seating  liimself  upon  the  ground,  await  the  retributise 
stroke  from  the  relation  of  the  deceased.  A  white  man.  under  similar  cii'cinnstances. 
would  tlee  or  resist ;  and  we  can  conceive  ol"  no  moti\e  which  would  induce  him  to 
such  saci'itice. 

"  15ut.  of  the  inornl  vhiradcr  and  frr/hiys  of  th(>   Indians,  of  their  nn n/n/  (/isii/i/i 
ol'  ihv'ir  ji'i-iilinr  Djiliiions,  vn/fliu/oijlcal  and  n/!;/loii.i,  and  of  all  that  is  most  \alualile  t 
7in(»   ill  till-  lii^iori/  of  miut,  we  are  aljout  as  ignorant  as  when  Jacfjues  ('artier  fir-t 
ascended  the  St.  Lawrence."' 


o 


'  IlciMiirks  ijii   t]w  ('(imlilidn,  ClmnictiT,  and   Lan}.'iiaL'i's  of  tlic   Xorlli  Aimrii'iin    Iiidiiuis:   lidstnn,  IsiiH 
CuiiiiniiiL's,  llillianl  &  Co.     Thi.s  puiuphlut  has  been  ascribed  to  the  poii  of  tlio  lion.  Lewi.-:  (.'ass. 


coimtrv, 
iiin^  witli 
lit  (.r  tlic 
'lit  iinv.st 

111-  sinic 
iiiiitinL', 

IVC  1)C('|1 
1H'I'S()I1.S, 
\('  llCOIl 
<lt    Ix'CIl 

time  tn 
II 1 1(1  will;; 
loiis  jiiid 
til.  JlllVU 
Iwt'ivc'd 


THE    INDIAN    TllinES. 


£71 


('II  Al'TKU    1  V 


SOME    TUADITTONAUY    Cl-HAMS    OF    ANT'IENT    IlISTdUV. 


TlIK    illlliTcilt     iilidSNllC 


IMCICS    (I 


r  tlic  liidiiiM  niiinl.  wliii'li  iiuiii'l   it  to  Mh'li  i'\li' 


inrdi- 


liar\'  arts,  nvf   iid 


jrciitcr,  lidwcvcr.  tliiiii    lii-*   lii'iii   uiIIhivhcc   tu  mi    umiciii   -i;iii'   nl 

p  wliii'li   till'   iiiinil 


'l;il> 


a|i|iari'iitly  iioiiniilic  SDcii'ty.  wliicli  has  Idiil:;  ci'msciI  ti>  cxi-t.  liiit  t' 
I'cvcil--.  ;is  to  a  ydlih'ii  ifi<\  when  cNfrytliiiit;  wiix  ln'tli'f  tliaii  it  iinu  i--.  A 
AlL'iiiii|uiii  nil  Lake  Sii|i"rioi'.  ol'  whom  the  writer  mailc  iiii|iiiiii'<  iii;iii\'  m-av--  [[•mi.  in 
I'clatiiiii  to  tiiis  ancii'iit  ciiorli.  ri'|iliril  tiiat  tln'v  IkiiI  cM'ii  <|i(ik<'ii  tliiir  liiiijii;i;.:('  in 
fircatcr  piiritN . 

'riici'i'  is  OIK'  ]iartiiMilar  in  wliicli  tin;  Irilics  idi'iitily  tiiciiiscKcs  with  tlic  'ui'iiiTa!  tra- 
laiil'viiid.      It  is  in  ndation  to  a  '.'I'licral  dchiL:r.  ii\-  wliich   tiic  'mci's  (jT  nun 


dit 


ilitioiis  (It   n 


Icsti 


wt'i'i'  ilcstro\ci 


'I'lic  I'Vciit  itself  is  vai'i(jiisl\-  I'elat 


eil    l>V  (VM 


Al-oi 


I'. Mill,  an  iviKiiKiis.  a 


Cherokee,  a  Miiseo'jee.  or  a  ('hi(d<asaw;  iuit  all 


coiiKMile   1 


n  the  stiiteiiieiit    that    the 


i'(! 


wa.- 


a  licneral  eataelysin.  and  that  a  low  jiersons  were  saved.     Another  ii'itnie  of  this 


traditional  iilentificatioii  consists  in   the   traditional   reeoi^nition  of  the  Dirt  that  their 

lid   seiits  of   the 


ancestors   descended    IVom   those   iinaiiinative  and   idolatrous   trihes  a 
^IosmIciiI  e|)(K'h.  who  helieved  the  earth  to  he  a  fortuitous  coiieurrenee  of  ;it( 
doitics  of  "stocks  an<l  st 


)ins.  with 
1, 


ones,"  to  whom,  as  ii(>w  inforiiiatioii,  the  uieat  additional 
declaration  was  made,  that,  in  the  heiiiniiiiifr,  (ioil  created  the  world.'  This  funda- 
mental tradition  of  the  divine  origin  of  the  earth  iiiid  heavens  i.s  a  striking  trait  in  all 
the  Indian  cosmogonies  of  America. 

The  tradition  of  the  dcdnire  is  veileil  in  allegories  and  fiunrcs.  such  as  a  rMJt.  a  t 


fee. 


a  luLdi  nKaintaiii.  &c.,   accordinii'  to  the  I'eiiins  or  iinairination  of  the  various  ti 


1  III 


That  of  the  Algoiii|nins  is  simply  this:  Hiawatha,  or  Manai)o,  having  iin'inreii  iik 
enmity  of  the  I'rince  of  Serpents,  a  very  Typlion  in  character,  who  held  sway  in  the 
l);isin  of  Lake  Superior,  the  spirit  permitted  the  ice  tu  break  in  iliiriiig  tiie  winter 
season,  while  Chiiiiahos,  his  grandson  was  crossing  from  one  point  to  aiioilie 
iollowim:  Slimmer,  the  deiiii-iiod  watclu'd  aloii'.;  the  shore  to  lind  tl 


T 


le  saiiilN   M,i\'.  wliere 


the  serpents  came  out  to  hask  :  and  havin'r  consnlted  with  a  kii 


iLihsher  as  to  ilie  jifecise 


'  tii'lUV-ls  !.,  1. 


^1 


!i  ■! 


V  ?  \ 


^  I 


m 

r 


i!i 


CAUSHS    OK    DKCI,  INK    OF 


lift''    \i 


i 


s|i(il.  Ill'  liKik  lii'^  stMliiiii  nil  sliorc.  ;iii(l  liMiisrnniii'il  liiiiisi-ir  iiilii  ilii>  Hi>iiil)Iiin('i'  of  II  lii^^li 
stiiiii|i  <>['  11  ti'i'f,  lii'okcii  olV  \>y  the  wiiiil.  As  noon  iis  ilic  I'riiici'  of  tlic  Scrpi'iits  iiinl 
liis  ctiiirt  !i|)|)i'!irc(l.  mill  Inid  siiiilv  into  n'|iusi'  mi  tlu'  siirul.  he  drew  liis  Imw.  iiihI  .•>lmt 
an  arrow  into  his  cnciiiv's  licart.  The  scr|H'iits  llcil,  siTciiiiiiiiL'.  into  tlic  (i('[iliis  of  tlu» 
sea  ;  liut.  ill  rcvciiL'c  for  this  act,  raiiscd  the  waters  to  rise,  whicli  overllowed  tlie  forests, 
ami  pressed  on,  after  the  lleeiiiir  ilemi-L'od.  until  all  the  land  was  sul)mer;;<'<l.  'I'he 
lieiievolent  fjiid.  wlio  assnines  in  these  latitndes  the  name  of  Manaho.  ascended  a 
hi,:,;h  niuuntain.  and  clinihed  to  the  top  ol'  a  tree;  hut  the  waters  rose  to  his  feet,  lie 
then  ooininanded  the  tree  to  stretch  n|)wanl.  and  it  oheved  him.  Ihit  the  waters  still 
risiiij;  to  his  feet,  he  a^ain  hade  the  tree  to  l'iow  taller,  which  it  did.  and  linally  it 
liecanie  stationary.  'I'lie  waters  haviiii.'  risen  to  his  neck,  the  amphihioiis  animals  and 
water-lt>wl  were  )ilayiiiu'  around  him  :  li)r  they  were  his  Inothers.  lie  ihvt  directed  the 
loon  to  dixc  down  fur  some  earth;  lint  when  it  rose  to  the  surface  it  was  dead.  He 
then  told  the  heaver,  the  otter,  .'iiid  the  mink  to  attempt  the  same  li'at ;  Imt  none  of 
them  foimd  liir  lii>ttom.  At  la>t  he  sent  the  mii>krat  ;  "  for  \our  ancestors."  he  said, 
"were  always  tiiinons  for  .uraspini;-  the  innddy  hottoms  of  pools  with  their  claws."  The 
animal  succeeded  in  lirin;;in.ii  up  a  mor.sel  of  earth  in  its  talons;  and  from  this  new 
chaotic  mass  the  .Vliric  deity  recreated  the  earth. 

The  ancient  nations,  who  sjiread  over  the  I'ai'th  iVom  the  primary  locations  of  man- 
kind, in  .\sia,  when  they  iiad  lia-'jotteii  the  existi'iice  of  the  true  (iod.  attrihiited  the 
orijiiii  and  jiovermneiit  of  the  world  to  IJa-al.  Osiris,  Orinusd,  ('hemosli,  Mrahm,  ihidd, 
Fold,  and  otlici'  phantoms  of  the  iina^Mnation.  which  \aried  with  every  climate.  I'very 
territory,  and  every  mountain,  plain,  and  valli'y ;  while  the  American  tribes,  spread 
over  an  immense  continent,  have  coiicentrate<l  their  leadinu'  lieliefs  on  a  great  oriL'inal 
Creator,  who  is  descrilieil  as  posst'ssing  many  attrihiites  similar  to  those  of  the  Almif^hty ; 
who  is  not  apparent  to  human  perception  .as  a  person,  hut  is  (dollied  with  tln'  maiiiii- 
iioent  i:arnitiireof  tlie  sidereal  heavens,  and  surrounded  hy  the  most  snhlimeand  startlin>^ 
atmospheric  plienomena.  In  the  priinar\  conception  of  a  supreme  rider  hy  the  earliest 
oriental  nations,  they  endeavored  to  relieve  the  character  of  tiieir  henevoleiit  deities  hy 
tlie  addition  of  a  dual  power,  as  in  the  instance  of  Ahriman,  Tvi)hon.  Moloch,  and 
I5eel/.ehnl).  This  dualistic  principle,  wlierevt-r  examined,  nnirks  the  inytliolngy  of  the 
\'espcric  trilies.  who  attrihute  tii(!  ])()wers  of  evil  to  a  god,  antagonistic  to  the  (Jreat 
Good  l^pirit.  the  universal  Indian  nnideus  of  sovereign  power,  id>iqnity  and  IxMievoleiice. 

The  Indian  mind  does  not  generalize.  It  has  not,  from  the  knowledge  of  particular 
facts,  derived  general  conclusions,  although  sometimes  generic  ideas  are  roachi'd  hy 
Tiieans  of  metonymy,  and  fre(piently  hy  the  synd)olic  use  of  words.  The  glohe  is  called 
Ake.  which  is.  also,  the  name  for  any  ponderahle  hit  of  earth.  Tiiey  consider  the 
continent  of  America  to  l)e  a  large  island,  and  are  igmn-ant  of  the  geographical  divisions 
of  the  earth.     It  is  generally  called  the  Island  of  the  Great  Spirit. 

The  Irihes  eipially  fail(;d  to  .successfully  bestow  on  themselves  a  generic  name.    When 


•iKs  ,111(1 
iiiiil  >|„.| 

IS   of    (|„. 

I.     'I'll.. 

•ndcil   ji 

■'•t.      If- 

•  TS    .still 

n.illv  it 

ills   illlll 
'<tC(l    (||(. 

t.l.     n,. 

)i()ii(<  iif 

III'  sdid, 

-."    'flu. 

lis  new 


TlIK    INDIAN    TIlinKH. 


^.7:1 


(|ii('H(i(iii(.(l,  llicy  .iri'in'raily  iciilii'd  in  n  .•.|piiif  (if  iiiil('|M.nili'ii('c.  iiimli>j:iiiis  tn  lliMt  wliii'ii 
clmrnctcri/i'il  tilt!  (iiillic  iiml  (iolliic  trilics  (liiiiiiL'  tln'  Itciiiiiiii  rinii|iii'>ls.  iil    tlic  cinn- 


inc'iioomciit  dI"  lluf  Cliiistiiui  vn 


Til 


|.\  wi'ic.  Ill   till"  tunc  ul'  tliii^».  uiiiliki'  iiMtiKiis. 


Allii-iiininiii,  "all  iiH'ii,"  or  (iliir-timti,  ••war  iiicii."  Tin'  Dfliiwari's,  who  lia\t;  at  l-ast 
cliiims  to  ^rcdf^rapliical  prioritv  (tii  the  Atlaiitii^  sIkh'cs.  calK'il  llu'iiisclvcs  l.ninn  /.nni/ii, 
lis  if  \vt'  hIiouIiI  my  jikiIi;  or  nniii/i/  mm,  Imt  wliirli  a  IVt'c   tiaii.«latiini  ii'((iiir('s  tn  In' 


rem 


Icivil. 


//(( //  ll'/iit  iirr    )ll(  II. 


'I'lic   trilics    livillL'    ill    till'  vailcv  nf  tin'  Illinois    tnM    til 


Frciii'h  tlicy  were  Plliil,  or  nini.'     Tlit!  Al;.'niii|iiiii  trild-s,  licmTally,  pnniiinnrcil  tliciii- 

('()ii(|ii('rinir  Irixjiinis  proiioiincnl 


'iv.'S  I 


ihkiiiiiii 


/«(.tl 


II'  rnlllllHiii    prii/ 


i/r 


Th 


pniii 


I  aiii-i 


tlii'iiisclvi's,  nM  a  natiniialit}',  to  hi^  Oui/ir!  Ih 


I  III  VI, 


'  iiii'ii  t'xci'lliii'j:  a 


11    Utll 


Till'  jrlnlii'  lias  pn'sciitiil  ti'vv  races  ul"  iiicii  wlio  alliuil  stnmm'r  I'vidciici's  of  oriijiiial 
unity  with  tlic  Ailaiiiic  laniily  than  the  Anu'iicaii  Imliaiis.  CunsiiK'niidi'  (lilll'it.'iii'cs 
of  color  ill  till'  skin  exist,  varyini;'  IVoiii  the  cinnanioii  standard  to  a  dark  nil.  on  the 
one  hand,  niid  an  appniaeh  to  wliite,  on  the  other.  Ciiniatic  pheiioineiiii  and  peculiar 
habits  may.  aureeatily  to  Smith,  iicconnt  for  this.     Tlie  prairie  triiies  iire  L'eiienilly 


essed  with  a  russet  elemontal  tiiiL'o  of  a  deeper  liii 


while    the    tl'ilies    residiii'j: 


impi 

within  the  shelter  III"  vast  I'orests  assume  a  li;,diter  color.  'I'lii-re  are  deeper  shades  in 
tlie  Calirorniii  trihes,  and  still  darker  shades  on  the  hunks  of  the  Orinoco.  IJiit  tlie 
causes  of  these  chan;;es  atlmil  of  a  specitic  solution.  Aceordini:  to  Dr.  Ilarin.ir,  a 
trailitioM  is  still  extant,  that  a  slave  siiip  havinjx  entered  the  Urinoco.  the  iU'iL;roes  rose 
(111  the  natives,  and  having  destroyed  them,  .seized  on  their  women  for  wives,  mastered 
the  ship'.s  ollicers.  and  redeemed  themselves  from  liondau:i'. 

In  taking  11  comjireheiisive  view  of  the  Indian  tribes  of  tlic  United  States,  nnil  of 
North  America,  they  must  be  regarded   as  a  unity.      Such  is  the  o|)inion  of  the   late 


Dr.  Samuel  CieorL'c  Morton,  who,  from  a  lull  and  elaliorate  examiiialion 


their  jiliy 


slological  traits,  and  scientilic  admeasurements  of  the  Noluiiu'  of  crania,  deriveij    froin 
all  (piarters,  regards  the  leading  tribes  as  common  to  the  continent :  recoL'iiising  only 


the  distinction  between  skulls  of  semi-civilized  and  hunter  tri 


WMU'll. 


as  tlu!  learned 


phvsiologist  observes,  are  ••  manifestly  arbitrary."  '  This  distinction  is  an  important 
one.  and  should  bo  borne  in  mind,  althougli  it  will  not  fail  to  bi-  observed,  when  tiie 
data  are  investi-jated,  that  the  dassillcation  is  established  rather  on  ellects.   in   the 


)ro(luction  of  which,  mental  and  moral  habits  of  thinking,  tlii^  developineiit  of  arts 


aiira 


ultui 


am 


1  public,  architecture,  such  as  the  erection  of  teoealii   and   palatial 


lices.  are  supposed  to  have  exercised  no  slight  inlluence.    The  skulls  of  the  biinter  class 
of  tribes,  however,  particularly  tlio.se  of  the  Vesperic  group,  denote  a  greaterdeveioiMiieiit 


'  TIiIm  torm  is  siiiuiiliir,  ;iiiil  ri'c|nin-i  tin'  ii<ii!il  iiifli'X  in  ";,',  nr  >'»'/.  to  rciiiliT  il  [iliinl.      .\iiinii'_'  tin'  iiiDro 
iiurtlicrly  .\Ii;'iiii|iiin  tribos,  tlio  Ii.'IIit  11  is  iiitcivlian;j:i';il)lt'  with  /,  and  tlir  |)riiiiM'K'i:iliMii  is  /ifni. 

'  ('nl.loM. 

"  Miirtou'.s   Cniniri  Ainovieanii,  Vul.   II.,   p.   .'VJ><.     "  Kvorv  atfoinpt   to  cliissify  tlio  tribes,"   he   rcmnrks, 
"  iiiuot  ciiiiliiiui;  to  be  arbitriiiT,  uulil  ibi;  Ksl  of  i!i.iiLiic  -i'oui/b  ul'  laiiuiia-ro  bo  ^ii.iiIiiJ." 


I 


l« 


i'  . 


'I'ni 


•1 

i  'a 


I 


W4 


r.MSl'S    Ol"    DKCIJNK    (»K 


fil'ui'iiriniil  ri'iiniiil  miIiimh'  iIimii  iIiohc  dI' lln-  A/ti'i'i  iuhI  itf  tin-  I'lTiiviiiits.  iiinri' ('.«t|M'c!iilly 
tlm-i'  (if  till'  Aliiriimii  |iciiiH|.'  Tlirjic  jii'i'iilijir  i  liiiiiictfiiMiics  Iiii\c  liccii  donilit'il  \ty 
Dr.  Mortiiii  ill  n  roriiitT  voliiiiic  of  iliis  woik,  ami  illiiKtiittt'tl  liv  liiiixliftl  ilniwiiigM  of 
niiiiiii.' 

Wisliiii'.'  Ii>  iniikc  ('(unimriHoiis  ni'  ilic  cinn'ml  voliiiiio  nf  llu'  .several  jioiiorie  ^tdiiiih 
III'  the  N'esperie  lainilv.  eliif>i(ieil  iieeoiiliii','  tn  liiiivna^c.  I  r('(|in'-<t(i|  Mr.  .1.  S.  l'liilii|c<, 
wlni  liMil  Im'cm  Dr.  Mitrldn's  iis)<i?'t;iiit  iiiiil  r<('ieiitilic  iiiMni|iiiluliir  at  l'liil.iilel|iliiii.  to 
Mlliji'i't  llie  entire  eiihiiii-t  nl'  .xkiilis  tii  a  lieW  uilllieaHlireliiellt,  to^etiier  witll 
nilililimnil  speriiiien^i  rrnni  llie  I'aeilie  coimt,  ile|iiisite(l  in  the  caliiiiet  ol'  tlie  National 
Institute  at  \Va>hiii,L:ton.  Iiv  Cajitaiii  ('liarle.>«  Wiike.x,  l'.  S.  N,  The  re.»ult.-<  of  tlii.s 
exaininatiiiM.  whieh  are  \ery  inten'stiiiL'.  on  aeeoimt  of  the  laets  ileiliieeil.  have  heeii 
fri\en  in  a  preceilin.;  vnlinne.' 

The  aiinMasnieinent-*  of  .Mr.  IMiiliips  make  it  evident  that  tlu?  facia!  an;.'le  varied 
lull  htlle  liMMi  I'aeh  other  in  llie  .>.eri(s  of  Vesperie  >kiiil.x,  and  dilU'ied  iiiit  a  lew  defiiveH 
Ironi  (he  eonnnon  Kiiidiiean  and  Aiiieiiean  averau'e.  In  hi.-<  .xiiiniiiarv.  he  a.'^siiine.s  tho 
,«kiills  of  the  ••  hailiai'oii.s  trihe.H  of  Nortli  Aiiieriea"  to  have  "tlii  dej^'i'ee.s  facial  allele, 
and  S-H  eiihie  inehe.x  internal  eapacity. 

A-  to  tlie  eimiial  vdliiine  of  the  I'niteil  States  trihes.  the  adiiieasineineiils  place  tho 
internal  eapacity  of  the  Iroipiois  jrroiip  at  iSSi  cnl)ii!  inches;  the  ^reat,  central  Alj,'oii- 
r|nin.  and  the  Southern,  or  Appalachian  firoiips.  coincide,  in  their  mean  capacity,  at 
i^'-'i't  iiiciies;  tile  Dakotali.  or  I'rairie  j;roiip.  a\era,L;e  S"i  inches,  hein;;  I  I  inches  greater 
than  the  milder  AI,i;oni|iiiiis  and  Appalachians  ;  '•  and  these,"  he  adds.  "  ap|iear  to  posscHS 
UKive  force  of  character,  ami  more  of  the  untaineahle  violence  whiidi  forms  the  most 
characteristic  feature  in  our  liarharoiis  trihcs."  '  A  siviill  of  a  Wiinieha^o,  of  this  family, 
is  liiriired  in  the  precediiiu'  paper  of  Dr.  Morton.' 

Of  tlie  more  western  ^rrou|)s.  omhracin.Lt  the  Uocky  mountains,  and  cxtemling  to  tho 
I'acilic.  the  Shoshonees  are  rated  at  Si  iuclius  internal  ca[)acity,  and  the  Oivgonian  tribes 
atSlI;  not  the  sli^ahtest  diHerenco  oxistin;,',  in  this  respect,  between  the  natural  and 
the  artificially  llattoneil  heads." 

Tlu;  results  of  these  investigations  are  very  interesting,  and  are  the  more  suggestive,  as 
showing  that  the  native  cai)aeity  of  even  the  rudest  tribes  ranges  very  high.  They 
are  alike  interesting  and  suggestive,  bearing  testimony,  as  they  do,  to  this  great  fact 
in  liiunan  progress,  that  it  is  education,  letters,  and  art.s,  that  lead  to  the  development 
of  intellect.  The  degraded  and  variously  devtdoped  Chinook  skulls'  are  shown  to 
have  an  internal  capacity  of  SO  ;  while  the  evidences  of  eraniologic  studii's  demonstrate 
that  the  very  elongated  skulls,  such  as  tho.se  of  tin;  old  Peruvians,  disinterred  at  Lidco 
Titicaca,  denote  less  volume  than  those  of  the  North  American  hunter  tribes;'  although 


I  ('i;.iii;i  Aiiiniiiiiia.  "  Vi.l.  II.,  pp.  :i1.')  to:!:lI. 

'  llpi.l.,  p  :!::l'.  '  llii^i.,  V\:,w  I, Ml.,  ji.  •-•.-^i. 

'  I  bill.,  I'hit.s  Ll.N  ,  LX.,  LXl. 


'  ll.hl.,  pp.  :!.!l  t'l :',:)'}. 

°  ll.i(l..  p.  :!•_';'.. 

"  Crania  Auioricaiia. 


Mpccially 

!'•  ,!.'r<)ii|iH 

I'liiil.  Id 
K'r    uitli 

.V.lli.iMiil 

"•r  111  is 

IM'  liccil 


TIIK    INDIAN    TIUHES. 


B7/1 


tllo  tcMtiiiKtny  <tf  (iurcilcHo  »|p  In  N't'jrii,  liiiiiMcir  of  tlic  lacf,  uml  tlic  rcMt'iiii'lu'H  nl'  M. 
Ali'iflii  l)'<)il>i);;ny,  Min'toii,  uml  nil  otiii  in  wlio  hiivo  cMiiniiitil  lluir  liiittoiT.  cinifm'  to 
jmivi'  tluit  tiiCM'  iiiii'ii'iit  I'lMUviiuiM.  till-  A^iiiiniis  ol'  iikmIiiii  tiiiu''*.  "Mfii'  tin-  aiflii- 
ti'clH  r  llioir  own  tomlif*  iiiul  ti'iii|>li's."  iiiiil  Wfic  not,  an  kuuk'  .xiiiiiio-c.  ••  intnuli'iH,  w  lut 
liail  imiii'iHil  til)'  civili^atiuii,  and  iipiiniitiiiittHl  tliu  ingenuity  ul' an  antcii'iiint  and  nioi'u 
irit('IK'»!tiial  riu'c." 

In  Hununin^  ti|i  tlie  diHlitetioiiN  nrisin)^  from  a  Hurvcy  of  tlio  fuctH  addiiriil  to  |trov<! 
lliat  tlu'  tiil)crt  aiv  varictit'M  or  link*  in  tlic  chain  of  unity  "f  tin-  liniinin  >i[ii'cic's, 
n'ri'i'i'iu'c  is  nuuif  to  tlf  <|Uotation.s  irotn  Lavatci',  llmnlioldt,  ami  Liilhaiii,  and  to  tin* 
vii'WK  of  tilt'  Aiiwricaii  autlmrx,  Dr.  S.  0.  Murtun,  Dr.  Funvy,  and  Dr.  Tlionia.-*  Smitii, 
D.  D..  IIS  Hct  liirtli  in  tlu"  jirocoding  vohnncH.' 

'  V(.i.  II.,  pp,  315,  aui.   Vui.  III.,  p.  817.   Vol.  IV.,  p.  aril.   v.ii.  v.,  p.  awt. 


I 


\r 


1 

I 
I, 


'', 


,11 

it  : 

iill '' 

( 


\"' 


t  I 


SECTION   TWENTY-FOURTH. 

INDICIA     FROM     THEIR     ANCIENT     STATUS 
AND    ARCHAEOLOGY 


CHAPTER    I. 


OUTLINES    OF    MEXICAN    ANTIQUITIES. 


Pkoposing  to  iiiiikc  some  remarks  on  tlic  iihuri^iiial  !inti(|uitios  of  the  United  States, 
it  occurred  to  the  aiitiior  that  it  would  tend  to  facilitate  the  ohject,  and  clear  it  of  somo 
obscuritii's.  if  the  inquiry  were  preceded  hy  a  conci.se  view  of  the  characteristic 
nionuint'nts  of  -Mexico,  a  country  distinguished  by  a  similar  class  of  archaeological 
remains,  and  which  thus  I'nrnishes  a  standard  of  comparison  i'or  a  peculiar  group  of 
relics,  and  evidences  of  art  and  lahor.  which  have,  with  perhaps  too  much  precipitancy, 
been  called  enigmatical.  These  indii'ia  are,  clearly,  of  the  same  type  of  art,  under 
different  states  of  development.  Less  violence  would  ap^jcar  to  be  done  to  Indian 
history  by  such  a  reference  of  the  lower  to  the  higher  forms  of  art,  in  the  same  stocks, 
than  by  attriliuting  them,  as  is  commonly  done,  to  ancient  races  of  another  species,  of 
whom  nothing  is  known,  but  who  are  suppo.^ed  to  ha\o  preceded  the  aborigines  in  the 
occupation  of  America.  Meantime,  such  a  reference  leaves  untouched,  as  a  topical 
suliject  of  inquiry,  of  suljordinato  importance,  the  pi'rticnhir  (piestion  of  intrusive 
European  remains,  in  the  ruins  of  Indian  towns,  guacas,  or  ossuaries. 

If  the  Toltec  race  of  North  American  Indians  have  achieved  these  triumi)hs  of  art, 
in  architecture,  and  in  the  manipulation  of  fabrics,  it  would  be  no  cause  for  astonish- 
ment that  the  Mississippi  valley  tribes,  occupying  a  coterminous  country',  should  erect 
mounds  and  teocalli,  or  surround  their  villages  with  a  rude  species  of  castramotation. 

Having  mentioned  my  desires  on  this  subject  to  IJrantz  Mayer,  Esq.,  a  gentleman  of 
close  observation,  who  has  resided  in  Mexico  in  an  ofTicial  capacity,  and  made  the  topic 

(676) 


Drawn  and  roio"edfroiii  thi  onjiiual  ir.  ^KeMuseum  f.!  Mcxicc  'byBriTila  May°.r  !SV2  . 

;£PULCHPAL  VASE  AND   COVEB.-AN  AZTEC    RELIC 


.:i 


I' 


HI 

m 


:< 


i    .1 


i^:^ 


1  \\M 


1    '^ 


•*>.  ■< 


INDICIA  FROM   ANCIENT   STATUS  AND  ARCH  AOO  LOG  Y.      .-.77 

itsrll'  liis  study,  Iio  fiiriii.sla'il  me  witli  tliu  siilijoined  paper,  in  wliicli  tlu'  (jucsliou  is 
trfiitcil  in  ii  .synoptical  and  condon^<od,  yet  clear,  coniprehensivc.  and  |)re(;ise,  manner. 
Tlie  illustrations  arc  also  from  liis  p(Micil,  and  exhihit  these  nionnnients  of  art  in  that 
peculiar  style,  which  so  strikingly  marks  this  class  of  American  remains. 


MEMORANDA    UPON    MEXICAN    ANTIQUITIES. 
15 V    15ha.\tz    .Maykk. 

In  the  followinf^  memoranda  ujion  Mexican  anli(|nities,  I  propose  to  present  a  Lreneral 
view  of  all  that  have  been  discovered  and  noticed  within  the  limits  of  the  Mexican 
Repuhlic.  and  a  special  notice  of  such  as  ha\t'  lieen  ju'eserved  within  tiie  district  that 
was  inunediately  under  Aztec  control;  consecpientiy.  the  term  *•  Mexican"  nnist  bo 
considered  ijfncrlr,  in  the  classilication  of  tiiesc  remains. 

The  (|nestion  of  ancient  ci\iliziUii)n  within  that  rejiion  is  one  of  i/'i/nr.  If  \\n 
accept  as  true  the  account  of  the  c(in((uerors.  and  especially  of  Ik'rnal  Diaz  del  Castillo, 
to  whom  eminent  critics  are  (lis|)()sed  toascriijc  iiiuii  aulhoiily,  we  are  ohiiii'ed  to  regard 
the  better  classes  of  the  Aztecs  as  I'elined.  tin,'  middle  classes  as  laborious  and  thrifty, 
the  lower  as  submissive;  while  all  are  entitled  to  a  respectalile  raidc  amonj;'  nations  in 
the  sixteenth  century,  exce[)t  .so  far  as  lliey  were  degraded  by  the  cruelties  of  their 
superstitious  worship  and  warfare. 

It  is  not  necessary,  in  the.se  observations,  to  dcscriljc  ))articidarly  the  comlition  of 
Aztec  .society-,  at  the  period  of  Si)anish  invasion  and  occupation.  That  t.isic  lias  been 
so  satisfactorily  aoconi|)lishcd,  in  thi^;  history  of  the  (Aimpiest.  by  Mr.  I'rescotl.  and 
made  so  familiar  to  English  students  by  the  translations  of  Bernal  Diaz  del  Castillo  and 
of  the  Cartas  ile  Cortez.  that  nothing  can  be  added  by  a  new  writer  to  these  original 
som'ces.'  Yet.  as  geography  is  illnstrateil  by  maps,  so  is  literary  descri|ition  made 
clearer  by  illustrations;  and.  accordingl}'.  I  have  collected  such  specimens  in  the 
annexed  plates,  as  will  convey  accurate  notions  of  tiic  forms  and  arts  that  were  familiar 
to  the  aborigines. 

When  I  visited  the  city  of  Mexico  in  1S41  and  I84li,  1  employed  most  of  my  leisure 
in  gathering  inl()rmation  as  to  the  ancient  reimiins  still  extant  iii  the  Kei)ublic.  1 
found  few  students  or  colU'ctors  in  Mi^xican  arclueology,  and  not  a  single  work.  exce[il 
that  of  Gania,  wliii^h  treated  the  sniiject  in  a  scienlilic  or  .systematic  wa\'.-  The 
National  Museum,  in  the  oUl  I'niversity  budding,  was  o[)en  to  strangvrs.  and  contained 
an  ill  arranged  nniss  of  nniterials.  taken  from  dillerent  parts  of  the  country,  consisting 
chietly  of  utensils  and  images.     Tlu'  r.r-cniulr  Del  IV'uasco,  since  deiul.  [)os.sessed.  in  a 


'  See  Folsom's  Tr.nnsbtion  of  the  Ciirta.s  de  Cort(>/.,  ainl  Koatinn'a  ami  Liu'kliarl's  tniiislatiniis  nl'  Diaz. 

'  (lama's  "  Doscripi'ion  Historica  y  Croiiokigica  <lo  las  dns  jiic'Jras."  I'te.,  \i'.,  \c  :  .^ll■.\i^^,  Is.'iL'.  Ilum- 
liuldl's  and  Lord  Kin^sboroiigli'a  publieatiuiis  on  Mexican  Aiitii|uitio.x  are,  in  tact,  onlv  colU'i'tions,  or  wliiu  Uie 
French  call  •■  miuioin  !i  jwiir  s.rri'r,"  \c  ,  i^o  ,  cSic 

v,,i„  VI.  — 7:1 


I    ' 


I    :.1| 


V-ai 

I 


r.78  INDICIA    FROM    Til  Kill    ANCIENT 

spacious  npurtment  of  liis  d welling,  a  largo  iis.scinblage  of  ancient  remains;  but  all 
these  tilings,  in  both  estaljlisiiinents.  were  shown  rather  as  curiosities  than  ns  objects 
ul'  historical  interest  or  ethnological  value.  In  literature,  most  of  the  memoranda, 
jihuis,  details,  drawings,  and  descriptions,  were  scattered  in  M8S.  and  magazines;  and 
the  modern  city  had  obliterated  every  vestige  of  tiie  i)asl  on  the  site  oi"  the  ancient 
capital.  Whatever  inl'ormation,  therefore,  was  still  to  be  had,  could  only  be  obtained 
from  these  unclassified  sources,  and  without  such  intelligent  guidance  as  would  enable  a 
stranger  who  had  other  occupations,  to  receive  an  accurate  or  connected  idea  of  Mexii'an 
art.  Accordingh-,  wlu-never  it  was  coiiveiiieut.  i  spent  niueli  of  my  time  in  the  Museum, 
tind  in  Count  Penasco's  colioctioii,  wiiere  1  made  accurate  drawings  of  almost  every 
striiving  or  im[)ortant  object;  and,  sui)se(juently,  I  visitetl  every  spot  of  interest  in  the 
valley  of  Mexico,  examined  the  remains  at  Cliapullei)ec,  Tezcoco,  Tezcocingo,  Teoti- 
huaean,  and  cros.-^ed  the  mountains  to  the  southern  valleys  of  I'uebla  and  Cnernavaca, 
where  I  saw  tiie  remarkalile  remains  at  Cliolula  and  Xochicalco.' 

My  examinations  and  studies  of  Mexican  antitjuities  have  resulted  in  the  following 
classification  of  the  remains,  within  the  present  limits  of  the  Republic  in  1857  : 

First    Class. 
Remains  of  a  Xatioiia/,  or  Mtdnoijntl  CItaructer. 

1.  Monumental  or  pyramidal  remain.s,  tem])les,  palaces,  &c.,  &c.,  of  stone,  with  or 

without  .sculpture,  carving,  or  ornament,  as  at  Uxinal,  Palenque,  &c.,  &c. 

2.  Earthworks,  mound.s,  or  pyramidal  erections  of  adube,  or  sun-dried  bricks,  as  at 

Teotihuacan  and  Cliolula. 

3.  Fortifications,  as  at  Mitla  and  Quomada,  &c. 

4.  Roads,  as  at  Xochicalco,  Quemada,  and  Mapilca. 

5.  Aqueducts,  as  at  Tezct)cingo.  &c.,  &c. 
G.  Groves,  as  at  Chapultepec,  Tezcoco,  &c. 
7.  Terraced  hills,  as  at  Tezcocingo. 

S  E  f  •  o  N  D    Class. 

Remains  of  <t  Lileriri/,  or  liicord  Churacltr. 

Tlie  Mexican  picture-writing  preserved  at  various  places,  and  especially  :  — 

I.   Ill  the  Mu.seum  at  Me.\ico. 

'1.    In  tin,'  Codex  \'alicanus.  number  .'>77G. 


'  Tlif  .|UPst  of  .spociinens  of  .intiiiuitios  In'  travellers  in  Mexico,  has  formed  a  elas.s  of  iiiirciiious  imitators 
aiiinii'_'  tlio  natives;  so  t'l.'il  tin'  smaller  nlpji'd",  e>|ii'eiall\'  tliose  of  pottery,  are  so  eleverly  eounterfi'iti'd.  tliat 
it  iii|uires  skill  to  detect  the  iiii|ii)stiire.  Many  of  tlii>e  "  miHlern  antii|iies"  have  lieeii  imp^jrled  into  our 
edunlry  hy  persons  who  collected  during  the  war;  and  it  is  pru|)ur  to  eautiuu  tlic  possessors  uf  cabinets  before 
thev  nin'rh  them  with  these  shams 


.1 


'U 


ti 


.  r  -  ■ 


S  T  A  T  U  S    AN  I)    A  11  ('  1 1  .!•;  ( )  L  (J  (J  Y.  r<7'J 

3.  Ill  the  Codex  VaticaiuiH,  number  37;J8. 

4.  In  the  Codex  BorgiiUius,  of  Veletri. 

5.  In  the  Codex  Cologna. 

6.  In  the  Codex  Pcsh,  Hungary,  of  Mr.  Fejarvari. 

7.  In  the  Codex  Oxford,  of  Archbishop  Laud. 

8.  In  the  Codex  Vienna. 

9.  In  the  Codex  Oxford,  Bodleian. 

10.  In  the  Codex  Oxford,  Sekien. 

11.  In  the  Codex  Berlin,  Humboldt. 

12.  In  the  Codex  Dresden. 
1  :i.  In  the  Codex  Boturiiii. 

14.  In  the  Codex  Pari.s,  Tell : 

15.  In  the  Codex  Tellurianus  Keniensis. 

10.  In  the  Codex  Oxford,  Jlendoza  collection. 

Most  of  which  are  engraved  in  Lord  Kin:.:sl)orough's  1st,  *2d,  and  3d  volumes  of 
Mexican  Antiquities,  cojjied  from  the  originals,  designed  and  jniiuted  on  paper  made 
of  the  (tfjavc  Americana. 

17.  Paper,  made  of  the  leaves  of  the  American  aloe,  or  af/nve  Americana. 

T  n  I K  I)    Class. 
iScu/plarcd  Stotte, 

1.  The  gigantic  i<lol  of  Teoyaomiqui,  in  Mexico,  and  the  numerous  large  carved 

stones  and  figures  in  Yucatan,  &c.,&c.,  delineated  in  Norman's,  Stephens's  and 
Catherwood's  works,  kc.  kc. 

2.  The  stone  calletl  the  Sacrilicial  Stone,  at  Mexico. 

3.  Images  of  all  sizes,  of  serpents,  insects,  beasts,  &c.,  &c.,  in  stone,  the  figure  either 

statuesque,  or  in  high  relief. 

4.  Carved  sacrificial  yokes  of  stone. 

Fourth    Class. 
Ohjecta  Carved  from  Obsidian. 

1.  Obsidian  musks. 

2.  Obsidian  rings. 

3.  Oljsidiau  sacrificial  knives. 

4.  Obsidian  lance  and  arrow-heads. 

5.  Obsidian  mi(2itahttitl,  or  club-swords. 

6.  Various  other  small  objects  of  the  same  material. 


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J80 


INDICIA    FROM    THEIR    ANCIENT 

Fifth    Class. 

Mmical   Instrumenta. 

.  Topoiinztli  —  drums  carved  of  wood. 

.  Flajioolets. 

.  liattlc's  and  whistlus. 

S 1 X  T  n    Class. 

/btlcri/. 

,  Fmioral  vases. 
\'as(>s. 

Donicvstic  utensils  of  all  usclul  kinds. 

Pipes. 

Stamps  Tor  impriiitiii,i;-  iiiaiks  or  (iiiim's. 

Images  i)!'  various  small  sizes,  and  consisting  of  entire  figures, 

Spindles. 

Cliildren's  tojs. 

S  E  V  E  N-  T  n      C  L  ASS. 
Mit^rllnni'iiiw,   of  Sfoiir. 
Axes. 

Clul)  or  mace-heads. 
Arrt)\v-Iioads. 
Dressing-tools  for  skina. 
Pound  ing-stones. 

Corn-grinding  and  masliing-stones. 
Sniddtliing-stones.  to  he  licated  for  smootliing. 
Graining-sfones,  grooved  lor  moulding  in  lines.  &e..  .'ic. 


Eighth    Class. 
Weapons,  t^c,  ^-c. 

I.  Bows. 

-.  Arrows. 
.3.   Lances. 

4.  Darts. 

5.  Miqniiliuitl,  or  obsiJ^'^n  club-sword. 
C.  Shields. 

7.   War-dresses. 


i"     4 


«.   A.. 


STATUS    AND    A  R  r  H  .1501.00  Y.  681 

N  I N  T 11    Class. 

Siiait'ific. 

1.  The  stono  Cfillod  the  Calendar  Stone,  at  Mexico;  other  similar  stones,  and  nstro- 
noniii'ivl  paintingH. 

The  Aztec  government  and  influence  did  not  extend,  prohably.  over  the  whole  n'L'ion 
siibsoqiuMitly  linown  as  New  Spitin.  a  lavgo  jiart  of  which  is  still  compi'isod  in  tlie 
Mexican  Kcpuhlic ;  hut  tiuMv  ai"  MuN'rMKNTAt.  I'kmai.vs  oI"  the  chariictcr  alliulcd  (n 
in  the  FiKST  Class,  ('ivil.  rcliL'iiMis.  and  ddcnsivc,  in  almost  ('.-cry  (piartcr  nl'  the 
ccinntry.  These  are  in  the  form  oC pyramids,  stone  cdillces.  tnitilications,  roads,  inid  p\ililie 
impr()vement.i  jrenerall},  exiiihiliiiLr  a  considerable  kiiowle(lL'e  orarcliitecture.  ornament, 
ami  the  mecliainc  arts. 

The  principal  of  these  remains,  under  the  First  t'hiss.  are  to  he  found  in  the  follow- 
ing States,  as  at  present  geograpliically  hounded  : 

1.  Zacatecas.  —  In  the  State  of  Zacatecas  there  ar(>  remarkal)le  remains  of 
aboriginal  architecture,  on  a  hill  cnlleil  the  ('crm  Jelux  Eilijliui,.'!,  two  leagues  northerly 
from  the  village  of  \'ilianeuva.  tweho  leagues  southwest  from  Zacatecas.  about  one 
league  north  from  La  Quemada.  at  an  elevation  of  TKtli  feet  above  the  sea,  and  about 
-'lY  of  north  latitude.  These  remabi-^  consist  of  pyramid-:.  Ibrtilications.  walls,  juivcd 
roads,  and  large  t|uantities  of  stout'  edilices.  Tiiey  are  (daborately  descril)ed  in  tiie 
Travels  in  Mexico,  by  Captain  Iaoii.  and  are  noticed,  illustrated  by  a  line  [date,  in  the 
Viiijc  PinliiVi yiii  11  AniiiiiiliKiiii,  uf  Nebel. 

U.  Tamaii.ii'As.  —  lu  the  ."^tiiti'  of  Tamaulipas  there  arc  many  relics  of  m  curious  and 
interesting  character.  They  consist  of  mounds,  pyramids,  ruined  edilices.  tondis, 
images.  iVagments  of  obsidian.  jHittery,  ntcnsils.  hewn  blocks,  carved  in  bold  relief;  and, 
in  some  places  they  are  Uiuiid  in  such  f|uaiitilies  and  connections  as  indicate  the  ancient 
sites  of  large  cities.  Tlie  jn'iucipal  inliirmation  we  havi'  rel;iti\-e  to  the  anti(|uitics  of 
Tamaulipas,  is  in  the  *•  I!amble~  by  l/;ni(l  and  AVater.  or  Notes  of  Traxcl  in  Cuba  mid 
3Icxico."'  writ'en  by  Mr.  15.  M.  Norman,  of  New  ()ile;m<.  in  ls|o.  As  tiiis  genlleuiiiu's 
anti([uariau  rescai'ches  wer(>  only  ejjisodes  of  his  journey  ihrough  tin-  compaiative 
wilderness  of  that  tropical  region,  his  work,  valuable  as  it  is,  serves  rathei'  as  an  index 
than  a  full  descriiitiou  of  what  nuist  engage  the  attention  of  future  investigators. 

;i.  \\.\i\  ClUZ.  —  In  the  State  of  \'era  Cruz  thert-  are  remains  of  civic  aivhitt'ctin'c. 
pottcr\'.  images.  car\  im;.  \e>sels.  ^^c  i*\:c..  \e..  at  Panuco.  Cliacuaco.  San  Nicola^;  ;ii 
Tapantla  there  is  a  well  prcser\e(l  stone  pyramid,  Avhich  is  re[)resentcd  in  Plate  Nl.. 
Fig.  A  :  at  Mapilca  there  are  pyramiils.  carved  stone.s,  the  ruins  of  an  extensive  town, 
and  a  road  formed  of  blocks  of  stone;  at  Tusapan  there  is  a  ]ni'amid,  a  .stone  fountain 
of   ver\'   remarkalile  shape,   a  caual    tor  navigation,   and   considerable  civic    icmains. 


') :. 


.•)82 


IVDTriA    FliMM    TIIFIU    A  N  (' 1  K  \ 


'\M 


^Ih 


jfa  tf 


>!> 


III  ^ 


iiulicatinj;  tlio  >\h'  oC  an  siiirii'iit  town;  on  tin-  Island  dl"  Sacrilicios,  near  tlio  City  of 
A'ora  Cruz,  imtlcry.  imagt's,  ^■a^('^',  toMihH,  sla-lctons,  and  IVauiiuMits  of  ol),sidian,  liavo 
lici'ii  foinid  ;  at  .Mi.-aiitla  tliciv  aiv  px  ramids.  toniKs.  and  civii'  architortniv  in  slono ; 
and  near  llic  National  l{rid?(>  (/nirnii  ii(fii>iiiil]  \\\vw  is  a  |iyi'aniid  of  stoni". 

I.  YiCATAN. —  In  till'  State  cif  Yucatan.  .Mosis.  ."^ti'iilicns  and  CutluTWooil  found 
tlio  wonderful  nioinniu'ntal  loiuaius  dcscrilprd  and  drawn  iiy  tlu'in.  lii'twt'cn  IS"  and 
'_M*°  of  noi'tli  latitndc,  at  .Maxcann,  llxnuil,  Sachey.  XamiMin.  Sanactc,  Chinilndni, 
T.alipaldv.  Ttin'I)id('.  ,Maya|)aii.  San  Francisco,  Tionl.  Nocliacali.  Xoch.  Kaliali.  Sahatsclio, 
Laliua.  Kcinck".  1/anial.  Saccacal.  Tei  a\.  Alvil.  Mani.  Macniia.  Mccani'lien,  I'oto,  and 
Chii'lii'n.  in  tiio  intoriia*  of  the  State,  and  at  'I'nlooin,  'raiieaf,  ami  im  tlie  islaiul  of 
Cozninel.  on  its  eastern  mast. 

o.  Chiapas.  —  In  tlic  Slate  of  Chiajias.  the  same  travellers  found  arcliitectural 
remains  lietweeu  1(1' and  Is^  of  north  latitmle.  at  Ocoziniro  and  Palen(|Ue.  and  they 
state  tiuit  in  their  lom;'. '•irrouul.ir  route  throu.:h  these  reiiions,  they  tliscovered  tla; 
renuuns  tti'  ih'/i/-/iiiir  <iii<-iiitt  rifii,-^.  nio.-t  oi'  tiuan  a  short  distani'o  apart,  tluaigh  (iVom 
the  irivat  chaiiL'o  tiiat  lins  taken  place  in  the  country,  and  i  le  lu'eakiuj-  up  of  the  old 
roails.)  haviuiT  no  direct  ceinnninication  with  each  other.  With  hut  few  e\ccplioiis.  all 
were  lost,  liurieil.  and  unknown,  ami  some  oi'  them,  jierhaps.  n<'v<'r  looked  upon  hy  tho 
(•ye  of  a  white  man."  The  drawings  of  these  ruins,  hy  Mr.  (!atherwood,  have  ina<lo 
the  puhlic  familiar  with  their  style  and  character,  and  induce  us  to  helieve  that 
Yucatan  and  Chiapas  must  have  been  the  seats  of  tpiite  an  advanced  civilization  and 
largo  population. 

0.  I'UKiu.A.  —  In  tlie  State  of  I'uehla.  the  oidy  important  anciont  remain  is  tho 
Pyramid  of  Cholnla,  in  the  neiiihhorhood  oT  the  modern  city  of  Puehla.  l[und)oldt 
gives  the  dimensions  of  this  gigantic  pyramid,  w  Inch  is  huilt  of  ik/hIics.  or  ■^ini-ilrlcd 
lirirk.  as  follows;  hase.  ItliiO  feet:  elc\atiou,  iti'i  feet;  hut.  ihn'ing  our  war  with 
Mexico.  liieuteniuit  Ream-egard.  of  the  Ku-iiu'er  (.'orps.  measured  its  altitude  with  a, 
.se.xtaiit.  and  found  it  to  he  'iU:'.  leet.      Ilumliolilt.  it  is  nuderstood.  used  a  haromet(>r. 

7.  Mkxico.  —  In  the  State  ol'  Mexico,  there  are  no  (inliilccliinil  remains  either  at 
the  cajiital,  or  in  its  immediate  neighborhood.  The  moilern  city  has  entindy  destroyed 
and  displaced  all  traces  of  the  anciinit.  But  there  ar<<  ro//-r//.,w.s,  us  I  have  already 
said,  of  minor  anticpiarian  objects  in  the  museum,  and  in  |iri\ate  lunuls ;  while  there 
are  moinnnental  and  architecturid  ndies.  at  som(>  distanci'  from  the  capital,  at  Tezcoco, 
Tezcoeingo.  Teotihuacan.  and  Xochiealco.      (See  Plate  XI.,  Fig.  I?.) 

S.  Oa.iata. — In  the  State  ol'Oajaea.  there  are  mounds  or  tunmli  \\\  Tachila;  mounds 
and  pyramids  !il  .Monte  .Mban.  and  at  Coyi'da.  ,Sau  Juan  de  los  (^les.  (luengola,  Quii>- 
tepec.  and  near  Tehuantt'pee ;  winle  at  .Mithi.  thei'e  are  th(>  remarkidile  edilices  whi<'h 
I  have  described  in  the  recent  publications  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  \o\.  IX., 
accoinpaniod  by  .Mr.  J.  (l.  Sawkins's  drawings. 


■  ¥.  h 


STATI?<    AND    AltCll  .i;(tl,(»(i  Y. 


',h:^ 


'I'liroiiirhout  tliuso  ruins  tlicrf  nn-  spi'i'imcns  ol'  Miil|itiiic.  oniMin^iit.  and,  in  sonio 
instinicfH.  appareiitlv.  ol'  liicrnj-'lvi  iccdids;  many  nl'  tin-  latter  lirin'i  cuiiiod  in  tlio 
illurttrationH  of  till'  works  of  Slcpliens  mih!  Callnruood.  In  Mcsiio,  Yucatan,  Chiapas, 
and  Oajaca.  tliort'  arc  nuincrnns  fiiruio  scnlpturi'd  in  stuni',  of  various  dimensions;  and 
j];eiieral  resendilanct's  of  tlesi^^n.  ('oneeption,  ami  execution  may  lie  tra<'rd  anion;:  tliem, 
with  the  exception  of  tiiose  naid  to  hr  found  in  Oajacii,  in  the  neiixlihorhond  of  Mitla. 

The  style  is  niori'  lloiid  as  the  travidlcr  proceeds  southward  and  examines  the 
rcnnvins  in  Yucatan  and  Chiapas;  nor  is  it  at  all  improhahle,  thai  the  ciiitr<'  of  ci\ili- 
zaliou  was  comprised  within  those  States,  toi^vther  with  Mexico  and  OaJa^a. 

In  illu-lration  of  the  first  series  of  this  classification  of  monumental  I'emaiiis.  I  in-i'it 
a  sketch  of  the  two  puamids  at  'reotilinacan.  in  the  State  of  Mexico,  which  are 
iitrtliinirks.  oi'  uiln/ir  structures,  and  Unown  as  the  /niiiiflii/i-i//:.iii/iiiil.  or  liini-y:  uf  Ihr  sim. 
and  the  tii<:.lli-iil::ttij(Hil,"Y  li'mxtiij  th'  ni'iini.  They  lise  lioldl_\  iVom  the  plain,  sipiariii;: 
exactly  with  the  points  of  the  compas.-,  and.  ihuu-h  covered  witii  vegetation,  are  clearly 
distinuuishahle  in  their  outlines.  Tlie  ••  hun-c  of  the  sun"  is  \'1\  leet  hi^li.with  a  liasc 
of  082  feet;  hut  the  diniunsions  <,>['  the  other  pyramid  are  somewhat  smaller.' 


-':ifa£K 


-^:.»''.-''^»'-s-  •^*" 


I^yriuiii'l-  of  TcntilMi:ii':in. 

\\\  reference  to  Plate  XI..  FIl's.  A  and  M.  the  reader  will  oKlam  an  idea  of  the  xlmn' 
]>vrainids.  whose  remains  are  still  preserved.  V\'S.  .V  is  the  drawing''  of  the  pyramid  ol 
I'apantla.  in  the  State  of  Vera  Cruz,  near  the  villa-c  of  Papantla.on  the  eastern  .slopes 
of  the  Cordillera,  in  the  midst  of  a  tropical  re-ion,  of  ureat  luxuriance.  Its  l.ase 
measures  TJd  feet  on  every  side,  and  its  summit  (a'lout  I'lil  feet)  is  reached  hy  a  stair, 
which  ends  at  the  to]i  of  the  sixth  story.  The  plain  on  which  it  is  -.itnated,  is  coveivd 
with  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  city,  which  was  more  than  a  mile  and  a  hall   in  circnii. 

Manv  of  the  Mexican  pyramids  were  llat-sided.  like  tlio.se  of  Teotihuacan  ;  hul  the 
one  at  rajiantla  was  hiiilt  in  staiics  or  storys,  like  that  at  Xochicalco.  in  t!ie  Stal''  of 
.Mexico,  the  lirst  and  only  remainin;.'  story  of  which  is  delineated  in  Plat"  XI..  I'ii:-.  15. 
The  storv  of  this  ])yrauiid  that  has  lieeii  spared  from  the  .U'predations  of  neijlilionng 
properlv-hoMers,  who  have  used  its  stones  as  a  ([uarry  for  buiMiii,::  i/uriMi,-.e>.  is  rcclan- 

'Soo  Mcxicn;  Aztec-,  .Spiuiish,  iiiiJ  Hfpublicuii,  Yul.  2,  [>.  liTO,  fur  a  full  dc-ciiiaiuii  ui'  tlics...  ruins  at 
Tciptiliu;u'iiii 


I  I 


I'i  •;  ! 


iiilt 


III 


I  / 1 


iii:,' 


INDICIA     Kltd.M    'I  III;  IK     A  NC  I  KNT 


fiuliii',  and  I'aee.s  nortli,  miiiiIi,  vhM,  iukI  wvM,  in  I'xact  eono>iK)iuU'iici'  witli  tlio  cnniiiml 
piiiiitH.  It  iiioasurcs  .■ii.vty-foiir  I'cot  on  its  iiortlicni  front  aliovc  tlic  plinth,  and  lil'ty- 
fi;.'lit  on  its  \vu.><ti'ni.  Tlu' di.^tMncc  lii'twccn  tiic  jilintli  iind  I'rii'/i'  is  aliout  ti'ii  IVct ; 
tlio  l)rcatlth  of  the  frie/e,  lim'c  and  oni'-Iialf;  ami  lln'  licij-dit  of  i1k'  cornici',  one  foot, 
live  ini'lii's.  Wlion  it  was  iicrfrct.  il  is  said  to  liavi'  liccn  liso  slorii's  in  elevation.  'I'lie 
iiortliein  front  is  still  most  nninjnn'd.  and  lliere  the  liold  carving,  l)et\veen  tliree  and 
lour  indies  in  relief,  is  distinctly  \isilile,  in  all  its  'irotesijneness,  as  exhihili'd  in  tiio 
plate.  Tlic  massive  stones,  snnie  of  uliieli  are  seven  feet  eleven  inches  long.  Iiy  two 
feet  nine  inches  wide,  lire  m1!  laid  on  ciicli  other  \villiont  cement,  and  kept  together  liy 
the  Weight  of  the  whole  eijilice. 

Papantia  is  Imilt  of  sandstone,  lieantifiilly  s(piared.  joined,  and  covered  with  hard 
stucco,  which  ap]iears  to  hiiv  heen  painted.  Xochiealco  was  constructed  ol'  liasaltii! 
rock;  and.  when  we  eousidrr  that  ihe-e  innnense  masses  were  not  only  carried  up  IKK) 
feet  of  a  hill  to  theii'  present  site,  hut  were  ImiMie  iVoiii  a  considerahle  distance  to  tliu 
base  of  the  hill,  we  are  forcihiy  struck  hy  the  mechanical  skill  which  onahled  the 
Indians,  without  the  aid  of  horses,  to  perform  sue'i  dillieidt  tasks.  The  yor/(i.«  df  these 
two  pyramids,  and  the  /iiiriiiniiidiiy  iirii/inrfi'iiis  o['  a\\  their  parts,  deserve  great  atti-ntion 
in  estimatircj'  the  (lei:i'ee  tif  relined  areiiiteetni'Mi   taste  of  the  ahorigines. 

Besides  the  ]iyramids  coinpriseil  in  this  Fiust  ''lass,  or  /)i  iiutins  n/ n  Xii/tiunil 
Cfiiiriiilu:  there  are  all  the  other  constructions  and  edifices  which  indicate  the  existence 
of  general  and  mnniei|ial  liovernmenf.  religimis  service,  domestic  elegance,  civic  care, 
defence,  and  liixtiry.  Distinct  types  i.f  these  are  to  he  found  prei'ininiMitly  in  the 
temples  ami  palaces  of  I'xmal  and  l*alempu'.  adorned  with  a  singular  mingling  of 
cultivated  taste  and  hailiaric  odd  ts  .  in  the  edilices  and  fortifications  of  Qui'unida, 
.Mitla.  and  Misantla  ;  in  tiie  jiavi'd  loads  at  Xochiealco.  (^ueniiida.  and  Mapilca:  in  the 
jilantations  .nnd  gro\es  at  'I'e/coco  and  ( 'hapnltepee ;  and  in  the  terraced  hill  and 
acpieduct  of  Ti'/cocingo.  These  are  the  most  striking  remains  of  that  civilization 
which  seems  to  have  i.ri.;inated  in  the  central  portions  of  our  continent,  in  isolated 
indepc'iiilence  of  all  the  wur!  I. 

The  second  series  of  remains  in  this  classificatioi;  eomjirises  the  literary  antitpiities 
of  the  ahori^inles  in  this  region,  and  is  known  as '' pi(  ture-writing."  The  princijjal 
relics  of  this  character  are  lonml  in  the  enllections  mentioned  in  tli(>  second  classifica- 
tion, on  jiage  oTH. 

The  ^^exican  pietnre-w  riting  was  ummI  only  for  recording  facts,  apart  from  abstract 
ideas.  The  ni.aterial  used  as  a  \ehi(de  was  [japer.  made  of  the  <iii<iir  .Uixli'itnn  ;  and 
the  figures  delineated  on  it.  in  profile  outline,  were  generally  colored  yellow,  hlue,  red, 
green,  and  black,  ^vitllollt  any  attempt  at  |ieispective  or  shading.  None  of  the  designs 
can  Ix-  said  to  rise  lo  tlie  dijnity  of  "historical  pictui'es."  in  the  moili-rn  sense  of  that 
artistic  [ihrase ;   while   inanv  of  thi.'ni.  when   they  n rd  particular  incidents,  resendih' 


STA  I  (   .«    A  N  |i        1(1    n.\       ».'  •(♦  Y, 


SW 


till'  lutlf  CDliircd  .ski'tclii's  ut' iiiir  NDrtli  Aiiicii«uii  u.hi'' im  !■  u-lnuk  iiml  IiiiIImIh- 
nkitirf.  tliou'ili  tlicv  iiic  III'  ii  iiKiri-  rlalinrili'  cliiinirl' 

'I'li4'    |iiflinr-\\  I  iliiiu'   coiisislcil    III'  an    iiiliiliai  y  !«> -t<'iri   'if  >vmiliiil<.   ilrimiinL;'    M'MI'^. 
inillltlis,  (lilXS.  scaMills.   till'    I'li'Illi'llts.  ami    rVfllls    i>l'   rii'ijur'it    m-, mlrlH  r  :    an    rllinl    III 

ilclinrati'  |ifr>iinH  inul  lln'ii'  iii'ls;  ami  a  iilinni'tii'  >\>ti'ni,  wliirli.  Ky  niran-<  nl'  iilijr.ls. 
ciinvi'vcil  Minnils  llial.  i-in'.'ly  or  in  I'lnnliinatiiin.  ('\|irr>Mil  lln-  I'arl-  tins  wcri'  nii'ant 
til  nriii'il.  I5iit  tiiis  iipiicars  tn  liaxi-  Ihi'M  tiir  lAlmt  nl'  lln'  ait  111'  |ii'i|ii'liiatin'^  llir 
nii'iniir\  nl'  Illinois  aniiin'j'  tin'  A/Iiti  at  tlii-  linn' nl'  llir  nini|iii'-l  ;  ami  a<  llir  |iiililir 
ciiilii'i'H  wci'i-  lull  III'  tlii'si-  iln(!inm'iit~.  wliii'li  tlii'  S|ianiari|i  ninsiilnril  tin'  ■•>\niliiils  nl" 
a  |ii'siili'nt  sn|iiTstitiiin."  ncaiiy  all  tlir  ••  |iii'lmr-\\  riiiii'js  "  wciv  ili'i<iiii\iii  li\  nnliT  nl' 
the  tirst   ar('liiii.>'lin|i  nl'   .Mr\irn. 

Till'  lliinl  I'ias-ilii'alioM   irli'is  tu  ii'inains  I'nniirrlril  wiili  irlijicn.  <<[•  A/trc  \Mir>lii]i. 

This  I'cliL'inii  w  as  inipninul  nl'  s|iiritiiali.-iii  ami  ljih-s  iilnlalry  :  liir  tin-  A/trrs  lu'lirxnl 

ill  a  Siiiiri'im'  l>rit\ .  w  limii  tlu'\  callril  ••  Trntl. "  ( ii»l  ;  nr  ••  I  iiiiliii'iiinani."  ••  iji'  li\  wlimn 


\M' 


linli' 


l| 
livi' ;"  or  ••  'ri.ii|ni'  Nalniai|iir."  "  Id'  w  Im  ha-  all  in  liiniM-ll': "  wliili'  llnir  r\  II 

thr    liainr    111'    •■ 'I'lalrali'iilnlnlj.  '    till'    ••Jlaliniial    ()\vl."      'I' 


•  |iint 


ii',-i'    sian 


lual    lii'iii: 


ari'   snrriinmli'il    li\  a  niiniiiri 


lilT    111' 


.-IT    ili\illilir-.    wlinwrlr     lilVii  lai  il  \'     llli'    inilli-ti 


'Ills  nl'  'I'l'iil  I.     TliiM' 


llnil 


/ilniiiitrjilli.  ■•  llii'  Lidij  111  war.     am 


n\  anlnllllll. 


IIS  slinlisi'.  Wlinsi'  I 


liilv  it  was  tn  cnmliu'l  till'  -iiiil- III"  wari'im- 


will)   |l 


I  ■■  Ti 


'rishi'il  in  ih'li 


il'  thi'ir  hniiii's   ami    rcli^^inii    tn  thi'  "  hnii.-i' 


III    till'   -nil. 


till'  A/ti'c   liraM'ii.      I  Inily 


iintrhlli.   nr   Mi'xtli.    llii'   ijiiil   nl'  war.   was   ihi'   s|iiTial   iimliTlnr  of  tln'    A/t 


res;    am 


■\nli'i|  as  liic\   will' 


tn  war.  this  ilc'it\   was   al\va\s  iiiMiknl   hrlmv  lialllr.  ami  rrmiii- 


iii'iiscd  iil'tiT  it  l'\  till'  iiUfiini;  nl'  iiiiiiu'roiis  captives  taken  in  emillii't.  The  inhiiinaii 
.sat'iilices  (ilIiTi  il  nil  such  oi'iasinns  ju'eseiit  the  A/.tee  character  in  its  wnr-l  a-pii't.  ami 

I  have  elsewln  re  emleavoi'eil  to  accniiiit  I'nr  this  linital  eharaetevistii'  nl'  a  ) pie  appa- 

I'cnlU  SI)  civili/i'il  in  many  nther  resp  'cts.  liy  siipp'isiii'.;-  tli;it  ilie  iniinnlalinn  nl'  liunian 
vii'tiniswas  ••  limmleil  mi  the  iilea  that  the  liest  way  nl'  '.:ettiiiir  riil  nl'  culprits,  ilan- 
pTons  penple.  aiiil  pi'isniieis  of  wav  taken  in  iiiiiiu'nse  niiiiihers.  iiiiil  wlinm  it  was 
iinpnssilile  tn  Miii|init  or  retain  in  siiliiectinii  witliniit  cnnveitiii^  a  lariie  pDrtioii  nl'  their 


1.    the    I'loiit.    lirolile.  tnji.  anil 


small  territniN   iiitn  a  J;iil.  was  to  nller  tlieiii  tn  the  unils 

111  I'late  \'lll.  1  have   piesi'iiteil.  ill  Ki^s.  I.  2.  "i.  ami 

hnltnin  nl'  all   .V/tec  statue,  nl'  iilnl.  .-aiil   tn  he    that  nl'  'J'enyaniniipii.  the  wili'  nf   liiiil/i- 

Inpiitchtli.  whuse  riiiicliiins  are  ilescriheil  iilinve.    This  liiiiiie  is  interestim;'  ami  vahialili'. 


the  iarii'st  111  si/e  a 


ml  imist  elahnrate  ol'tlie  ancient  reinaiiis.     In  IT'HI  it  was  Ii 


iiirieil  in  the  'jreat  -ipiare  nl    .Mi 


versi 


xici).  whence  il  was  reinoveil  to  the  cmirt  nl'  1 1 


mliaiis   tn  renew  their  aiiciei:! 


t\- ;    lull.  IIS  it  was   leareil   tlnit  it  iiii.^ht    teiiipt  the  I 
itr\'.  il  was  rc-inierreil  till  iMil.  when  it  was  ivs.un  e.xhuiiieil  ami  exhiliiieil  In  ih 


mv  i'>s;iv  iiu 


Mr.\ii'.'iii 


lliM.'r\,  Aii-li;i'"lii-v, /.;i|iiilcr  .Vlrliilnliirr,  iVi;.,  at  .^lill, 


I,     III  llir  .'-iiiUli.-iiiiiiill 


j.ul.li.-atu.ii-^.  ]■; 


,|.'.    ill    \  nl,     l.\.    ..I'    lMllllillUtii.il- 


\i.l.    \    1. 


Ill 


ill 


I  W'Ji 


;i* 


1 


;;i  ■«:;ll  '. 


h    t^ 


li'.  '-i'- 


ki 


I  ( 


M  1 


.'ilil' 


fi86 


I  N  l»l  rl  A     ri!nN[    Til  I' 1  It     A  N'<I  K  \  T 


imlilic.  //  /v  iiliii  fill  /li'i/i.  lif'  iiiiil  ii  hull'  hil  /ifiKi'l.  iiiiil  ii  iiil  h'liiit  ii  /•inijl'  liliK-li  <;/' 
liiiMiill.  Till'  |iliilt'  >liii\\M  itfi  lijmv  |M'rli'rllv.  "  li  i-<  ii  linniil  M-M'niipliivr  "f  liiili'miH 
<'iiil)li'iii<.  Cliiw".  liiii'j^.  tii^k^i.  Hkiili<<.  iiiiil  r<ii'|ii'iit-<  wriiiii'  :inil  \\\\\vs  in  mirliiniU  iiml 
i!iiifii>lii'  liiriiis  iirnniiil  tin-  >liii|iclc><>*  iiiuhh.    I''(mii'(i|ii'ii  liamls  ickI  ii|iiiii  iIh-  Imifil  Iiiviistx 

nl'  ,1  li'liiiili'.       Ill    /ifi>ll/i,   it   ]•*    licit    linlilxi'  il   -i|il:itliir.;    tnilil.  W  Iki.mO    L'lifti'llill^    i'\r-^    Mini 

nliiii'  i>r>UiillH  aiiij  fci'iii'iil-.      Si'rii  ill  this  ilirri'limi. 


1'   I  hr  I'lll 


lil'iiilil  liiiilltli  ('\|i;iliil  aliii\ 

it  ii|i|M':ii's  III  liiiM'   iiiiiri'  >li!i|ii'  ami  iiii'aiiiii::   tliati  ill  iVDiit.     On  tin'  /'>)>  it\'  tin'  .slaliii' 

tlit'ii'  is  a  i'a\  ilv  :  ami  a-;  lli"  l<nih,iii  U  aNn  Hciiliitiircil  in  rclii'l'.  it  is  ■.ii|i|insi'il   thai  this 

IVi'^lill'iil  iiiiil  was   Mi>|Hai.lr(|    iImI'i   l.y  pillars  pi; i|  iiinkr  tlir  Mpiarc  priijrclidiis  wliiili 

lire  srrll  lli'ar  I  In'  rcniii'  nl    I  lie  In  xlv  ."  ' 

I'lati'  IX..  I'"ius.  I  iiii'l  '1.  slnnv  till-  stunt',  alsci  pi'i'siTVod  in  tin-  cniiit  til'  tin'  I'lii- 
\  t'l'sitw  I 'a  1  It'll  till'  •'  Sai'iilii'lai  Si  i  air."  —  /////<  /"  '  ///  i/iniin  ti  r  mul  f/irir  I"  t  /ili/Zi.  —  nl' 
liasall.  roiiiul  ill  IT'.MI.  ill  ill.,  -ivat  ^ipiarr  iirar  lln'  silc  nl'  tin'  aiirii'lll  IniinlH,  iw 
|i\  iMiiiiil.  wlnav  ('uiti/  is  ^,|lll  Id  havi'  liail  mii'  ul'  his  s,.\(.vf<t  ai'tinns  duriiiL'  tin'  ('oii- 
t|iirsl.      'riic  iirat  ami  iv.jiiljr  m  naiiiriits   -li.iun  in  the  pirliirc  arr  fill  in  low  ri'licl'  mi 

till'   Itip.  ami   in  tin iilii'  is  a  ilcip  ImiwI.  wIu'Iu'i'  a  I'aiial  nr  uniliT  Ifails  in  ilif  fil'jf 

til'  lilt'  t'\  liinliT.      On  tin'  siilr  III' till'  siiiiii'.  lilt'  li'jMii'-i  ili'liiii'iili'il  in  Ki'j.  '1  art-  I'l'iicali'il 


lll'lcc'll     llllir<:     III 


11.  :;(!  ii'ji 


ri'pri'-riilimj-  i'\  iili'iitiv  a  viclur  ami    pri^^oiiiT. 


'I'll 


t'niiipiiinr  i«  111  llii'  ai'l  III    li'anmi  lln'  pliiiii  r.:"  I'l'diii  tlif  iTrsI  nl'  lli<'  \ampiisli 


Till'   «//i/(/('i(/i. /■/«(/   •■iirriiii' .   wliii'li.   ainmr.^    lln'    A/tii's.    wns   ri'sri'Nnl    I'm'    imlilr    or 


fiiiira'.'fiiiis  I'aplixi's.  was  pi 
Tt'iiiiflilill.iii.      Anvailiii. 


iiiiaiil\   pi'i'l'TimM    iip'iii 


tills   -h 


Id     t'huijiT. 


I    'ii'iii/iir   iii'i'^s  I 


diir    ill   lilt'   aiii'iiait   rilv  III' 

i/'    si, nil.    l/ifir    fill     liiijll. 


,1,1 


1 1 -si,, 


n  ■■•I  nihil  III/  II   iiiill-sli,iii ,  \\:'.< 


t.'rrai'i'.  aliiiiil  s  I'rr!  Iidi 


ilari'il  williiii  llii'   arra   nl'  tin'   'iiral    Iriiipli'.  iipnii  a  raiscil 
I  till'  wall.      Tin'  fajiiivf  was  lidiiinl  |ii  lliis  sidiic   li\-  nni'  I'dni. 


nut    arimil   with    a  swdiil.  nr 


"/' 


iliiiiil.  ami    shirlil.      Ill    this    iiiisilidii.    ami    thus 


at'i'diitrfil.  Ill'  ^vas  allai'knl    li\'  a   .MrsiiMii    snliliiT  nr  nllirrr. 


wild  was   hi'tt'T  aniii'il    I'lii' 


till'    ilraillv  I'liriillllliT.        If    ll 


ir    lai-n 


lli'l'  was    rnlliplrrnl.   hi'  Was     lllllllriliatcly   linrili'     ti 


ihi'  .illar  III' 


iiilinilnii    .ytirri 


li';  ;  hill  ir  h 


dM'iraiiii'  SIX  a^-ailaiils.  Iif  was  rrwaiilnl  willi 


i\i'    laml  Willi    lln 


iil'i'  ami  lihri'ly.  ami    prriiiilli'il   idh'i'  imn'.'  in  riiiiiii  tn  his  iial 

takfii  ri'din  him  in  war.  "      ll  i-  likrlx   llial    tlii-  simir  >lidiili|   lin   imiri'   prnpia-ly  falli'il 

till'  ^i'A('//'(/(. /■/<(/  than   I  In  •>!  ('/■///''/■'/ ;    liiil    tlin   nailral    howl    ami    liiiIIi'I'   ha\i'   hiiht'itd 

imllliTil   )iin-t    pi  r»n|is  In  Mlppn>i.   it   i  Icdirali 'il    Id  ill''   illlllli'lalinll  nl'    \iiiillis. 


Til.'  f' 


Silrrl/i,,     \\  us   lirl  I'nri 


iii'il    liy  a  |iiirsl   ami   si\   .assislaiils  in  ihr  nriliiiarv 


ti'iiipli'S.  ami  upnii  nnliiiaiy  \irliiiis.  Tin'  s.irrilii'rr  ami  his  arnlvli's  I'Mcmi.il  lln 
siillt'i-i'i'  acrn^s    ihi'   I'liiA  iiij  sill  lafi' nf  an    aii'h'.'il    sinni'.  w  liili'   an    assistant    krpi    hin 

lirinly  ilnwn  hy  thn  slnnr  \nkis.  n  s|,|.,.j||,,.|,  n|'  whit'll  is  situ  ill  Fii;-.  7.  df  I'lali'  \' i  I 
As  s,,nii  :is  ihi'  \ii'lilii'.s  skill  ;im|  llrsh  wrl'i'  silllit'ii'llllv  slri'lc'lli'il  ami  tiuhlflird  l)\  till: 
prnt'ess.  till'  ln/,i/l\lii  cut  n  dfi'p   ja-h  in  lln'  hrnasl  with    an   uli^iilitin   kii'ifi    (I'lalr  \'ll., 


\zi...  \r  ,  \r,  v.. I    1  .  Ila,  t.v  H.  M. 


ST  A  T  I    >      \  N  h      \  i;  I    II  .l.n  |,ni,  \, 
I'V'   '  !•  '""I-  llii  ii'liii,-  III"  liiiii'l  mill  llii'  wiiiiiiil.  Ini.'   mil    ilii'    |i.il{i 


ftM7 

lllllll  '    Ik'iii  I,   w  hi'  li 


lie  fillliT  tlll'i'W    ilt    till'   I'l'i'l    til'    llir     iilol,  ill:<i'l'|i  i|     ill     il-    IIHMIlll    with   a  Unl<l*'>)   "| I>.<*l' 

ICihli'i'ii    til  ii-.lii'«,   wliirh    Wi'l'i'  .>>ill)i'ill\    |ircMl'\ri|. 

The  ciirvin;.'  or  N'iil|itiirt'  mi  thi'  hir^c  ^Imu's  niiii|iii»iil   in   tlii-  ihinl  i  lii^^iriniilitii  ii 
P'lU'l'iill.\  til'  It  iiU'iliiilii  i|iiiilil_>.      It  i."   iM'illii'r  M'lv   ijiMiil    imr  \ri\    Im.!.      It    ciiiiii'il    In- 

Mliil  til  lirinll;:  til  ll|i>  illlillli'N  nl'  lilt,  iml  i-  il  nl  lln'  I'llllI'Mi'liI  .  I'illirl'  II-  liii|r>ijll  1 1|' 
i'SCCllliiui.   wiiirll   XMMlM    illiiirillr  ;i    hijh    ,-lil'^"    nl'   la-li'l'iil    il\  ill/.;lliiili.       Il    i,-,   hnWi'MT, 

M>i'\  lilt'  ri'iiiiiM'il  liiiiii  liiirliiiri>iii.  miiiI  inlinilrls  .'•iij  I'lim  in  >i/i'  nini  lini-'ii  In  ihi- 
riiiiiiiii.'*  Ill'  till'  iiui'thcin  tiilii'.-.  S|iiiiiiiiii,-'  III'  Mii'iiiir-.  Iximl^  nl'  riii'\in^  mc  >hii\Mi  in 
I'liilt'  N  . ;  l'"i,ii'.  •>.  ill  tilt'  liiryt'  lu'H'l  i'mIIi'iI  ('I'liti'nll.  ihi'-itmiI  in  tlii<  riiiiit-Xiini  nl'  lln' 
I'iii\i'i'7-il\   n\   McNicn;    ill   Kiu    •">.  !i  -i|ii;itliii'j'  >l;ilii''    I'l'ini   Millii.  wilh    ;i  '^liiri  I'lil  lii'iiiU 

(lrr>.-  Iinil   'jrnti'M|l|i'   I'lU'i',  \slliill    I    -krli'lii  i|    llnlll    llir  ii|l'jill;ll    ill  <'iil||lt    I'l'llll-n )"?«  I'nlji'i'- 


Ki'jfi.  I'l   liml    7.   Ili-n   ill    tililt   rniliTl  inn,   tl|i'   l:il|iT   lirin.;    I 

I    Ti 


tinll  :   III 

llH'lltt'il   llnllLlh.  iliM'tiMTi'il   in;ili\    M'MIS    il'iii    Ml    'I'l ■/rnin,  iici 


II'   I'l'ilillli'lll   111'  Mil   nrnil- 
I  III'  hil\i'  III'  ihiil    iiMiiii'. 


Ill  ml  It  twi'ivi'  mill's  I'lniii  till'  ('a|iitMl  ;  ill   IMmIi'  I  .  I''i:i.  '■'>  :  ;in<l  in   l''i'j   .  I .  'J.  -I.  I.  "i,  ^.  .iihI 
'.I.  Ill'   I'liiti'  l\  ..  t\Mi  liiiinMii  lijiiri'-.  M  imIiIhI.  .1  ilii:;.  a  i:ra>>lin|i|ii'r.  mimI  Iwn  mtih'IiI.*. 

'I'lic   l''niijiii   Class  ('nni|iriM'-  nhjiris  cmi'vi'iI    iVnin  (./i-i'i/i'ini.  nr  MiJiMiiir  'j1m«».  miiiI 
ciiilii'Mri's   niMsUs.  riiiu-',  sMi'i'ilii'iiil  UiiiM  -.  Imii >r  mi  inw-hi'M'l-.  iIm'  iiil'/ihi/niii/.  nr  dnli 

i4\\nr<l.     Mill!     VMlidllS    Mllllil    nniMllli'lll  :tl    iiliiii'l-         if    ll Slli'lllrl\      iVauili'    Mini     luittlr 

chai'iuMiT  nl'  lilt' (lurk  jiii't'ii,  ,t;lii>>\  niMli'iiMl   Imni  whirli   tlic.-i'   tliiiiji.x  wfrc   Inriiu'd.  is 


Ayli'C  <>li«i'li!iii  \|ii-l.,  ill  :i  I'l'iv.iU'  !■■'  N'l'i'h'ii  ill  \l.'\ii  '.     "I 


-tl.irl  *i/i'  I'f  tlh'  "liL'iiii 


Unnwii  ;in(l  niKlfrsldml  li\-  tin'  ri'Milci',  in'  will  ]iriil):ilil_v  Iimxc  a  lii'ttrr  iJcM  ni'  llic  -kill 
dt'  till'  A/li'('s.  ill  (<liM|iinu  .-iicli  lliiirj-i.  tliMii  fi'iiin  any  ili'M'ri|iliiin  \\i'  can  L:i\r  nl'  ihc 
iiilitli'S  thrinsi'lvcs. 

Till'  luri',:;(iiii,ij;  tij^iiR'  i'i'|iri'S('iils  a  iiia>k    nl'  nlisiilian.  \'vn\\\    llm   nri-iiial    in    I'cfiasi'o',- 


I     I 


I'l-'! 


I!    ' 


E'Ji 


5S8 


INDICIA     !•■  I!  ( »  M    T  1 1  K  1  11    A  N  C  1  K  N  1' 


if 


y-i;;. 


?  **■•' 


I  ■■ 


cnlloction.  It'  \V(!  siiv  tliiit  it  is  as  simiDtli  as  il'  ciist  of  i;l;iss,  in  a  iiKnild,  ami  tiicu 
pDlislii'd  with  tin;  liijiiicst  art,  wo  convey  i-xactiy  tlio  idea  with  wliicli  we  are  iniprossed 
on  exaiiiiiiiii!'  the  mask  itsell'. 


Oli-i.li.iii  Miiska. 


Oli^iilinn    l!iii''. 


Clcveiiy  done,  as  are  lln'  iiiasUs,  I  have  always  considereil  the  riaijx,  made  of 
(ilisidiaii.  as  still  more  remarkalilr. 

The  one  repri'scnted  in  the  ent,  (Voin  Penasi'o's  collection,  is  six-tenths  of  an  inch 
liitih.  one-tenth  of  an  inch  tiiicU.  and  nine-tenths  and  one-twentii'th  of  an  inch  in 
diameter.  The  firacelid  cni\es  ot'  the  exterior  and  interior  snrliices.  and  the  hiirli 
[lolish.  ai'e  |ierfectl\'  pi'oeivt'd.  How  did  they  contrive  to  work  a  brittle  volcanic,  snlj- 
."tance  to  such  slender  dimensions? 

The  arrow-lii'ads.  lance  heads,  and  tlie  ]iieces  n.^ed  in  their  mi>/iiiilni!lli,  were  not  so 
neati}'  cut  or  trimmed,  and  greatly  resembled  the  similar  weapons  found  amonji-  the 
remains  of  onr  Indian  tribes.  Plate  VH.,  Fijr.  1,  represents  a  sacrificial  knili-  ol 
obsidian. 

The  FiiTH  Ci.AS.-^  comprises  nnisical  instrnments,  specimens  of  which  are  seen  in 
Plate  \'ll.  Ki'i.  '1.  a  llaueolet ;  Figs.  4  and  o,  rattles;  and  Fiir.  S.  the  drum,  or  Tepo- 
na/tli.  In  the  hollow,  central  part,  two  thin  pieces  of  wood  were  inserted,  as  seen  in 
the  plate,  and  beaten  to  produce  sound.  The  wiiistles  are  drawn  in  Plate  III.,  Figs. 
7  and  S. 

Till'  Sixth  ri..\>s  is  of  jiottery.  This  is  remarkable  for  shapes,  and  the  limMiess.  in 
man\  instances,  of  its  texture.  It  coinjiri.ses  all  sorts  of  domestic  utensils:  tor  example, 
•such  as  are  represented  in  Plate  V'l..  Figs.  '.],  -1,  7,  !>,  10.  from  Mexico;  Figs.  ."i.  (i.  ,'^, 
I  I.  \-.  from  the  island  oi'  Sacrifa^ios.  and  now  in  the  National  .Mnsemn  at  .Mexico:  in 
Plati'  ill..  Figs.  I.  ;"i.  (i.  '.t.  and  1(1;  in  Plate  b.  Figs.  1  ami  2,  representin'-'  the  two 
.■^ides  of  a  vase  from  Tula,  o['  r.r</iiixl/i  ///  (/riiiiurl  mid  tiiii/i''r'il  iDnlivhil.  and  ornanienled 
with  figures  ///  iiilKi/li".  t'escmblinLr  those  liiiind  on  the  monuments  in  Yucatan.  A  spe- 
cimen of  ancient  pipes  is  presented   in  Figs,  i  and  2.  of  Plate  \'. ;  of  Aztec  prin/iinj^ 


L 


STATIS    AM)    AltCll.KoLod  Y. 


;iS',i 


or  iiiij>ri>"<iiiii-xlinji/in.  in  Fius.  (>  and  7  ul'  I'liito  l\'.;  ol'i^mall  iiuiiiics.  iilt;ivs.  iiiul  liiiiuvv. 
ill  I'liito  11.  (S  limiivM)  ;  in  I'late  111.,  Figs.  J,  -J,  and  :) ;  in  Plato  \'.,  Fig.  4  ;  and  n\' 
.^phifl/i.-^.  in  riatc  Vll..  Fig.  ;'.. 

One  of  tlic  lint'st  oartlicnwaru  remains  I  saw  in  Me.vieo  i.s  tiie  t'lNKUAL  Vasi:.  wiiicli 
i.s  preserved   in   tlie    Mnsenin  at  Me.xieo,  and   |)re.<ented   aci'nratrly.  IVi)ni   ni_\    origiiKd 
, drawing,  in  Plato  X.      Kig.  1  is  the  cover,  and  Fig.  li  the  vase  itself. 

Tliere  are  two  ol'  tlujse  rare  and  lu-autiful  ohjeets  in  the  nation. d  enllection,  I'oiniil.  I 
understood,  alntut  twenty  years  ago.  during  excavations  in  tlie  nurtliern  sidiurl)  nf  llu' 
cai)ital  at  St.  Juan  Tlaltelolco,  in  the  ueighliorhood  of  the  site  of  one  of  th(>  Aziee  f"«;il/ls. 

The  one  I'epresented  in  Plate  X.  is  one  foot  ten  inches  high,  and  one  foot  three  and 
a  lialf  inches  in  diameter.  Its  upper  portion  was  lllled  with  limnan  skulls,  and  iIh' 
lower  N\ilii  la)nes  ol'  the  rest  of  the  frame,  while  the  lop  was  c(i\cre(|  with  the  eiividai' 
lid  shown  in  the  plate.  Tin'  hody  of  tin;  vase  is  painteil  lilne.  The  Imlian  lieail. 
winged  antl  crowned  with  a  circlet  of  twisted  hands  and  feathers,  the  graceful  handles. 
and  tie  ,semi-circle  of  sunilowers  and  ears  of  corn  which  ciu'ves  heneath  (he  ciii- 
tral  ornament,  are  raised  in  high  relief,  and  hrightly  tinteil  with  hlue.  reil.  lake,  ycllnw  . 
and  hrown.  The  colors  were  (piite  fresji  when  I  made  the  drawing  in  ISTJ:  and. 
altogether,  this  relic  impressed  me  as  the  most  remarkable  and  heautifnl  specimen  of 
terra-cottas  1  saw  in  Mexico.  In  many  respects,  it  struck  me  as  helonging  to  a  hi-her 
grade  of  art  than  anything  in  the  Museum,  except.  perha])s.  tlu'  n/i.-^ii/imi  carvings,  iuid 
(jue  or  two  of  the  vases  whoso  forms  I  have  preserved  in  these  [ilates. 


:  'i   it 


The  Skvkntii  Cla.ss  comprises  miscellaneous  artiides  of  stone;  as  cluh  or  m.'ice-lieads. 
arrow-heads,  dressing-tools  for  skins,  pounding-stones,  corn-grindin'.i  and  nia-hiiig->liines. 
smoothing-st'iues.  to  he  heated  when  used  for  that  [lurpose.  graining-stones  gr(io\f(|  fdr 
moulding  in  lines,  hatchets,  i!cc.  The  Ibrms  of  these  articles  i(  sendile  those  of  the 
similar  implements  used  l)y  our  own  North  American  Imliaus  in  furuier  days ;  many 
siie<'imens  of  which  have  heeii  engraved  in  the  ])lates  of  pnceding  volumes.  In 
Plate  1.,  Figs.  1  and  '2,  I  have  delineated  an  axo  and  [)oimder,  to  demonstrate  this 
I'esemhlance 


The  Eic.iiTii  Class  end)races  the  weapons,  war-ilresses.  shield<.  &c..  of  tlie  ancient 
Mexican^,  as  they  are  knnwn  to  us.  either  hy  a  lew  specimens  picstM'xcd  in  the  -M\iseuni. 
or  in  A/t('c  manuscripts,  or  [)icture-writings,  representing  the  deeds  of  their  warri'irs. 

In  order  to  gi\e  the  stuiK'nl  an  adeipiate  idea  of  these  I  ha\-e  gronprd  their  head- 
dress, coal,  shield,  how.  arrow,  lance,  dart,  and  iiiii/ii(i/in!l/  in  the  following  cut.  Of  all 
lhc<e  weapons,  the  )ii!i/ii(i!iiii//  was  the  most  original.  It  was  a  cluh.  into  the  nl-cs  dl' 
whii'h  six  fragments  of  sharpened  ohsidian  were  inserted,  so  that,  wln'ii  a  Mnw 
descendi'il.  it  not  nidy  mashed,  lint  lore  the  victim's  ilesh. 


I  u 


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j     1 


S"1^ 


!M) 


INDICIA    FKO.M    THl'lli    ANCiKNT 


<:rni,|,  „f  Azt,..'  Anns  SliioMs  :i!i'l  \V:u  .|i,-.-;   iVuiii  .■iiiL-ini:  Mulh.,iitie.<   ur  tlu>  iirtioK'x  th™is,.lv,.s. 

'I"li(>  Ninth  Class  comprises  tlie  only  iiioniiinciit.il  sriintijif  loinain  with  wliicli  I  am 
!ici|ii.iiiilc(l  ill  .Mexico — tlK'stoiuM'iilicdtiic-CalciKlar  Stone."  now  walled  into  the  side  of 
tile  Cathedral,  in  tlic  uroat  square  of  the  capital,  beneath  the  surface  of  which  it  was 
loniid  in  the  year  ITDO.  It  is  carved  from  a  mass  of  jjorpliyritic  basalt,  and  is  eleven 
l''et  ei-iit  inches  in  diameter,  while  the  depth  ol'  its  circular  edw  is  about  seven  and  a 
hall  iiudies  from  the  fractured  mass  of  rock  out  of  which  it  was  oriuinally  cut.  It 
IS  supposed,  from  the  fact  that  it  was  found  heiieath  the  pavement  ol'tlie  present  plirjt. 
tiial  it  loriiied  part  of  ii,e  fixtures  of  tli<'  irivat  tcocalli  of  Tenochtitlan  or  Mexico,  or 
that  it  was  placed  in  .some  of  tiie  adjoining  edifices  surroundinj;  the  great  temple. 


1 

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.■  ■■''^  V'.  ■  -•■■'• 

'■■  ..        ,'-;  "'■Vf,  ■  •■■         '- 

'  •'  ■'■ .    ■•■■ 

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.-J  fSd',       'A.  ,       i 


■/^■r 


^^■■  ■^■'•>^,  /-■.. 


I*..* 


«; 


''^?^^-   ■■ 


■:  /^w 


^  *^^  J-Sy|lf  l%%S^i  m^-'^>.A%^^A?fc3 


;^^a^'^ .,,;-,.,,  ,,,^^n£5^:;-;^ ^  ,";^, 


■;:t 


iii  "  ■ 


',.! 


I\ 


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i  i.. 


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rH:;.AD-^ 


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k 


[;T  ATI'S    AND    A  |[('H.K(»I,0(;Y. 


r,<M 


1 


Tliis  .stoiu'  lias  Ix'oii  so  frcHiiifiith-  fiiiiiMvcd,  imd  iiccouiits  of  tlio  A/ti'c.  iiutalion  of 
time  so  ofU'ii  pnblislicd.  tliat  it  has  bwii  considered  useless  to  in-esent  a  plate  of  tiiis 
ancient  monument  in  our  article.  The  hest  essavs  on  it  are  those  of  Gania,  in  his 
'^  J)ciicr!j)(;ioii.  lie  liiti  d(i.s  jilciiriix,"  &c.,  &c.,  and  in  the  late  Mr.  (iallatin's  elahorate  essay, 
in  the  first  volnnie  of  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Ethnological  Society-  "  It 
appears."  says  Mr.  (iallatin.  "that  the  Aztecs  had  delineated  on  this  stone  all  the  dales 
of  the  principal  position  of  the  snn,  and  liad  ascertained,  with  considerable  precision, 
the  respective  days  of  the  two  passages  of  the  sun  by  the  zenith  of  Mexico,  of  the  two 
ccpiinoxes,  and  of  the  summer  and  winter  solstices.  They  had,  therefore,  six  diilerent 
means  of  ascertaining  and  verifying  the  lenuth  t)f  the  solar  year,  by  counting  the 
number  of  days  which  elap.sed  till  the  sun  returned  to  each  of  these  .six  points,  the  two 
solstices,  the  two  e((uinoxes,  and  the  two  passages  by  the  zenith." 

This  classidcation  and  survey  of  ancient  lemains,  and  the  accompanyinir  plates. 
cannot,  in  my  judgment,  hut  tbrtify  the  conrpieror's  account  of  Mexican  civilization  in 
the  sixteenth  century.  In  that  age.  European  civilization  was  not  what  it  is  now.  If 
we  visit  Egypt,  India,  Iddom,  Nineveh,  Asia  Minor,  Athens,  and  I'ome.  the  relatise 
grades  of  these  anti((ue  states  may  be  discerned  in  the  monumental  rcTuains  still  extant 
on  their  soil ;  and,  if  we  apply  the  same  tests  of  opinion  to  the  relics  at  Uxnial,  Paleiupie, 
Mitla,  and  Mexico,  we  nuist  admit  that  the  ])o|)ulation  of  the  new  worlil,  like  that  of 
the  old,  was  very  far  removed  from  the  uncivilized  character  that  has  been  ascrihrd  to  it. 
Savages  have  no  cities,  palaces,  paved  roads,  extensive  fortilications,  acpieducts.  pleasure 
grounds,  groves,  pyramids,  and  astronomical  systems  that  will  bear  the  test  of  srieiiiilic 
scrutiiu'.  Their  wandering  life  denies  all  idea  of  that  per  ma  nonce  which  massive  and 
elaborate  architecture  proves.  Their  sculpturi' may  be  rough  in  execution;  but  lo\(- 
of  graceful  Ibrms  precedes  sculpture  itself  and  types  the  mind  that  conceives  and  the 
skill  that  executes  it.  Many  of  their  implements,  it  is  true,  nniy  be  rude;  but  the 
rcniilts  of  their  labors  with  such  instruments  are  only  the  more  remarkable,  in  conse- 
([uence  of  the  inadeipiate  means  by  which  they  were  produced.  They  who  nuule  papir 
and  recorded  events;  who  noted  time  with  astronomical  accuracy  and  constructed  the 
Calendar  stone ;  who  I'aised  the  pyramids  of  Xochicalco  and  Papantla  ;  who  built  Mitla. 
Palen(iue,  Uxnnil,  and  the  massive  (,'holula;  who  carved  an  obsidian  nnisk  or  ring  with 
delicate  finish,  from  the  most  fragile  of  materials;  who  fashioned  the  beautifid  \a.-es. 
leprest'uted  in  these  (jlates.  and  nuule  the  funeral  urn  I  have  delineated,  were,  in  no 
respect,  barbarians.  ]\Iany  _\ears  —  perliajis  centui'ii's  —  nuist  ela[)se  beliin^  the  sa\iige 
ipiits  his  wigwam  to  construct  a  temple  or  palace  and  organize  society  in  cities;  and, 
when  he  does  so,  it  is  not  dillicult  to  believe  the  accounts  that  Bernal  Diaz  del  Castillo 
and  Cortt'Z  have  recorded  of  the  social  and  [uililical  .system  of  the  Aztecs. 


I   > 


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592 


INDICIA    KliOM    TIIF.IU    ANM.'IENT 


i   \ 


X ( t T  I  ('  1', S     ( » 1'    T 


niArTKij  II, 


AI'.oKK;  l\  \1,     ItKMAIXS     OF    ART    AND     LAT.OI!, 
IN    'I'lii:    rXlTKI)    STATES. 


Tin:  Tciltfp  mihI  A/lcc   iiiiiinn-;  in'csciitrd  to  tlic  wdrM   (lie   iiltiiiiiitc  (Icivclopiiu'iit  of 
tlic  Imlinn  iiiiinl  nf  Xmili  AnicricM,  in  tlic  lii.iilu'st  ju'i  lection  of  its  arts  and  minnicrs. 


iiI'l'T  till'  liiusi'  of  innvcordcd  ccntui'ics.  dii 


n'inu'  \vlii(di  it  had  occupied  ii  vast  iUK 


1  IVuitl'i 


\;dl('\.  rlc\  Mliil    Tliilil    I'l'i't    mIio\c    tlir   surface  of  tlie  Atlantic  an<l  I'acifK'  oceans,  and 


ijUite  rriiHite  fidUl  ei  1  lnT.  I'lijoyi iii;'  a  tropica 
linn  (if  tlli'M'  Irilics  rxciird   ilie  wonder  of    I'] 


1  and  deliiiiitful  eiiuiatt'.    Tlie  senii-civili/a- 


>1" 


dui'iiiL!-  tlie  sixteentli  eenlurv,  and  it 


lias  li.M'u  llie  siilijicl  of  the  rescar(dies.  and  of  tlie  coninients  of  tiie   hriulitest   minds, 
Any  a  1 1(  •nipt  to  add  to  the  aeliial  sum  of  ohservation  may  he  deemed  a  work  of  siipercro- 


0'.;mIioii  :  Iml.  Iia\lii 


ikfii  them  as  a  standanl  of  comparison,  an  endeav 


kor  will  iH!  inaili 


to  draw  some  eonchisions  theielVom.  wlii(di  liavc  not  hitiierto  Ix't'ii  noticed.  The  accii- 
miilatixc  and  eiimhioiis  character  of  tlieir  mytholoj;y  and  reliuioii,  tlio  iihimdaiice  of 
fooii.  and  the  coiise(|iieiit  density  of  ])opidation  in  the  country,  led  to  tlio  huildiii!): 
of  tiiiiplcs  in  which  their  ',^iids  <'ould  lie  piihlicly  worshipped,  ami  tlio  I'mictioiis  ol'tlioir 
)iri"sthood  <'oiivenii'ntly  administi'red. 

The  s;imi'  state  of  alliiirs  did  not  exist  amoii'j' the  Vi'speric  trihes.    Tlion,t,di  descended 


flolll   the  same  ethnoloLlic    st 


OCK.   liosse. 


siiiu;  the   same  idiaracteristic    features,  actuated 


li\   till'  saiiii'  ideas.  s|ieakinM  a  laiciuauc  of  the  same  cumulative  stru(;ture,  and  ibriniiij; 
a    portion   of  the   same   -eiieric   race.  \et    the   relii;io:i   of  these   more  northerly  tribes 


rriiuiri'i 


1   ni'ither  temples,  revenues,  taxes,   nor  a  costly  priesthood.     They  wt're.  it 


IS 


tiMi'.  impres-id  with  a  simihii'  idea  of  the  iiii[)ortaiice  of  saerilleial  ofVerinjis.  but  they 
ncMT  lesnrted  to  human  saerilices.  They  were  still  ill  their  more  simple,  normal  state. 
Tlii\  introduced  the  W(a'sliip  of  the  sun  into  tin;  northern  forests;  hut  they  did  not 
atlrm|it  to  -raft  thereupon  those  cnad  and  iniiiiman  rites  which  had  cliai'a(;teri/e(l  the 
olliiiii:;-  to  lliiit/ilapoehtli.  or  other  (K'ities  of  the  Mexican  |)antheon.  There  existed  no 
necessity  for  it  in  tleir  polity,  and  neither  means  nor  iiower  to  rais(,'  siudi  immense  stnic- 
tuiesas  those  of  Choluia.  where  the  ma,L;iiitude  of  tlie  uiidertaiunn was  regarded  as  a  proof 
of  the  "I'eatness  of  I  lie  saeiilice.     Mouniks  of  earth  horvod  them  as  altars  cjn  which  tu 


!      I 


Hi    •  '     » 


S  ?„ 


;\i^  f  ,r'!  '-.     f  '  ;; ')  ^''  I  'V'"!     '  '\ 


;•"  Ci\  I  ■ 


;1 


il 


;:  1 


!  ■* 


.IM 


^:H: 


lii 


1      -  l^.' 


i' 


pfl 


STATUS    AM)    AHCH/EOLOGY. 


59;; 


light  tlu'Ir  sun  (ircH;  on  tlii'in  tlu'y  .siing  tlieir  wild  liynins,  imd  hencatli  tlieir  surface 
thoy  eiitoinlR'd  tlicir  groat  cliiol's  and  kings. 

Recognising  God  in  elementary  lornis,  and  believing  tliat  he  aiii)enred  to  them  per- 
fionally,  or  to  their  priests,  in  the  character  of  wood-demons,  or  in  some  form  of  animated 
nature,  slight  and  temporury  structures,  made  of  poles  and  ijnrk,  sulliced  for  a  shelter, 
beneath  which  were  performed  the  mysterious  rites  of  their  priesthood.  These  struc- 
tures were  crpially  suited  for  erection  in  the  forests  or  in  the  valleys.  The  summits 
of  isolated  hills  were  frecpiently  ciiosen  for  the  performance  of  their  simple  rites;  and 
when  mounds'  of  earth  were  erected,  the  invariable  ])resumptiou  is.  that  the  local 
populati'  .  \  s  numerous.  The  tapping  of  th"  light  hand-drum,  or  the  quick  note.-' 
of  the  shisliKpion,  was  sulllcient  to  guide  the  measures  of  the  dance  whicli  preceded  or 
followed  these  ceremonies;  but,  if  it  was  a  solemn  ecclesiastical  ceremony,  or  ii 
periodical  national  assemblage,  the  mikwakeek.  or  lieax y  drum,  was  used. 

The  private  skipetagan,  or  magii;  arcanum  of  each  jjroles.sur  of  the  Meda  societx. 
was  exhil)ited,  and  tlieii'  skill  in  necrouuuicy,  or  necromantic  media,  renewed  on  these 
occasions;  and  tlie  lectures  of  the  leading  priests  and  directors,  conjoined  with  the 
strict  ceremonial  oiiservanees.  which  were  a  feature  of  these  convocations,  strengthened 
and  established  the  faith  of  the  seers,  jossakeed.s,  and  professors  of  the  divine  arts  of 
magic,  medicine,  and  religion. 

The  doctrine  of  the  worship  of  the  sun  was  the  structure  upon  which  was 
based  the  foundation  of  tiieir  general  system;  i)ut  tliis  luminary  was  regarded  by  llie 
United  States  trilies.  agreeably  to  the  revelaticjns  of  Sagitchiwiiosa,  as  the  symbol 
and  representative  of  intelligence.  The  fumes  of  the  sacred  weed  were  ollered 
to  him;  hynnis  of  mystical  import.anco  were  sung  by  the  medas;  and  his  rising  was 
haili'd  witli  a  hieratic  chant  by  the  priestly  classes.  No  elaborate  monuments  of  stone 
were  needed  for  the  i)ractice.  or  tlio  perpetuation  of  such  a  system  ;  the  apex  of  a 
mound,  or  the  summit  of  a  conical  hill,  sulliced.  In  a  valley  or  on  a  plain,  a  few  stout 
pine  ))osts  served  to  mark  the  sites  devoted  to  those  a>semblages;  where,  as  at  the 
exhibitions  of  st)mc  occidental  caravansera,  multitudes  asseud)led  to  gaze  and  admire. 

In  hut  few  places  had  edifices  of  a  more  permanent  kind  been  erected  I'or  the 
accommodation  of  these  public  as.semblages.  The  Chegantualguas,  at  Natchez,  had 
erected  a  building  in  which  public  worship  was  administered,  even  as  recently  as  tlu' 
year  1721 ;'  in  which,  also,  an  eternal  fire  was  then,  though  it  seems  not  with  rigorous 
strictness,  maintained.  We  have  no  positive  evidence,  and  can  only  conjecture  by  the 
apparent  astronomical  positions,  and  tlie  enigmatical  ''jrms,  of  the  mounds  to  be  found 
in  the  West,  that  the  worship  of  the  sun,  at  the  time  of  tiie  discovery,  was  still  niiiin- 
tained  at  Marietta,  Kaskaskia.  Cahokia.  and  Grave  creek,  where  the  principal  inoinid 
structures  and  ruins  now  exist. 


M.-h 


(.'liarlt'viiix. 


Vol..  VI.  — 75 


:k 


■  '■\ 


u  .f  ^?: 


il 


&l^ 


m 


f  i 


594 


INUIOIA    FROM    THEIR    ANCIENT 


Owing  (o  the  piimitivo  ^Imiilii'itv  ol'  the  I'uiv.st  iitei<,  whidi  were  practised  tlirongh- 
oiit  an  iuvii  extending  lor  tiiou.suiuls  dI'  miles  over  nnignilicent  valleys  and  plains,  no 
ruins  of  "temples"  were  found  by  the  diseovi'rers  of  this  part  of  the  continent.  Their 
rites  had  not  degenerated  into  the  gross  systems  of  idolatry  practised  at  Jlexico,  Cu/eo, 
andChulula;  and  the  stipulated  fast  and  feast,  tho  sacred  medicine  dance,  or,  more 
jjroperlj-,  the  medawin,  was  continued  down  to  the  settlement  of  the  colonies,  and  is 
still  one  of  their  prominent  institutions. 

When  a  comparison  is  instituted  between  the  religion  of  the  Aztec  tribes  and  these 
normal  forest  ritea  of  the  Wsperic  tribes,  they  present  the  Indian  mind  in  a  suggestive 
point  of  \  iew.  Wc  can  observe  in  the  A/tee  the  sumo  i)hysieal  features ;  the  same  mental 
traits  and  iiliosyncracies;  the  same  iniii)titude  to  trace  eil'eets  to  their  causes;  tlie 
same  surrender  of  permanent  I'or  tempoiary  enjoyment;  and  the  elements  of  the  same 
word-building  languages;  but  there  is  a  great  disparity  in  the  true  oi>jects  of  life  and 
enjoyment;  a  greater  lassitude  of  moral  force;  a  lack  of  mental  independence;  and  a 
greatly  tliminished  degree  of  pers(jual  and  military  energy.  A  tropical  clinnitc,  abound- 
ing in  fruits,  antl  e\ery  means  of  sul)sistenee,  conjoined  witii  a  listless  and  comparntively 
iille  life,  ilemanding  no  continued  I'xertion,  and  a  long  submis.xion  to  despotic  cliiils  and 
l)riests,  seem  to  have  enervated  the  public  mind,  and  left  it  a  prey  to  the  inlluence  of 
ambitious  rulers,  who  iljunded  dynasties,  exi'rcising  a  proscriptive  and  ab.solnte  sway. 
In  the  time  of  L'ortez,  the  connnon  A/tec  was  a  slave,  who  could  not  even  protect  his 
own  domestic  circle.  The  despotic  sway  over  the  nudtitude  was,  in  a  great  measure, 
the  result  of  the  influence  of  the  priesthood  ;  the  executive  and  ecclesiastical  races,  as 
we  learn  from  (Jlavigero.  having  been  either  of  the  same  family,  or  clo.sely  connected. 
The  two  oIKces  were  generally  united  in  the  same  person,  as  was  manilestly  the  case 
with  Montezuma  and  Atahualpa. 

The  worslii[)  of  the  sun  was  still  the  substructure  of  the  Mexican  creed,  as  it  was 
of  that  of  the  Vesperic  tribes ;  but,  at  the  era  of  Cortoz,  it  oxerci.sed  only  a  secondary 
inlluence.  Tribes,  after  having  attained  iwwer  by  following  their  leaders  in  battle,  .set 
up  and  worshipped  an  innige  of  the  god  of  war.  Iluitzilapochtli  was  the  great  idol 
adored  at  the  era  of  the  Conqnost,  and  to  liim  the  saerillces  offered  consisted  of  the 
hearts  of  prisoners  taken  in  war,  which  were  torn  out  of  their  ))odies,  while  stretched 
over  the  sacrificial  stone  by  the  sanguinar}-  jjriesthood,  and  the  body  then  hurled  from 
the  top  of  their  teocalli.  (Plate.)  Among.st  such  a  people,  temples  became  the 
acknowledged  location  whence  emanated  the  decrees  of  their  rulers  and  priests.  The 
nia.s.«es  culti\iited  the  soil,  raising  corn,  cotton,  seeds,  and  fruits;  but  every  item  was 
taxed  for  public  jiurposes  witli  an  uns[)aring  hand ;  every  initive  production  of  the 
country,  from  birds'  feathers  to  gold,  was  laid  under  contribution.  It  is  inidoubtedly 
true,  though  it  has  never  been  acknowledged,  that,  when  the  Aztecs  succumbed  to  the 
Spanish  yoke,  the  change  was  a  beneficial  one  to  the  former;  the  government  of  the 
Spaniards  having  been  very  mild,  compared  to  the  tyranny  and  oppression  of  the  native 
emperors. 


•\:-:     AN 


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STATl'S    AND    A  U  (' U  .E()  LO(i  Y. 


■lor. 


CHAPTER   MI. 


ANTIQUITIES    WEST    OF    THE    ALLEGIl ANIES. 


FmiM  llio  proccdiiii^  noticoH  of  tlic  trilios  onro  ivsiiU'iit  in  Mi'xico,  mid  in  llit' 
vnlli'y  of  till'  iMississipiii.  we  Icani  tliat  tlifii'  wcro  two  ^iciit  otlinologicul  liiinilios 
of  iL'iJ  men  ill  Nortli  Aiin'iica.  ()('(Mi()yiiig  dilli  rent  liUitndi's,  si'iiiiriitod  by  eliinatic 
harriers,  and  lioiiiin.L''  ilivciso  positions  iu  tliu  scalo  of  civiliziitioii.  tlicy  iiilial)it(Ml  cotor- 
iiiinoiis  coinitrics,  and  wvw.  in  cliarartor,  xid  nfucris.  Tliey  coincided  in  j^eiieral  i'oii- 
tiires,  ciiaraetfr,  liahits,  au'l  modes  of  tiionfilit  and  action.  The  vocal)ularies  of  their 
languagcH  dillerod ;  hut  the  ^'ranunatical  structure  of  tiieiu,  and  the  pliilosopliical  i)rin- 
ci|)les  upon  wiiieli  they  were  hased,  weiv  reniarUahly  coincident.  Tiieir  arts  and  occu- 
pations were  also  dissimilar;  oni!  l)ein,ij;  an  aj^ricultnrai  jjcople,  and  the  other  still 
retaiuinji  their  normal  type  of  iiunters  and  foresters.  The  pieture-writin<^  of  tlii^  AztecH 
was  an  improvement  on  picto,i.''rMi)hy.  'I'heir  cosmoiiDuies  and  mythologies  were  ren- 
dered inconurnons,  and  their  reliuion  converted  into  pure  divmonoloL^y ;  tiie  latter  was 
founded  on  a  few  leading  Indian  princ  pies,  which,  though  similar  to  those  of  the  North, 
had,  however,  ac(piired  a  grosser  intensity  of  eri'or  and  idolatry.  In  mental  strength 
lliey  wi're  likewise  inl'erior  to  the  Indians  of  the  North.  The  climates,  Ihuna,  and 
ilora  of  their  countries  were  dillerent.  The  position  of  one  peojile  being  in  the  tropical, 
and  the  other  in  the  temperate,  latitudes,  they  resorted  to  dilVerent  means  for  obtain- 
ing subsistence.  There  was  nothing,  however,  in  wiiich  the  broad  line  of  separation 
wiLs  more  clearly  defined  than  in  their  modes  of  government.  The  American  class 
adhered  to  a  primitive  patriarchal,  or  rt'[)resentative  form,  under  the  control  of  chiefs 
and  councils;  the  other  groaned  under  a  fearfidly  despotic  rule.  I'oth  cultivated  the 
y.ea  maize  and  nieotiana;  both  raised  species  of  the  batata,  of  beans,  and  of  melons. 
In  the  northern  latitudes,  in  lien  of  the  tropical  fruits  indigenous  in  tho.se  region.s.  the 
j)apaw,  the  plum,  and  the  orange'  ollered  their  tempting  products  for  the  use  of  man. 
Hut,  while  the  one  class  of  tril)es  had  not  emerged  from  the  simple  hunter  state,  and 
still  roamed  through  the  vast  forests  of  America,  tilled  with  aninnils  and  birds  of  every 
plumage,  the  otiier  class  had  made  important  progress  in  arts,  agriculture,  and  archi- 
tecture; which,  though  tending  to  their  advance  in  civilization,  exercised  a  depressing 


lii' 


Mi  t 


'  IJiirtniiii. 


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INDICIA    h'  l{  ( » M    T  II  i:  I  II    A  N  ('  I  K  N  T 


iiitUuMici'  on   tlicir  riionil  clinriicU'r,  niid  plmij^i'd  tlicru  tcnlold  dcoijor  into  itidi-  and 
iiiy.'*tii'i.'*iii. 

Till"  iiivi'ftijrntiiiu  ni'  tlm  aiitii|iio  ri'initiim  nl"  hilior  iiiiil  art,  ncattcri'd  ovtT  the  Imliaii 
I'oiiiilrv  west  of  till'  .\llt'j;liiiiiii's.  wliicli  was  iii.xtitiitt'd  with  a  view  nt'  prociiriiii;  www 
iliir  to  llic  t'Milv  lii>tt>i'v  (if  the  |ir(i|ili'  roriiu'ily  rt'<<i(k'iit  on  tlic  soil.  di'Vi'liips  a  p'licral 
conv-'piiiiclcncc  lirtwcfii  tlu'iii  and  iliosi'  coinnion  anuiii'i  llir  Mfxican  trilx'x  at  tlic  cm 
of  tlic  oci'iipalion  of  the  Mexican  vallcv  l)y  the  ('hiehiniai'ds  and  Acolhuans,  or  Tesco- 
can.s ;  wliirli  event  ( 'hivi'.'ero  phics  in  1170.'  These  harhaioii.H  trihes  were  not  con- 
qnered,  nor  was  Tanoehtitlan.  or  Mexico,  foinuhd.  nntil  l;i'JI.'  (.'oidd  the  veil  of 
(ilp|i\ion  lie  lifted  fmiii  ihe  i\.nts  whicji  Iraii-'iiired  in  the  Mississippi  valley  at  that 
dull'.  /.  '..  one  hnndred  and  ninet\-livc  or  two  hnndred  years  heforc  the  advent  of  the 
Spaniards  in  Mexico,  it  woidd.  in  all  prohahility.  he  fouml  to  have  hecn  thickly  inhahitcd 
liy  fierce,  athletic,  and  Imrliarons  trihes.  |Missessin'.'  all  the  elements  of  projrress  known 
to  the  ('iiicliiniaciians  and  their  a^xiciales.  These  Iriiies  were  worshippers  of  the  sn?i, 
whom  they  propitiated  hy  lires  kindled  on  the  apex  of  iiiiih  hills  ;  they  erected  sepnlchral 
mounds,  in  \vhich  they  interred  the  I'cmains  of  their  kiinrs  or  rulers;  and  they  inces- 
santly maintained  the  same  lierce  strili^  with  all  their  nei,i;hhors.  which  has  marked  tlu^ 
entire  Indian  race  durinj:  three  and  a  half  centuries.  If  the  Mississippi  trihes  dct'ended 
a  town,  as  the  existinjr  remains  indicate,  hy  ditches  and  pickets,  in  which  there  was  a 
7,i>:-/.a,L'  L'ate.  coniormiuir  to  tin-  Tlascalan  fashion.  |)recisely  the  same  modt!  was  prevalent 
amomr  the  harliarons  trilies  of  Mexico  at  the  period  when  our  southern  stocks  .seL'rei.''atod 
from  tiiem. 

So  few  traces  of  ai't  were  ohsei'valile  amoni:'  th(>  V'esperic  trihos  aloni;  the  siiores  of 
the  Atlantic,  from  the  capes  of  Klorida  to  the  St.  Lawrence,  that,  wlu'ii  the  population 
of  the  colonies  liejjan  to  cross  the  AlleLdiMiiies.  and  descend  into  tiio  rich  airricultural 
valli'ys  of  the  Ohio  and  the  Mississippi,  sur[a'ise  was  expressed  to  lind.  conceak'd  heneath 
a  forest  growth,  the  ruins  of  lahor  and  arts,  which  appeared  superior  to  any  known  to 
have  heen  practised  hy  the  ancestor.'^  of  the  existing  tribe.s, 

Tiie  accounts  of  the  lertile  soil,  genial  clinnite,  and  natural  beauty  of  the  Ohio  valley, 
given,  about  the  year  I  77(1.  hy  hunters  ami  ailv(Miturers,  appeared,  when  recounted  east 
(if  the  mountains,  like  tales  of  some  newly-found  elysium.  or  land  of  promise.  The  desire 
for  the  acquisition  of  landed  property  was  universal;  America  rang  with  the  tale;  and  a 
collision  of  races  was  the  con.se(iuent  residt.  The  earliest  explorations  of  a  ndiahle 
character  were  those  which  date  from  the  generic  era  of  Washington's  youthful  visit  in 
\~'A.  The  first  L'rant  of  land  from  the  Indians  was  that  made  to  William  Trent  and  his 
associates,  in  17tJS.  and  conveyed  the  tract  .situate  between  the  Monongahela  and  Ohio 
rivers.^  Detached  tracts  were  located,  and  settloTnents  began  to  he  made  in  177U  ;  which 
is  the  date  of  the  founding  of  Hod  Stone,  or  Brownsville,  west  of  the  mountain  slope  at  the 


'  Vide  Vol   v.,  p.  96. 


'  Il.id  ,  p  97 


'  JffTi'rgon's  Notes. 


S  T  A  T  I 


ANI>    A  Hi'll  .KolJXi  Y, 


m 


fiHit  ot'  fjimrcl  Mill.    Sonic  ntlii'i"  loi'iUiciiix  wcri'  miiili'  in  llic^'c  viilli'vs  In'twtH'n  tin'  ^ciii'h 


1770  anil  17' 


At  llic  litter  pciiiiil,  i'\[ilip|crH  rciirlii'il  tlif  imlnl  lliits,  cuvcri'il  willi 


Iiiiliiin  tiininii,  tin*  Mtn'uin  tlimuuli  wlmli  Ih'iici 


i  Vi'il  till'  inline  III'  ( irilM'  ( 'I'eeU.'     Kurt 


liiiinier  WHS  eiceteil  in  I7.S"),  lit  tlie  jiinelidii  lA'  tin;  MiiMkiii;ziini  ii\ir  uilli  tli"  Oiiiu. 
^Vitllin  II  colllile  111'  ^eiirs  tliereat'ter,  ('(i|ijjl'e^>i  extendeil  its  jillisilii'tiiill  lioilli-svest  (if 
Ohio,  iippoiiited  II  governor,  iiml  |iro\iileil  n  jinlieiiirv  ;  tlnis  estiililisliin,'  n  leliuUle  pi'o- 
tt'ftioii  liir  till'  settlements.  Oil  tile  7ili  III'  .M;i_s.  I7>s,  I'litmun  iiml  his  .\e«  Kn^lanil 
nssnciiitcs  liimleil  :it.  ami  liii<l  iIk'  liunnlation  ol  .Maiiettii.  'I'liis  may  he  a«siiiiieil  a^  tint 
earliest  iierioil  at  \s  hieh  atleiitiiiu  was  iitti'iieteil  to  a  s|iei'ie.Mil'  Iniliiiii  antii|iiiiriiin  remains, 
bearin;;  oviilencc  Dl'iirt  superior  to  unylhiiig  known  iimonjj  the  esistinf;  Imlitin  trilies, 


M 


ii'ii'ttii  was,  ill   I'ai't,  one  ol'  the  locations  where   the  iintii|iiiii'iaii   remains  ol' 


iiiior 


oc 


cupiuicy  existi'd,  ami  still  i'\i>t,  in  one  of  their  most  striking  ami  I'liijiimitieal  liirms. 
Tht')  t'lubraeed  tin'  iiciite  roini  oi'lhe  onlinary  Indian  sepiilcjir.d  monml,  Imt  were  com- 
posed .)f  a  r  lised  |datliirh  o|'  earth,  ol'the  general  liiiin  ol'  a  paialli  lopipedoii,  pierced 
■with  giitos,  i,r  spiUM  s,  cleaii_\  ii>ed   as   [niMiv'  entrances;  and,  if  the  outer  lines  ol'  tho 

11  pickets,  and  turrets  for 
The  height  ol'  tin'  level 


ia\'e  lieeii  snriiMiiniteil  with  \\i 


riiised  work  !•'>  sup;  nsod  to  I 

innrksi'eii,  the  ^'iole  iiiust  Inive  p'   sented  a  palatial  di.«| 

Uoor  of  this  rortiiit'd  estiibl   ■Jimelit   •  onld   not.  pos.sihiy.  have  e.vceeded   seven   or  eight 

leet ;  and,  though  its  solM  <  i.li,,'al  contents  wore  coiisiderahle,  it  was  not.  prohalily,  beyond 


the  iihilit\' of  the  inhi\hi,.iiils  ot' a  pi">iilons  Indian  town  to  coiistiiict. 


iirli  a  slrncliire, 


Vivised  hy  the  '.'ol-<s,  or  A/tecs, 
cither  on  acci   iiit  oi   the  aimninl 


■ssors.  would  not 


ia\e  e\ci 


t.'d 


leiiiaru. 


aiior  e.xpeiii. 


ided 


on  it.  or  of  the 


Llll   evinced  III  Its 


coiistriictioii ;  hut.  being  a  de>erte(|  ruin.  v.  t',  territories  of  trihes  who  possessed 
iieitlii'i'  much  art  or  indiislrji,  beyond  tin-  mcri  m  reipiireinents  uf  pure  hunter  trihes, 
they  became  II  theme  ol' conjecture,  and  excited  wondi'i';  the  more  so.  as  the  discoverers 


had 


lle\  i-r  M'cll  the  evidences  ol'  senii-ci\  ili/.a 


tioii  e\iiiceil  b\-  the  Indian  tril 


it'  M 


eXICO. 


As  the  country  tided  up  with  [)opiiliitioii,  other  remains  ol' analogous  kind  were  brought 
to  light,   most   of  whi(.-h    were   in   the   liiiiu  of  small   .-e[iulcliral   mounds,  or   barrows. 


itch 


s.  or  eiitreiichmiuits  once  siirmounti 


iiv 


ilckets 


but  the\-  excited  little  remark 


oxct 


as  iiearinir  evnieiice  o 


>\-  tl 


le  nriiuiarv  apiiriiraiice  of  au 


liid 


iau  town. 


tiimnlu^  at  (irave  cret'k  iiad  eaiK  attr.i 


i..d 


llotlCi 


•  ri  accdiiiit  of  it." 


Tl 
Tl 


le  Lireat 


lere  was 


:-cjirc(dv  II  tiibntar\-  stream,  from  PitlsJHjrg  to  tlu'  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  which  did  not  \  ield 


10  vestiue  of  tliis 


kind 


It  tl 


lere  was  nil  localitv  in  wliich  tlie  eartli-works  wen 


as  in  the  Sciot<i  \  ,illey.    Tliose  at  Chillicothe.  ( 'indeville.  and 
•Ni-teiice  of  a  mice  iiui.'ierous  iviicieiu  jiopnlatioii.    The  entire 


iibundant  and  complicnli 

riiinl  Creek.  evince(l  tli 

area  of  tlip  States  of  Ohio.  Iiidiai 

borders  of  Virginia  and  Kentucky. 

occupancN'.  partial  cultivation,  and  ol'  a  peculiar  character  uf  internal  ci)nime|i;e.    There 


III 


inoi.-j.  as 


well 


tl 


le  sun  ouiii 


liii'j 


western 


appearei 


I  to  b 


ive  1)1 


vn  the  tin  ,itre  of  dense  Indiai 


.>% 


Traiisactiuns  cif  tin'  AmoriiMii  Ktliiuilngieal  Societv.  VmI   I.,  p   liTO. 


u 


:ii 


IP 


I ' 


ii 


■  I 


w  I 


'  I' 


lii^! 


!  :1 


598 


INDICIA    FROM    THEIR    ANCIENT 


the  .aiiti([imrian  found  specimens  of  liiiinmered  native  copper,'  steatites  for  amulets  and 
pijies/  the  dolioate  niarginella  shell.' mica, N)hsidian,  and  liornstone,'  suitable  for  arrow- 
Iiciuls.  The  art  of  makins;  cooking-puts"  and  vases  from  tempered  cla}*,  was  understood 
and  ])ractised  h^- all  the  tribes,  from  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  to  the  farthest  extent 
north  and  east.  The  conch,  and  other  heavy  sea  shells,  were  ingeniou.sly  carved  into 
medals.'  beads,'  and  wampum.^  An  extensive  trade  was  carried  on  in  native  copper, 
mined  from  the  basin  of  Lake  Superior.  The  fme  red  pipe-stone,  from  the  dividing 
grounds  between  Missouri  and  .Mississippi,  has  been  found  in  the  antique  Indian  graves 
around  Oswego '"  and  Onondaga.  Wristbands  "  and  chisels,'^  of  hammered  native  copper, 
li:i\e  been  llgured  in  [U'cceding  pages.  The  tips  of  tiie  horns  of  rptadrupeds  were  u.'<ed 
as  awls; '  and  a  thin,  tubular  j)iece  of  siliceous  clay  slate,  worked  into  the  shape  of  a 
luiiallcldgram.  and  pierced  with  two  orifices,  was  cmiiloyed  to  .separate  tiie  strands  in 
making  cords  or  ropes. '^  Thin  pieces  of  bone,  with  an  eye  delicately  drilled  in  them, 
scr\ed  the  purpose  of  bodkins."  Mortars  I'or  erushiug  corn  were  scooped  out  of  st)lid 
])ieces  of  rock."'  Fire  was  produced  by  the  I'apid  rotation  of  a  stick,  with  a  string  and 
bow.  Discoidal  stones,  fabricated  with  great  labor  from  pieces  of  hard  granite  and 
porphyry,'"  were  used  in  games,  (,'hisels.  made  of  hard  stone,  were  employed  for 
removing  the  incinerated  part  of  trunks  of  trees,  in  the  j)rocess  of  felling  them,  and, 
also,  in  converting  them  into  canoes."  Tomahawk.-*,  in  the  shape  of  lunettes,  having 
shar])  jioints.  and  au  orifice  in  which  to  iii.«ert  a  handle,  supplied  the  place  of  iron 
blades."  Smoking-jiipes  were  formed  of  day;'"  but  this  cherished  article  was 
gonerally  carved  out  of  stone,  with  nuu'h  skill  and  ingenuity."'  Long  spear-points 
;vcre  made  from  chert  and  hornstono."  Fleshing  instruments,  used  in  the  priuniry 
process  of  preparing  skins,  were  made  from  porphyry  and  other  hard  stones."  The 
manual  arts  t)f  the  Indians  were  well  adapted  to  their  condition  and  necessities.  They 
ingeniously  nmde  a  species  of  (ish-hooks,^^  sinkers,"  and  spears,"'  from  compact  bone  ; 


'  V.il. 

'  (bid 

'  Ibid 

'  Vnl. 

'    Ibid 

'  Am. 

»  VmI. 

"  Vul. 

"  lljid 

'^  Ibid 

"  Ibid 

'^  Ibid 

"  Iliid. 

'"'  Ibid. 

"  Ibi.l. 

"•  Ibid. 

'■■  Ibid 

I.,  Vhw  X\l..  I'iL's.  2,  :i,  p.  S4. 
..  riato  X.W.,  Fiirs.  1,  2.  .'i,  4,  5,  (i,  p.  105:  A'ul.  IT..  Plate  XLVt.,  p.  90. 

I..  I'latc  X.X.W.,  I'iL's.  I'vmla  pcivii-sa,  and  I'ynila  spirat.i,  p.  !l.'). 
.,  I'lato  XXX.,  Fi-s.  i,  -.2,  .'i,  4  :   Am.  Ktli.  Hos.^  \\.I.  1.,  J'latc  II.,  p.  400. 

I.,  I'latos  XVII.,  XVIH.,  pp.  s),  SL'. 
.,  riafcs  XXII..  XXXIV..  pp.  V,,  114:   V„l.  III.,  I'late  XbV. 

Kth.  Trans..  Vi>1.  I.,  I'lato  I.,  p.  400:   VuL  I.,  I'lat.^  X.NIV.,  I'ig.s.  17-24. 

I.,  I'lato  X.NIV.,  l'itr.s.  1,  2,  ;-i,  4,  ,1.  »  Diicita.  '"  .Votes  on  tlio  Iroiiuoi.s 

I..  I'lato  XXXI.,  p.  ill'.  "  Tbid..  I'lato  XXI.,  Fiirs.  2,  .1,  p.  S4. 


ss. 


I.,   I'latc  XXXI.,  |i.  ;*!?.  '   iimi.,   I  liiir  A^\i..    I'lUf*.  -,  .),  p.  ."^1. 

.,  I'lato  XXVII.,  Fiirs.  I,  2,  :!,  4,  ;"),  p.  8S.  »  Ibid.,  I'lato  XXVIII..  Fi-s.  2.  ;!,  p.  8!> 

.,  I'lato  XXVIII,  Fii;.  1,  i>.  s'.K  ">  Ibid.,  I'lato  XXVII.,  Fip-'.  •!,  7,  S,  p.  ^ 

..  I'latc  XXIII..  Fi'."*.  :;,  4,  .\,  H.  p.  S(i. 

.  I'lato  XI.,  Fitrs.  :;.  4  :  I'lato  XIV..  Fiu's.  1,  2,  :i :  I'lato  XVI.,  Fil's.  1,  2,  3,  4,  5. 

,  I'lato  XI..  Fi,L'.-i.  1,  2. 

.  I'lato  VIII.,  Fig-.  I,  2,  .'i,  4,  :< :   I'lalo  X.,  Fi-s.  I,  2,  :!,  4,  5,  li. 

,  I'lato  VIII.,  Fiirs.  b,  0,  d  :    I'lato  IX.,  Fi.:;s.  2.  4.  "  Ibid.  I'lato  XXVI. 

.  I'lato  XXIX.  "  Vol     II..  I'lato  XXXVIII.,  Fig.  1 

.  I'lato  XLIX  "  Ibid  .  I'laie  LXXVI 


STATUS    AND    ARCHAEOLOGY. 


599 


their  war  clubs,'  bowH,  arrows,  iiiul  ("iiiiocs,"  w(>re  (.'oiistnictctl  witli  as  iniicli  iiii^cimity 


as  those  of  the  seini-civilizcd  trihis  ol'  I'olviiesia.     'I'lieir 


IllUSU 


al  iiistniincnls  {'()iisi>U'(l 


ol'  a  pipe  or  llute,  tambourine,  drum,  and  rattles.^  The  attempts  they  made  to  sculpturo 
objects  in  natural  history  on  their  pipes  and  vases/  exhibited  much  s|)irit;'  and  their 
braided  worlc  on  pouclies,  as  well  as  on  the  stems  of  tlieir  pipes  of  state,'  displayed  the 
exercise  of  much  [latient  ingenuity.  Had  not  warfare  so  completely  engrossed  their 
minds,  they  mu.st  have  inaile  rapid  advances  in  the  arts.  Stones,  on  which  were  carved 
ligures  for  embossing  skins,  or  faltrics  of  bark,  intendetl  to  lie  used  as  clothing,  were 
manufactured  with  considerable  skill.  Specimens  of  two  of  these,  one  of  which  was 
found  in  a  snndl  mound  at  Cincinnati,  and  the  other  at  Grave  creek,  have  been  previously 
delineated."     The  mounds  erected  bv  them,  varied  nuich  in  size;  specimens  of  whicli 


lave  been  pre 


sented  in  IMate  \'.,  Vol.  1.     The  larwst  snherical  cir 


cncmnicrcnce  ol  :in\'  o 


the  momids  is  GCill  feet,  and  the  smallest,  20  feet.  The  greatest  lieight  attained  is  '.Kl 
feet;  and  the  two  piincipal  mounds,  of  Cahokia  and  Crave  creek,  could  not  contain 
much  less  than  ;),()t)0,(lt)()   s(|nare   feet  of  earth.     The  nidst  co|ii( 


dc 


lus  evidences   o 


f  th 


density  of  the  former  populati(ni,  and  of  their  cultivation,  were  found  in  the  Mis-^issii)i)i 


valley,  on  the  extensive  and   fertile  idhn  ial  plains  in 


Illi 


opposite  to  the  present 


city  of  St.  Louis,  thence  e.Ktending  to  Kaskaskia  and  the  junction  of  the  01 
the  vallev  of  the  latter  into  the  territorv  of  the 


no.  ami  no 


lUlClel 


It  Andastes.  !• 


ne: 


am 


1  1 


roiiuois. 


The  Scioto  valley  must  have  contained  a  dense  hunter  and  semi-agricultural  population, 
previous  to  its  occn[)ancy  by  the  Shawnces ;  and  the  (irave  creek  Hats  appear  to  have 
been  the  central  location  of  populous  tribes.  The  most  striking  evidences  of  agricul- 
tural industry  were  disclosed  in  the  forests  and  prairies  of  Indiana  ami  Southern 
Michigan,  during  the  settlement  of  the  country,  between  the  years  lS27and  IS.')?. 
l)rawim;s  of  thest'  curiouslv-formed   fields,  or  auricullural  beds,  lia\e   been  suliuiitted." 


These  points  of  the  rich  donuuns  of  the  West  may  be  conjectnrt'i 


1  tol 


lave  supplii 


th 


means  of  subsistence  for  the  ab 


d  m 


\\\vv> 


.f  T- 


d\e  Superior.     The  small  urowth 


)f  the  forest  trees  in  the  ancient  mining  e.\ca\ations  of  that  ivi:ion,  does  not  give 


cviilence  o 
that  time. 


f  an  antM( 


iti<iuit\'  more  remote  than  the  twelfth  centnr\\  if  it  even  extends  t( 


Th 


kill  evinced  in  the  work  does  not  ap[)ear  to  be  beyond  the  capacity 


of  a  semi-barbarous  pe(jple.  Maids  ol'  stone,  and  the  cK'Uients  of  lire  and  water,  were 
the  priiu'ii)al  agents  employed.  The  natural  lodes  and  veins  of  nativt'  copper,  for 
which  that  region  is  so  remarkable,  were  I'ollowcil  horizontally.  Jiadders,  formed  from 
trees  by  cutting  otf  the  branches  at  a  short  distance  from  the  trunk,  suiriced  liir 
descending  into  the  pits;  and  levers  of  timber  were  emplo\ed  for  lifting  the  smaller 
pieces  of  t)ri';  the  larger  masses  being  fre([iiently  left  in  the  veins.     The  'great  mass  of 


'  Xo\.  If.,  flat,'  lA'XlV.  ■'  llii.l.,  I'lato  bXXir.  ■■•  llml.,  Tl.ito  lA'NV. 

'  lbi,l.,  rial,'  XIAl.  ••  il.i.l.,  I'lairs  .\IJII  .  I.XIX.  "  Jljid.,  I'latc  LXXl. 

'  Vol.  1  ,  I'laUs  XXIX.,  XXlir.         "  Ibi.l.,  I'iatos  VI.  anil  VII.,  p.  O.J 


!i 


;  ■,  t.) 


♦it, 


l;i 


!   ! 


i1    I 

is    1 


n\\ 


i   :i 


t-  i 


600 


INDICIA    Fi?(»M    Til  Kill    ANCIKNT 


coiipcr  rmiul  oil  till'  Oiitoiiapiii,  in  I'urlv  tiiiics,  was  one  of  tlios(>,  whicli  tlioy  were 
o\  idi'utly  compolU'tl  to  abamloii. 

Tlie  Aztocs  (lid  not  drixe  out  or  coiuiuor  tlu'  harharoiis  trihi's  ol"  Analuiac,  and  obtain 
tlio  mastery  of  tliat  valley  until  l^llio.'  'J'lieie  are  no  reasons  for  JH'lievinj;:  tliat  the 
useful  nii'tals  wen-  known  to.  or  miuiuL;'  praetised  at  all  \>y  the  Chieliiiueea  or  Acolhuan 
stork;  and  until  this  liraneh  of  their  arts  was  dexeloped,  the  northern  tribes  were  in  a 
jiosilioM  to  furnisii  them  with  supiilics  of  copjiei',  and  the  erude  material  for  the  nnmu- 
faeture  of  brt)nze.  'I'luMi'  is.  likewise,  ample  reason  to  believe,  that  the  jirtjeess  of  mininu; 
in  the  nortiiern  latitudes  of  the  region  of  Lake  Superior  was  earricd  on,  periodically, 
by  piM'sons  who  derived  their  sustenance  from,  or  who  pi'rmanently  resided  in.  the  jrenial 
plains  south  of  the  great  lake.  The  e.\'i)loration,  for  some  cause,  appears  to  have  been 
suddenl}-  abandoniid,  as  if  the  miners  were  driven  oft' by  an  iin'oad  of  barbarous  hordes. 

From  an  examination  of  the  ages  of  trees,  as  disclosed  by  the  annual  deposit  of 
vegetable  fibre,  tlu'  termination  ol'  the  ancient  mound  period  ap|)ears  to  have  occum'd  in 
the  twelfth.  i)v  early  in  the  thirteenth  century.  There  seems  then  to  luive  been  a  general 
disturbance  among,  and  breaking  up  of  the  aborigimil  stocks.  The  late  Dr.  Locke, 
after  counting  th(>  cortical  rings  of  trees  growing  on  tiie  ancient  work  found  by  him  in 
Ohio,  in  1S38.  determined  it  to  have  existed  t)00  years;  which  would  place  its  abandon- 
ment in  rJoS.^  Mr.  Tomlin.son.  the  proprietor  of  the  large  tumulus  at  Grave  creek, 
in  \  irgiuia,  states  that  a  large  tree  of  tlu;  species  (/nrmi.s  (il/mx,  which  stood  on  the  llat 
surface  of  the 'apex  of  that  mound,  blew  down  in  1828,  and  on  counting  the  cortical 
rings,  they  were  ascertained  to  be  500 ;  Avhich  denotes  that  the  tree  counnenced  its 
cortical  deposits  in  lo28.' 

Oeneral  George  llogers  (.'lark,  wliose  opportunities  for  making  a  personal  inspection 
of  the  western  vestiges  of  the  mound  period  were  extensive,  expresses  the  opinion  tiiat 
these  remains  do  not  exceed  the  age  of  -MM )  years ;  which  wotdd  place  the  date  of 
their  abandoinuent  aiiout  the  year  l.'i8ll.^  The  Kaskaskia  chief,  Ducoign,  being  inter- 
rogated on  the  topic,  replied  that  great  Indian  wars  had  prevailed,  in  which  the  trilies 
fiU'jht  desperately,  and  destioyed  each  other's  strength.'  This  view  of  their 
tradition  is  also  taken  by  the  li'ocpiois,  as  exhibited  in  the  cuiious  |)amphlet  hislory 
of  Cusic/' 

The  fortifications  constructed  by  the  Mississippi  valle\-  tribes  were  well  adapteil  to 
the  particular  kind  of  enemy  to  be  en<-ountert'd.  Lines  of  pickets  were  placed  ai\)uiid  a 
\illage,  situated  on  an  eminence,  or  in  the  valley,  or  on  tiie  plain.  Ditches  liirmed  no  part 
ol'  the  defensive  plan,  at  least  in  their  teclinii;al  military  sense.  The_\'  were  sometimes 
lii-  iteil  without  tin.'  walls,  and  occasiomdly  within.  In  the  formercase  they  denote  acon- 
tingent  state  of  labor  in  the  construction — in  the  latter,  the}-  appear  to  have  been  intended 


•  V..1.  v.,  p.  97. 

'  Anii'iicau  iltliiiolugiuul  Trausactiuus,  Vol.  I.,  p.  380. 

'  Vol.  IV ,  p.  i;j5.  ^ 


'Vol.  v.,  p.  (iCIO. 

*  Vol.  IV.,  p.  i;i3. 

•  Vol.  v..  p.  031. 


I  tlioy  were 
nii'I  ohtnin 

l.li'    tllMt    tllO 

>'■  Acolliiiaii 
■■<  W'To  ill  a 
<li>'  iiiiiiiii- 
"I'liiiniiin; 
'I'iddicallv. 
t'lc  gciiiiil 

I I  live  hvvn 
Jiix  lionlcs. 
deposit  of 
'(-■ciiiTi'd  in 

•'I  liviicral 
>'•■  r.uckc, 
')y  liini  ill 

ahaiidoii- 
i\e  civclv, 
"I  tlio  flat 
I'  cortical 
oiiccd  its 

ii^pcction 

iiioii  tliat 

date  of 

ii.ir  iiitiT- 

IH'   friliog 

>f'    tiicir 

Ili.s.'ol'J 

iplcd  to 
11)11  lid  a 
IK)  part 

ll'lilllCS 

-  .■icon- 
ti'iid.d 


i 


iSTATTS    AM)    A  1!  (' II -K  o  I.  (  Mi  V. 


GOl 


iis  pil.-s  of  rffiiLiL'.  or  l()r  licroic  resistance- 


Imliaii  I'catiii'i'  in  IlLiiitiiiL;. 


Ti 


le  iirmcipa 


artistic  leatiuv  in  tlie  coiistnietioii  iipijears  to  lia\i'  liccii  tiie  ,nate.  wiiicli  was.  in  ail 
cases,  loriiied  according  to  tlie  Tlascalan  jilan.  tiionLiii  varicil  in  sinidiy  ways.  'I'iie 
principal  ohject  appears  to  have  l)een  to  lead  the  i-iieiii}'  into  a  laliyriiitli  of  [)assages, 
in  wliicli  he  would  lieconie  perplexed  how  to  proceed.     Sections  of  curved  walls  produced 


tl 


le  same  c 


fleet ; 


mil  a  small  moiiiu 


11 


(l-sh 


4" 


d  red 


oiibl  was  .sometimes  nse( 


1.    Tl 


lese  various 


inoiles  of  constructing  the  gateway  have  been  generalized  and  presented  tor  study,  on 
a  single  Plate.' 

Till!  tumuli,  or  mounds,  constituted  no  i)art  of  the  militar}-  defence,  though  fierpiently 
located  at  or  near  the  entrenched  towns ;  hut,  i)eing  devoted  exclusively  to  ecclesiastical 
or  sepulchral  purposes,  they  were  uinler  the  can-  and  control  of  tlu"  Indian  priesthood. 


Some  of  the  smaller  mounds  had  lieen  mer(d\'  circular  altar.- 


•arlli.  a  few  feet  in 


height;  l)ut,  after  serving  tiiis  purpose  a  long  time,  tliey  were  heajied  up  with   loos(> 


earth  into  the  shape  of  cones 


am 


1  left 


lis  iiiei 


norials  of  the  Indian 


Th 


I'st  formal  attempt  made  to  investigate  the  ri'inii 


of  western  antirpiities  was 


stituted  under  the  auspices  of  the  American  .Viitiipiarian  Society.    Tin'  primary  volume 


of  the  coUei'tions  of  th 


is  socit'ty  was  piihlis 


d  in  1S2II.  umliT  the  title  of  Arclueoli 


Americana.  In  this  work  the  descri[ilioiis,  ae('om|)anied  with  [ilates,  which  were 
furnished  \>y  Mr.  Atwater,  comprise  the  earthworks  and  mounds  at  Newark.  Marietta, 
Cireleville,  Paint  creek,  Portsmouth,  in  the  I/ittle  Miami  valle\'.  at  Grave  creek,  and  at 
other  places  in  the  Ohio  valky,  and  in  the  Western  Slates.  The  descri[)tions  and  plates 
illustrating  those  works  are  clearly  and  intelligibly  executed.     The  antiquities  of  the 


countrv   had   not   then   lieen   studied,  and   for   the   hast\  th 


eories   aecompanying   these 


de.seri[)tioiis,  that  society  does  not  hold  itself  responsible.     Still,  .Mr.  .\twater  is  entitled 
to  high  praise  for  his 


1  and  assiduitv  in  introiluciiiii  a  snbicct  of  interestiiiLi'  historical 


research  am 


d  ph 


hical 


speculation 


to  th 


uiblic  consideration. 


The  attention  of 


ncientifie  men  in  the  I'liited  Slates  had  not  previously  been  direeled  to  the  study  of 
anti(piariiiii  icmains.  15ut  few  thought  that  any  thing  l"|"t  by  a  savage  peo[)le.  who 
possessed  neither  arts,  letters,  nor  monuments,  would  rt'iiay  elaborate  iiapiiry,  if  worthy 
of  remembrance.  Students  of  history  and  .scholars  were  not  then  a  munerous  class,  and 
even  thev  wi'ie  nnacipiainted  with  the  e\idences  of  sui)erior  Indian  art  and  skill  which 
had  been  deseloped  ill  Mexic(j  and  Peru.  The  prevalent  impressicai  in  -Mr.  .Vtwater's 
time,  and  still  partially  entertained,  was  that   these  anti([uarian  vestiges,  though  they 


evinceil  but   little  art.  wen 


tl 


le  woi 


k  of  sotiie  other  and   more  advancei 


1   n 


am 


not  attributable  to 


lie  II 


ncestral  line  of  the  existiui;'  tribes.     Yet  there  are  some  wniks 


if  art    and  labor  in  the  Mississi[ipi  valley,  constructed   during  the   antitpiariaii   period. 


trrea 


tlv  resembling  those  of  the   .Mexican  tribes 


Tl 


lev  had.  it  IS  true,  le: 


timulus  to 


arti.-lic  e 


It  and  ail    in   the  natural   histor\'  and  eliinatoli)ii\-  of  the  country 


Th 


V..1.  I ,  ri;.ir  IV..  I'i-.  I  t..  11.  p.  I- 


Vol..  VI. 


Ill 


:'ll! 


\\- 


1 1^:1 

.ijHj 

1  ;  ■ 

III 

~f  B 

h  t: 

602 


INDICIA    FROM    Til  I]  111    ANCIENT 


'    r 


.J 


;     \\ 


\ 


,--1 


Horn  of  tlie  iiortli  did  not  coinprisi'  tlio  cotton  pliint,  the  luscious  fViiits,  the  Ipgumos, 
the  ridi  dyes  iiiid  dnins,  and  otlu-r  jTodiictions  pt'culiiU'  to  the  tropics,  which  liad  been 
elonionts  of  industry  to  tliu  nativo  Indians  of  Mexico.  Its  niintM-alogy  incUided  none  of 
tho  native  precious  metals.  Tiie  /ea  maize  was  convoyed  nortli  to  about  hititude  46°, 
and  dis.seminated  to  the  further  sliores  of  Now  Enirhmd,  and  even  to  the  sources  of  tlie 
Mississippi.  The  tol)acco  plant  was  also  cultivated  in  some  of  the  temperate  latitudes; 
but  it  is  inferred  that  these  northern  Indians  were  seduced  into  the  line  of  barbarism 
by  the  ready  means  of  subsistence  aft'orded  by  the  deer  and  the  builiilo,  which  ranged 
freely  through  the  forests  and  plains. 

In  184S,  some  twcTity-eight  years  subsequent  to  Mr.  Atwater's  examinations,  the 
Smith.sonian  Institution  published,  in  the  lirst  volume  of  its  Transactions,  a  full  and  com- 
prehensive memoir  on  the  subject,  under  the  caption  of"  Mommients  of  the  Mi.ssi.ssippi 
Valley;"  the  information  contained  therein  having  been  derived  from  personal  surveys, 
principally  made  by  Mr.  E.  G.  Squier  and  Dr.  Davis.  An  elaborate  account  of  these 
remains  is  given,  illustrated  by  a  large  number  of  engravings.  In  this  work  descriptions 
are  presented  of  the  principal  earth-works  (jf  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Valleys,  from 
minute  instrumental  examinations.  Whatever  had  been  previously  described,  is  repro- 
duced, with  much  new  matter  respecting  mounds,  fortifications,  altars,  articles  of  art,  and 
otlier  remains  of  hunu\n  labor  and  ingenuity,  found  scattered  overtho.se  vast  plains  and 
valleys.  The  prominent  impression  produced  in  the  minds  of  these  writers,  by  a  survey 
of  this  field  is,  that  the  countrj'  must  have  been  inhabited  by  a  population  vastly  more 
den.se  than  any  which  hase.\isted  there  since  its  discovery;  or  else,  that  these  accunudated 
labors  are  the  results  of  much  longer,  and  more  indefinite  periods  of  occupation  than  is 
supposed.  Oni'  gn'at  merit  of  this  work  is,  that  extravagant  theories  are  therein  avoided. 
There  is.  however,  a  gloss  tiirown  over  rude  and  enigmatic-al  monuments,  which  pre- 
suppo.ses  the  o(;cu[)afiun  df  the  valley  in  former  ages,  by  a  peo[)le  tnore  advanced  in 
arts  and  polity  than  the  remote  ancestors  of  the  present  race  of  Indians.  This  con- 
clusion, which  is  product'd  b\-  the  actual  declension  of  Indian  art  in  the  north,  since 
its  first  occupancy,  had  been  the  theory  of  Mr.  Atwater  in  ISliO ;  it  had  been  enter- 
tained bv  General  Putnam  and  the  Ohio  colonists,  in  1787,  and  bv  Dr.  Stiles, 
president  of  Yale  college,  to  whom  the  facts  were  re[)orted.  Dr.  Webster,  tlu'  lexi- 
cographer, was  of  the  opinion  that  the  (juestion  of  these  antiquities  was  solved  by 
referring  them  to  De  Soto,  during  his  extensive  explorations  and  semi-Quixotic  marches, 
in  the  early  part  of  the  fifteenth  century.  Yet  the  most  northerly  point  ever  reached 
by  De  Soto  was  ("oligoa,  on  the  head-waters  of  the  River  St.  Francis,  in  Missouri.  This 
chivalric  explorer  never  erected  any  fortifications  beyond  temporary  sludfers,  and  the 
only  ditched  and  staked  camp  he  constructed  was  the  one  in  which  he  passed  the 
winter  of  loll,  after  crossing  the  Ozark  range  of  Missouri  and  Arkansas.  This  must 
be  located  in  the  [)rairie  county  of  the  Neosho,  on  the  Arkansas,  west  of  Van  IJuren. 

A  prominent  feature  in  the  Smithsonian  memoir  is  a  description  of  the  fortified 


M 


Ii*'  legumes, 
ell  had  been 
ded  none  of 
at i tilde  4G°, 
)iiree,s  of  tlie 
te  latitudes; 
f  barljarimn 
I  it'll  ranged 

nations,  the 
ill  and  coin- 
Mi. ssissip  pi 
lal  .survey.s, 
lit  of  these 
iescriptions 
illej-.s,  from 
d,  i.s  repro- 
I  of  art,  and 
plains  iiiid 
n-  a  siirv('\ 
astly  more 
■•■iiniiilated 
ion  than  is 
ill  avoided, 
vliicli  pre- 
vaneed   in 
This  con- 
ii'th.  since 
eeii  enter- 
>.   .Stiles, 
the   lexi- 
<olved   by 
marches 
I'  reached 
iri.    This 
,  and  the 
ssed   the 
liis  must 
Huren. 
fort  i  lied 


■^^*4VfilK^    -.  •   - 


Sf*-: 


'%' 


V-j^^jljlljPtfWi 


# 


!l 


Mi.  1 

'^  1 

'  1 

r 

f  ' 

1 

9 

i 

\ 
1 

'IP       i;  II 


■■-iSSL. 


i    ■  '•  . 
1  "    !  ■■' 

'        1 

i      W          \ 

1:  . 

■    J;   ; 

i   / 

i 

i  1 
111  > 

I. 


f-  Wll> 


mi 


lIU  M 


II 


I!  II 


.      I 


,1      t 


^f  ^ 


I       I 


Hi 


i".: 


(ti  J 


ri 


III  I 


i 


1- 1'  i 


>*••; 


ST  ATI'S    AND    A  IJ  <' II  .Tl  o  l.oC  Y. 


(103 


liiH's,  crcctfd  ;ii'iiiiiii|  ihc  c.^icniiimi'ht  (if  iilini|ii  liill*.  wliidi  ('(iiiiiiiiiiiitcil  ii  view  nl'  tlic 
vnlli'}'H  uihI  iilaiiiH,  and  giivo  givul  cupacit}  dl'  ilt'li'iicc  tn  ii  ('iiin|iai'ativ('l>  miiiuII  Imily 
(if  iiicii.  This  ii|i|ii'ai's  til  liav(>  liccn  the  Imliaii  iixiilt'  of  roi'tiUciiliiiii,  i'i'(|iiii'iii.L:  lnit 
littlf  liil)(»r  ami  less  iii'l ;  yv\  cviiiciiij;;  a  Htnnij;  iialiiral  jucliiiiicnt  as  tu  llir  i)i'st  niraiis 
of  (U'li.>ii('(>  against  niissilcs  anil  iiaml  to  liand  wartiii't'.  I'ussi'ssin^'  no  iiiotallii'  inslni- 
ini'iits.  tri'i's  woro  lolled  Ijy  Uindlin>{  liivs  around  tlicir  Innilo.  and  iIh'M  licatinfr  oil"  tlic 
inciriiM'ulcd  |iiiits.  This  iiriiccss  of  girdling  and  ringing  siipiilicd  ihcni  with  picki'ts  to 
ori'ft  around  tin?  lirous  of  I'tninonccs.  (Jatcs  were  frciincntly  constiuclcd  in  a  y.ig-/.iig 
Hf}'li'.  which  iiu/.zli'd  tlio  oni'iny,  and  hronght  thoni  unawares  into  lahyrintiis.  or  jilaeed 
them  in  a,  position  where  they  ('(aihl  he  cut  oil'  liy  a  discharge  of  arrows.' 

Anioug  the  pecidiar  earth-works  of  tho  Ohio  valley,  are  the  raised  earthen  plalfornis 
at  Marietta,  Ohio,  with  their  geometrical  lines  and  counter  lines,  and  interior  rediuihls, 
which  have,  on  account  of  their  anomalous  (diaracter,  heen  frecpiently  referred  to.  It 
was  thought,  hy  the  early  discoverers,  that  there  must  luive  heen  a  suhti'rraneaii  passago 
to  these  works  from  tin-  iMuskinginu  river.  A  nioiuid  of  acute  conical  lorm  near  the 
Hinaller  platlorm,  indicates  that  it  was  only  one  of  the  numerous  specimens  of  the 
Indian  architecture.  The  drawings  made  liy  Mr,  Atwatcr  and  Mr.  S(|uier,  exhihit 
(considerable  discrepancies,  which  it  is  not  attempte(l  to  reconcile,  hut  of  which  the 
reailer  is  loft  to  judge  from  the  accompanying  Plate. 

The  whole  field  of  antitpiarian  research,  as  represented  in  the  Mississi|)pl  valley 
inonmnents,  may  he  regarded  as  the  local  luicleus  and  higiiest  point  of  develo|)inent  of  arts 
and  industry  attained  liy  the  red  raix',  after  tlu'ir  si'gregation  from  the  nomadic  Toll<'c 
stocks.  These  nuuiuments  were  widely  scattered,  but  they  assume  the  same  mixed 
sepulchral  and  civic  character  which  is  apparent  in  those  founil  along  the  Alleghany 
liraneh  of  the  Ohio,  in  western  New  York,  and  in  other  parts  of  the  Union.  The 
largest  mounds  in  the  Union,  and  those  which  are  truncated  or  terraceil.  hear  the  closest 
resemblance  to  the  Mexican  teocalli.  They  occupy  the  nuist  southern  portions  of  the 
Mi.ssi,ssippi  valley,  and  Florida.  They  become  less  in  size  as  we  progress  north,  and 
cease  t'ntiri'ly  alter  reaching  the  latitude  of  Lake  Pepin,  on  the  upper  Mississippi,  the 
head-waters  of  the  Wisconsin,'  and  the  mining  excavations  of  Lake  Superior. 


Vul.  1.,  I'luto  IV.,  p.  4S. 


■'  Vido  Vol.  II.,  I'liito  LIl.,  p.  ill. 


M 


\   ' 


f    «i   ''      I 


m 


[lib  I 


i^i 


i;  . 


cni 


INDICIA     riioM    Til  Fill    ANCIF.NT 


CM  A  V'YVli    IV. 

A    (il.ANf'M     AT    TIIK    I'l  (Tod  H  A  Til  Y    <>K    TIIR    NolfTil    AMKIMCAN' 

I  M  >  I  A  N  S . 


Ttwms  iiiit  alone  till'  moclimiic  arts  tluit  dt'tcrmiiird  tlio  ancient  status  dl'tlie  IniliiuiM; 
tlieii'  was  also  an  iiisciiptive  art.  wliicli  desiTxcs  attention  :  naiiieiv,  tlieir  |ii('tii'irii|iliy, 
or  iiicline-wiitinu'.  Iioni  Kin.i^slioron.nii,  tln-ounii  tlie  nieiliuin  ol  his  nia,:;nilirent  ro\al 
liilios.  attiaeteil  speeial  attoiitiiin  to  the  Mexiciin  picnnre-writinjis,  ami  f:ave  lise  to  the  ex- 
pectation tliat  nnich  valnalile  liistiaical  inlorniation  woiilil  lie  ileiiM'd  Ironi  this  soin'ce. 
Tlie  skill  displayed  in  the  execution  of  the  native  iiarchnient  scrolls,  the  richness  of  the 
colurinLi'.  and  the  systematic  method  evinced  in  tiie  arrangement  of  the  devices,  [iresented 
an  attractive  feature  in  tlie  study  of  the  iiistory  of  Indian  mental  development  ;  and  it 
uas  conliilently  helieved  tiiat  some  phonetic  key  to  these  wi'itiiiL's  woidd  he  re\eaieil. 
Time  has.  however,  fully  demonstrated  the  fallacy  of  this  expectation.  These  earelully 
drawn  and  pointed  scrolls  are  purely  ideuj:raphic  and  re|iresentati\(',  containing;'  a  sys- 
tem of  sii:ns  for  da\s  and  years,  and  an  astronomical  calendar,  liirmed  from  a  loni^ 
series  of  oiiser\ations  on  tiie  sun's  recessions,  hy  moans  of  wliich  the  true  !en,L:(li  of  the 
solar  year  was  determined  to  within  the  fractional  i)art  of  ii  da}',  'i'he  totemic  de\iccs 
of  clans  or  families,  as  they  appear  in  the  pictorial  writings,  are  carefully  depicted  as  ijie 
ea)ile,  lotus,  seri)ent,  iS:c.'  A  small  circle,  or  a  conj;;eries  of  circles,  are  the  symliols 
of  linu's.  phases,  and  tpiantities.  There  is  no  e(|uivalent  for  dibits,  and  no  de\  ice  hy 
wliicii  to  ilenole  sounds.  jMucIi  of  the  subject  matter  of  tliu  (lniwinf;s  relates  to  ;i -Iro- 
loiiical  tlieories  and  horoscope's,  oi'  which  a  peculiar  and  anomalous  mythology 
li)rms  a  prominent  feature.  It  was.  evidently,  an  art  devised  and  perfected  hy  the 
native  priests,  and  constituted  the  employment  of  a  class  of  hicro^lyphists,  or  rude 
si'iiveners.  to  whom  the  suhject  was  fully  ex  [)lai  nod  Ijoforeiiand  ;  and  wiiere  the  pictof;i;i- 
piiic  art  failed.  symlioli(>  characters  were  suhstituted,  when  the  device  ln'came  wholl\ 
mnemonic.  The  entire  scrolls  could  ne\i'r  havi-  heen  read  witlaait  these  xcrhal  intt  ipirta- 
tiuMs.  Tiie  SpaMi-:h  missimiaries  who  accompanied  the  conijueror,  lindinu'  the  sulijects  to 
he  desiiiiuii  liy  tiie  natiw  priesthood  to  uphold  a  system  of  da'iiioiiolojry,  promptly  de- 


'  Vnl     I 


I'll,  I'l.it.'s  I   mimI  if 


^:   "l 

i:  i 

!       Vi 


Ml 


Kil.r 


M 


y  Is 


M'i: 


^^ 


rsj 


f' 


?!;?■ 


STATUS    AND    A  RCIIyE  0L()(!  Y. 


605 


iiounccil  it,  iiiiil  destroyed  tli(i  seroUs  indiseri'iiiiiiitely.  witlioiit  iittciiiptiiijr  to  |)i'eser\(' 
those  portions  reliitiiii:'  purely  to  liistory.  It  does  not  apiieiir  tliiit  tlie  latter  i-onsiittited 
iiiiy  coiisidorahle  i)iirt  ol'tlieir  eonteiits.  Tlie  liite  Mr.  Ciidhitiii.  wlio  eliihorately  exiiiiiiiied 
tlio  Kiiigshorougli  eollection,  I'oiiiid  it  riitiior  a  ijarron  and  iniiViiitl'id  lieid  of  liisturieiil 
researcli.'  The  term  "  picture-writinj:"  can  in  truth  ho  only  hypeiholically  applied  to 
those  semi-mnemonic  scrolls,  ibr  they  are  a  series  of  paintings,  designed  to  represiMit 
natural  olyccts,  and  not  to  express  sounds. 

The  system,  as  it  exists  amongst  the  W'speric  triljos,  has  been  more  correcily  ilesig- 
nated  pictogra])hy.  No  speeime- ■  of  it,  e(iualling  the  heauty  of  coloring  whicii  chariie- 
terizcs  the  Aztec  drawings,  have  lieen  found  among  the  northern  triln's;  noi-  any  that 
indicate  achievements  in  astronomy  or  arts;  hut  tiie  scrolls  of  hark,  the  paintings  mi 
hulValo-skin.s,  the  inscriptions  on  trees  and  rocks,  the  notation  of  the  .songs  of  their 
necromancers,  medas,  and  priests,  iind  their  .sepulchral  records,  disjilay  a  similar  art. 
It  was  evidently  used  by  tluMU  to  ]ierpetuate  their  war,  hunting,  sepultuial.  and 
mystical  songs  or  triumphs  of  skill  oi-  prowes.s.  It  was  not  the  practice  of  the 
founders  of  Canada,  New  England,  or  l\\v.  central  and  southern  colonies,  to  represent 
the  Indians  as  ])ossessing  an  advanced  state  of  art.  They  were  descriljed  as  active, 
quick-witted,  intelligent  races,  who  were  alike  notable  for  their  skill  and  couragi'  in 
war  and  hunting.  The  pictogra[iliic  element  was,  however,  described.-  In  lOOCi,  when 
Frontenac  nKucheil  an  army  into  the  Jro(piois  country,  lu>  discoveied  a  large  tree,  on 
one  side  of  which  there  was  a  pietographi<!  <lrawing  of  his  army,  with  symbolic  liiiuics. 
indicating  defiance,  and  representing  the  numbers  ready  to  oppose  him.' 

This  is  the  highest  development  of  the  pi(;tographic  art  of  the  Indians,  and  is  called 
Kkkekwin.  or  instru(^tions.  The  rock  inscriptions  are  called  nnr-iiHifilks.  Tabular 
drawings  of  its  elements  as  em])loyed  in  the  various  grades  of  Indian  life,  ol'  wdii(^h  it 
is  designed  to  connneiuorate  the  acts,  are  exhibited  in  preceding  panes.'  ani.i  hei'ewitli 
reproduced.  One  of  the  earliest  noticeil  instances  of  the  use  of  this  art,  on  th(>  faces 
of  rocks,  was  found  on  a,  massive  fragment  of  greenstone,  lying  on  the  shores  of  the 
Assonet  liver,  in  Massnchnsetts.'  An  inscription  in  the  character  of  the  Kekeewiu 
was  noticed  on  the  face  ol'  an  upright  tabular  rock,  at  Venau'ro,  on  the  River  Alleuhany. 
This  has  been  visited,  and  a  drawing  of  it  is  pre.sei'ted  in  a  previous  volume,  together 
with  a  view  of  the  .scene."     One  of  the  most  extensive  and  comi)licated  instances  of 


'  Tniisiu'liniis  uf  till'  Am.  V.lh.  S..,i,.ty,  Vul.  I,,  p.  :;ii:) :   New  Vdrk,  llirtldt  >\:  Wiltonl,  l^i:>. 

".Mr.  I!.  I'l'vli'v  i'liipvi',  tlir  lM.<liiric':il  ;i'iiiit  n(  .\I:issaflmsi'tI-:,  Iniiinl  linliiiii  piutiii.'r;i]i!i>,  i.f  nii  ..irlv  (l:ilr, 
ivpri'S(Mitc(l  in  till'  ^liiriiii'  I'l'piirtiiicnl  of  t'nnii'i'. 

'  Viil.  I.,  (1.  -VM.      \  .syniiii^is  111'  tliU  iii^i-riiitinn  is  L'ivi'ii  in  I'liilc  XXX^'I^.,  A'nl.  I. 

'  Viilr  i'l:itr.-  r.Vlil,  :ili.l   I.I.N,,  V.,1.   I,,  |,|,.  -tUS,  -|(i;i. 

''Vide  Vnl  I.,  \'Uw  .XN.WI..  p.  Ill,  ..!■  IT'.MI;  cimrt-a  I.y  ii  IbL'iirnvntyi.-  c-....y  in  V,.I.  IV.,  Pluto 
MV..  ji.  l-.'ii. 

«  Vhw<  X\'ll.  an.l  X\lll  ,  pp.   17l',  IT'..  \'„I.  IV..  (to  farr  p.   I.'.".). 


i     ; 


■    I 


006 


INDICIA    FROM    THEIR    ANCIENT 


IS  :: 


iy  , 


till'  imr/,/iiKil)ik  iiiscriiitioiis  exists  on  a  tiil)iili\i'  liiiicstoiio  rock,  on  an  island  in  Lake 
Kill'.' 

Tin'  siHi|il('r  forms  of  iiictourapliy  aro  siiown  on  the  Indian  (u/Jidatlkfi.  or  jrraA-e  jiosts, 
wliicli  ('(iiiiain  till-  iii('i()gl\  [)hic  memorials  of  tlicii  dead.-  Its  a|)[)li('ation  to  lunitini.^ 
(witli  tlie  mauif  indicia  of  the  tnodas),'  to  travel.  D..  to  topoL'raijJiy,  15..  and  to  trade, 
('.  aro  fiillv  illnslratt'd/  Sujierstitioiis  traditions  are  evident  in  the  sor|)cnt-u;uiirded 
kill!:-.  Atatariio.  and  in  the  lieiv  living  lieails,  and  stonisli  uiar.!s.'  HioLn-aphy.  or  personal 
exploits,  are  thus  handed  down  to  posterit} ."  The  ai)plicati(in  of  it  to  warlike  excnr- 
sions  is  siiown  by  a  copy  of  a  pietograph  drawn  on  tiie  face  of  a  rock  on  Lake  Snperior.' 
The  nnstic  arts  of  the  pow-wow,  or  [)rophet.  are  desiunated."  The  totemie  nses  of  the 
art  ill  distiiiixuishinir  families  and  tribes,  are  also  shown.' 

Tiie  separation  of  tiie  elementary  from  the  eonorcte.  in  laiignaf^e,  pictograpii}-,  and 
whatever  denotes  mental  development  in  the  hnntor  races,  does  not  appertain  to  the 
liiinter  state,  but  is,  at  once,  one  of  the  proofs  of  the  possession  of  a  logical 
intellect  by  civilized  man.  Yet  a  modified  term  tin-  the  pictographic  art  is  applied 
to  such  of  their  complicated  drawings  as  imply  medical,  mystical,  or  necromantio 
knowledge.  These  bleiidings  of  mystical  ideas  with  actual  knowledge  are  not  simply 
culled  kekeewiiis.  but  ke-kee-(no)-wins.  The  best-executed  specimens  of  the  kekeenowiu 
are  those  which  are  apjjlied  by  the  Indians  to  the  notation  of  their  mystical  songs.  In 
their  drawings  they  emphiy  the  ideographic  art  to  represent  the  living,  inanimate, 
or  fancied  sulijects  of  the  song,  but  so  combined  with  tiie  mnemonic  element  tiiat  he 
who  sings  must  iiave  been  pre\iously  familiar,  not  only  with  tiiis  special  branch  of 
Indian  attainment  in  tiie  art  of  divination  and  magic,  but  also  with  the  words  of  the 
song:  the  theme  alone  appeals  to  his  memory.  Tlie  earliest  illustrations  which  are 
l)resented  of  tliis  part  of  the  subject,  wen^  printed  on  a  iiand-pre.ss,  by  the  late  Mr. 
Maveric.  from  tiie  original  drawings  on  tablets  of  maple-wood,  called  "music-boards." 
obtained  from  the  nieda-meii.  resident  on  the  l)asin  of  Lake  Superior.'"  The  devices 
were  ingeniously  cut  in  the  wood,  and  subse((iiently  colored  with  vermilion,  ultramarine 
blue,  and  other  l)riglit  [)igments.  olitaiiied  through  the  medium  of  trade. 

Tiie  Indians  possess  no  art  wiii(di  is  so  cliaracteristic  of  tlieir  mental  traits  as  these 
various  furins  of  jiietograpiiy  and  iiieroglyphics.  the  evidi-nces  of  which  are  spread  front 
the  Atlantic  Ocean  to  tiie  Pacific.  They  are  found  on  tlie  sources  of  tiie  Mississippi, 
on  tiie  elevated  plains  of  New  Mexico,  and  along  the  Pacific  coasts  of  California 
and  Oregon.     No  memorials  of  their  condition  whicli  will  descend  to  futurity,  so  fully 


!  1 


'  i'latr  XI, I.,  v.. I.  in..  II.  sr,.  no  f;uv  p.  fj:!). 

'  I'lalrs  XJ.IX.  ami  1,111..  \nl.   1.,  |,    :;sL'. 

»  I'lut.s  I„\X..  I, XXI..  an.l    I,>X1I..  Viil.  I. 

-   I'latr   I,V11,,    V..1     1..   !■.    li";. 

"  I'latr.  I,l\-.  ainl   l.\l.,  \  nl.   II.,  ,,,,.  liiij,  Ji'li. 

'  I'latf.*  1,1.  ami  1,11.      .M.^la  ,in.|  Walnna  .-.in-".      Vul.  I  ,  pp.  oHO,  UTli 


'  riatr  I,.,  \-..i.  1., ,,.  :;:,(;. 

*  I'lal.s  XI, IX.  aii,l  1,X1..  V..1.  I. 
'  I'lal..  \A\..  Vul.   I. 

*  I'lat.s  XI,1X.  ami  \A\,  Vol.  1.,  15. 


m 


iJv,.v/r,  bvAC  Han, 


'wmi'-i  cfi^iEvjisLgs^.wiEsir  iRj'^'is^if*  V 


crnKinl 


Vv 


I 


i.'^- 


m 

PI 

m 

h 

t 

I 

'    1 

f 

1     , 

1 

1 

1  ' , 

1- 

i 

1. 

1 

i 

1 

STAT  IS    AND    A  R  C  lliK  O  LO(i  Y. 


607 


rcvciil  tlio  present  coiidilioii  aiiil  idio.sviieni.-iies  of  tlie  Imliuii  iiieiital  develdpiiieiit. 
Fre(iiieiilly  these  j)ietoi;riiplis  iiiv  I'oiiiid  trsiced  on  tlie  siirliice  ol'  a  tahidnr  stone,  on  a 
boulder,  on  tlie  scupi.i  t  of  a  hnfl'alo,  or  on  the  lace  of  an  inaceessihle  elilV.  'I'liey 
exhil)it  the  distraetions  of  ih  •  sava'ji-  mind,  between  the  ideas  of  a  deity  and  a  devil  ; 
and.  anionji  thi^  nortliern  tribes,  ai'e  most  commonly  I'oiwid  on  sheets  of  the  betnia 
ibarU,  while  the  [jrairit!  tribes  wi'st  of  the  Missonri  have  more  'generally  nnide  use  of 
Hkins.  Frecineiitly  the  entire  history  of  a  eiMel'  and  of  his  band,  are  depicted,  in  pig- 
ments, on  a  dressed  bullalo  loiie.  Specimens  of  these  endeavors  to  perpetuate  their 
fame,  or  secure  a  remembrance  amonjr  their  cotemporaries,  as  found  in  various  latitudes, 
and  amon^  all  the  existing  stocks,  are  added,'  that  the  widivsprcad  jirevalencts  of  tlu; 
custom  may  be  perceived. 

The  subjoined  fac-simile  of  an  ancient  Indian  record  of  a  battle-scene,  copied  by 
Dr.  A.  C.  Flamlin  from  tin'  face  of  a  rock  at  Hellowv'  Falls.  \'crmont.  is  oin-  dl'  tin- 
recently-developed  specimens  of  the  pictoijraphic  inscriiitions  fonml  on  the  rucks  of 
New  England.  It  is  acc^ompanied  iiy  a  toteinic  device  from  West  river,  in  which  the 
family  (dan  of  the  Eagle  record  tlieir  location. 


'  Tlnte  XLir.,  Vdl.   III.,  from  tlip   Hooky  mountains.     I'liitos  XXXI.,  XXXII.,  XXXiri.,   XXNI\ 
Vol.  IV.     Plates  XV.,  XIX.,  XXXI.,  Vol.  V. 


:f' 


It 


] 


I  I 


'  ■:  tin  !.]■  ■ 


"ll.    I'l 


I 


P  ■  '! 


U:  ?il 


fith 


INDICIA    FHOM    Tllllll!    ANi'lKNT 


CJFAl'TKII    V 


INTUrsiVK    ELKMKNTS    OK  ART    I'ltO.M    KU  IK)  I'M    AND    ASIA. 


N'WDI.VAVIAN   SM'JIIS    ;lll 


1  rci  Olds'  inlurm  lis  tliat,  in  llic  M'.ir  IHIM),  Wuivu  liiiulril  dii 


til''  Aincriciiii  shores  of  tlio   iioitli  Atliiiitic.  in   ;i    lliit  coiiiitiA-,  wliicli    lir   roiiiiil   to 


coxiTcd  with  I'on 


<ts.      The  li)ilo\viiiii'  \iMr  Lcil',  son  of  I'lric   liic  lliil  I  lend,  followed  in 


Iii-  Ir.iek  fiMjii  (Ireenhind.      lie  lirsl   disroveivd  ;i  roci<\'  ii 


11(1   liarreii  ('oiiiitiA'  \\huii     le 


'.ilied    llelliilaiid.    now   known    as    Newfoinidiaiid ;    and   tiuMi. 


ailiiiii'   in   a.  soiitiierU 


ihi'ei'lioii.  a 


n'i\<'d  at  sonii'  lowdands  covered  with  everiireeiis  and  lorest  trees.  \viii( 


d  Markiand.  ^iih>e(|iieniiy  the  Aeiidia  of  the  {''reiieli.  or  .\o\  a  Smtia.     ( 'ontiiiiiiiiL^ 
lireetioii  diirini,'  two  more  da\s.  lie  a'jaiii   s;iw  land,  wiiicii  [ire- 


lil-  Ndvaiic  III  the  -aiiie  ( 


■nted    th 


M'l" 


aiice  of    a    finelv  wooded  siiore.   with   moinitaiiis   in    the   disliince 


liliii!.;   tlieiiee.  he   iMiiii'   to  iiii   island,  and  siihseinientlv  to  a  ii\er.  which  lie  entered, 
id  l.iiideil  on  its  hanks.      This  eomitry  received  the  name  of  \"inlaiid. 
It  is  eoiijeciiire  I  that   \'iiiland  coiiijiri-^ed  the  area  at  |ire,-.ent   (iccn|iied   hy  tlie  Slates 


el'  Maiiii'  am 


1  New  I  lanipsl 


lire  ;  am 


the  island  a|i|)ears  to  1 


lia\'e   heell 


that  of  .Monhairan, 


coiiii'jiion<  to  th la-l  of  Maine.      An  ancient  iiisci'i|itioii.  t 

the  iioiiited  liiinic  characters,  has  lieeii  found  on  tlie  fa 


rac'd   ill   letters  resem 


le  lace  oi  a  rock  on 


Miliar 


thai  island.  IVoin 


Willi. 


a  |ila-ler  I'.ast  ol'  which,  transmitted  to  me  li\-  Dr.  A.  ('.  Hamlin,  of  ISamior.  the  dra 
on  ,1  reduced  scale,  hi'rewith  siihmitted,  has  heen  mad<'.  This  iii>eri|ition  has  not  heeii 
critically  e\aiiiiiieil.  hot  appears  to  heloiiu'  to  an  early,  and.  perhaps,  to  the  eccentric 
a'.:e  of  the  art.  Dr.  Hamlin,  in  presentiiii;'  the  siihjeot  to  the  notice  of  the  section  on 
lMlllloliii;y.  at  the  late  scielltilic    ineetill'.:'    held    at  Aliiaiiy.  expressed    the    opinion    that 


the    V 


iiilaiiil  nver.  winch  the  .'>caiidina\ians  en 


lereil.  was  the   Keiiiiehec.  the  lllolltl 


which  is  distant  onl_\  ahoiit  two  leai;nes  from  tlie  island  ol' .Moiiiiairaii.     !n  conlirmal 
of  tills  opinion  he  stated,  that  when  tin'  first  settlements  were  made  on  the  Keiiiie!i 


on 


It  the  \riiv  llJoT.  t 


ie  settlers,  as 


the\-  cut   down   and   cliared    oil'  the   t 


ree<.    Ilillllil 


the  ri'iiiains  of  chiiiiiie\s  and  moiildere(l  ruins,  which  had  Keen  overurcjwn  li\  the  forest. 


\iitii|iiiiti's  .\niiTii' 


^<    uf    t'lr     Ai 


\<-...-i;iti.,ii    I'ni-   tlir    \i\ 


\';ihri  iici.'li 


I     i.r    .^I'i.li,.,',        T,  nlll    llirrlihu,        .\l 


]s.Vi  :   t'aii]lii-i'l-'i' 


|.    -Jll 


S'Uf   ! 


Ill 


mv 


ifA. 


STATUS    .\.\l>    A  IKMI  .I;()I.(m;  Y, 


i;o<) 


I'liis  new  tiKorv  of  llic  liH'iitimi  ol'  \'iiiliiii(l  will  nol  liiuc  to  (•iicDimlcr  tlic  iiiiiitirni 


and  ii>tr(iii()iiii(;iil  oliji'ctiims,  wliicli  liiivc  ln'i-n  iiivcil  n'Miiist  tli 


i'(ii:;rii|pirK'iil   |pii.~iti(Hi 


|i.. ;\iiiiisly  ii.^fiiuiicil  to  it  ill  Miis,'<;ic'liiisflts  ami  lilioilr  l.~l;uiilji_)  the  Icanicd  ii.ssoriatinii 
(il'C()iiL'iiliii;ioii;  II  ioi'iitiou  \vlii(!li  i.s  liirllu'r.  In  ^cvcnil  (l(i_\.s'  sail,  towiinls  tin-  Hoiitii  iiiid 
sijiitli-wcst,  lliaii  till-  ,sa,i:iis  iiidicatc.  It  also  avoids  tin-  iiial-iiitci|>ivtatiiiii  of  tin!  liiiiiics 
mid  di'vicL'H  oil  tlic  l)i;^litoii  Uock,  wliiidi  aro  not  of  Scaiid'naviaii  oiiL'iii.  or  of  any  iiliiliii- 
lictical  value  wliiitcvei';  but.  as  I  liavc  siij^vcstril  in  a  [laiici'  read  heroic  the  Aiiieiiean 
Ktlinolo^iciil  Socioty,  in  ISI'l.'and  also  in  my  Ktliiiologieal  lleseaivhes.- are  in  the 
ordinary  styU.'  of  the  Indiiiii  Uekeeuin,  or  iiiiieiiioni('  pieto^LMaiihs.  This  kekeeuin  is  a 
rude  iiU'o;;rajiliic  iiioile  of  eoiiiiiiuiiieatiii;j,'  tliou,;:lit.  hy  whirh  tiiuiiiplis  in  war  and 
hiiiitinj.',  di'Utlis,  iiiid  other  siihjeelM,  are  coninieiiiorateil  hy  the  Imliaiis.    ('hiii;;\vall<.  an 


A1-. 

it   to  he  one  of  their  ancient  lun/zinahiUs.  made  when   their  internal  wars 


onc|iiiii,  versed  in  this  s|iei'ies  of  the  |ieeuliar  knowlediic  of  jiis   [ieo[ile.  [iriiiiouneed 


am 


1.  takim;  fi-iire  li\   lii:ure.  i 


eailily  e\i 


xplaiiieil  it  to  he  the  recoril  of  a  \ 


is  were  rile  ; 
ietoiA'  uained  liv 


the  chief  of  the  trilie  (prohalily  the  ancestors  of  the  I'okaiioket.s),  over  their  enemies,' 
A  datrneneotyiie  copy  of  the  inscription  is  herewilh  suliinitled.' 

Diirini;'  the  est!ilili>hnieiil  of  tlie  settlements  maili'  in  the  Oiiondagii  coimlr\-,  in 
■western  New  York,  suhseiiuent  to  the  close  of  the  lie\olntioiiary  war  in  17n:'i.  when 
settlers  were  enabled  to  enter  that  ancient  part  of  the  Iroipiois  dominions,  iinmeruus 
monumental  traces  of  Kiiroiieaii  occupation  were  disco\cred.  which  e.\eitei|  a  local 
interest,      ^h^st  of  them,  however,  wtire  liiund   In   lie   the   iv-iilt   of  the  labors  of  ihe 


irh'  rrencli  missionaries  duriiiL;'  the  seventeeiilh  (■■■ntni\ 


tir 


X. 


me    (if   these    on 


ce    eiiiL'- 


iiiatical   remains  could,   it    is  b(dieved.  dale   farther   back   than  .\.  1).  hioU.      A  ■iii'jle 
vestiLic  of  ;in  earlier  date  was  brought  to  liL:ht.  .as   the   a'jiii'ullural   laborers  (ait   down 


the   liirest    urow 


th.     T 


IIS  was  a 


houM 


er.   on   wliicii    was    i 


u^i-ribed    the    diu'ils     l'i2l). 


Fico  VI..  which  date  is  t'ii!;ht  years  subse(pient    to  tlw  discover}  of  I'' 


DiKla. 


T 


an  hieoloLiical  ridic.  which  appears  to  lia\'e  been  I  he  bead-stone  of  a  i;ra\c  was  noticed 

ill  a  previous  work  ill  IS  lO,"  and  is  herewith   prcsciiled, 

pit 


as  ri'-hLiiircd  irom  the  oruiinal 


■rved  ill  the  .\lbaii\'  Academy. 


ea 


.Mr.  Jelli'i'soii  ^'ives  a  description  of  an  ancient  Indian  moiiiid,  wliich  was  opened  in 
•  tern    \'iri;inia.'      After    the    settlements    were    extended    into    western    Wv. 


una. 


antiipiitios  of  this  kind,  some  of  which  were  of  laiyer  dimeiisicjiis,  were  fri'ipiently 
found  ill  the  forest.  At  the  period  ivforred  to  by  .Mr.  .leU'erson,  they  were  rej:arded 
li',-  the  Indian.-  as  merely  places  of  honorable  intirmeiit  for  the  remains  of  their  L:ieat 
men;   and  he  stati'S  that   they  ■were,  even   at   that    time,  \isited   by  [lartie-  of  Indians, 


TrMiis;ii  liniis  of  till'  Aiui'i'ii'iiu  K 


m1  ,<(iciotv,  V"l.  1..  V.  11  ■•  N''w  Y..rK-,  I-^l;- 


!■■ 


|e->:    I'liilMilrlphin.  l^:.l. 


\'i'l.   I..  ]i,   i^>^,  wliriT  tlu'  iii>r|-i]iliiiii  is  :ai;il_YZcil  and  ilrxTilwl  in  I'lill 


\-nl.  I\-..  I'hii,'  NIV.,  p.  I-.'M 
\..\.  v..  I'Id.    \lll. 

Vol.  \1.  — 77 


Nl.lCS  (IM   tl 


ic  Ir.«|iiMis.  p. 


11:  A11..HIV,  IM7. 


rlVr 


's  Nnti-s  (111  \'i|-:;iiii:i.  ]>.   l."iii 


I'll 


m\ 


\l 


■»! 


ii '  t. 


lii 


f    '' 


I     't 


I     I 


1^ 


mo 


INDICIA     ritoM    tin:  II!    AN('!I;NT 


i(Hiiii('\  iiiLi  lliroii'ili  till'  ciiiinli'y.  \'ny  tln'  |iiii|mim'  hI'  >|M'ii(liiii;  ii  ,«li(ii'l  lime  ii>  pitius 
reili'ctioii  iiiid  coiiiunmidii  willi  lln'  (Ifiid.  accoiiliiiu'  to  llicir  ln'lii'1's.  Wlicii  llio  K'ttii'- 
iiiciitH  ri'Uflii'd  tlic  Oliiii  vnlli'V.  wlicri' tlii'sc  niih*  iiiiiiisolcn  ol'  tin-  iinlinns  were  very 
iiiiiMcrDiis.  llu'  cliMiip's  111'  mainici'.s  niid  ciisloiiis  in'oiiLdit  idpoiit  liy  tlic  iiiinidiiitiiiii  nl" 
Km'n|i('iiii  sDcii'ty.  liiid  Ird  llif  Indiiins  to  (li'iip  llic  iirm'ticc.  liidi;m>  nl'  llu-  iiniiU'ru 
L;riU'r;itiiill  were  llli;i('(|il  iiil  'd  witli  the  lilM|iiiil  ui' llioc  nuimids,  l{f|)lioM  ^ivrli  liv  tlir 
older  >;i';iiiii)r('s  to  iiiu'iir.-'  jiro[)(iiindt'd,  were  \in:iic,  and  iiiiiy  Ih'  I'l'-iii'dt'ii  us  liiiviiiij 
Ih'cm  d('si.:ii('d.  ill  soiiK'  iiu'asiin',  to  icpri-ss  tliiit  iiu|ni.titivt'  spirit  aiiioii.u  tlic  I'lniiiriiiils, 
wliicli  is  known  to  1m'  distastcl'iil  to  llic  nutivcs.  and  is  (■iiiciiIiUi'il  toarousf  tlit  spicious 
cliaractci'.  ami  awaken  tln'  siijierstilioiH  ol'  the  Indians. 

Diii'inn'  tin-  pidcess  ol'opcniiiu' tlie  ,:;reat  tiininlns  at  (iia\i' eroek.  in  Western  ^'irL;■inia. 
in  tlie  year  iSliS.  and  tiie  t'\ten>iiin  nl'  a  ;^allery  to  its  eeiitre.  ii  small  iiiscrihed  stoiu^ 
was  discovered,  in  •■onnei'tion  with  tlu'  remains  of  a  Inniian  skeleton  and  its  aeeoni- 
panyiiiL:'  nienienloes.  which  ai)pe:irs  to  possess  an  alphahetieal  value.  'I'liis  cinioin 
relie.  a  drawinu'  "I"  which  is  iii\'eii.'  ap[)e{irs  to  re\eal.  in  the  nnkiinwn  past,  evidences 
of  Kuropean  intrusion  into  the  eoiitinenf.  of  wliicli  no  other  vestiucs  iia\i'.  thus  far, 
lieeii  discovered  Copies  of  tlie  inscription  have  heen  tiansniitted  to  fiondon.  I'aris, 
('openha'.;en.  and  Lishon.  .Mr.  itafn.  with  consideraMe  coiitidence,  pronounces  it  to  he 
( 'elilii'ric  :    liut  no  iiiterpretatinii  lias,  howescr.  hei'ii  attempted. 

Duriii'i  a  \isit  wliii  h  .Mr.  'I'homas  iMvhank  made  In  Mia/il  and  Sniifh  .Vuierieiv.  he 
hail  his  notice  directed  to  some  atitiipie  instruments  made  of  hroii/e.  heloiiiiiiij;'  to 
the  ancient  I'enivian  epoch,  of  which  lie  has  furnished  dcsciiptions  liir  pairi's  of  this 
work.-     The  intriiiliietion  of  this  element  appears  conclusive. 

We  must  re;:aril  the  iii\ention  of  the  distal!' as  one  of  the  nldest  forms  of  human  art. 
'I'liis  ancient  implement,  as  well  as  the  Mow-pipe,  wt're  certainly  I'lnplou'd  at  the  period 
of  tlieir  lii;;hest  development  hy  the  senii-eivili/ed  trihes  of  Mexico  and  I'ern.  Aniomj 
till'  .\/tecs.  the  mode  of  forminL'  the  spools  cif  cotton  thread  from  their  peculiar  distalV, 
or  spindle,  which  revolved  in  a  howl,  appears,  from  the  ])icture  writin'.^s.'  to  have  heen 
a  hiliorioiis  art,  which  it  was  necessary  lor  the  mistress  of  a  lioiuestead  to  teacli  to  tin? 
children  at  an  early  ai^c  The  arts  of  spinniiui-  and  wcaviiej-.  as  now  in  \ise  among  tho 
Navajo  and  I'uehk)  trihes  of  Mexico,  have  heen  illustrated  in  antecedent  paucs.' 

The  liov.  (ieorge  Howe,  of  Columhia.  South  Carolina,  has  descrihed,  in  }avvioiis 
panes.'  what  appears  to  he  an  ancient  Indian  ciiicihle  for  meltiuu'  ,i;olii.  wliich  was 
foiiud  in  one  of  the  present  iiold  iliuuinj:s  of  North  Carolina,  nine  feet  helow  the  solid 
surface. 

i'rior  to  the  intrmlnction  of  the  steel  and  Mint,  the  Indians  produced  lire  hy  percus- 
sion.    The  method  ('m|iloyed  for  this  purjiose  was  to  canst'  an  npriiiiit  shaft,  restinjf  in 


Vnl.  i  ,  Vhu-  .\-.\.\' ,  p.  IL'L'.  '  \nl.  !\-..  Vhu-  X.X.Xl.N..  II.  i:;s<.  M'.il.  IV.,  p.  111. 

\-,.|.  I\  ,  I'liiiis  .X.X.XVI.  aii.l  .X.XXVil  ■  V„l.  I\„  ,,.  nil 


""■'   """'  in  [Moiis 

\Vlirli     III,.    >,,((!,,. 

Iiiili.iiis  w,.iv  vcrv 
i'"l(.(lll,.li,,ll  ,,l- 

'I-   "I'  III.-    i,|(m|,.|„ 
■■"■•''''I    Its     Ii;|\i|,^, 

",~  IIh'  fiHiurfiiits, 
"■^''I'l'       "picidiis 

^Vcsicii,  \'i|,,i,i;.,_ 

"     i'lN.TilM.,1     >(,„„, 
"     ■•""I      lis     iUVUII,. 

"'■  ''"'ii-<  ciiriiiiis 
"  I'''"-!.  •■vidciKTs 
'  'i"vc.  iliiis  f;i|._ 
'  f-<>ii.l(,ii,  l>,„.j^^ 

illniiiKvs  it  to  1)0 

I'f'i  Aiiii..n,...i,  li,. 

/■<■■    liclniiMiiin-    (,, 
"'    i''',-''-<    "I'  (Ills 

I"*  "I'lllllliMll  ;ir(. 

'■'I  .'It   (lie  i„.n,„| 

i'l'''"-      AlllDlli.' 

I'*'<''ili.ir  (lisfiifi; 

■'   f'>   IlilVC     Im'CM 

'"  ♦"'fii'il  to  tli,> 
ii>"'  Jiiiioiiir  (lio 

'   pil.liCS.  ' 

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''.  wliicli  ujis 
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(511 


ill!  orifipp,  to  revolve  nipiillx-  liv  uieiiiis  ol'  ;i  stiiii.n'  iiml  Imw.  Desei'ijdiuns  of  this 
process  liiive  been  riiriiislicil  in  prci'ciliiifi'  p.im's.' 

No  trace  lias  liecii  iliscovereil  of  lliat  aiiciciil  and  sim[ilc  invention,  the  |iottcr's 
wheel.  All  the  potli'ry  of  Ainericii  was  matlo  h_v  hand,  fi'oiii  the  most  elaiiorate  vases 
of  Peru  and  IMexico,  to  the  rnde  akeeks  used  hy  the  natives  of  the  Mis>i»i|ipi  \allcy. 
and  hy  the  huntci'  trihes  ol'  Ni?w  Kniiland. 

To  this  resume  of  the  traces  of  I'oivign  art  tonnd  in  America.  nni>(  he  added  liie 
evidences  regarding  tlie  mining  for  native  co|ipi'r  in  the  hasin  ol'  Lake  Superior. 
This  topic  has  heen  elahorately  discussed  hy  (,'iiarles  Whiltle.-y.  K-i(.,  of  Ohio,  whose 
descriptitjiis  are  given  in  jirior  [)ages.-'  Tiie  theory  uf  foreign  art  is  not.  howe\-er.  wiilioiit 
t)hjectioii.  The  prt)ce.sH  employed  was  rude,  and  does  not  appear  to  have  been  beyond 
the  capacity  of  the  ancestors  of  the  present  Indians,  w  ho,  judging  from  a  suivey  of  our 
anlitpiities,  possesseil  a  higher  state  of  art  prior  to  the  discovery  of  America  li\  the 
Kuropeans.  The  excavations  seem  to  have  been  made  dining  short  intervals  in  the 
summer,  by  parties  who  camo  thither  foi'  that  purpoM'  from  more  southeily  positions, 
■whence  their  food  was  necessarily  procured.  No  degree  of  art  in  metallurgy  was 
developed  e(pialling,  certainly  none  snri)assing,  that  known  to  be  possessed  by  tiie 
Toltecs  and  A/tecs.  It  is  therefore  a  moii-  rational  iufeience  to  reler  the  niinini:  art 
of  the  northern  tribes  to  that  source,  than  to  indulge  in  speculations  which  would 
assign  to  it  a  foreii;n  origin.^ 


'  Vnj.  IIF.,  I'latr  XXVIIT.,  r.  2iN.  ■  V..1.  1  .  )..  ft:>.    Vnl.  IV.,  p   1  i:i.    Vnl.  V  .  ),.  «::.. 

■''  In  c'liiiMcctidii  with  till'  arcli.'i'iilii'jy  "''  'ln'  onnnlry,  in  its  inli'ii>ivi'  tV.itiins,  iiinl  imt  ;i>  ri-iil|iir_'  I'rMm 
liiili:in  iirt.  tlio  iiiMic'Xi'il  ;iiiti(|iii'  iii-^iTiiilinn,  in  lln'  nM  l'liirnii-i;iii  liiii  r<.  rrniii  A-i:i  Miipo-.  i~  pn^i'iili'il. 
Si'VcimI  III'  till'."!"  li'UiTs  nw  iiji'iitiiMJ  wiili  tliosr  tiuiihl  in  l"^-'is,  i.ii  tin-  <ni;ill  ii\Mr  in-c  ri|ilivr  ^l■•llc•  iJi-intciTcil 
nil  o|H'iiiii'j'  tin'  l:ir_'i'  luiiiiilu-i  ;il  iliMvc  riT.'li,  in  Vii''_'iiii;i.  [I'hili'  .N.X.W'lll  .  \'m1.  I.  p.  IJJ  |  'I'ljr  A-i.iiio 
iiisi'rijilion  w;i~  i-ii|iii-c|  liy  lvlw:inl  jlanii'l  Clarki',  t'lvmi  a  Ininli.  cut  in  tlic  Mck.  near  llif  niiii-  i.l'  lln'  ancinit 
city  iif  Macri,  mi  tin'  liay  nt' (Haiiciis,  ('ari.n.  (('larkc's  Travi'ls,  \iil.  II.,  p.  ■_'.")(.)  I",tlin(i'.'iaplii-ls  tell  n-;  tliat 
llic  I'liiciiician  alplialiit  is  tlic  parent  ■if  all  tlh'  Wotcrii  tonus  nl' letter-!,  wliieli  were  eiii]il.iye(I.  willi  ino'liliea- 
liiin-',  prinr  to  tlie  spreail  of  llie  Kunian  alpliabet  M.  .Iniiiartl  dotecls  llie  Lybiaii  eliMiieiit.s  in  lliis  Vir- 
ginia relic. 


'    ;! 


I    ■!     .S 


012 


INIih   l\     l'l!<»M     I'll  I'll:     VNCir,  NT 


(11  \  I'TKi:    V  I 


AN"l'I<,>liTli;s    iiN    Till-;    I'ACIKM'    COASTS    (»!•"    ()l!K(i()N. 


!.' !,  i 


it 


A  ciMTirsi,  cXMiiiiiiMtiiin  nl'  the  IiuliMii  Miitiiinitli's  ol"  llic  United  Stiitcs.  it  \v:is  llioii^lit, 
uiijrlit  liiniisli  Mnnr  clue  tn  tiie  tr;icU  (if  .•uicieiit  iiiiirratioMM.  If  the  \'es|>eiic  tiiln's 
came  (lireetly  iVuni  tlie  west,  niili'rior  to  the  |ni'ioii  nf  inniiiiil  l)iiil(liiij^  in  the  Mis.sissi|)|ii 
vnliey.  it  wiiiiM  lie  hut  ri'iisDiialile  to  i-Npi'i't  to  fiinl  vestip's  ol'  the  same  kind  of 
antii|iiities  on  tlir  Oregon  eoast.  Willi  this  \  iew.  eNteiisive  in(|Miries  were  dii'ecteil  to 
tliat  (|narler  soon  aj'ter  the  I'dMinienceineiit  of  these  investigations  ;  hnt.  thns  far.  without 
tlie  diseovci'v  of  an\  sneh  remains.  !Mr.  (I.  (lihhs,  who  lias  had  extensive  o|i]iortnnities 
of  examinimr  this  coast,  is  of  ojiinion  that  no  analoLioiis  remains  of  the  sort  I'.xist.' 
This  view  is  conciu'rcil  in  hy  Mr.  (•uileii.  ol'  Fort  \'anconvcr.  and  hy  other  persons  who 
have  directed  their  attention  to  the  snliject.  (lovernor  Stevens,  in  tlie  report  of  his 
reeonnois.sanees,  dnrini;  IS'il,  lietween  the  valley  of  the  Missouri  and  the  I'acillc, 
ooncurs  in  the  same  \iew. 

lie  ri'inarUs :  —  "A  \ery  intere-^tim;  suhject  ol"  impiiry  has  heeii  pursiieil  hy  Mr. 
SchoolerMJ't.  in  his  endeavor  to  follow  tln'  earth-works  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi 
valleys  into  the  re^^ion  west  of  the  llocky  mountains.  A  carefnl  in<piiry  amoiiL'  the 
oflicersofthe  Flmlson's  liay  Company,  and  the  most  intelliiicnt  frec-i rappers  of  Ori'ji'on, 
had  satisfied  Mr.  (lililis  that  none  such  existed  in  the  country.  DiniuLT  an  e.vaminiition 
of  tlie  Lower  Yakama.  however,  the  old  Indiiin   izuide  who  aceoiiipanied   him  pointed 

out.  on  the  lei't    tiaiik.  a  work  which   may  possiMy  Ik iisidercd   as   helon;;iiij:  to   the 

same  sy>tem.  althou.;h  heiii'-'.  so  far  as  is  known,  a  solitary  one.  it  is  soiiu'what  (pie.<- 
tionahle.  'J'lie  work  consists  of  two  eonceiitrie  circles  of  earth  ahoiit  three  feet  liiLjli. 
with  a  ditcli  lietwc'cn.  Within  are  ahout  twenty  cellars,  situated  without  a[>pareiit 
design,  (>xce]it  economy  of  room.  Tiii'V  are  some  thirty  feet  across,  and  three  li'et, 
deep,  and  the  whole  circle  eiirlity  yards  in  diameter.  Captain  .M'Clellan's  |iarty  had 
no  time  to  examine  it  more  particularly,  and  no  tools  to  excavate.  The  ground  was 
overgrown  with  art(>misi,'i  hushes:  hut.  except  the  form  of  th(>  work,  there  was  notiiing 
to  attract  partiiailar  attention,  or  lead  to  the  Iielief  that  it  was  the  remains  of  any  other 


m 


ill! 


TATI   S    AND    A  I!  (■  II  .i;i>  mm;  V. 


Ill: 


tliaii  II  Yakaimi  \ill:ii:t'.     'I'luir  liiiidc  luiwcvfr.  wlm  was  a  jiicat  aiillmrilv  ini  hiicIi 


iliiittorH,  liii'liirtij    tlial   it  was  iiiiuli'  vi'i'\  loiii;  a'. 


1.  I'V  lllcll    nl'   wIldlM    llin    jic(i|il('  klli'W 


iiotliiiii.'.      Ill' atlilfil  tliat  tliiTi- was  III)  titlu  r  liUc  it       It  i~  well   imi.s|,.,|   lor  (iiil'iicc   in 


liiil 


laii  warl'.irc    ln'iirj  mi 


till'  I'll'jv  ol   a  I 


riracc  aliiMit  UriiTii  li'd  Iii_li.  a  >iiiirt  di-taiu 


Irom  tin-  rivrr,  iiiid  llankiMJ  on  litlicr  side  liy  a  lmiIIcv.  Oiit>idr  of  (lie  fiivlc.  Imt  (|nitt! 
iii-ar  it.  arc  dtlifrct'liars,  iiiumcIosimI.  and  in  no  wav  ililli'iiii.:-  iVoni  llio  ri'inains  nl'  villa>;i's 
l'ri'i|iii'iit!_v  nift  willi  lln'if.  Tlic  Imlians  also  pnintcd  oiil.  near  li\.  a  low  hill  or  sjnir. 
wiiicliiii  roiin  iiii^lit  Ijc  ^ii|)|)(iM(|  ((I  ri'x'nililc  an  iiucrlcd  caiKic.  ami  wliiidi  lie  iiad 
said  WHS  a  slii|i.  It  di'scrvcs  invi'sti^ation  at  Irast  wlictiii  r  any  iciiitiun  can  lie  traced 
lictwccn  till'  aiitiiors  of  this  and  dl'  the  imuiiids  in  Sacraniriilo  \alli\,  }i  t  ncciipicd  li_v 
cxistiiijr  tribes. 

*•  In  this  conncctitm  may  also  In-  niciilioiicd  ;i  coiijilc  of  modi  in  rniiirnalioiH,  ncctcd 
liy  the  YaUamas  upon  tiir  Sniikivc  loik.  They  are  situated  helwerii  two  vuiill  liiaiiches, 
ii[)on  the  siimmils  of  a  narrow  ridjic  some  two  hundred  yards  lonir.  and  thirty  I'eet  in 
Iici.iilit.  and  are  ahont  twenty-live  yards  a|iart.  TIk'  lirst  is  a  si|nare  with  rounded 
corners,  loiiiii  d  hy  an  eart'.ieii  emiiankiuent  ca|i|ied  with  stones ;  the  interstices  hetweeii 
wiiicii  -served  fur  |oo|i-holcs.  ami  wiliioiit  any  ditch.  It  is  alioiit  tiiirly  feet  on  tlie  sidi's, 
and  tlie  wall  tiiiee  I'eet  IuliIi.  The  otiier  i<  liuill  ol'  adolie^.  in  the  t'oriu  of  a  reclaiciie. 
tweiit\-  li\   thirt\-roiir   feet,  the  walls   three   i'eet    hi-li.  and    twelve   to  ei'iiiteen    inches 


thick,  with  loopdioles  six  feet  apart,      liotl 
horiiiir  hills.     T 


I  are  coiuiiianded  within  lilK'-shot  hy  neii;' 
Skloo.  as  a  deli'iice  a'.iain^l   the  Cavil- 


lev  Were  electeil  in  1^1  i  \>\  >kloo.  a 
We  did  not  hear  whether  they  were  successfully  maiiitaineii.  accounts  varv  inir  mcitly 
in  this  respect.  In  the  same  iieiiilihorhood  Caplaiii  M-Ciellaii's  parly  iioiiced  sni;;ll 
piles  (if  stones  raisi'd  iiy  the  Indians  mi  the  edt:es  of  the  basaltic  walls  which  enclose 
these  valleys,  but  were  iiiliii'iiied  that  they  had  nu  purposi- ;  they  weiv  put  up  through 
idleness.  Similar  piles  are.  however,  sometimes  erected  to  mark  llie  lorl<  of  ;i  irai!. 
;\t  points  on  till  e  walls  there  were  also  many  ii'raves.  generally  made  in  ivMilar  form. 
covered  with  :  ■■  -,'  stmics  to  protect  them  from  tlie  cayotes.  ami  marked  by  poles 
(lecornted  with  ti.  cups,  iiowder-horns.  and  articles  of  dress.  During;  the  summer  the 
Indians  liir  the  most  part  live  in  the  small  vullevs  lvin'.^vvidl  into  tin'  foot  of  the  moun- 


tains 


T 


lese  are 


however,  uniniialiitable  diiriiiu'  tlie  winter,  and   iliev  uiove   fiirtiu 


down,  or  to  more  sheltered  situations.     'I'lie  mission  which,  in  siiiiinier.  is  maintained 
in  the  .\-t;i-naiii  valley,  is  tr.insli'i'red  into  tiiat  of  the  main  river."' 

If  the  Toltccs  had  ]iassed  down  this  coast  in  the  eleventh  century,  with  the  art 
.vliich  they  displayed  in  .Mexico,  it  ajipears  almost  impossiblo  that  they  should  not  have 
left  some  vesliovs  of  it  almi'.;-  the  route  they  pursued. 


.\iiiiual  liiili;iii  lii'|init,  Is")  I,  |i.  2;! 


11^ 


SUCTION    TWI:NTV-I  II  Til. 


INDICIA     KKOM     MANNKKS    AM)    CISTOMS. 


CIIAI'TKI}     I. 


1  ' 


VALIK    OK    THIS    Sl'HClKS    (>  I'    T  KS  T  1  M  (»N  V. 


\/> 


I'niTciiAKii.  will"  lias  so  fliilwnifi'ly  iiivi'sliL'Mtcil  tlic  imtiiral  liistory  ol'  tlic  races  ol" 
iiifii.  iilncc's  hilt  liitlr  rt'liaiu'c  ini  iiiaiiiicrs  and  ciistunis.  as  a  nutans  of  (Irawiiiir  a  I'om- 
|iarisoii  Iti'twi'di  the  aiieieiit  coiulitioii  ol'  a  peo|ile  and  tlieir  modern  de\cloiiini'iil. 
Lord  ]?acoi'.  speakiiiL'  of  civilized  and  relinod  nations,  relers  to  their  chiuiuiiiu  cnslonis, 
"as  if  tliey  wen-  dead  images  and  eiii^tnas."  An  astute  writer,  who  lloiirished  dminj^ 
the  early  part  ol'  the  seNcnteenth  century,  ami  had  tiavclled  extensivtdy  anion':-  the 
Indian  triiies  ol"  thi-^  coinineiit.  speai^s  of  their  nianners  and  customs  as  heiiii:  fallacious 
sources  npon  which  to  rely  for  any  iiistorical  jirool's.  "  The  manners  very  soon  degene- 
rate hy  means  of  eominei'ce  with  fori'iLriii'rs.  and  liy  llio  mixtnix'  of  seviTiil  nations 
unitini:  in  one  hody,  ami  liy  a  chaiiL'e  of  empire  alway.s  accompanied  with  a  new  lorni 
of  u'overnment.  How  much  more  reason  is  there  to  helieve  such  a  sensible  altenition 
of  genius  and  manners  lunonirst  wanderinLi;  nations  In-come  savatie,  livinir  without  prin- 
ciples, laws,  education,  or  civil  L'overnment,  which  nii^ht  serve  to  hrint:  them  hack  lo 
the  ancient  manners.  Cnstoms  are  still  more  easily  di'stroyed.  A  new  way  of  living 
introduces  new  customs,  and  those  which  have  heeii  forsaken  are  very  soon  forfrotteii. 
What  shall  I  say  of  the  ahsohile  want  of  such  thinjrs  as  are  most  necessary  to  lileV 
and  of  which,  the  iiec(;ssily  of  doin^'  without,  causes  their  names  and  uses  to  perish 
tow  t  her '.'""' 

It  ajipears  to  have  heeii  too  freipiently  the  ohject  of  travellers  to  tiiean  details 
hordoring  on  the  min\<'liou-;.  and   illustrations  of  a  ["ictnresiiiie  character,  with  which 


t'li.'irlcviiix. 


(CM) 


11 


INlih'lA     lllnM     M\NNi;i!S     \NI'    rlSToMS. 


•!|.' 


ti>  iiiiiii«i',  nillirr  iliMii  iii-liiiil  ilif  ii'iiili  r-  ol' tlicir  jnimiiil^.  mul  li\  llii-*  'jIh---  In  iIimiI 
piililif  :ill"'iitinii  lis  niiii'li  as  |tii«silili'  iVmii  llicir  inuliililx .  nr  railiiii'.  In  |ii'iMinv  ami  ili'- 
sciiiiiiali-  Miiiiiil    ami    irliaMi'    iiili'i  iiialniii.      (li'n.;i  ;i|i|iii'al    |>lii'iiciini'iia,    llic    imaiis  ut' 

Hiilisislciirc.   ami    iIk'    iialnral    liir-luiv    dI'   I'miili  ii-.  cmiI    an    iiii{ii>rlaiil    iiillin'in n 

ciistdiiis.  Naliuii-'.  as  llh'v  aif  in'ar  In.  or  iliflaiit  IriPiii.  lln-  i  i|iial(ir.  rcijiilir  or  rijifl 
tin-  Use  nl' clnlliiii;'  Atiilii'  li\  iiii;  w  lnTi'  liiais  aml«ul\i-i  aliKiiiicl.  wiiiiM  a(i|iiiri' 
sUili  ill  rati'liini  llin-i'  animals.      Sca-i-na*!  ll■ilM•^  iirr  i('lilliMi|iliaL:i.      .\>  llir  ail-  i<\'  a 


riKli'  |iriiii|i'  |ia>-'  away  \vi 


ill   iIk'Iii.  iIii-   t'\  idi'iii'cs   nl'  Midi    in|. 


iiiii-l 


llljill      Ml     111!' 


rt'lics  dl'  tlicir  inoiiiiils,  Ininiiii.  ami  s('|ailc'liii's.     'I'lins  D.-siiaric-  ami  |ilaccs  nl'  M'|iiillnii' 
lK'f()iiH>,  lis   it    wi'i't'.  I'viilt'iici's  nl'  nsii'diii'ix .  ami    |ircsriil    a   siiliircl    I'di-   liii'   >lml\  nl' 

ari'll!('n|njj;isls.       A   Wroll'jill  sin-ll,  a    \>\\'>'.  a  Wnhjc    nl    cnlilMT.  a     Imiir    a\*l.   lllll-    In  cnlin' 
(•\  iili'Ili'cs  nl'  snim-  (•nllx'ijllcnci'.       liaviir.'.   nlariil  nii   ii iil    IJir   XMlinilH    iii-lnliM    nl'   llir 


(niH's,  as   re 


'I 
arils   Imiiliii'j.    li-liiii'j.    ri'a>liii'j.  ilanrin.::   ami    \\ni> 


llli'     llinll-.'iml 


|iliaM's  ami  |insiiinns  wliicli  llic  Imlian  a^-iiinrs  in  llic  rnri>l.  it  will  Inii'  lir  Milllciciii 
ti>  I'l'I'iT  In  llii'si-  inslancis.  and  llu'ir  illii-lialiniH.' 

Tlir  rlli'i'ls  nl"  clilll.lU'  ailil   L;i'n'ilM|iliir:il    iuiMlinii  nil    llir   ma  illli'ls  ami   cn-lnms    nf   llli' 

Imliaiis  111I1--I  alway-i  liavc  iiccii  ( nii>iiliiaMi',  'rrilic^  li\iii'j  iimlcr  llic  njiialnr,  nr 
uilliin  lilt'  Irnpii's.  liavi'  iiitiI  nl'  Imt  lilllr  nr  nn  iln'>~.  NVIinc  ihc  liaii;iiia.  iIm'  \aiii, 
anil  nlliiT  lin|iiral  I'l'iiils.  I'lirni-^lnil  llir  >pniii  imcuis  nmans  tt['  snli-i>lriici'.  mily  a  siiiail 
aniniint  nl'  lalmr  was  ii'i|iiiiv.i.  Tin'  ainiinl  ( '  aiili-,  u  im  irsiili-il  in  a  I'niinlry  |ioss('s-iin;  a 
(Iviiriniis  I'liinalc,  and  nil  a  <nil  w  I  lir  1 1  |ii'niliii'('i|  all  I  lial  u  a>  ii'ijuirrd  In  -.ii|i|inrl  r\i-li'iii'r> 
Weill  aliiinst  I'lilirriy  iiaki'd,  ami  Inilcii'd  awiiy  lil'r  in  idirin'ss;  wiiilr  ihi'  Al  liapasiMs. 
ot  till-  Airlii'  lalilmlr-.  wi'in  i'nni|Mll.'d  111  wrap  tlnir  I'ri'i  in  I'm-,  and  In  iii\  mi  ijir 
liiiosls  I'nr  llii'ir  iiitirn  siippjirs  nl'  animal  and  \  i".;i'liilili'  I'nnd.  I'liii.'  wcrn  nn  v^i'iH'iic 
dill 


(IlllclrlU'rs   III 


IWri'll    lIli'M'   llilir.-,  I'il 


III'  im'iilalU  nr  n 


livsii-alK.      \i 


anil,  liaiislrrrrd  in 


tlu'  nnrlliiTii  I'nidini's  nl'  i5i'iii-li  AnnTiiM.  wniiid  mivi'lnp  lii-;  iind;.  ill  warm  riniliiii'j  ; 
and  an  .\lliapa>i'an,  wlin  I'ini'jraicd  in  St.  l)niniii'.jn.  wnnid  liimw  li\  Ids  ilk-skin  cnat. 
iMiaisr  wnnlli'iis.  and  nini'('a>iiis.  and  snnii  Call  iiiln  ilir  iH'i'iniiiati'  mannrrs  nl'  lin-  snlijrfls 
of  Uiu'i'ii  Ana ma. 


In  Vul.  I,,  .M.iiiiil  T\pr,  -J'.i  1,1  r.'.     Tii!..,!  Tniiu,  I!'::  I..  :;n'.i,     M\ili.il..._-v  mihI  Ti;h!iii..iis  :;ir,  i,,  :;-.".i 


I'll  l.i'_'ni|ili\ . 


I..  IJI. 


Ill   \'..l     I  I   ,  (Iriiiiii-   \i,  w.    It    ti.   -17.       I' limii r  till'    llnliiili    l';iliiiK.    1^    I.,  .'ill 


ill  111  I'll'.      Art  111'  lliiiiliii! 


Il:,  .1.1   III  .1.1        .'»ll'j:il->l;lklllL:',  .1.1.        \\:ll';illii   l'>     I  llilililll-,  .i 


W: 


lUi-l     I  iiiilniii; 
'I'lir  \Vi.;«:ii 


lii,  I'll.      Ilirllis  ;inil  ill!  ir  iiii  iilriil-.  li'i.      jiralli  :iiiil  it."  Iiiriili'iil",  liT.  7  I .      I  iaiiii'i,  7  I .      II  mil' r'.s  I  iruiiinls, 
■  I  111  71". 
Ill   Vnl,    III.,   'i'riiii-  III'  TliiiiKiiij.   ."il       (till  iiliiliMii.   .".'.I.     'I'll.'   Clri-i',   I'll'.      Ci-liiiM.',   I'l.'i.      .\rii,s   I'l'.l. 


'I'lil.iil  'I'nii-,  |s|  III  :;iii'.      < 


>r;il   I'iitMir 


til  ::J'.i,      \it.  ii'i.'i,     M:i'j,',  l»:;  i.i  lii:i 


III  V.il    IV..  .M.iiiiii  r-  ill  llli-  I'.ir.-I,  !■-  Ill  .il.     'I'niit-  nl'tln'  Wiiiinli; 


III  ."i.i.    Mot-il'-,  .'ill.   (■ii'^iiiiiif.. 


Cii-tiiiii-  111'  n.iK.'taii-.  .v.i  1.1 7'-'    nr  .\: 


\:l.||ii-.    I 


_•  III  ss,      |!iiil:,|,i   lliiiitiiij.  Ii_'  1.1  I  III      'i'liliiil  iniiis, 


1!I7   In  -II.        I'irtiiL'l- 

Ui'li'.'iiin,  Ii.!"!. 


llillV.    J-ll  ,   -l-i.    w 


nil  illii-mili.iiii.     .Vrt,   |:l.'i,      |l: 


i'iii.iiiii|..':\ 


Ix'.t       M.'.li.-'ij  .<Iiill,  .vj:!. 


Ill  V.il    \'  ,  Itr.Miiii.' .irnlwi'i'vatimis  111,  si       TriliarriMiN.  Il'li  l.i  JK 


"!'-■• 


ill'    \ii.  .'I'.'l.     Ili'lii 


III  M\lliiili'.rv.   I'll        ^l;•-i.•  nml  Wililiriiil'l,   ll.i       liirniiiiiili.ni  of  miihIiv   l.atiUuli--,  "DI 


8  I  'i 


't  '',t 


I '  't 


I     I 


;' 


•m 


liUl  INIMCI\     I'lloM     MANNKUS    A  N  l»    (ISTU.MS, 

Till'  S|i:iiii:iiil-  iiiU'iulii I  llii'  licir-c  into    ,Mi'\ii'o  in  I 'ill'.      In   I'i.'iN.  Imlli  the  I 

iiikI  iIk'  I  mil' Were  iiiti'iiiliii'i  il  iiilii  l''lniiil,i.     ||.>\v  lull'.'  iliij   it   r<'<|niri>  to  iliHiiHc  (I 


lorci- 


llt'W 


hlpi't'ic'.-*  ciMT  nil  till'  liiiliitMlili'  |)iii'l-<  III' till'  I'diitiiii'iit  .'  A  ilru\i' 111' liiiLT^i  liml  lni'ii  ilrivi'ii 
tiiniiipli  l''|iiriilii  li\  III' Siilii.  to  Mistiiiii  llii  iiiiiis  iiiiijiT  cNi'jriirii's,  ('iiri)iiiiilii  uiiii|p|iii 
the  Miinii'  |nri'iiiiliiiii  ill  I '•  1 1.  li\  ilri\  in.:  Ilm'l.s  uf  >|iii'|i  inlu  Nrw  Mi'sii'it.  iinili  r  tin' 
jii'iiti'i'liiin  111'  liis  iiiniy.  .Miin\  nl'  iIii'm-  witi-  taki'ii  lp\  tlir  n  IiIumIimI  iimii  tiilpi's  nl' 
('iiiida.  !i;.'iiiisl  \sliiini  III' wiiiri'il  war  willi  tlic  vii'w  nl' riiiii|ii'lliiiu  tlicni  tn  iwi'.'il  tin* 
lociiliuii  III'  li'i'iisiiri's  III"  ;jnlil.  Till'  inlliniiiitiiin  l\u'\  I'nini.-ln'il  litnl  led  liini  lliitln'r  in 
M'ari'ii  (il'iMlicM  siiiil  til  III'  ri'iiDwni'il  liir  pnnji'i'ss  in  llic  arts;  llial  prn'jri'Ms,  Imwi'vcr,  miK' 
('\i-tri|  ill  lii--  iiwii  iniM'.'iiialiiiii.  wlilrli  liiru  lai'ji'l\  mi  tin'  liaililiiiiiar\  ralilri  nl' Tijuii.' 
'I'liii-i  llir  .\a\ajiirs  ami  .Mi)i|ui-.  iililaiiinl  llir  luri'd  III'  ,s|iri|i  wiiii'li  liavi'  Ml  ninlli|ili('(| 
ill  tlhir  liaiiiU  ;  w  linii'i' Inuc  iiri'.;iiiali  ijllir  I'aUi' ami  cstiiu  a'jaiil  tl 
tlii'ir  I'liiiililiuii  ami  nri'jin. 


iriilii's    ri'i;a|i|lll 


'I'iir  lior,<i'  iiiulli|ilii'il  so  ra|iiill\  mi  ihr  |il:iin<  ami  >a\aiinalis  u|'  Mrxini,  iIimI  ail  llio 
Irilir-i  III"  liiiliaiis.  I'ast.  wrsl.  ami  iim|  ili  nl'  llial  |irii\  iin'c  -nmi  Mipiilinl  iIu'Iiim'Im's  witll 
this  cllicii'iit  aiixiliarv  til  man  in  liis  jiiiinir\>  ami  lal"ir.  'I'lir  |iri'ilatm\-  Irilii's  \vi'>t 
(if  till'  Missdiiri  I'arrii'il  lliis  animal  wllli   tliriii  tn  tlir  iimtli.  ami   intrmlm'i'il   il 


iinmi'. 


IS-CS 


till'  Dakntalis  ami  Assinalmim's.  wliriii'i'  il  limml  its  wav  in  to ( IrcLum  llirmiL^li  tlic  |i 

of  llii'  IJorkv  iiimiiilaiiis,      A  .>iii'.iiilar  ami  iiiarki'il  irMill  alti'inli'il  lln-  |iiissi's>imi  nl'  llic 

Imrsi'   ii\    till'  mit'Jiiill;.'    Irilir>  nl'   till'  Siin^limiiT    .-lnr|\.   wliirli     i>    imi  iji  ■nmis  In  till'  lirnii'l 

laiiui'  ol'  till'  lini'kv  iiimiiilaiiis  —  a  lianrii  ictjinii  aliniiiiijiii'i  in  rii'jiii'il  iioaks  ami 
(Il  liirs.  |nissi's.-iii'_'  a  vi'i'v  limiti'il  lima  ami  laniia.  ami  Iml  li'W  ri'Miiirci's.  'i"lir-i'  liiijians 
ari'  rmnpi'lli'il  to  li\i'  mi  innts  ami  lai\a.      l)ii\iii  !i\    ijir  I'awn'  is  aial  Ciiws  I'rmn  tin' 

nprll  i"illlltr\    at    ihr    liinl   nl'   llm  nimiiil  ailK.    tlli'V    at     lilllrs  Vrlilin.'  ijnwii    llii'ir  Lmr^i'S  lo 


k  till'  liiiU'aln:    lail    llir\   I 


ia\i'   alw  a\  s  r\  nu'i 


li  a  |iii>illaiiiiiiniiv  i'|i;ir;irli'r.  ami  lia\i> 
li'i'ii  'ji'iH'rallv  |iiniiniim'i  il  In  111'  till'  lii\vi>l  ami  nmst  ilruradril  nf  all  llic  Iriiirs.  Yet, 
till'  trilii's  nl'  tliis  inli'iinr  sinck.  wlm  Mii'n'>-riilly  ciiii'^iali'il  In.  ami  niaili'  tlirir  Immi' 
mi.  till'  plains  nl'  Trxas.  uIh'Iv  limy  am  kimwii  li\  tlir  Spaiii-li  iiaini'  nl'  ( 'iimani'lics. 
Iiavi'  lii'i'ii  iiiipruM'il.  IjiiiIi  in  lln'ir  spirit  miil  cli.irMrtrr.  Iiy  llir  pnsscv^inn  nl'  ilm  I 


inrsi" 


iml    liavi'   aripinvil   so   iiini'li   skill    in    its   nianaui'ini'iil.  llial    llir\  mv  iviianli'il  as  tin 


il'WIS 


Arali-  nl'  tln'  plain-.     TIklsi'  pmlimis  nl'tlii'  Slinsliuni'c  stuck  wlm  (Icsi'inilnl  |ln.  I 
nr  Sniki'  ri\(  r  intn  Orc^:in.  Iiavi'  also  prii'in'ssnl  in  tin"  sni-inl  si'aln   li\  tln'   iisn  nl'  th 
linrsn:  wliiNt  l!ii'  liaml- ami  si'|'t-  inlialiiliii .i  llm  inli'iinr  nl'  ('alil'nrnia  still  ii'lain  tl 


K'lr 


laii 


tii'n\i'liiiiLi-  lialiil-.  ai''  rnnliiimi.  anil  ilwi'll  in  cavrs  :iml  in  I'M'avalimis  in  tlu'  niirih 

.Vntliiiiu  prmliiri'-'  a  nimv  iiiiim  iliaii'  itl^i'i    npmi   t||r  ciistmns  i,\'  tlio   iniliaiis,  ll 
till'    intrniliii'timi    nl'    ilmnislic    aiiiiiiaN.      All    tli"   slnrk-raisiiiL'   lialiits  nl'   the    N'nrtli 
Aiiii'riraii  Iril""^.  as  i|i'\i'ln|ii'(|  in  tlmir  altriilimi  In  llm   rcuriii'j-  nl'  tlm  Imrsi'.  i| 
cnw.  Iiii'j'.  ami  slii'tp.  (lal 


miH'stii'. 


ark    mily   In  till'  pminil  III' till'  (lisrn\cr\    ;|||i|  I'niinilcst  nl'tl 


cmnitry.      .Anmii'.;  llm  liil.r-  nf  ilm   L'lvat  lakr  liasins.  cxtrmlin-  tlimin.  |u  t 


II'  smirci's 


V"l     IV 


1  '  iJ 


1 

il 

1 

Ill 


5?i 


I  .■ 


m 


t* 


!?( 


INDICIA    FROM    MANNERS    AND    CUSTOMS. 


617 


(if  llic  Mississipiii,  jiiiil  to  tlio  forest  ivfjiious  oast  of  tliiit  rivor,  tlie  ciuioo  liiiH  supplied 
the  jiliice  oC  tlie  horse.  The  Siiiiie  remark  iii)|)lies  also  to  the  coiiiitrv  situate  north  of 
hititiide  KP.  In  all  this  part  of  Aineiicii  liay  unist  he  cut  for  the  horse,  and  he  must 
he  iiouseil  dnrini;  the  winter.  Tliose  of  the  tribes  livinir  on  tlie  Atlantic  coasts,  at  the 
era  of  th((  estalilishnient  of  the  colonies,  navigated  the  rivers  in  canoes  formed  from 
solid  trees,  hollowed  out  hy  the  alternate  use  of  fu'e  and  stone  picks.  In  the  latitudes 
in  wiiich  llonrished  the  hetuhi  papyraeea.  sheets  of  the  outer  rind  of  that  tree,  spread 
over  a  fratue-woilv  of  cedar,  fni'nisiied  the  coniniou  I'acilities  for  conveyance  and  trans- 
])ortalion.  Yet,  when  the  .Shawiu'cs  and  various  tribes  of  the  Ali;()n<[uin  stock  removed 
from  the  north  to  the  interior  latituiles  of  Kanzas,  they  abandoned  the  art  of  fabricating 
the  hark-canoe,  and  relie<l  soh'iy  on  horses. 

The  flora  of  the  ['nited  States  has  also  .irreatly  afl'ectcd  the  Indian  cu.stoms.  Wlien 
the  exploratory  ships  of  llaleijrh  first  visited  the  coasts  of  Virginia,  tliey  there 
]irocured  the  ))otato,  which  was  thence  intro(hi<'cd  into  Ireland  an<l  Kuiiland.  The 
rowhatanic  tribes,  in  whose  territories  tiiis  valuable  tuber  grew,  had  never 
thought  of  cultivating  it.  The  fenndes  sought  it  in  the  forests,  as  the  Assinahoinos 
seek  the  tepia  at  the  present  day  on  the  plains  of  l{ed  lilver;  (for  a  sketch  of  which 
jiractice  see  tlie  drawing'  herewith.)  Whi'ii,  in  after  years,  the  same  root  was  re-intro- 
duced into  this  country  fioni  Kurope.  the  tril)cs  Iiegan  to  cultivate  it  very  exti-nsively  ; 
anil  the  potato  is  so  ea^y  of  cultivation  and  so  productive,  that  its  u.se  has  Ijeen  dis.semi- 
nated  hy  them  througliout  a  wide  latitude. 

The  tribes  ai'e  much  given  to  imitation  of  each  othcr.s'  customs.  Some  of  the 
Iroipiois  dances  have  been  deemed  vei'\' characti'ristie  of  that  family;  but  it  is  found 
that  one  of  the  nK)st  noted  of  their  war  dances  has  been  derived  from  the  Dakotahs.' 
'J'he  Algonqiiins  of  the  lakes,  who  are  forest  tribes,  invariably  bury  tlieir  dead;  while 
tlie  Dakotahs,  of  the  plains  of  the  Mississippi,  place  the  remains  of  their  deceased 
IVieuds  and  relatives  on  scaffolds.  It  has  been  observed  that,  for  many  years  past,  the 
('iii[)pewas  of  Lake  Sii[)erior  and  the  Upper  Mississippi,  and  also  the  Sanks  and  Foxes, 
who  anciently  praelist'd  the  same  mode  of  .sepulture,  have  adopted  the  Dakotah  custom 
of  placing  their  dead  on  .scalfolds.  The  dead  are  placed  in  canoes  by  the  Chinooks  of 
the  Pacific  coast.     See  Plate  herewitli.^ 

While  their  mental  liahits  are  remarkably  permanent,  many  changes  in  the 
external  customs  of  the  Indian  tribes  are  constantly  occurring,  in  accordance  with  their 
varying  i»ositioiis  and  ciicumstances.  Nor  can  it  be  inferred,  from  the  constitution  of 
liunter  society,  that  changes  which  are  adopted  on  the  Mississippi,  on  the  great  lakes, 
and  on  the  western  prairies,  m;iy  not  be  found  to  have  previously  existed,  under  tln^ 
same  circumstanc(>s,  among  alliliated  nations  residing  on  the  banks  of  the  Yenissce, 
Lena,  and  Obi,  where  the  ^longolic  and  Tartaric,  races  predominate. 


!  I.        .\    i      ■ 


Staiili'v's  nu'turc. 

Vm.,  VI.  — 7S 


M(pr'j':iii's  Inii|ui>is  |,i'i\'j 


V..!.  IF..  I'l;iti  XVI. ,  p.  70. 


618 


INDICIA    FU(»M    MANNKIIS    AND    (TSTOMS. 


en  APT  EH  11. 

KUCTUATIONS    OV   CUSTOMS    AMONC.   THE    MISSISSIPPI    VALLEY, 
AND    rACIFIC    COAST    TRIBES. 


■ 


!i 


■i  '  ,n 


i- 


.'} 


I   i" 


,r-  ii  3 


'fi 


TiiinAi,  cliiuigcs  ill  tlu;  iiioile  of  dLsjiosing  of  tlio  ik'iid.  from  intormoiit  to  exposiiro 
on  scairolding,  have  been  iiie'itioned ;  and,  it  is  believed,  result  I'roin  tlio  iiiilitiiry 
element  in  the  Indian  elia.  I'ter,  wliieli  seeks  to  pre.serve,  by  sepidtnral  display,  the 
memory  of  the  brave  exploits  of  the  departed.  IJiit  this  is  not  the  most  important 
change  in  their  .sepiiltiiral  ou.stoms  which  lias  taken  plaee  since  the  disoo\'ery  of  the 
eontineiit.  No  faet  is  better  known  than  the  former  existence  of  the  enstom  of  ])er- 
mitting  the  body  to  di'cay  in  charnel-lodges.  or  other  situations,  above  ground,  and  of 
subsequently  interring  the  bones,  with  public  ceremony,  in  trenches;  nccompanying  this 
duty  with  pious  rites,  in  which  the  inhabitants  of  entire  villages  participated.  In  these 
ultimate  rites,  the  amulets  and  charms  were  carefully  re-deposited.  These  articles  of  cher- 
ished value,  left  by  the  deceased  person,  consisted  of  medals,  or  pieces  of  sea-.shells  formed 
into  segments  and  circles,  or  beads  of  the  same  material ;  .sometimes  of  entire  shells,  bones, 
animals'  claws,  sculptured  pipes,  ornaments  made  of  red  steatite,  and  of  other  soft  or  (issilo 
stones,  domestic  or  warlike  utensils,  or  articles  of  copper.  Kelics,  and  articles  of  this  kind 
exhumed  from  their  graves  and  mounds,  have  been  iiguivd  in  prior  pages.'  One  of  th(^ 
ancient  ossuaries  referred  to  exists  on  the  small  island  of  Mennisais,  one  of  the  Michili- 
mackiiiac  group.'.  These  antique  ossuaries  have  sometimes  given  rise  to  the  opinion 
that  great  battles  had  been  fought  at  these  localities,  and  the  .slain  iiromiscnonsly  buried. 
But  such  an  opinion  is  controverted  by  the  di.-covery  of  these  carefully  and  deliberate!}- 
deposited  mementoes.  The  large  size  and  number  of  the  sepulchral  bone  trenches, 
found  in  the  west  and  north,  siicii  as  the  noted  depositories  at  Beverly.  Canada  West, 
are  (ifleii  a  matter  of  surprise.'  Such  ossuaries  would  ai>[)ear  to  have  lieeii  thecharnel- 
hou.>-es  of  entire  districts.  There  are  localities  in  the  Mississippi  valky  where  the  bones 
liave  been  walled  in  with  Hat  stones,  as  on  the  lands  aliove  the  Battery  Kock,  on  the 
Ohio.     In  other  places,  it  would  seem  that  the  thigh-bones  and  tibia  have  sometimes 


I  I 


Vol.    I.        I'l.lt.- 

'  Oiic'it.'i.  ].    Mid 


'■I.  \(K  js,  •_'!»,  :i(i,  .",1,  ;;:!,  lo,  •_'(,  '.'."i,  :is, 


I'ii>iiii:il  .Mi'iiiiiiis. 


:■]' 


INDICIA    KKOM    MANNERS    AND    CUSTOMS. 


fi19 


liocii  pliici'<l  ill  dviiclios  ill  sliort  i)ilc's,  as  mi  the  hiuik.s  ol'  tlio  Mi'niiiiiick.  in  Missouri.' 
Till!  Indiiiii.s  novor  carried  .sti)iic.><,  lor  wpiilcliral  purpu.ses,  a  Idii;;-  distance,  llaliit 
.slowly  altered  uiiiong  the  tribes,  but  may  be  supposed  to  liavo  been  sometimes  ailectcd 
by  density  of  population,  or  to  have  given  way  before  the  nccossity  of  labor,  or  .some 
))riiiie  didlctilty.  Tliev  placed  their  dead  in  caves  where  the  country  was  cavernous: 
parts  of  Kentucky,  Tennes.see.  and  JIis.sissi|)pi,  aH'ordinij;  <rreat  advantages  lor  this  inodo 
of  dejK)sitiiig  the  di'ud.  The  earth  of  these  caverns,  being  strongly  impregnated 
with  nitre,  fretiuently  produced  the  olVects  of  embalming.  The  individual  enclosed 
in  wrappings  of  bark,  found  in  the  Mammotii  (Jave  of  Kentucky,  was  an  instance  of 
exsiccation. 

Along  the  .shores  of  the  Pacific,  where  a  canoe  constitutes  the  princijial  personal 
j)ro|)erty  of  an  Indian,  the  deceased  owner  is  placed  in  it,  and  the  ves.sel  de|)ositcd  in 
the  forks  of  trees,  until  the  llesh  has  resolved  itself  into  its  elements,  when  the  bones 
.are  carefully  buried.  This  method  of  de[)(jsiting  the  dead  is  .shown  in  the  ac<:ompanying 
Plate.'  Tile  Indian  has  a  peculiar  regard  and  respect  for  his  dead;  and  whatever 
other  traits  he  Lacks  in  this  world,  he  makes  important  provisions,  according  to  liis 
creed,  for  the  convenience  of  his  friends  in  the  next.  The  rites  of  .sepulchre  are  always 
])erfornied  with  exact  and  ceremonious  attention.  Their  belief  is.  that  the  spirits  of 
the  dead,  though  unseen,  are  present  on  these  occasions,  and  are  very  scrupulous  tliat 
tlie  rites  should  be  duly  periormed.  The  ritual  of  canoe  burial,  as  practised  by  th«! 
('iiinooks,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columljia,  is  given  by  my  correspondent,  Mr.  .lames  G. 
Swan,  in  tlie  following  words  : 

••  When  a  chief,  or  person  of  consequence,  either  male  or  female,  is  taken  sick  of  any 
fatal  disease,  recour.se  is  had  to  the  Indian  doctor,  or  medicine-man,  after  it  is  found 
that  all  their  applications  of  simples  have  failed.  The  doctors  are  supimsed  to  possess 
difl'erent  pt)wers;  one  excels  in  removing  the  Skookum,  or  evil  spirit,  which  is  thought 
to  prey  upon  the  vitals,  causing  death  ;  and  another  professes  to  be  endowed  with  the 
faculty  of  driving  away  the  spirits  of  the  d<>ad,  that  are  bidieved  to  be  always  hovering 
round  their  friends  on  earth,  ready  at  all  times  to  carry  them  to  the  land  of  spirits." 

The  same  observer,  who  was  present  at  the  burial  of  an  aged  female  of  rank,  at 
Shoalwatcr  l?ay,  in  Washington  Territory,  gives  the  following  graphic  account  of  wliat 
ociuirred  : 

"She  had  been  sick  some  time  of  liver  complaint,  and  finding  her  symptoms  grew 
more  aggravated,  she  sent  fur  a  medicine  man  to  iikoikiIt.  7\>-)ii<t/i-)i(t-ir<i,i,  or  work  spells, 
to  drive  away  the  iiirmi lose,  or  dead  people,  who,  she  said,  came  to  her  every  iiigiit. 

"Towards  night  the  doctin-  came,  bringing  with  him  liis  own  and  another  family  (o 
as,sist  in  the  ceremonies.  After  they  had  eaten  supper,  the  centre  of  the  lodge  was 
cleaned  up  and  fresh  sand  strewn  over  it,     A  bright  lire  of  dry  wooil  was  then  kindled. 


Scones  ;iiul  Ailvciitiircs  in  tlic  (,)z;irk  Muuntains.  p.  ".'Li, 


'  .<laiiliv'.s  rktuiv,  riato  XVII. 


'!      ' 


III 


i 


Vf  I 


ri 


It') 

'i'  -j 


B>) 


j;» 


>. 


.  c~ 


1 


»)-J0 


INDICIA    FROM    MANNERS    AND    CUSTOMS. 


ami  ii  biilliiuit  light  kci)t  up  liy  occiisioniilly  tliriiwinir  oil  ujion  it.  I  roiisiJoivil  this 
to  bo  11  ."*i)ot'ics  of  incoufic  olVoivil ;  lor  the  saiiH-  light  roiiUl  havo  Iteoii  produced,  if 
desired,  hy  a  quantity  of  pitch  knots  which  were  lying  in  the  corner.  The  patient, 
well  wrapped  in  blanket.^,  was  laid  on  her  back,  witii  her  head  sliglitly  elevated,  and 
her  hands  crossed  on  her  Ijreast.  The  doctor  knelt  at  her  feet,  and  commenced  to  sing 
a  refrain,  the  subject  of  wliich  was  an  address  to  the  dead,  asking  them  why  they  had 
come  to  take  his  frienil  and  mother  away,  and  liegging  them  to  go  away  and  leave  her. 
The  rest  of  the  people  in  the  lodge  tiien  .sang  the  chorus  in  a  low,  mournful  chant, 
keeping  time  liy  knocking  on  the  roof  overhead  with  long  sticks  they  held.  The  burthen 
of  till'  chorus  was  to  beg  of  tiie  dead  to  leave  them. 

"  As  the  performance  proceeded,  the  doctor  got  more  and  more  excited,  singing  loudly 
and  violently,  with  great  gesticulation,  and  occasionally  making  passes  with  ids  hands 
over  the  face  and  person  of  the  patii'ut.  similar  to  those  made  by  mesmeric  manipu- 
lators, 11  constant  accompaniment  being  ki'pt  up  by  tin-  otiiers  with  tlieir  low  chant 
and  knocking  with  sticks.  Tiie  patient  soon  IMI  asleep,  and  tli(>  performance  ceased, 
Siie  slept  a  short  time,  and  woke  relVeslicd.  TbesL-  ceremonies  were  repeated  several 
times  during  the  night,  and  kejit  up  for  three  days;  but  it  was  tbund  that  the  patient 
grew  no  better,  and  anothei'  doctor  was  sent  for,  wlio  soon  came  with  his  family  (some 
three  or  four  persons),  the  fu-st  doctor  n  luaiiiing.  as  tlie  more  j)erson.s  they  have  to 
sing,  the  better.  Old  .loliii.  as  the  last  doctor  was  iisMalJy  called,  had  no  sooner 
partaken  of  food,  than  he  sat  down  at  the  feit  of  tlie  patient,  coxfring  himself  completely 
witii  his  blanket.  He  remained  in  this  position  three  or  four  hours,  without  moving  or 
fjioaking.     Jle  wa.s  communing  witli  his  T't-tixi/i-iid-iro.i.  or  familiar  spirit. 

"When  he  was  ready,  he  commenced  singing  in  a  loud  and  harsh  manner,  making 
the  most  veiiement  gesticulations.  He  tlien  knelt  on  tlie  patient's  bod}',  pressing  his 
hands  and  clenched  lists  into  her  siiles  and  lireast.  till  it  seemed  to  me  the  woman  must 
Iw  killed.  Every  few  seconds  he  would  scoop  bis  haiuls  together,  as  if  ho  had  caught 
something;  then  turning  towards  the  lire,  would  blow  through  Ids  hands  as  though  lie 
had  something  in  them  he  wished  to  cast  into  the  lianies.  Tiie  fire  was  kept  stirred 
up,  so  as  to  have  plenty  of  coal.>*,  on  which  it  appeared  ho  was  trying  to  burn  the  evil 
spirit  he  was  exorcising.  There  was  no  oil  put  on  the  fire  this  timi>;  for  the  Indians 
told  me  they  put  on  the  oil  to  light  up  their  lodge,  to  let  their  dead  friends  see  they 
had  plenty,  and  were  happy,  and  did  not  wish  to  go  with  them.  But  now,  all  they 
wanted  was  to  have  the  fire  hot  enough  to  burn  the  Skookum,  or  devil,  the  doctor  was 
trying  to  get  out. 

'•  Tiie  pounding  and  singing  were  kept  up  the  same  as  with  the  first  performance. 
Old  John  first  sang  to  his  Ti^-nuih-iin-inin  to  aid  him.  Then  addressing  the  supposed 
evil  spirit,  he  by  times  coaxed,  cajoled,  and  throatcnctl,  to  induce  it  to  depart;  but  all 
was  of  no  avail,  for  in  two  days  the  woman  died. 

"One  of  the  l)o,st  canoes  belonging  to  the  decoiLsod  was  then  taken  into  the  woods,  a 


INDICIA    VllOM    MANNERS    AND    CUSTOMS. 


621 


sliovt  (listiinoo  from  tlie  IoiIl'i",  and  iin'iiiin'd  Ibr  tlio  ivccptioii  of  tlii>  liody.  Tlicso 
ciiiuK's  iiro  carved  out  of  ii  siiiulo  loii  of  ci'diir.  and  are  of  tlid  most  hi'iuitifid  proiiortioiis. 
Some  arc  of  a  .si/e  capable  of  lioldini,'  a  liundred  persons,  with  all  their  arTiis  and 
nceoiitrcnients.  Tiie  canoe  in  cpiestion  was  about  tiiirty-livo  feet  long.  It  was  first 
tliorouddv  washed;  then  two  large,  sipiare  holes  were  cut  through  the  bottom,  proljably 
for  the  two-lbld  purpo.-o  of  letting  out  any  wafer  that  might  collect  in  tlie  canoe 
during  rain  storms,  and  also  to  prevent  the  canoo  from  ever  again  being  use<l.  Nice 
new  mats  of  rushes  woi'o  then  placed  inside,  and  on  these  the  corpse,  wrajnu'd  in  new 
blaidicts.  was  laid. 

'•  All  the  household  implements  and  utensils  that  had  been  llie  property  of  the 
deceased  were  placed  in  the  canoe  beside  her;  care  being  tidven  to  cratk  or  break  all  the 
crockery,  ami  to  pinich  boles  tiirough  tin;  tin  or  copper  utensils,  iilankets,  calico 
dresses,  and  trinkets,  wei'e  also  placed  around  the  body,  which  was  then  coM'red  o\i'r 
witii  more  new  mats;  and  a  small  canoe,  that  titled  into  the  large  one,  was  turneil 
bottom  up  over  all.  Four  stout  posts  of  cedar  \)]n\\k  were  then  driven  into  the  ground, 
and  through  holes,  morticed  near  tiie  top,  were  thrust  two  parallel  bars,  about  lour  feet 
from  the  ground.  The  canoe  was  tlien  raised  u[>,  and  (irndy  secured  on  the  top  of  the 
bars,  and  the  whole  covered  over  with  mats. 

'"The  object  of  elevating  the  canoe  was,  to  keep  the  wild  beasts  from  tearing  the 
body,  and  to  allow  of  a  free  circulation  of  air,  wbicii,  by  keeping  the  canoe  dry. 
jirevented  a  rapi<l  dceemposition  of  the  wood,  which  would  be  likely  to  take  place  if  tiie 
canoe  was  on  the  (iam|)  earth.  Although  the  majority  of  canoes  I  have  seen  were 
l)laei'd  on  tlie  hori/out;d  liars,  yet  it  is  not  a  general  rule;  as,  sometimes,  two  posts 
Ibrmed  of  forked  branches  are  used,  and  tiie  canoe  rests  in  tiie  link.  Neitlier  do  the 
coast  tribes  always  use  the  canoes  to  bury  their  dead  in  ;  for  I  have  noticed,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  ("olmuliia,  several  instances  where  boxes  made  of  boards  were  used 
instead  of  canoes. 

"After  a  person  dies,  and  before  the  body  is  removed  from  the  lodge,  there  are  no 
outward  signs  of  grief;  but  no  sooiu'r  are  tlu'  burial  rites  completed,  than  they  commence 
pinging  the  death-song,  which  is  simply  an  address  to  the  spirit  of  the  departed  friend 
or  relative,  bewailing  their  loss,  and  telling  of  their  many  virtues. 

"  The  burthen  of  the  song,  in  the  instance  just  cited,  was  :  — 

"  '  (^li  I  (lur  iiintlior,  wliy  did  ynu  Icavp  iis? 

We  I'iiii  Iiardly  see,  liy  rrasoii  of  tlic  wator  tli:it  runs  fruiu  our  oyos. 

Many  years  have  Y^u  lived  witli  us,  and  liave  ul'ten  told  us  words  of  ivi.sdoiu. 

We  are  not  poor,  neitlier  were  yuu  pixir. 

We  liad  plenty  of  food,  and  plenty  of  elotliinrj : 

Then,  why  did  you  leave  us  for  the  liiml  of  the  dead? 

Your  limhs  were  stout,  and  your  heart  was  stron;.^. 

You  should  have  lived  with  us  for  many  years  lon;^er,  and  taught  us  the  deeds  of  the  oMen  time.' 


I 


11;  ! 

if 


;4  $ 


ti2-2 


INDICIA    FROM    MANNKHS    AND    ('IS  TO  MS. 


"This  soiiL'.  witli  sdinc  >liii;lit  variation,  was  siniu'  cvfryinoniiii;:  lit  simrisc.  and  cvorv 
ovoiiinn  at  sunset.  I'ur  thirty  ilavs ;  at  tho  expiration  of  wliicli  time,  tlie  lodiri' was 
pulli'il  down,  and  tho  laniiK'  nioved  to  nnotlii-r  ])art  of  t lie  hay." 

In  speakins.'  of  tlie  f,'enoral  customs  regarding  sepulclirc  among  tlie  tril)cs  of  that  part 
of  the  Paeifie  coast,  tho  same  gentleman  gives  the  following  account :  —  "  At  the  expi- 
ration of  a  year,  the  bones  are  taken  out  of  the  canoes,  and,  after  Iieiiig  wrajiped  in 
new  white  cotton  cloth,  are  enclosed  in  a  hox  and  buried  in  the  earth,  usually  \nider 
the  canoe;  but.  in  some  instances,  they  are  gathered  into  a  sort  of  family  burying- 
ground. 

'•There  are  many  instances  wliere  bones  maj'  1)0  found  in  canoes,  where  they  have 
laid  for  many  years;  but,  in  tiiese  cases,  the  immediate  relatives  of  the  deceased  had 
either  dii'd,  or  gone  to  some  other  part  of  the  coast.     1  endeavored  to  witness  the  cere- 
mony of  collecting  and  burying  the  bones  of  several  Indians;  but.  as  I  found  the  rela- 
tives objected,  I  did  not  urge  the  matter.     They  said  they  were  afraid  to  have  me  with 
them,  as  th(>  dead  were  standing  round  to  see  the  ceremony.  an<l  would  be  angry  if  a 
stranger  was  there.     It  was  formerly  the  custom,  and  is  now.  among  the  trilics  further 
north,  to  kill  a  favorite  slave  whenever  a  person  of  importance  dii's;  or,  instead  of  a 
slave,  a  favorite  horse;  but,  where  there  are  any  white  .settlers  among  the  Indians,  this 
custom  is  abandoned.     It  has  lieen  stated  that  the  Indians  of  Ori'gon  and  Washington 
always  kill   the  doctors  when   they   are   unsuccessful.     Instances  have   undoubtedly 
occurred,  where   the   relatives  of  a  deceased   person   have   become   exasperated  with  a 
doctor,  and  have  killed  him;  but  it  is  not  a  general   practice,  nor  have  I  I'ver  known 
t)f  an  instance  of  the  kind  from  personal  observation.     An  account  was  also  imblished, 
of  a  mummy  fouml   in  Washington  Territory,  and  afterwards  I'xhibiteil  at   San   Fran- 
cisco, causing  tuucIi  learned  discussion  among  the  scientiiic.     The  real  history  of  that 
mununy  is  this:  —  I  was  engaged,  with  a  friend,  in  examining  some  old  canoes  which 
were  on  a  narrow  and  very  blutV  promontory  on  the  east  side  of  Shoal-Water  bay. 
As  we  were  about  to  step  over  what  we  su|)posed  was  an  old  log,  overgrown  with 
moss  anil   bushes,  the  brush  gave  way.  and   w<'   then   discoven-d   it  to  be  a  largo 
canoe,  bottom    up;    and,  on    turning    it    over,   we    fouiul    uiuh-r    it    a   small    canoi>, 
containing  the  dried  carcass  of  an    Indian  man.  and   tho  skeletons  of  two  children. 
The  body  looked  precisely  as  if  it   had  been  smoked;  and  my  iniprossion  was.  that 
the  man  was  nuich  emaciated  at  tho  time  of  hi.s  death,  and,  having  proliably  been 
buried  during  the  sunmier,  when  there  is  usually  a  clear  dry  atmos[)here.  and  haviii!.; 
been  placi^l  on  this  promontory,  where  there  is  always  a  (hie   breeze,  had  dried  u|) : 
and   I  think    I   am   justified  in  my  impression,  when  it  is  recollected  that,  during  the 
summer  months  in  California  ami   Oregon,  meat,  when  exposed  to  a  current  of  air  in 
the  sun,  will  dry  and  not  putrify.     The  idea  of  any  embalming  process  being  used,  or 
the  veins  being  injei;ted  with  a  pitchy  substance,  as  was  stated,  is  simply  absurd.     The 
Indians  in  that  section,  like  all  others  I  ever  have  heard  of,  have  tho  same  manners 


INDICIA     I'llOM    MANNKUS    AND    (.'USTOMS. 


623 


ami  eusloiiif*  as  tlicir  iiiiccstor.i ;  iii\(l,  if  it  ovor  luid  lii'tii  custoiimrv  to  oinlmliii  IxkHcs 
at  any  poriod,  it  woiikl  most  ci'ilainly  liavo  lu'i-ii  iit'r|M'tuatc'il  liy  conimon  custom,  or 
liaiulod  down  liy  tiailition  :  l)i\t,  alti-r  tlu' most  diliu'i'iit  iii(|iiii'y  amoiiii  tlic  Indians,  I 
found  no  evidence  of  such  fae.t.  Tiicir  universal  oi)inioii  was,  like  mine,  tliat  tlie  l)ody 
had  dried   up.' 

"Tliere  is,  liowover,  a  [teeniiar  prcHorvative  (Hialily  in  llie  soil  around  tlie  hay. 
Ueiuir  of  a  very  silieeous  nature,  petrifactions  ahound  ;  and  eanu'lians.  aiiates.  and 
t)ther  precious  stones,  are  found  in  ahundance.  J  liave  als(»  noticed  that,  where  hodies 
have  heen  interred  in  ei-rtaiu  localities,  they  did  not  decay.  An  instance  of  tiiis  kind 
occin-red  at  my  own  place.  A  youiij;  Indian,  ahout  twenty-live  years  old.  died,  and 
was,  at  my  sujrjrcstion,  huriod  1)V  ids  friends  in  a  lai'ire  camphor-wood  cliest.  such  as  an* 
usually  hroujiht  from  (Jhina.  Tiiis  chest  was  placed  in  a  i;rave  aliout  live  feet  deep, 
and  covered  up  with  sand.  The  followiiii;'  year  the  relatives  were  desirous  to  remove 
tlie  hones  to  their  own  hnryini;-si)ot  across  the  hay;  ami,  on  oiienini;  the  chest,  the 
body  was  discovered  to  be  as  fresh  as  it  was  when  first  buried;  and.  proliaiily.  if  it  bad 
been  carried  to  San  Francisco,  would  have  excited  the  admiration  of  the  ipiid  nuncs 
<piilo  as  much  as  the  mummy  did.  It  is  far  better,  when  natural  causes  can  lie  assigned 
for  any  novelty,  to  citt'  thiMu.  rather  than  attciMpt  to  mystify  tlie  minds  of  the  pul)liu 
by  siiecidative  theorii's.  whicii  have  no  lc)unilation  in  facts. 

■•  Whi'n  any  person  ilies  in  a  lodge,  the  family  never  will  slee])  in  it  again  ;  but  either 
burn  it  u\\  or.  as  in  tiie  instance  I  have  mentioned,  remove  it  to  some  other  location. 
This.  I  believe,  is  an  iiuariable  custdin.  Sometimes  the  lodge  is  iunuediately  destroyed, 
an<l  at  other  times  remains  for  a  while  and  is  then  removed  ;  or,  if  the  boards  are  not 
wanted,  the  lodge  will  bo  deserted  entirely,  and  sull'ereil  to  remain  and  giwlually  go  to 
decay. 

'•  Since  the  whites  have  settled  among  the  coast  tribes,  tiiey  have  imluced  the  natives, 
in  many  instances,  to  limy  their  dead  in  the  ground  ;  but.  when  left  to  themselves, 
they  almost  universally  retain  .and  adhere  to  their  ancient  custom,  and  bury  their  dead 
in  canoes." 

The  tluctuations  in  the  manners,  customs,  and  condition  of  the  Pacific  coast  tribes, 
are  destined  to  lie  mon;  abrupt  and  striking  than  they  were  in  tiie  settlements  east  of 
the  Hocky  mountains.  All  these  settlements  were,  more  or  less,  the  elVects  of  causes 
long  operating.  Ihit  the  sudden  r\isb  of  population  to  the  coasts  of  Calitiirnia.  Oregon, 
and  Washington,  was  of  so  resistless  a  character,  that  the  Indian  tribes  were  dismayed. 
Driven,  with  little  ceremony,  from  the  permanent  points  fu'st  occupied  iiy  the  incouunj^ 
migration,  they  tied  to  the  smaller  valleys  and  mountain  passes,  liacking  the  neces- 
sary physical  power  of  resistance,  possessing  minds  of  but  feeble  cajiacity,  and  very  low 

'  Tlu'  iiimnlnv  n'riTii'il  In  was  al'ti'rwarils  si'iit  tu  Sail  l^'niiiciscn  I))'  Mr.  Itiis-icll,  near  wluisc  lioiise  it 
was  rdiinil. 


A 

■li' 

■i 

024 


INDICIA    KIIOM    MANNKRS    AND    CUSTOMS. 


,t  a 


ill  iii'fs.  nmiiiii'r.x,  and  ciiMtonis ;  li\in,i:  <>n  spoiitinicoiis  priHliictions  iiloii!;  Ilic  roiists,  or 
ill  till'  lliri'sl.s ;  ciiiiiiiii;:.  Iivaclu'riiiis.  luul  ri'MMiui'l'iil,  tlu'ir  ctlints  to  ri'ilicss  (IkmiimcIm's, 
l>v  .xiiddon  iittiick.s  on  tli((  towns  and  Hctlli'mi'iits,  only  iiivolvt'd  tlu'in  nioiv  di'('|ily  in 
,niiMl'ortunc,  and  in  a  lew  yvuvx  aroiist'd  against  tlu'in  ticlinjis  of  hatred,  as  dci'p  as  tlicy 
woru  universal.  Kmigiant  miners,  who  were  deeply  intent  on  diL'iriii!;  for  gold  in  the 
anrilerous  .soils  of  California,  eoiild  hear  Init  little  interruption  in  their  liiiior;  and  when 
reprisals  were  made  on  tlu'ir  rapacity,  lilooil  was  the  jiriee  of  the  atteni[it ;  and  war  and 
diseordrt  Hoon  hocnmc  common  along  the  coasts. 

Thest>  sudden  ehanges  have  greatly  eonii)li('ated  the  Indian  alVairs  on  that  horder. 
Mr.  I'almer.  the  superintendent  in  1S.")1,  found  the  trilies  in  a  state  of  disturlianco, 
alarm,  and  distraction,  which  he  essayed  to  allay  hy  personal  conferiMiees:  — "  1  visili'd 
.several  hands  of  the  L'nip(|uas.  I  found  many  of  them  wretehed,  sickly,  and  alnmst 
star\ing.  Their  hahils  heiiig  exceedingly  improvident,  and  the  winter  nmisually 
severe,  they  have  heen  kept  from  perishing  hy  the  limitcil  a>>istaiice  alVorded  by  a  i'vw 
humane  settlers. 

■•  Through  the  ..peration  of  the  law.  lately  eiiactt'd.  jirohiliiting  the  sale  of  lire-arms 
nnd  nmmunitioii  to  Indians,  they  can  no  longer  procnre  game,  rendered  scarce  nnd 
liiiiiil  I>y  the  priseiiee  of  tiie  white  man;  and  the  etiltivatioii  of  the  soil,  togc^ther  with 
the  grazing  ol'  large  herds  of  domestic  animals,  has  greatly  dimilli^!led  the  suhsistcnce 
derived  from  native  roots  and  seeds. 

"  They  said,  truly,  that  they  were  once  numerous  and  powi'rful.  but  now  few  and 
weak;  that  they  had  always  been  friendly  to  the  whites,  and  desired  them  to  occupy 
their  lands;  that  they  wanted  but  a  small  spot  on  which  they  might  live  in  quiet. 
Many  of  their  number  they  said  had  been  killed  by  tin:  whili's,  in  retaliation  I'or  wrongs 
coinmitti'd  by  Indians  of  other  tribes,  but  that  they  had  never  ofl'ered  violence  in  return. 
That  they  should  receive  the  means  of  subsistence  for  the  few  years  tjiey  will  exist, 
tliev  claim  to  be  but  just,  in  return  for  lands  once  yielding  them  abundant  supplies. 
Presents  were  made  them,  and  agent  Martin  instructed  to  secure  them  small  tracts  of 
laml.  on  which  I  learn  they  are  now  cultivating  potatoes,  corn,  peas,  and  other  vege- 
tables, giving  promise  tiiat,  under  the  wise  and  fostering  care  of  the  (lovernment,  they 
may  become  a  domestic  and  agricultiual  peoi)le.  The  country  of  the  Umpquas  is 
hounded  east  by  the  Cascade  mountains,  west  by  the  Umpqua  mountains  and  the 
ocean,  north  by  the  Calipiwia  mountains,  and  south  by  Crave  creek  and  Rogue  river 
mountains  —  an  area  of  not  less  than  ."t>(MI  Kjuare  miles,  much  of  which  is  already 
settled  by  tlie  whites.  Of  this  tract,  the  Indian  title  is  cxtiiigui.shed  to  80(1  sipiare 
miles  by  the  treaty  with  the  Cow  creek  band. 

"  Near  the  Crave  creek  hills  reside  the  feeble  remnant  of  several  hands,  once 
numerous  nnd  warlike.  Their  constant  aggressions  and  treachentus  conduct  has  brought 
upon  them  the  iieavy  hand  of  vengeance,  both  of  the  whites  and   Indians.     They 


INDICIA    FROM    MANNKUS    AND    (TSTOMS. 

spoiik  till)  UiniHiim  liingungc,  iiml,  lliouj;!!  ho  (lin'civnt  in  rliiiriittiT,  iiui^  !"•  regunlt'tl  nt* 
boloii^iii^  to  that  trilic'. 

"  I  rouiul  tlu'  IiiiliiiiiM  of  the  Rogue  rivfi-  viillcy  oxcitcd  luid  uimcttleil.  The  liontili- 
ticH  of  Inst  siiiiiuu'r  Imd  provt'iitcd  tlic  sturiii<r  of  tin-  iiMiiiil  (lUiintiticH  of  fond  ;  the 
(HHiupatioii  of  their  host  root-f:roiinds  hy  the  wiiitos  ^'ri-iitly  iiltridficd  tliat  ifsourci'; 
tiu'ir  scant}'  siipplii's  and  tiic  unusual  sfVfiity  of  tii<>  winter  had  inihici'il  disease,  and 
death  Inid  Hwept  away  nearly  une-fiftli  of  those  residiuf^  on  the  reserve.  ConHternalion 
and  dismay  prevailed;  numy  had  lied,  and  others  were  prepiiriufi  to  lly  to  the  nimui- 
tnins  for  seeurity." 

It)  no  part  of  America  have  the  Indian  manners  and  customs  heeu  found  in  so  low 
a  condition.  The  tribes  have  no  a>;riculture  at  all  —  a  fact  which  ap[iears  to  he  in 
part  owing  to  the  abuiulanceof  Husteiianee  spontaneous!)'  lurnished  on  that  coast.  Mr. 
Palmer  remarks;  —  "'ru  a  sparse,  roamiuir.  savaire  popiilatinri,  no  portion  of  Oreiron 
yields  II  ^n-eatcr  almudanco  and  variety  of  spoutaneou.s  pniiiiictH  fur  their  sulisistence. 
Muscles  ilce|il\  encase  the  rocks  risinir  from  the  ocean  near  the  const ;  several  species 
of  dams  alxiuud  on  the  beach,  and  crabs  in  the  bays;  while  salmon,  herring's,  snidiui's, 
ami  other  lish.  in  pi'rpetual  succession,  visit  tlu'  streams.  The  mountains  yield  a  pro- 
lusion of  i)enies,  and  the  lowlands,  in  the  proper  season,  swarm  with  wild  fowl." 


Vol..  V!.  — 70 


I   !i 


H    ' 


ii  ■ 


i 


Hi 


(!•:»! 


INI»hlA    FIloM    MANNEHS    AND    CI'STOMS. 


^i . 


CIIAPTKW    III. 


INDIAN    TFIEOnY    OF    T  H  F    DFIFIPATION    OF    THE    SUN. 


TiiK  iilidjitronn  niul  lii'i\f!nMi  iintioiis  of  tlip  oricntnl  wdiM  Iu'M  tin*  Hiimo  views  ns  our 
iilM)rii:iiii's  (111  till'  MiiliiccI  i\i'  tlic  ilciflcntidii  of  miitimls,  (o  wlinni  (illi'rin?!'  wen'  iiiiiilc 
Nor  were  tliev  less  iiiiiliMl  in  tlicir  idi'iis  witli  rcL'anl  ti>  llie  invstciions  iiiitiire  nl' (ire  junl 
III''  -nil  IJdili  tliesi'  tlicdl'les  inritiriteil  tlie  Alliericail  IlKJiilllM.  Nolli'  of  llie  irellerill 
ni«tiiiiis  111'  tiie  Ainerieiiii  trilifs  Imve  hd  ^reiitly  eliaiiL'eii  iis  tlmse  cniiiiccletl  witli  (lie 
cxteiiiiil  eeniiiciiiie.H  of  (In'  \\cirsliii>  of  flic  sum — oiiee  so  pivviiii'iit  tliroiii;lioiit  the 
I'oiitiiieiit.  Tile  jilea  of  ii  friiiarv  eciitral  seat  of  lieiit,  lijilit.  and  lid'  in  tlie  sun.  was 
niiee  tjic  i:eiieral  lieliel"  of  llie  entire  Iiiiliaii  |)opiilatioii  of  .\nieriea.  In  Pern  it  liad 
oii'jiiiaily  heeii  llie  worsliip  of  tlie  Indians  of  ||ic  old  Ataeiiina  period.  Iieliii'i'  tlie  i-ra 
of  Manco  Capae ;  l>nt  it  was  r<'in\ it'orated  liy  tlie  ]io\ver  and  iiilliienpe  of  tlie  dynastv 
of  tliis.  apparently.  Persian  adventurer,  or  Parsee  eeelesiastie.  wlio  eoiinected  liis  per- 
sonal snpreniaey  with  the  national  reiiirion.  When  Cortez  landed  in  .Mexieo  the  theory 
was  there  still  in  volmic.  and  was  reeoi.'nised  liy  the  priesthood,  who  annually  renewed 


the  sacred  (ire.  and  thus  si'cured  their  intliii'iiee ;  hut  its  vilalit 


y  was  sapped  hy  a  system 


of  liorrid   liuinan   saeriliees   to   the    .M"\ic!in    Moloeli.  who  was  worshijiped   under  tlio 


name  ol 


Unit 


In  the  Mi 


/ilaiiiiehtli 


htli 


ippi  \  alley,  the  Natchez,  or  ('lii'_'aiitual'-'as  of  the  Spaniards,  one  of  tho 
oarl\  L'loiips  ,,\'  tiilies.  pracli-^ed  its  pinminent  rites  ti)r  at  least  a  decade  alter  the  closo 
of  tlie  seventeenth  century.  As  late  as  the  \ear  I  7'JI.  P.  de  ("liarle\(>i\.  the  learned 
oinoy  sent  hy  the  Freiii'h  Court  to  inspect  the  American  missions.  Uanid  it  in  e\isteiic<i 
aini.iiL'  the  Natclie/,.  ociupyin;.'  the  |a'escnt  area  of  the  State  of  Mississippi,  who  had  a 
temple  in  which  the  lire  was  kept  liuriiiiiL'.  and  a  reLTularly  appointed  priesthood,  who 
enforced  tin-  system.  They  received  the  olVerin.L's,  dedicated  them  to  the  sun,  and 
exacted  the  fees,  or  tenths,  whether  of  liirds.  fish,  animals,  or  other  oltjeots. 

AecordinL;  to  this  writer.'  the  Natclie/..  in  their  external  appearance,  did  not  dider 
from  the  other  Indians  of  ljoiii>iiana  or  Canada,  ('ontrary.  however,  to  the  custom  of 
these  trihes,  their  government  was  despotic.     The  chiefs  pos.si.'ssed  an  absolute  sway 


('tiarli'v-,ix,  V..1    11..  p  er,!). 


S 


IN  hi  CI  A     lUoM    MANNKIIS    A  NO    (TSTOMS, 


•127 


oviT  tlir  lilii  rt\  .Hill  |iiii|>i'rl y  of  tin'  |i('ii|i|i' ;  liii'ir  iiuiimt'i'*  ii-'iiiiii'd  ii  iri'i'iUfr  ili'.'ii'i' 
»)!' Iiim'jfliliiii''."  iiiid  rii|iiii'iniMiii'.i><.  liiiinili'il  >>ii  iln'  iIu'iut  "t"  tlii-ii' di'-'ci'iit  IVdiii  tin- i«iiii. 
Till'  t'lli'ClM  III' tlii>*  li:li|  lii'Cil  tnilii\i'  till'  11111,1"  III'  till'  |in|itllali>i|i  iiiiiii-  I'l'iilll  llic  CrlitlMl 
liK'itlidn,  wlit'it'  liny  wiif  Kiiltjfft  In  hi-iivy  t'MicrniiiK.  iiiul  lo  i;iii.«if  iIhiii  Id  li>iiiiil  ih'W 
viilii!/''''  A  few  yiWK  ciirliiT  tlic  militiiry  itii'ii'.'tli  nC  liir  iiiiliun  Innl  lii'i'ii  riliiiiiitril 
lit  t)M)0  \\.iriiii|-s,  liiit  it  liiiil  ilwiinii'il  III  'Jlillll.  'I'll,.  niliii..r  ,.|,|,.|'  |„,|,.  ||„.  litjr  uf  tin- 
Sun,  iiiitl    the   siu'((':«Miin  was  \i'«tri|    in    ilir   Inniili'  iiif;   iii   it  \v;ii  willi  liic    lrnt|iiiii.-i, 

nniHIIf  wllnlll   till'  i<iill  of  till'  IliMlcil    rilllllli'  ri'lilliiill  III' till-  inlili'/ cllirl' :<lli iril.        I'll"' 

I'liliii);;  I'liicl'  had  a  giiunl  nl'  iiiiii  ridlcd  ullniii:,  wlmsc  iilllcr  wa.«,  tn  di^jiali'li  ni'  inalu' 
way  with  any  wIid  rcsisini  hiM  aiillmrity,  or  madi'  hiinsi'iriiliiiiiNinii-*.      ili-  riM|iiiifii  hi.-i 

i<ui>ii'('t.><  til  Maltilr  him  tlirii xn-y  iiiiu'iiiii^  with  a  l\iiiii  uf  ^alaatii.  and  In  liiiir.'  Iiiin  :k  jmic- 

tinii  III' \\  lial  llii'y  iililaiiird  liy  liiiiiliiiir  and  lisliini;,  'I'lii'  llniiiii-,  riiai  Irsmx  I'l  iii:ii'l\<  d, 
as  well  as  till-  Natciii/.  lirJii'M'  tliat  llh'V  di'^'i'iidrd  I'liiin  tin'  ^un  ;  Iml  llnv  air  Inn 
jcaliMIs  111'  llii'ir  |n  l>nnai  lii;lits  In  siirruiiili  In  tin'  Nalcln/,  f^\.<lrin  nl'  lAliilia!  imliii' 
lllld    L'tlMTIIIIIi'llt. 

A  rnstir  ti'iiijiif,  I'nriy  li'ft  Ky  twi'iily.  iniistnu'ti'd  nl'  wnnij,  witjinut  am  tlnnf,  was 
firclt'd  liir  ihi'  wnisliip  nl'  llic  iuiiiiniiy.  In  tin-  nliliri'  a  liiv  was  ki'iil  |iii|ii'liiall  v 
lilllllint.',  l>y  means  nl'  three  massive  pieees  nl'  wiinil,  wliii'h  a|>|inillted  Ueejiei'S  wali'ind 
ill  turn.  As  in  Mexicn  and  I'ein.  liie  dnlies  and  |inweis  nl'  the  eliiel'  eveeiltive  and 
head  ei'desiastie  wt'ie  iiniled  in  nne  [lersun.  i'I\ery  mnriiiin:  the  Siin-eliiel'  stnnd  at 
the  dnnr  nl'  liie  temiile.  laeiiej  I  lie  ra>l.  and  addie^^^nl  ijie  risiiiL'  luminal  \  llirier  ;  a  tier 
wilicll  he  prnstrated  him-^eir.  and  liieii  nil'.'l'ed  till'  ineeiiM'  nf  liiliari'ii.  liy  smn|<ii'j  a  |ii|ie 
nppnipriated  to  tliis  nei'iisimi.  Iiinwiii'i  the  snmke  first  Inwards  tin-  sim.  and  liien  Inwards 
the  cardinal  points,  scry  mneh  alter  the  luiinner  descrilied  by  Sir  Alexander  MaeUen- 
7.i(>.  as  practised  ainniii;  the  Keiiisteiios  and  Assiiialinines'  nf  Uaiiiy  liukc  and  Lake  of 
the   Wnnds,  nf  the    Nnilli. 

The  heads  nf  families  never  failed  tn  carry  the  first  fruits  nf  all  they  i:iithereil  tn  the 
dnnr  nf  the  temple.  The  kee|)er.  haviiii:  first  dedicated  thcin.  Innk  tlieiii  tn  tiie  chief. 
an  his  prernnative.  ()n'eriiii.:s  of  liread  were  alsn  made  at  every  full  innnii ;  and  the 
CDiMi  luid  nthcr  finiiiis.  liefnre  plaiitiiiir.  were  first  limiiLdit  tn  the  temple  fnr  a  lienedic- 
tioii.  Cniiipare  this  thenry  with  the  lilnnd  sprinkleil  on  the  planted  corn  in  the  sacri- 
fice nf  Ilaxta.  nil   the  .Mis.sniiri,  in  I.S."i,^. 

It  is  evident.  I'rnin  tho  descriptinii  of  ('hurlevnix,  that  the  systein  was  then  in  its 
wimc,  thnn;ih  it  had  prevailed  extensively,  mid  was  y(>t  re<'nu'nised  hy  the  Appalachian 
group  of  trihes.  •• 'i'iie  irreatest  jiart  of  the  uatinns  nf  l,niiisiaiia. "  oliserves  .M.  de 
Cliiirlevoix,  "had  fiirmcrly  the  tem|)les  as  well  as  the  Natchez;  and  in  all  these  tein- 
pK'H  a  perpetual  fire  is  kept  up.      It  should  seem  that  the    .Mnliilians'  enjnyed  a  snrt  nf 


'  Vi.l    v.,  p.  111!". 

'  .\  iiiiini'  lir^tntt'i'il  \\\    Ml'  I'niiz  III!  llir  l'|i>u'l'iW'< 


Sirlimi  \.\..  ('JKiiitiT  \', 


'II 


( 


SI  I 


-i 


(128 


INDICIA    FROM    MANNERS    AND    CUSTOMS. 


I- 


,i 


'I 


.1   I 


jiriinacv  in  roliiziini  ovor  all  the  other  imtioiis  in  this  part  of  Florida;  for,  when  any 
of  tho  tiivs  hapiKMied  to  lie  i'\tin<xnishe(l.  throni;h  chaiiee  or  nculijionco,  it  was  necca- 
sary  to  kindle  tliem  airain  at  theirs.  But  the  temple  of  the  Natchez  is  the  only  one 
existinir  at  prest'iit.  and  is  lield  in  irreat  veneration  by  all  the  savages  inhaliiting  this 
vast  continent ;  the  decre.'ise  of  \vho>e  nnniln'rs  is  as  eonsiderahle,  and  lias  lieen  still 
more  sudden  than  that  of  the  people  of  Canada,  without  it  heing  possible  to  assiurn  a 
true  reason  for  this  result.  Whole  nations  have  entirely  disajipeared,  within  the  s]iaoe 
of  forty  years  at  most,  and  those  who  still  n  nuiin  are  no  more  tlum  the  shadow  of  what 
they  were.' 

This  nnnierieal  <li'e]ine  of  the  Natchez  mav  lie  ascribed  to  tlii'  oppressive  power  of 
tlie  eliiels.  and  tiie  consecpient  decline  and  extinotion  of  the  external  rites  of  the  sun- 
woisliip  in  the  country.  Tradition  re|ireseuts  the  last  Sini  of  the  Natchez  to  have  been 
nn  inflated  man.  who,  with  a  hiiih  notion  of  his  descent.  ofTlce,  and  ])osition,  appears  to 
liave  nciiieeted  the  means  of  pres(>r\  intr  his  ])eaceful  relations  with  the  French,  with 
whom  he  waged  war.  The  French  under  Tjouis  XIV.  had  other  notions  of  political 
jiower.  than  to  yield  to  a  forest  king.  They  extinguished  his  idolatrous  fire,  attacked 
the  nation  with  irresistilile  impetuosity,  killed  the  greater  number  of  tlK-m.  and  finally 
<lrove  the  remainder  to  a  ])lace  of  refuge  on  the  Washit.i  river,  where  monumental 
e\  idences  of  tiieir  ri'sidence  still  exist.  Th(>y  were  com|)elled  to  take  shelter  in  the 
Crcelv  confederacy,  of  which  they  yet  constitute  an  element. 

But.  although  the  deification  of  tiie  sun  had,  at  an  early  day.  been  a  cardinal 
jirinciple  in  the  religion  of  all  the  Vespcric  tribes  from  the  (!idf  of  Mexico  to  the 
Kennebec,  the  Penob.scot,  and  the  St.  Tiawreiive.  it  had  sunk  into  si'coudary  importance, 
and  its  worship  ^\■;l-:  only  acknowledged  by  genutlections.  long  l)efore  the  extinguish- 
ment of  its  last  iiltar-tires  at  Natchez.  Evidences  that  the  system  had  been  difVu.sed 
among  the  northern  tribes,  still  exist  in  their  inartistic  monuments,  as  also  in  their 
traditions  and  pictogra]ihs.  The  essential  rites  perlbrmed  by  the  Great  Sun-cliief,  at 
Natcliez.  namely,  the  offering  of  the  nicotiana  in  a  State  pipe,  kindled  with  sacred  fire, 
were  precisely  the  same  as  those  ji-actised  at  all  public  and  solenm  assemblies  of  the 
tribes,  from  the  era  of  the  jjrim.'iry  European  emigration  to  Virginia,  throughout  all 
jieriods  of  our  history.  No  public  functionary  resident  in  the  Indian  coimtry  has  failed 
to  notice  the  I'xtraordinary  imjiortance  attMche(l  to  the.se  cereintuiies  by  the  Indians. 
We  have.  piMsonally,  witnessed  them  in  the  j)resence  of  approving  tho\isands.  wiio 
lielicved  in  thi'  sacreiiness  of  the  rites,  at  public  conferences  held  in  Wasiiington  City, 
Detroit.  Michiliinackiniic.  Chicago.  St.  Louis,  at  Praii'ie  du  Chieii,  St.  I'eters,  St.  Marys, 
and  III!  the  vast  steppes  at  the  sources  of  tlu'  Mississip])i.  Neither  the  Gliebir.  nor  the 
I'arsee  could.  ap|iarently.  evinc((  m<ire  difvotion  in  the  practice  of  the  rite,  than  is 
niauifested   by  the>e  children  of  the   liirest.      No  jierson  at  all  conversant  with   Indian 


<'li:ir|iviii.\. 


INDICIA    FROM    MANNEliS    AND    (TSTOMS. 


C'J't 


innmiprs  and  rustoius  is  i-iioraiit  of  tl 


11'  jxn 


at  valiii'  llii'V  altacli  to  tlii'  fumes  of  t(il)a('C( 


vliich  tlu'V  ivi;anl  a.-i  an  accoiitaldc  oIl'tTini:' to  tlir  (Iri'at  S|)irit.  The  plant  ilsi'lf  is 
iniliyiMioiis  in  tropical  latitndt's.  Imt  it  has  Ix't-n  rnltivatfil  as  far  north  as  the  climate 
will  permit.  Beyond  those  latitudes,  it  is  carried,  as  the  most  valued  article  of  trade, 
oven   to  the  Arctic  circle.' 


Wo   have   the   testimonv  of  (!harIevoi\.  who  visited   all    the  tr 


IOCS   HI  .New  franct 


Fi 


betwoon  Queliec  and  New  Orleans,  and  conversed  with   the  resident  missionaries. 


that 


tlio  sun  worship  had  provailed  anionii',  and  was  then   lielieved  in  liy  the  llnrons.  and 


all   the  other  tril 


It   is  stated  l.v  tilt 


■ted 


nitiior 


])uhli,shed  at  IJoston,  in   11S"J4,  tiial  an  eterna 
the  island  of  ("he'j:oiineiroii.  in  liaise  Superior 


1   lire  had  torn 


th 
1 


Notes  t<i  ()nt\ 


nel'ly  heeu  kept    hurnnii;  o\\ 


anil  in  jirecedncj 


na'jes  we  nave 


the  tradition  of  another  i)ei 


an  educateil   half-hlDod.  that   the  Odjiljwas  theie  ludd 


stated 


„Mnl)la! 


res  lor  relit:iou 


1" 


itieal 


u  purposes,  nmler  llie  ri 


or  first-horn  son  of  an  established  dvniistv 


Tl 


le  woi'.-lup  ol   th( 


a  Ml  ii.iiKi;\vis. 


sun   IS  alsit  (lescrihet 


in  prior  jiaires,  as  still  o.xistinfr  ainonjr  the  ceremonious  practices  t)f  the  Daixotahs  —  a 
people  who  tnico  their  oriirin  to  the  south.' 


n   invest  matin}' 


til 


0   sii 


perstiti 


rites  of   tiie    in 


iliaiis 


th 


il)ol 


le  sun   IS 


froouontlv  soon  in 


bo 
tl 


roqi 
on  i)r( 


si) 


their 

■d 


pictoiiraphic  scrolls.  an<l  siiins  ol"  niiiemonic  siinirs.  which  have 


ecorded   ami  I'xnlainet 


dii 


d.'     It 


IS  a 


l.so  tl 


racoahle  at  an  ear 


li.«r 


lerioit.  Ill 


leir    vni::::inii 


hlh 


rock    inscriptions,      ('hinnwalk.    the   AljroiKpiin    pictouraph 


isl. 


rocoiiiiises  the  .symbol  of  it  in  the  inscriiition  on  the  Diuhtun  Rock,  on  the  Assoiiet.  or 


annton  river, 


Massaciuisotts 


N 


o   s\steni    o 


f  ivli- 


ion  wiiicii   1111 


jiost'il   heavy  stated   tributes,  or  trenched   u 


real  I  v 


lave   been   suited   to   secure   the   iiermaneiit    fa\()r  of  ti 


111  M 


exu'o  and  >oulii 


on  personal  liberty,  would   1 

American  tribes,  wiiile  they  were   free   to  migrate  ad   liliitiim. 

America  siicii  systems  had   been  connected  with  despotic   Ibrins  of  i;(i\eriimeiit :   ai 

in  truth,  had  been  tiie  veritable  means  liy  which  such  despotisms  had  been  esliil)lisbt 

liotli  in  r 

the  ro'jio 


eru  a 


lul  .Mexico. 


'1' 


10  verv  niairniliceiico  of  the  lorests.  rivers,  aiu 


1  lak 


lis  inhabited  l)y  the  \'esperic  trilies.  had  the  oll'ect.  as  beliire  ]ireinised."  not 
only  of  null  ti  ply  in;:'  tribes  and  dialects,  and  of  tendinti-  to  K'ad  them  iiitf)  bariiaric  and 
totomic  associations,  but.  conjoined   with   the  \;ist   area  of  the  co!iiitr\   which  was  ai 


their  coininaiid.  it  mav  be  considered  as  ha\  i 


lieen    uiUavora 


l)le   to   the   urowiii 


(leveloiiment   of  the   Parsaic   forms   of  reli,Ldon.      The    Indians,    liviiii:'   in    vast   foicsi- 


honiKliiii:'  in  (Miormons 


ti'i'cs.  adopted   the  belief  in  wood-dr\ads.  ilie  divmons  ot'  tl 


firoeks.  whom   tiiey  propitiate  under  the 


name  o 


f  M 


olietos.  or 


local 


s[)ints.  reuardiiri 


them  as  subordinate  powers  ot'  the  Great  S[)irit.     As  these  dryads  were  i:cneial 


'  Miii-kcii/.ii''s   \'mv;i'_'i's. 

*  \ul.  111,.    I'lal.'  X.WIl.,  p    -IT,. 

>  Vi.l    I  .  I'lal.'  r.,  I'iL'v  !»,  IT;    I'lute  1,11. 

-  \,.l    1  ,  I'liar  .X.X.WI  .  Ki..'.  l:; 


>  Oiitwii.  '  Vi.l.  Ill  .  p.  Iiis. 

:.  !.■>;   I'lalo  l-VIIF.,  Fi.-.  l-<.  !N. 

"  V..I.  1. 


m 


\rm 


\  I 


\ 


680 


INDICIA    FROM    MANNKRS    AND    CUSTOMR. 


m 


i  I'i 


thought  to  he  of  ii  inaligiiiint  nature,  the  simple  oll'ering  to  thorn,  iit  consoeriitoii  spots, 
of  tohacco,  vermilion,  red  eloth,  or  any  highly  valued  article,  was  adoj)ted  as  the  means 
of  ap[x>asing  them.  Giants,  sorcerers,  wizards,  and  other  creations  of  a  timid  fancy, 
were  supposed  to  ho  inspired  hy  these  wood-daemons. 

Another  striking  feature  of  their  system  of  dcilioation  was  the  helief  tliat  the  Indian 
Moneto  concealed  himself,  not  only  undi-r  the  forms  of  men  who  mingled  in  society, 
and  were  familiarly  conversed  with,  hut  tliat  he  frequently  assumed  the  shape  of  a 
wolf,  deer,  bear,  elk,  hird,  tortoise,  amphibious  animal,  or  even  an  insect.  Here 
appears  the  evidence  ol' a  fruitful  imagination,  corn'sponding  witii  the  ancient  forms  of 
dcificMtion  existing  among  the  nations  resi<l('ut  in  the  valleys  of  the  Eui)hrates  and 
the  Nile.  The  scale  of  progression  In  error  would  seem  to  be  preeiseh*  tlie  same 
here,  as  there,  descending  regularly  I'rom  the  human  to  the  brute  specie.".  Bel 
Anion  and  Osiris  were  succeeded  by  the  winged  bull,  the  wingeil  lion,  and  the  sphinx; 
and  these,  in  turn,  by  the  crocodile,  the  ibex,  the  cat.  and  the  calf  The  Typhon  of 
the  Nile  nniy  be  said  to  correspond  to  the  Viiti|)a  of  the  Amazon;'  and,  agreeably  to 
Mr.  Layard.  to  tlie  Xerig  and  Silutli,'  and  otlier  night-monsters  of  the  ancient  necro- 
mancers of  Nineveh.  Of  the  clan  of  evil  deities  are  the  Kluneolux  of  the  Iroquois; 
the  riiepian,  the  Wabeno,  and  the  M;initoosh  of  tl'.e  Algnnquins ;  and  the  Skookum  of 
the  Oregonians.  Some  conception  may,  perhaps,  be  l<)rmed  of  these  creations  of  Indian 
sorcery,  by  a  glance  at  the  annexed  plate  of  the  Dance  of  the  Giants.' 


Vol.  IV..  p.  4H0. 


'  Ibid.  p.  4!i:i 


•  Vol   FIT.,  p.  4Sr), 


I'    i  't 


1       I 


i    I 


'\i 


\-   ■ 


!    I. 


I  \ 


-^(S'/''',4  .^''f    ''V        '   \i.\    '''II        •"      *  '*"*■    *        (V   "•■  '» 


if' 


■WiiVmre  Bap 


t==--— 


ANCIEl^T  PHCENICIAN  INSCRIPTIOTT  ON  A  TOMB  IN  A.SIA  MINOR 


L„ 


ll   ^^   K-aiB!-.! 


-■  la  — 


hi 


w 


^^....'^^.JS 


C'HIPPP'.WA  TOOTH-^'^^ORK. 


KSn'xViprl  del  Smulb."  originals. 


r^eiilal  pjr.lov.a]  ili;ires    on  ihe  inavM' bark  of  Ir.e  Be.lula  pHp\'racea 


(H '  ^ 


«:.  i: 


f    :     \ 


l  I  .' 


r 

INDICIA    FROM    MANNEUS    ANjU    CUSTuMS. 


681 


CHAPTRK    1\. 


EXISTING    CHARACTERISTIC    CUSTOMS. 


I.v  prosecuting  our  inquiries  regarding  a  people  ,«o  })rono  to  atlliere  to  their  ancient 
opinions,  and  wiiose  mental  peculiarities  are  so  firmly  rooted,  we  should  scarcely  expect 
to  tlud  original  manners  and  customs,  l)ut  rather  experience  an  tniotion  of  surprise 
that  any  I'resli  traits  had  escaped  oljser\ation.  Amongst  the  (.'hippewas  ol'  Lake 
Superior  there  exists  a  very  ingenious  art  ol'  dental  pictogriii)hy,  or  a  mode  of 
biting  figures  on  the  soft  iuid  line  inner  layers  of  the  bark  of  the  betuhi  papy- 
racea,  specimens  of  wliicli  are  herewith  exiiibited.  This  pretty  art  appears  to  be 
confined  ciiiell}'  to  yoinig  females.  The  designs  prt'sented  are  imitations  of  flowers, 
fancy  baskets,  and  human  figures.  There  are  so  numy  abatements  to  the  amenities  of 
social  life  in  the  forest,  tiiat  it  is  i)leasing  to  detect  the  first  dawnings  of  the  imitative 
and  aesthetic  arts. 

Amongst  the  Toltecs,  whose  imaginative  creation  comprises  many  of  the  ideas  of  the 
Vesperic  tribes,  Cinteutl  was  the  goddess  of  corn.  Our  tribes  have  eitlier  not  incorpo- 
rated this  person ilication  in  their  nomenclature,  or  it  has  thus  far  escaped  notice; 
though  the  inhuman  tragedy  perpetrated  on  the  Missouri,  in  ISoS  —  the  sacrifice  to 
tlie  corn-power,  of  llaxta,  a  captive  Sioux  girl  —  reveals  the  idea.'  This  is  still  more 
fully  developed  by  the  feast  of  Mondamin,  re[)reseuted  in  the  accompanying  drawing. 
Tins  li'ast  is  strictly  an  oflering  of  lirst-fruits  to  the  power  which  has  germinated  the 
grain,  promoted  the  growth,  and  perfected  the  favorite  ic)od  of  the  aboriginal  race. 
The  ceremonies  commence  with  the  gathering  of  the  cars  from  the  field,  which  are 
conveyed  to,  and  piled  in  heaps  in,  the  lodge.  The  corn  is  simply  boiled  in  water,  and 
then  served  up,  in  the  ear,  to  the  invited  guests,  after  having  been  duly  ofi'ered  to  the 
(ireat  Spirit,  in  thankfulness  ami  with  an  appropriate  address.  Ea;h  guest  brings  his 
own  dish,  and  retires  backwards  to  the  door,  wiience  he  proceeds  to  his  own  lodge  with 
the  grain  he  has  received.  This  ceremony  of  first-fruits  is  called  Busk  by  the  Creek.s, 
and  has  been  previously  described.^ 

The  knowledge  and  practii'c  of  medicine  has,  Iroin  the  earliest  date,  been  held  in  the 
highest  resjiect  by  tlu'  Indiiin  tribes.     Maiilcik'ncin  is  the  term  applied  to  their  materia 


'  Viilo   Viil.  V  ,  PIa(.'»i,  p.  77. 


Vol.  X..  p.  207. 


'I      ,'| 


M 


f  i' 


li! 


H  i'lll 


'■'■'lilfe 


isl  '»•" 


IP 


il-.L'  INDICIA    FROM    MANNRHS    AND    CUSTOMS. 

iiicilica.  or  to  tlic  fiinitixc  itroitcrtics  of  lioliniical  aiul  other  ri'incdit's ;  and  li_v  iiioaiiH 
ol'  a  luTsoiial  iiilli'i'tioii  added  to  tliis  word,  tlio  ('la>s  ol'  iloctoi'M,  iirojK'rly  so  calletl.  is 
desijiiiated.  The  eiirativt'  art  iiiiist  he  (Hstiiij^uislieil  IVoin  tlie  pracliccM  of  the  Mlhawlv 
— 11  soi'iety  of  iiieii  who  profess  to  give  ellieaev  to  tiieir  remedies  by  iieeroiiiaiiey.  When 
the  otliee  of  the  hitter  is  soiij;lit,  a  course  of  ahhitioiis.  aseetisins.  fasts,  and  oerenionii'H, 
is  iiraetise(l.  known  only  to  the  initialed.  'I'lie  order  eonsistsof  three  (U'grees  of  progress, 
from  tiie  initiate  orO'^ima.  through  the  .Saginiu  to  the  Master  Meihi.  Presiding  jiersons, 
will)  form  essentially  a  faculty,  suijerintt'ud  tiie  admissions  and  i^rant  tiie  awards  of 
the  society.  The  process  of  this  niedico-niagic  association  iias  hci'n  elahorately 
de.scrihcd  in  antecedent  pages.' 

Tiie  nundier  of  hotanical  remedies  enipKni'd  by  tlie  Indian  (h)ctors  of  the  Miiskikiwin, 
in  complaints  similar  to  those  for  which  they  are  recounnended  hy  our  physicians,  is 
enumerated  hy  Di'.  /ina  Pitcher  in  his  valuahlo  oljsi'r\ations.  heretofore  published.' 
The  pathological  knowleilge  possessed  by  the  Dakotahs  has  been  described  by  Dr. 
Williamson.'  and  that  of  the  Wiiniebagoes  by  Dr.  Andros.'  In  some  instances,  iho 
liLMl>doctors,  conlbriiiing  to  the  sui)erstiti 'Us  of  the  peoi)le.  employ  incantations  nud 
rattles,  as  denotrd  in  IMate  Xli\'l..  p.  li'iH.  \'ol.  1.  Tlie  yokullaii,  or  black  drink,  used 
by  the  Appalachian  tribes,  is  a  sti'ong  decoction  of  the  ca.ssina  plant,  imbibed  periodi- 
cally, and  regarded  as  a  panacea  or  catholicon.'  The  root  of  the  zhiguwau,  a  kind  of 
tmineric.  is  chewed  by  the  Chippewas.  with  the  view  of  rousing  their  courage  prepara- 
tory to  wai'  excursions,  or  to  deaden  the  efVecIs  of  pain.  Charlevoix  states  that  tlio 
Natchez,  had  a  "  meilicine  of  war."  wiiich  was  drank  by  them  previous  to  their  war 
excursions." 

It  may  be  observed  of  all  the  tril)es.  that  medical  services,  if  successful,  arc  well 
rewarded;  but  if  the  patient  <.lies.  it  fre(piently  costs  the  nntbrtnnate  physicians  their 
lives."  The  responsibility  of  practising  this  profession  is  known  to  have  been  great  in 
all  ages  of  their  history,  and  the  penalty  of  failure  is.  in  a  great  measure,  in  proportion 
to  the  remote  position  and  barbarism  of  the  triix's.  A  recent  observer  (Myor.  Alvonl), 
in  the  military  service  of  tlie  government  in  (Oregon,  remarks  that  the  massacre  of 
Indian  doctors,  who  were  unfortunate  in  their  prescri[)tions.  had  taken  [)lace  in  tiie 
central  ])arts  of  the  t'olumbia  valley  witiiin  a  short  period.'  It  is  not  to  be  inferred, 
howcNcr.  that  equal  barbarity  is  numifested  by  bereaved  Indians  along  the  entire  range 
of  the  North- West  coast,  while  the  respect  accorded  to  doctors  in  California.  Oicgon,  and 
Washington,  is  equalU'  high.  In  those  regions,  where  the  civil  power  of  the  chiefs  is 
very  circumscribed,  and  no  fixed  form  of  governinent  at  all  exists,  the  [iractitioner  of 
medicine  and  the  Indian  ])riest  exert  the  jiriiicipal  authority. 

■■In  all  the  Indian  tribes."  says  a  reciit  correspondent,  who  has  spent  si'\-eral  years 


'  Vol.  \.,  I'latc  :;:',  p.  415. 
'  Vi.i.  II r..  p.  4'.i7. 
'  ll)i.l..  p.  J70. 


'  \-.ii.  IV.,  ]..  r.oi 
-  V..1.  v.,  p.  2i;ii. 
"  Vdi.  V  .  p.  t;.-,i. 


'  V,.l.  1„  p.  L'lT. 
Clliirlrvi.ix,   Vnl.   II..  p.  JCS. 


INDICIA    I'HOM    MANNKUS    AND    (TSToMS 


ill  lliiil  (iniirtcr.  "  tlw  iliu-toi',  or  iiii'diciiii'-iiiiiii,  liulds  ii  liiiik   fi'coinl  (iiil\.  uiid  iil  tiiiii's 


Ml|irriiil'.    to    tilt' 


Till'  iirts  till'}'  c'iii|iloy,  tlic  iMii^ic   tiny  iisi'.  iiiiil   llu'  VMiiiil 


illl'orillillinii  llicy  must  iu'i't's.<;ll'ily  iicijiliri'.  cnii  be  nljtiiincd  only  by  [ii'f<iiii-i  |iii>si'-sili.;' 
iiiiliinil  -ills,  mill  iil'trr  severe  triiilM  by  liisting  iiiul  iirivatioii.  1  iiiii  of  ojiiiiioii.  I'lniii 
ubat  1  liiive  oliserveil.  that  tile  iiriiieiiml  powers  by  wliieli  tliese  doi'tors  olttiiiii  siudi 
iiiliuriii'e  iiiiioiiir  tiie  tribi's  iive  tliose  oi'  mesiiierisin,  and  tlie  sti'oiiirer  the  pliysieiil 
energies  lo  eNi'i't  tlie  magnetic  development,  llie  greater  Ih  the  person  possessin;^  tl 


lem 


eoll~lilel'c'c 


••  When  youiijx  men  or  women  are  approaeliiivj:  matnrity,  it  is  oiistoiimry  ibr  tlieiii 
to  prei)are  tin  mselves  Ibr  llie  duties  ol"  lile  by  an  ordeal  of  I'aslinj.'.  iiy  wliieli  means 
they  are  enabled  to  determine  their  future  career,  and  ascertain  wlietlier  or  not  they 
are  (piiililied  to  act  as  doctors  (for.  with  tiiese  tribes,  female  operators  are  ipiite  cumnioii  1. 
A  younj;  man,  who  had  passed  ihroujiii  the  ceremony  of  the  fast,  thus  related  it  to  me  : 


When  m\  fathertlioii'.dit  1  wasold  i'noU'j.li  toseeU  m\'  Td-iiki/i- 


iiii-inis  (or  Liiiardian  spirit) 


he  told  me  his  views,  and  wished  me  to  preoiire  m\s(df.      1  tiioui^ht  over  the  niMtter  for 


th 


(/■•A 


iiiir  mill    nihil    iniini 


liiijiiili    iiil,-ii    tiniiii, 


nil  ;   ol',  lliree  ( 


;i\s  I  tiiikcil  will 


oolv  Willi    iilc    lil\'  a\e  anil  lll\'  wotnlell 


my  heart).  At  last,  when  1  lind  concluded.  1  t 
liowl,  and  ucttinu  into  my  canoe,  1  paddled  ni)  the  Wliilapali  liver  to  the  fool  of  that 
hlack-looUin.u,-  hill  which  30U  see  (poiiitiiiji  to  a  bliillhill  al)oiit  six  miles  up  the  rivi'i), 
havinu  hauled   no  in\'  canoe,  1  tilled  ni\'  bowl  with  water  anil  went  nn  to  the   toii 


ami 


of  the  hill,  where  I  liiiilt  a  tire.  For  three  diiys  and  three  iii:;lits  1  kept  my  lire 
bla/.inii'  brii.;litly,  and  did  not  sleep  at  all.  nor  did  I  eat.  At  sunrise.  1  washed  myself 
all  ovi'r  with  water  I'mm  my  bowl  and  dried  mys(df  by  the  lire.  I  kept  awake  by 
sinudnj:  and  calliiiu  to  my  7'>-iiiii/i-iin-iriis,  and  by  danciii-j:  and  jumpinirover  and  throuj;h 
the  lire.  The  third  day  1  saw  (-\-ervtliin,;i:  appi'iir  as  if  it  was  siirrouiided  by  the  sea. 
and  in  that  sea  wtue  the  dilfereiit  kinds  ot'  'l\i-iiinli-iiii-iriis,  Tiiosi'  that  we  fust  see  are 
not  the  luedicine  'In-iiiii/i-im-iriis  —  it  takes  many  iiiori'  days  beliu'e  thes  ap[ieai';  but  1 
was  faint,  and  1  only  saw  an  inferior  spirit ;  but  lie  has  made  me  a  ciuioe-liiiililer  and  a 
hiiiiti'r.  If  1  could  have  remained  loiiLier,  I  should  liiu'e  lieeii  a.  doctor.'  15y  this,  it 
ujipears  that  it  is  only  those  that  |K)s.sess  tlii'   reipiisile  natural  ,i;ifts  who  can  beenino 


doctors. 

••Th 

1 


asts  are  tlie  most  sacred  act  of  the  Indian's  life.      liike  the  tribes  (>iist  of  tin 


u)Cli\    .Mo 


.Ml 


iiiitaiiis 


th 


ssioii-;  received   diiriim  these  eereiiionies   remain    lixed   on 


the  iiiiiid  and  are  never  obliterated  in  after  lile.     The  name  t)f  the    Tii-iii<i/i- 


ii,i.li;i.'i,  or 


j;'uardiau  spirit,  is  iie\er  nieiitioned  to  the  deare>t  frieml.  And  it  is  only  b\  iiiero- 
f;lv[)liic  drawiii;.^s  of  whales,  lizards,  porjioises.  or  birds,  that  an  idea  can  be  liii'ined  nf 
^^■llat  the  iniaue  of  the  spirit  is  liki'.or  the  shape  lii  wliieb  it  w  k  piesi'iilnl  to  lli"  iiiiiid 
of  the  seeker.  The  same  li'elin;:  of  dread  is  felt  at  the  idea  of  proiioiiiiciiiL;'  tlie  iiaiiu; 
of  a  dead  friend.  Years  must  ela[)se  before  any  one  is  ;illoweii  to  speak  the  name  of 
tiie  departed;  and  this  feeling  of  resiiect  for  the  dead  is  evi'ii  carried  so  far.  that  the 
Vuu  VI.  — SO 


! !  I 


iltU 


('>:U 


INDICIA    KKOM    MANNEKS    AND    (M'STOMS. 


' 


)  I 


i'' 


Mir\  ivor.x  cliiiiiirt'  tlit'ir  own  imiiu's  lor  ll'iir  tin*  spirits  id'  tlif  dciul  inii)  lie  iittnu'ti'tl  iit 
luaiirii.'  tlic  t'luniliiir  souiids  Hpokoii  which  thoy  lovod  to  lu'iir  while  dwi'llcrs  on  thu 
ciirtli. 

'•  As  soon  us  II  yoiinfj  person  nsrcrtiiins  tlic  tact  of  possessing  tlie  power  of  everting 
the  nii».;iietie  inthienee,  instruction  in  viii'ious  Ibrnis  of  the  .so-calieil  niairii',  or  power  of 
wtirUini:  spells,  is  iinpiirteil  liy  some  old  doctor,  us  ii  professor  of  mesmerism  mijrht 
insiruct  ii  pupil.  As  I  have  staled  in  an  article  on  hnrials,  this  ^ift  is  of  various 
i;railes.  Hence  we  liiid  that  some  are  simple  inajxnetizers,  possessing;  tlu'  power  to  put 
their  patients  to  slee|i;  others  are  clairvoyants,  and  profess  not  only  to  read  the  nature 
of  iiilernai  disease  Iiy  ocular  inspection,  hul  to  know  the  foiius  of  simples  to  be  used  to 
work  a  cure. 

•'The  Indians  di'aw  their  tropes  and  fiLtures  from  siuixumdiiij;  objects.  Thus  the 
doctors  on  the  coast,  surrounded  by  imirine  |)rodnctions.  find  in  liirinvs  of  whales,  sharks, 
]iorpoiM's.  seals,  sea-shiirs.  snails,  and  reptiles,  suitable  objects  with  which  to  personify 
and  clothe  their  ideas  of  skookums.  or  devils,  who  are  supposed  to  be  the  bad  spirits 
w  ho  prey  on  the  vitals  of  the  sick  'ausinj^  death.  The  canoe  among  tlicse  tribes  is 
tiic  colIin. 

••  Hut  with  tlie  interioi'  tribes,  travelling  on  horseback,  and  chasing  the  biillido,  deer, 
elk.  and  other  animals,  dilli'rent  ideas  sire  associated;  and  with  them,  as  with  tlie  coast 
tribes.  I'amiliar  objects  are  maile  use  of.  A  diseased  liver,  supposed  by  the  coast  Indians 
to  be  caiisi'd  by  a  crab  gnawing  the  alllicted  part,  is  charged  by  the  dweller  of  the 
interior  to  the  malignant  spirit  in  the  shape  of  ii  frog  or  a  tiiille.  These  people  bury 
their  dead  either  in  tlie  ground,  or  in  bo.\es  |)erched  on  poles,  or  in  forks  of  tri'es ;  while 
auioiig  the  Digger  v-'bes  of  CaliHa-nia  the  fnni'ral  rites  ,i\v  performed  by  burning  thu 
corpse  to  ashes.  A  knowledge  of  simples  seems  to  be  pretty  general,  and  they  are 
always  resorted  to  in  cases  of  sickness,  bi'fore  calling  in  the  medicine-man.  A  species 
of  crrss,  which  is  found  in  the  dark  ri'ce.s.ses  of  the  l()ri'st,  and  is  of  a  very  acrid 
nature,  is  used  for  blistering  purposes,  and  prepar<'d  by  bruising  uj)  tlu'  leaves  and 
nii.viiii;-  them  with  grease,  H)rming  a  blistering  jilaster  iMpnil  in  its  elliTis  to  Spani.sh 
Hies.  Anolher  method  of  blistei'ing,  i)aiticularly  for  any  ali'ection  of  the  head  or  evoH, 
is  to  appl_\  a  <'iial  of  (ire  either  to  thi-  forehead,  tem|iles,  or.  inoi'e  lrc'(pn'iitl\ ,  to  the  hack 
of  the  neck  and  shoulders.  This  severe  cauterization  is  boriii'  by  the  patients  with  llie 
titinost  fortitiidi',  and  the  sore  kept  open  till  relief  is  obtained.  Kuniiiiiy,'  .sores  and 
idcers  are  healed  by  a  salve,  composed  of  grease  and  the  ashes  made  from  burning  thu 
hails  of  the  tiger-cat  Iwhieli  are  supposed  to  possess  great  healing  powers).  Nettle 
roots  and  leaves  •■ire  boiled  in  water,  and  the  tea  drank  as  a  tonic;  so  is  also  a  teaimide 
from  the  bark  of  young  hemlock.  Tile  polypodium  falcatum,  or  sickle  leaf  polvpod, 
or  liipiorice  fern,  is  a  very  valuable  alterative,  in  much  repute  among  the  initives  lor 
s(  roliiloiw  com|ilaiiiis.  and  as  an  antisyphililie.  'I'liis  li'rn  grows  upon  old  trees  and 
decayeil  logs;   it  has  a  root  re.-iembling  the  sweet  Hag,  a  decoction  of  which  is  used.     It 


ii^ 


INDICIA     ,   KOM 


N  NKU8      VN1>    (M   STu.MS. 


n«ri 


in  a  HWi'otisli  liittcr.  !iM(l  is  tliiHiirlil  i  .•  Mi'iirlv  ■  ,iiul  to  !HiirMii|Mii'illtt.  The  |i(iln|ii>ily 
of  till'  uiick'iit.H,  luiiiid  111)1)11  tliu  oil'  -vui*  toriDL'!  ,  iu<|i|  in  lii^li  rL-i)iitu  at*  ii  cuiv  t'oi' 
inadiu'HH. 

"Tlio  bryonia  alba,  or  white  bnony,  having  a  root  of  the  nioMt  intenBe  bitteriicHH,  in 
occaHioiially,  but  rarely,  used  in  I'tvi'r  easen.  The  root  of  the  wild  eelery.  iHinses^ini; 
Mil  iijirecal)le  ai'oiiialie  odor,  Im  uhimI  us  a  medicine,  and  is  in  (^reat  repute  as  a  ('lianii  to 
allraet  the  salmon  diirint;  liie  lisiiinu;  season.  Tlie  liciids  of  siiears  mid  l).i.'l)S  of  lisli- 
hdoks  are  niblied  with  this  fragrant  root,  which  is  supposed  to  be  particularly  grateful 
til  the  olfactories  of  the  dainty  salmon.  The  roots  and  leaves  of  the  eow-parsiiip.  and 
the  \ tiling  leaves  of  the  yellow  dock,  are  used  both  as  food  and  for  medicinal  purposes. 
There  are  imdoubledly  many  other  useful  and  valualile  riMiiedies,  which  have  not  eome 
under  my  observation. 

"The  (loctors  have  diflerent  forms  of  working  their  spells,  or  jierforming  their 
magnetic  operations;  but,  as  all  that  I  have  seen  tend  to  the  name  end.  the  descri|)lioit 
I  have  given  in  the  form  of  burial  used  iiy  the  Chinooks,  will  be  sullicieiit  to  illiisliate 
their  general  method."' 


.Taini's  Ii.  SwMii.  I'm|. 


if  ill 


SECTION    TAVKNTV-SIXTII. 


INDICIA    FROM    MYT1I()L0(;Y    AND    HKMiilON. 


u, 


CHAI'TKH    T, 


TOLTEC    AND    AZTEC    MYTHOLOfJY. 


.i-il 


t  \ 


!     '11 


i1 


-f 


FoK  tln'  purpose  of'()l)tiiiiiiiig  iv  CDiTcct  idi'ii  of  tlic  iiiytliolo'.'v  iind  |MilvtIu'isiii  of  tin? 
A"i'S|icric  ti'ilii's.'  we  iiUi.4  take  il  ciir.soi'}' i;liiiici'  at  tlic  system  n|'  llie  'I'ullecs  and  A/tees. 
'I'licse  liilies  colli iiiued,  tVoiii  n\Hi  to  iiLre.  to  deily  men.  and  !id<l  new  names  to  tin'  eiktii- 
lojue  of  their  deities,  until  tliey  liail  aeeinnniated  a  mass  without  a  s_\steni.  It  was  ii 
hitei'oui'ueous  and  conlused  I'olleclion  ot'nanies  and  |>ersouilieations,  witlioul  any  order  of 
gradation,  or  any  attempt  to  show  tlie  pre(Mse  dependt-nce  that  one  L'od.  oi'  power,  had 
upon  auotlier.  Tinnihliiih.  or  the  sulislanee  of  the  Sun.  was  still,  tiieorelieally.  iv'_'arded  as 
ih''  jiriniaiy  nod;  hut  the  power  was  so  nnieh  dill'usi'i!  ami  divided  auioni;  othei'  minor 
diitirs.  that  wlien  tla'  Spaniards  ri'aeheil  .Mexico,  the  system,  if  we  nuiy  so  term  il.  was 
a  wild  and  discordant  mass  of  da'munoloijy  and  devil  worship,  so  lhoroUL;hly  disL'Usting 
in  its  character,  that  the  Sjianish  priesthood,  heinu'  nnahli'  to  tolerate  it  lor  a  moment, 
diicited  the  rude  .statues  to  be  demulished,  and  the  .scrolls  of  pictui'o-wi'itiugs  to  he  cast 
into   the  llames. 

The  mental  development  of  the  Tuilians  of  .\ineriea  may  he  more  readily  traced,  hy 
ciimpMris(jii  of  ideas  and  their  inodi's  of  expressing:  them,  than  hy  reliicncc  to  woi'ds, 
or  identities  of  nomenclature  —  at  le;ist.  heyond  the  primar\  radices  and  parti(des;  for, 
in  all  the  sa\aLre  laii,L'uai:es  of  this  continent,  names,  woiils  and  expressions  are  niero 
ai;,i;lomerations  of  disse\-ered  svUahles.  Some  ;dlusions  may  here  Im?  made  to  a, 
nivlhology,  which   endiraccd    the    traditionary   history,    not    only  of   the    A/tecs   and 


These  topics  have  been  (iiscussLil  in  \'iil    HI.,  patre  Isli;   \'ol.  IV.,  pii^e  480;   \iA.  \'..  p.  401. 

(i;3ti) 


f  I 


If 


mi 


I  } 


11  ^  i 


'*! 


;<H 


ii'f  1 


INDICIA     I'lio.M     M  VrilOl.fx;  V     AND 


1, 1  (iloN. 


(;;17 


Tolli'cs,  hut.  iiiMMi'iiiii^'  to  tlic  lii'sl  iiilri|iiN'tcrs  of  .Mexican  liistory.'  (li'imlciinr  initiDHS, 
will)  |)i)s.-('s,sc(l   llic  cli'ini'iits  III'  cix  ilizalioii. 

Tliiliiil  was  tlic  keeper  ol'  tlie  (lead,  an  iiniioitaiit  (illido  in  all  the  triljes,  which, 
ainoiii;  those  u[  the  imrth.  is  assigned  to  ('hihiiilxis.  The  oereiiioiiial  rites  are  precisely 
the  same 

'I'liis  variance  ai)|ilies  to  most  ol"  tin  ir  jn'ls;   and.  it  may  he  remarked,  is  analojinns  t( 
that  ireneral  dill 
An 


the  purpose  of  the  ollice.  and  its  dnties.  exactly  alike;  hut  the  names  dill'er. 


genera 
tl 


i'rence  exislini;'  heiweeii    tlie    Indian    iani^na'/es  ol'  North  and    South 


nei'iea,  llie  ideas  ol   w 


hicli   are  similar,  hut  the  sounds  diNcrse.      The  A/ti 


ecs  lilacei 


T<<r  first  in  the  calender  of  I  heir  uods  ;  tht;  Irocpiois  ol'  the  North  installed  Xin  as  tlu-ir 
supreme  di\inity.  Alter  having  sncc^essl'nlly  prosecuted  a  war,  they  did  homage  to 
Aniiii.s/:!,  as  the  nod  ol'  liattie.     The  A/tecs  sacriliceil  human  victims  to  Tfiul:.!liiiHii/i//i 


in  tl 
Th 


u!  same  eharactiT. 
le  iiersonilication  ol 


tl 


leouiins'. 


good  and  evil  is  a  very  striking  cliaracteristic  of  the  savage 
Tin  con\  eyed  the  same  meaning  in  Toltec  —  the  rormali\'e  fl  lning  addeil.  In 
the  dialects  of  the  AlgoiKpiin  trilies  of  the  North.  MoN  is  the  radix,  hoth  for  the  words 
(lod  and  Devil.  In  the  same  language,  m/o  added  to  this  form  appears  to  he  a  transitive 
partitde;  hut.  if  the  e\il  god  lie  inlemled.  the  term  .Mni.ii  is  prefixed,  denoting  an  evil 
chara<'ter.    This  is  the  literal  UK'aning  of  the  compound  term.  Miii/JiiiniDK/n.    Among  the 


T. 


;tl 


lere  was 


I  god  of  the  (hiy,  and  another  of  the  nii;ht;  th 


composite  t(.'rm  for  the 


latter  power  havinir  heen  T/<((<if<c(i/<itiif/.  who  was  the  liird  ofniLiht.    Th 


ey  lielU'Vei 


that 


this  spirit  fre(pienll\'  appeared  to  men  fiii'  the  purpos(!  of  doing  evil;  and,  theoretically, 
it  was  the  Miiiljiiiioiiii/n  of  the  Algontpiins. 

The  Otomitcs  helieved  that  the  soul  died  with  the  hody  ;  lint  the  A/.tecs,  a.s  well  as 
all  the  other  nations  of  .Vnahnac,  deemed  it  to  be,  in  its  snhstance.  immortal.  They 
held  the  docti'ine  that  lieasts  and  hirds  possessed  souls;  which  li(dief  is  common  to  all 
the  North  American,  or  Wsperic  trihes.'  The}-  believed  that  soldiers  who  died  iu  war, 
en  who  dietl  in  childbirth,  were  transnorti'd   to  the  house  of  the  sun,  wliicli 


and  woni 


they  called   the   lord  of  glory,  w-here   they  led  a  life  of  hapiiiness  and  ease;  every  day 

which   they  then  aceoni[ianied  to  the 


i;reeting  the  risiii!. 


iti 


sun  with  mnsic  and  dancin 


Idii 


/.enith.  where  they  met  the  souls  of  the  women,  and.  with  the  same  demonstrations  of 
delii;ht.  proceeded  with  them  to  the  setting  of  the  sun.  Like  tlie  Vesperic  tribes,  they 
u|)held  th(>  tl 


leory  of  the  transmigration  of  souls,  and  l)tdi(>vt.Ml  that,  after  leading  tin 
life  inst  deserihed  duriuu'  four  \ears.  these  souls  entered  into,  and  animate(l.  the  clouds, 
noble  beasts,  and  liirds  of  beautiful  jilumage  and  sweet  song  —  possessing  the  privilege 
while  ill  this  state,  of  ascending  to  Heaven,  or  of  descending  to  the  earth,  there  to  s 


IIK 


11     i|t 


'  (lalliuiii;   Tniiis.  .\iii.  I'.tli.  S.m',,  Vol.  I.,   p.  1W. 

'Till'   iiifl.'cliiiii   //  a]i|irMili'il   til  tills  word,  cliaiii;!!!;.;  it   to    Tiof/,  \^  iiiorcly  oiu' .i|'  tlic   coiiininn  toniiiitivi) 
|Kirticlrs  of  till'   .\/lc'f  laiit;ii:i'_'i'. 

'  \i.i.'  (>iH'oi;i,  i«i..'i'  tin. 

'  Coiiiiin'iils  on  Mcsicaii  Mytlinlogv,  li,v  (':i|ilaiii  .1     I'    M'Cowii,  I      S.  A, 


il'^l,    . 


i    1* 


iH 


«   I 

1 

t     I 

,  ■  ^' 


rV 


;' 


688 


INDICIA    FROM    MYTHOLOGY    AND    RELUJIoN. 


ami  suck  Mvcets  fVoin  llowors.  The  Tliiscalliins  holicvi'd  tliiit  only  tlic  souls  of  tlio 
iiobk'S  animated  noble  boasts,  birds  of  bcautooiis  [jluniaue  and  soiiirsti'is ;  wliilc  the 
Houls  of  the  lower  classes  entered  into  beetles  and  other  moaner  forms  of  life. 

Those  killed  by  lightning,  or  who  were  sufTocatod,  or  died  of  dropsy.  &c.,  and  ehildron 
•sacrificed  to  Ilaloc,  they  l)elieved  wont  to  the  homo  of  that  god,  whore  they  lived  in 
peace  and  pleasure.  Their  ereeii  likewise  taugiit  that  these  eiiildieii  assisted  at  the 
sacrifices  to  their  god  on  a  certain  day.  and  at  a  certain  altar,  in  the  large  temple  of 
Mexico.  The  Mixtecas  believed  the  entrance  to  heaven  was  through  a  cave,  which 
was  located  in  a  high  mountain  of  their  country.  Tlie  nobles  were  buried  near  tliis 
cave,  in  order  to  l)e  close  to  the  place  they  expected  to  enter.  The  Mexicans  lu'iieved, 
furthermore,  that  all  beside  those  eiuimerated.  after  death  entered  a  dark  aliotle  (whoi'o 
reigned  the  god  Mivf-l-ni-trtKt-li)  called  Mirtlan.  where  the  only  evil  experienced  was 
the  total  darkness.  This  abode  was  supposed  to  1)0  situated  either  in  the  centre  of  the 
earth,  or  at  the  North  Pole. 

The  cosmogony  of  the  Aztecs  bears  traces  of  trans-Atlantic,  or  oriental  origin.  They 
posses.sed  an  account  t)f  the  creation  of  the  world,  of  the  delugt',  and  of  the  confusion 
of  tongues,  very  similar  to  that  given  by  .Moses.  Th(>y  averred  that  but  one  man  was 
save(l  from  the  deluge,  whom  they  called  Coxfux  or  TiiK'i/inc/li.  and  one  woman,  calle<l 
JC<i'/iii/iirl::ii/.  This  person  corresponds  with  Jlidirn/Jm.  Miiindxinlio.  and  At<the)ixic.  in 
the  north.  They  also  relate  that  this  couple  debarked  on  a  mountain,  where  they 
became  the  {)arents  of  many  children,  all  of  whom  were  born  without  the  faculty  of 
s[ieeeh  ;  t)Ut  that  !i  bird  had.  I'roin  the  branch  of  a  tree,  t;iught  them  to  sjieak.'  The 
TIascallans  say  that  the  [)orsons  saved  from  the  deluge  had  degenerated  into  monkeys, 
but  in  time  recovered  speech  and  reason. 

The  Mexicans  wore  e.xtremo  Theists,  worshipping  many  gods ;  but  their  system  of 
mythology  comprised  only  thirteen  [jrincipal  ones.  Tr::-<iit-li-ii(t-rn  was  their  principal 
deity,  next  in  order  to  the  supreme  and  invisible  (Jod.  His  name  means  "  the  looking- 
glass,"  and  his  idol  held  one  in  his  hand.  This  was  the  (iod  of  providence,  the  soul 
of  the  earth,  the  Creator  of  the  heavens  and  the  earth,  and  Lord  of  all  things.  He 
wa?  represented  as  a  youth,  to  indicate  that  time  did  not  interfere  with  him.  It  was 
believed  that  he  conferred  many  benefits  on  the  good,  and  afllicted  the  evil-disposed 
with  infirmities  and  troubles.  They  placed  stones  at  the  corners  of  the  streets  as  seats 
for  this  god,  upon  which  it  was  supposed  he  rested  when  fatigued;  and  it  was  unlawful 
for  persons  to  seat  themselves  upon  them.  The  princi[)al  idol  of  this  god  was  made 
of  troll  tl  [illriiH  siuid — a  black  volcanic  stone,  taking  a  polish  similar  to  marble),  and 
was  always  drrssed  in  court  dress.  In  the  oars  wore  gold  rings,  and  on  the  lower  lip 
was  placed  a  green  or  purple  feather,  inst.'rted  in  a  crystal  tube.  The  hair  was  bound 
with  a  gold  cord,  to  wiiich  was  appended  ornaments  of  the  same  metal.     The  breast 


A'lilc    I?Mrl<lllvt   I'lir  M    llictllLTllill   ilf   (lli-^  (Il'iii- 


-uiils  of  tlio 
wliilo  the 


"']  1 

I 
'  1 

1 1 

1  i 

!    « 

■'     It 

;  ! 

1' 

i 

1 

;    1;* 

1 

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!  i 

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i  ■ 

\  im:; 

f 

mSLL 

Im 

INDICIA    I'ltOM    MYTHOLOGY    AND    RHLIOION. 


G:'.'.1 


Uiis  covorcd  witli  udld  ;  tlic  arms  wciv  oiicirclcd  l)v  luiicclLts  ofj^old;  at  tlio  navel 
do[H'ii(li'd  an  emerald;  and  in  tlie  left  hand  was  held  a  fan  of  j^uld  and  feiithers.  At 
other  places  tills  god  was  represented  siuteil  on  a  iianU.  wrapped  in  a  scarlet  rolje,  upon 
viiich  \v;is  lignred  sknlls  and  other  portions  of  the  luiiiian  sl<eleton  ;  in  the  left  iiaiiil 
uas  held  a  skid',  and  four  arrows,  and  the  right  was  raised  in  the  attitude  of  throwing 
a  dait.     'I"he  hody  was  painted  hiaek,  and  tlu-  head  ailorned  with  quail  leathers. 

Th(!  Indian  elysium  was  ever  eonstruoted  of  things  most   agreeahle   here  on  earth. 


O-iin-Oiiit-li  ov  ('ll-/(il-l(i-l(>-iiii( .  and  (J-. 


l-hnnll  w  Cll-hi-l. 


i-ciu ,  were  a  jroil  am 


1  troddt 


whom  t!ie\'  helieved  iidial)ite(l  a  jflorions   eit\ 


ni   lieaM'u.  w  liere  aiiomi 


ded 


every  [ilea 


sure,  and  whence  they  watidied  n\cr  the  world,  and  gave  to  mortals  their  respective 
inidinatious  —  the  foruier  dii'i'cting  men.  and  the  latter  the  women.  The  Mexicans 
rtdate  that  this  goddess  had  many  sons,  hut  that  linally  she  hronght  forth,  in  child- 
hirlh.  a  knili-  made  of  Hint,  which  the  sons  indignantly  cast  to  the  earth,  hut  in  falling 
it  was  transformed  into  one  tliousand  six  hundred  heroes,  who  had  a  knowledge  of  their 
iiohle  origin.  The.so  herotis  (Indiug  themselves  without  persons  to  .serve  them,  as  all 
the  human  race  had  heen  destroyed  hy  a  great  calamity  (the  Mexicans  Ijidieved  that 
there  had  been  three  universal  calauiities),  agreed  to  scud  to  their  motlu-r,  asking  licr 
to  create  men  for  their  service.     She  refused  their  reipiest,  hut  directed  them  to  apply 


to  Mi'/i-/(IV-lf'Hrt-li,  the 


of  hell,  tor  one  of  the   hones  of  tiie  dead,  from  which 


wetting  it  with  their  own  hlood.  would  spi'ing  a  man  and  woman  to  people  the  earth. 
She  wariK'd  them  to  guard  tliemsidxes  against  this  wicked  god,  as  he  might  repent 
having  gi\en  the  hone,  and  work  them  sonic  evil.  Xnlatl,  one  of  the  heroes,  went  to 
the  god  of  hell,  asked  for  the  hone  and  recei\<'d  it;  whereupon  lie  lied  towanl  the 
earth,  the  god  pursuing  him.  Xulofl  escaped,  hut.  falling  in  his  tlight,  hroke  the  lione 
into  many  pieces.  'I'lie  fragments  were  jilaced  in  a  barrel,  and  s[)riiiklcd  with  their 
blood.     On   the  iburth  day  a  boy  ap|)eared.  and   on   the  seventh,  a  girl.     'JMieso   t 


wo 


cliildren  w( 


I'e  the  nu'ans  of  repcopling  the  earth 


'i'he  (dniracter  of  woman  shared  largely  in  their  mythology.  C!-7iiiti-c()Ii-i((ifl,  or 
(Jiil-l(i::-fl!,  was  sup[)osed  to  be  tiie  first  woman  who  bore  twins,  ibr  which  she  was 
(leilied.     They  believed  she  often  conveyed  an  extra  cliild  to  some  man's  cradle. 


Th 


'ir  ap 


)tl 


)ftl 


K)iiieosis  oi  tiK'  sun  and 


1  moon  was  simply  this:      To-nti-tinh  and  Mi::-tH  (,> 


im 


and  moon)  were  worsliipped   by  the  nations  of  .Mexi 


Tl 


lev  relate  that   the  earth, 


ia\  ing  been  rcpeop 


led 


•la ted.  w 


IS  ru 


leil  b\-  these  d 


eini-iiods.  eacli 


wiiom 


had  1 


us 


subjects.  The  sun  having  been  extinguished,  they  all  assembled  idemi-gods  and  men) 
near  a  great  (ire,  or  volcano,  when  the  men  werc^  informed  that  he  who  would  ca.st 
liitnself  into  the  Haines  would  have  the  glory  of  being  converted  into  tiie  sun.  A  man 
called  Xa-iiii-liiiiil-::lii  immediately  cast  himself  in,  and  went  to  the  lower  regions. 
Waiting  to   s(H'  the  new  sim   rise,  they  sacriliced   ipiails,  locusts.  &c.,  near  the  place 

soon  appeared  in  the  east,  rose  to  the  zeiiitii,  and 


wliereiu   la;  cas 


noNi'd   toward 


st   li 


lllise 


Tl 


le  smi 


le  wc; 


lest    th 


lioiild  a'.ra 


in    be  li'i't   in  ilail 


\ness. 


til 


^y 


intiuired   ol'  the  sim  wiiy  it   did   not  stoj) ;  wiien   tlicy  received   lor 


answei 


that  it 


i 


I  :^  r. 


H 


K 


'  I 


J« 


}  t  \ 


!^( 


1 1 


640 


INDICIA    FHOM    MVTlUH.odV    AND    RKl.KilON, 


would  not  stii|i  until  ;ill  nt'  tlic  lu-rm's  wim'c  diMil."  Tlii^  reply  occMsioncd  tlu'in  fear 
and  urii'f.  One  dl'  llic  heroes  took  a  liow.  and  witli  it  shot  'ioci'  arrows  at  the  sun. 
Tlie  sun,  irritated,  ea^-t  one  arrow  hack',  spliltin'^  the  I'oreiieaii  ot  '''////.  who  fired  the 
arrows.  Sti'uek  with  eonsternation.  and  not  hein;;'  alile  to  resist  the  sun's  iiower.  they 
ngreod  to  die  hy  the  hand  of  XuJull.  who  kiiieil  hiinsell'  alter  haviuir  sat'riticed  his 
brothers.  Beiore  they  exiiired,  tiiese  denii-^inds  lieiiiieathed  tiieir  unrnients  to  theii' 
sulijec'ts.  At  the  jierind  ol'  the  conciuest  the  .A'exie.ans  exhihited  I'olies,  which  they 
said  were  (he  garments  left  hy  these  snid  heroes.  The  people  heinir  saildened  liy  the 
loss  of  tlieir  lords,  tiie  j:od  TtyaHijiorii  sent  one  of  them  to  tiie  sun  lor  iiMisic.  to  iisi-  in 
the  eei(>liration  of  tiieir  Tcisfs  or  worship;  whenee  they  learned  to  dance  and  to  jilay 
on  nuisical  instruments.'  Surli  was  the  oriiiin  oi'  the  use  oi"  hotii  in  the  worsjiip  of 
their  liods.  The  Mexicans  also  say  tiiat  the  seif-sacrilice  of  the  demi-iinds  led  to  the 
adoption  of  the  human  sacrilici'  so  connnon  amoni;  them.  The  oriiiin  of  the  moon  was 
accounte(l  lor  hy  a  contimiation  of  the  fahle.  Other  men,  castiuii'  tlieins(d\-es  into  the 
fire,  wei'e  converted  into  the  moon.  wlii(di  was  less  liri;jiit.  as  the  (ir(>  was  weaker. 
To  tile  sun  and  moon  were  consecrated  the  two  tianples  on  the  plain  of  Yi'iitilenacan. 

(,/iiet:jt/<ii,i//,  II  serpent  covered  with  ll'atliers.  was  I'cLiarded  amonjr  all  the  nations  of 
Mexico  as  tlie  jod  nt'air.  They  relateij  that,  in  times  past,  he  was  a  irreat  u'od  of  Tnlti, 
Avas  a  tail,  white  man.  wlili  a  larire  londiead.  lariic  eyes,  hlack  haii'.  and  thick  heard, 
lie  was  rich.  wise,  and  industrious;  and  first  taiiLiht  theiii  the  art  of  workinu'  and 
sineliiii::  metals,  lie.  liki'  Hiawatha  in  the  iioitli.'  tam;iit  them  arts.  ,ind  j^ave  them 
ju-t  laws,  wiiicii  ii.'  .iIm  yed  himself.  They  relate  that,  in  his  day.  everythini:'  ,uri'W  to 
a  'j.vr:i{  si/c.  and  pieiily  reiuiied  tlirou'.;lioiit  the  land,  while  the  country  was  cover(Ml 
with  liiids  of  licautifui  plnmaLii'  ami  sweet  songsters.  His  was  a  L'olden  ajre.  Suddenly 
h''  lil't  his  CMimlry.  sa\iim-  only  that  it  was  the  will  ot'  the  ;^-ods  that  hi"  should  l'o  to 
the  kinndom  of  '/'/ii/in/Zitn.  wliitiier  he  was  ordei'eil  to  i:d  hy  V :.fiif/i/i'ii  u.  who  appeared 
to  him  as  an  old  man.  and  |iresented  him  witli  a  drink,  which  lie  i|nallt'd.  hopimi  to 
lK'c()me  immortal,  lie  jilt  his  country  accomp;inied  hy  many  of  his  snlijects.  They 
relali'  that,  when  he  arriscd  at  Cholula.  the  inhahilants  deposed  their  rulers  and  placed 
him  in  power.  Tiie  <'hiilulaiis  say  tiiat  he  laULiht  lliein  tiie  art  of  smeltint;'.  i'or  which 
the\  were  so  faniniH.  ■j.wi-  them  laws,  cstaiilislied  i(di::iiius  rites,  and  refiulated  their 
calendar.  Alter  a  sojourn  of  twenty  years  at  ('holiila.  he  contiiiue(l  his  journey  in 
.■^earch  of  till'  inia-iiia.y  kiii'_^dom  of  T/u/ml/idi.  lakinj;'  with  him  four  noiile  youths, 
disliiiL;uisiird  for  tiieir  virtue.  ^Vhen  lie  arii\-ed  at  the  coast,  in  the  province  of 
Coat/acoalco.  he  si.nt  iiack  these  four  youilis.  with  orders  to  say  to  thi'  Cliolulans  that, 
after  a  time,  he  would  return  and  reiL'^n  oNcr  them.  The  youths  wi're  invested  with 
the  government,  itnd  he  was  deified  and  constituleil  protector  of  the  city  hy  the  Ti)ltecs 
of  Cholula;   in   the  centre  of  which  cit\   the\  erected  u  liijrh  mcuiiid,  and  on  it  hnilt  ii 


'  'till'  iMirtlii'i'ii  trili"<  ii-crilird  tlio  ■.•il't  of  ]nn<'n-  l..  lif;e.  ■  ii,  :i-  :iii  :iiil  in  tin'  (.■orciiniiiii's  of  nicdiwil  1;iuiwKm1l'i'. 

'  Vol.  ill.,  p.  ;ii  I. 


INDH'IA     KlioM     M  VTiloLoC  V    AND    H  1',  I,  Ml  I  ()  N  , 


(III 


sinictiinrv  III 


liis  I 


I  iiior. 


\    iiKMiml   iiml   toiiinlc   svitc   iiImi  cri'dcil    in   'I'lil.i.      I""rnm 


Clioliilii  Ills  worsliii)  sprciid  tlir()ii;zlii)ul  all   tlio  ('iiiuit 


vv. 


Kvrll    tlic    cllclllii'S  (if  till'    .Linvi'l'imii'llt  of  Clliillllll   wcri'    lllluwril    [n  \  if^il    tllllt  I'ilV  to 

wor.sliii)  tliis  ,irinl.  'I'lic  Ynciitiiiios  jiriik'd  tliciiisi'lvcs  upon  !i  siiii|iosi'il  ili'sci'ut  ol'  tlicir 
iiolili's  IVoni  tills  deity.  Sti'i'ik-  woiiii'ii  iqiix'iili'd  to  liim  to  vclii'vc  tln'iii  tVoiii  tlmt 
disirrid'c.  'I'lic  i'ciists  of  tliis  irod.  ohsiTNrd  in  the  lil y  of  Cliolnl: 
olitiiiiii'd  ,i;ri'iit  cclflirity.  'i'licy  wrw  prccrdcd  l)y  n  fcii^t  of  ciulily  d; 
|trai'tic<'  ol'  diTiidl'iil   juistcritii's   liy  tin-   priests  eoiiscerMti'ij   t 


I.  weri'   i:r;iiHl.  .iiii 


\s.  mill    lp\'  the 


II  Ins  srr\ice.  .Sliiiii'll/ll 
lielieved  tliiit  (,'iii  t::iil'niill  wiis  the  iipostle  Si.  Tliomns.  It  is  ii  Lii'iimd  lieliel' tliiit  iIicm" 
people  li:ld  liieil  visited  liy  ( 'liristi;ilis  lieiiire  the  ColHplest. 

Tliil<ii\  or  Till-In  i-itl-i  iiit-li.  lord  ol'  puriidise.  wiis  the  i;oil  nf  wali'T.  They  Iiclii'veil 
tllllt  lie  WHS  cliiiriii'd  with  tiie  duly  of  wjitrriiiu  ihi'  earth,  ami  was  ihi'  pintrctor  ol' 
man's  pro|)i'i'tv.  They  helieved  that  he  resided  in  the  lii'^h  iiiountaius.  w  iierr  ho  liiriin'il 
the  (doiids.  and  sent  tlieni  to  water  tin'  eailli.  Thry  nl'lcii  went  to  the  tops  ol'  niouiitains 
to  implore  liis  pruteetion.  The  Aoolhiiaiis.  who  arrived  in  the  rei'^ii  of  A"l"ll.  reiati'  that 
thev  round  iijion  .Mount  'I'lniloc  an  idol  ol"  this  pid.  ni.'ide  of  a  whiti'  stone,  which  was 
in  the  rorni  of  a  iiiaii  seated  upon  a  hloek.  with  a  eini  in  Irunt.  Ilili'd  with  elastie  'jiim 
and  seeds.  This  oll'i'riiej  ol'  '.ilini  and  senls  was  rellrwed  evrry  vear.  Tliis  is  hrlil'\ed 
to  he  the  most  aiieieiit  idol  ol"  .Mexico.  It  was  placed  where  liiiind  hy  the  Toltecs.  in 
the  heiiiniiiii'i'  ol"  the  sixteenth  century.  One  of  the  kiii'is.  A/'^dlliinirdii.  wishiii'.:'  to 
please  his  sillijects.  siihslitillcd  For  it  one  niadi;  ol'  more  diirahle  stone;  Imt  the  lat'.cr 
heiiiL;'  disli-ured  liy  li'.;lit niii'j'.  the  old  one  was  replaced  in  its  ancient  seat,  where  it 
I'cmaiiied  niilil  destroyed  hy  the  vaiidalic  hand  ol'  iho  Uisliop  of  .Mi'xico.  'I'liis  idol  was 
]iainted  liliie  and  ^reeii,  to  represent  the  colors  ol'  w.iter.  and  held  in  the  ri'^ilit  hand  ;i 
poinled.  spiral  rod  of  pilii.  to  represent  liiihtninij,'.  Tliis  udd  was  helieved  to  he  the 
rider  of  inli'rior  liods.  and  had  an  ,'iltar  in  the  lariie  temple  of  Mexico. 

(  'lidl-i  /iiiili-(/iii-i/r.  or  (Viiil-rlii-luilt-li-riK .  was  the  iinddess  of  water,  and  wife  of  T/ndnr. 
She  was  known  hy  other  names,  uiul  the  Tlascalians  called  her  Mul-lnl-iiir-i/r.  Her 
vestiin>  was  hliio.  nnd  she  horn  the  same  name  as  the  mountain  near  their  cit\-  on 
which  tlie\-  siipposeil  she  resided,  and  where  they  worshiiiped.  This  is  the  goddess 
called,   hy  'I'orqneniada.  A'iiJi-i-'/ii</-::<il. 

Giiili-lriiil-ll.  lord  of  the  year  and  of  planets,  and  the  li'od  of  fir",  was  also  called 
I.r-<ic-iiiili-'iiii.  which  expressed  tli(>  color  of  the  llanie.  and  was  held  in  hii^h  repute  in 
Mexico.      When   eatini.'  or  drinking,  the    lirst    moiithfnl  was   spit    into   the   lire  as  an 


ll'erinu;  to  tiiis  L'od,  and.  at  eei'tain  hours  of  the  da\-.  iiic 


oiler 


eiise  was  la 


I  rued.      \\ 


\'er\  \('ar 


this  god  was  honored  hy  two  feasts,  one  in  the  seventh,  and  one  in  the  smeiiteenth 
month.'  hesiiles  one  on  which  the  magistrates  renewed  their  ohligations  of  ollice  to  the 
crown.      He  litul  a  temple  in  Mexico,  anil  others  at  various  phieos. 


'  TIk'  >K'.\ii"iii  vi'Mi'  liiiil  twenty  iiiiimlis,  nf  ihirtci'ii  thiys  t'acli. 
Vol,.   \1.->I 


i 


M! 


i 


|. 


w 


Si;* 


:M 


1. 


m^ 


m' 


111-: 


INDICIA     KKoM    .M  VTllOlMMl  V     ANI»    |{  K  I.  HJ  1  (» N, 


■tn,//.   tl 


H'    'JIKlllCf'S  ( 


I'  ciirlli  mill  of  i'ov\ 


I,    WHS     lllSO  CM 


1(mI     In-iiil-i  il-lln-llllil.   >lu'   \vl 


U) 


Mistiiiiis  ii>.  In  Mexico  Ww  tcini'lcs  were  dciliciiteil  to  tl:is  ucnlde.-s.  mid  three  li'iists 
were  olisei'ved  ill  lier  liuiior.  in  tiie  third,  tlie  eiuhtli.  mid  llie  eleventh  month.  No 
nation  venerated  iier  so  nnieli  iis  the  'I'otoiiiiciis.  wlio  looke(l  iipon  her  iis  their 
|ii'oteetres.«.  built  her  ii  temple  on  a  liiuli  nionntaiii.  and  appointed  to  iiei'  service  many 


pne^l^ 


'i'hev  loved  her.  as  the\'  1m  lieved  she  aMiorreil  linman   saeril 


ice,  niKl  woiiiM  in 


lime  delixcr  them  tVoin  tl 
'I'he  -Mexicans,  howevi'i'.  o 


le  opprei 


'^iuii  of  th(>  otiier  'i'ods.  ihat  diinanded  linman  Mood. 


llered   human  victims  to  her. 

Mii/-/iiii-ti  iir-f/i.  <n\d  of  lioll.  and  illit-iini-<il(-ii<ill.  his  wife,  were  renowned  in  Mexico. 

The    .'Mexicans  helii'vcd.  as  hefoie  stated,  that  they  lind  resided  in  a  dark  ahode  in  thi^ 

centre  of  tin-  t'artli.  oi-  at    the   North    I'ole.      .V   tiMnple  was  erected   in    Mexico,   and 

iledicated    to   them,   where    they   were  worshipped    in    the    seventeenth    month.     The 


lirineipal  priest,  called    TUl-lini-th 


I  -iiil-iiiti-riir 


was  painted  Mack,  and  performed  th 


to   t 


lese   IK II 


Is   in   the   nii:lit. 


Xiiiil-li  iir-tli,  the  iiiid  ol   niL;ht.  wiis.  in   all   jirolialiility.  the  same  a<  M'rJli.  the  moon. 


">OllH'     III 


lie\('c|    it    to   lie   the   sun:  others.  aLiaiii.  that   it  was  a  dislinci   deit\.  and 


woishijiped   a 


1   as  th 


d   of  sh 


'I' 


In    t 


lis   (leNClnlill 


lent   of  deities,  childhood    was  not   lorirotten.      Xnal-li-fill  was   th 


frmldess  of  the  cradle,  and  protee'or  ol' children  tliroiii;'h  the  ni'ilit. 

No  name,  iiowever.  was  so  i.ineh  lionored  as  the  (iod  of  ^\'al•.      It  was  l.\  war  that 


the  Me\ic;in  I'lii 


Ipire    ro^e 


lliiil-:il-<'-l"iiIit-H.  or  Mi.r-U-li. 


the    mo"^t    celelir.lted    of 


all  the  Mexican  deities,  and  the  principal  ])rotector  of  the  nation.  Some  relate  that 
this  udd  was  self-created;  others,  that  he  was  horn  of  woman.  tlioii;;li  l)e;.i(itten  hy  a 
d.  The  eirenmstances  of  his  liirth  are  related  in  this  wi.se:  There  lived  in  Coatpee. 
ace  near  'I'lil;..  a  woman   much  niveii  to  the  worship  of  the  L;ods.     She  was  called 


a  pi 


anil  was  the  mother  of  <''ut-:.iiii-li 


'nil  »lll-/llll 


One  (hu'.  as  si 


le  was  sweepiii.: 


the  tl 


einple.  as  was  her  custom,  she  saw 


a  linncli  of  fenthors  fall,  as  if  from  liea\cii. 


which  she  picked  np  and  jilaeed  in  her  lio.sim.  wishing'  to  n.se  them  to  decorate  the 
altar;  luit  wIumi  she  wanted  them  they  were  uono.  at  which  she  was  much  snr|nisi>il, 
and  nime  so.  when  she  foinid  herself  with  child.  Iler  .sons  soon  ohserved  her  condition, 
yet  did  Hot  doiilit  her  virtue:  hut,  knowiiii:  the  disi:race  of  the  alliiir.  they  determined 
to  avoid  it  hy  killintr  their  mother.  She.  heini:  apprised  of  the  project,  was  much 
disfres.sed.  hut  was  comforted  hy  hearing  a  vuico  from  her  womh,  which  said,  '•  Don't 
fear,  mother,  I  will  sa\i'  ns,  wi 
consummate  their  crime. 


th   your   iionor  and   my  glory."      The  sons  set  out    ti 


in 


the   liiisii 


On   tl 


leir  arriva 


<ted  hy  their  sister,  who  had   heen  the  most  liirward 
1  at  their  niotlier's  rosi(lenc(>.  thev  li)iniil    /fiiifr.i/opoc/if/, 


just  horn,  with  a  shield  in  his  lel'i  hand  and  a  dart  in  his  right,  a  crest  of  green  feather: 
on  his  head,  his  face  striped  with  hliie.  the  left  leg  covered  with  fe.itheis.  and  tin 
thighs  and  arms  striped,  lie  c.iii.'<ed  an  upright  serpent  to  appear,  with  which  hi 
urdered  oiie  ot'  his  soldiers  to  whip  to  death  the  sister,  as  the  most  giiiltw  and.  castimj 


tid.  mIic  who 
tliri'c  I'l'.ists 
iiiiiitli.  No 
IT  ;is  tlicir 
'ivii'c  iii.iiiy 
111  would  ill 
iiiKiii  lildod. 

ill  Mexico, 
boilo  ill  lilt' 

IcxicO.     1111(1 

until.  'I'hc 
I'll  till'  riles 

.  Ilie  modil. 

y.   Mill]    WM.S 

■///  \v;is    the 

>\  Will'  that 
lel)r;iteil  (if 
relate  that 
lotteii  In  a 
ill  ( 'oatpee. 
wa.'<  ('ill  led 
IS  swee|iiiiir 
111  hea\('ii, 
'corate  the 
1  sui'in-ised, 
I'ooiiditidii, 
k'tei'iiiiiiiMl 
was  much 
lid.  "  Doirt 
.''et  (lilt  til 
liirward  in 

'II  feathers 

s.  and   the 

wiiich   he 

id,  eastiiiu 


till 


IMMCIA     I'li'oM     M  VTIIttM)(i  V     \  N  It     IM:  I,  I  (I  I  n  N . 


d!  t 


I 


!      t! 


,')» 


'- 


S  t 


l.i--lHI-tii,i,  !i  L'oil  witli  ii  liliick  r.ici'.  wiis  |ir(ilinlily  ii  j:(iil  nl'  iiKMliciin'.  m^  i-iclv  liiys  wcro 
cinifil  Id  liis    ti'lll|ilr  to  1"'  CUI'iil. 

t  ',,)/./!.,  II, ,  ity  ('< I, I f./i 1 11-/11-111 1.  wAfi  till'  !;i)ilili'ss  41!' lli)\\crs.  ami  liml  ;i  triu|il<'  in  Mcxiro 
(mIIciI  r,()|iico.  KlowiTS  well'  olViTcil  to  lici'.  iind  ii  \''-.\>{  was  lidil  in  Iut  liuiior  in  llic 
tliinl  inmitli.     Some  iK'licM'd  Iut  lo  In.-  tlio  inollu-i'  of  tin'  luiiifipiil  war  jioils. 

riii-:iil-liiill  was  tiic  'jnililc'ss  ilh'  IMi'Nicaiis  asked  to  I'oii^ivc  lliciii  tlirir  sins,  and  lo 
save   tlicMi    I'roni   the   n'|iroacli   atlaclii'il   to    tlicni.     'I'lic  |iiiiici|ial  \V(H>lii|i|ii  is  ol'  this 


jdddcss  wcro  lascivions  men.  wlio  \  iolatcd  tin-  riles  oi'  niatrim 


liot 


ni'un  sa\s  thin 


was  ihc  Imvtl  Vonns,  hut  11  nati\t'  wriu-r  say.s  slic  was  llic  uixidcss  ol' wi'dlock. 

^\'/'/« .  tlio  protector  of  sihcrsinitlis.  was  inucli  veniTaled  in  .Mexii-o,  as  they  helieved 
that   all  who  iieulected   his  wor>hi[)  were  aillieted  with   the   ilcli   and  other  vile  sores. 


Tiie    IImsI    to   tl 


lis    i;'0(l.  ( 


haraeti  ri/ed  li\'  eniel  saerifu'es,  was  eeU'hrated  in  the  seeoiiil 


inoiilli. 


.\'<i/i-/i'i-f'  iii/-/i.  the  ,i;()il  of  the  potters,  iiad  two  loiii|iIes  in  .Mexico,  iind  was 
worshiiiped  in  the  second  mouth. 

( ).iii,i.,;ill  was  tile  liiid  of  I'nii  and  I'rolic.  An  iimi,!.'c  ol  this  iiod  was  placed  in  a 
cnns|iiciious  position  at  all  leasts  i;i\en  li\'  the  Mexicans,  when  they  considered  it 
iiieiinilieut  on  Iheiii  to  make  iiK^rry. 

7'(i-iiiiiil-:!ii  \vi\>*  the  'jdddcss  of  uiothers.  and  prohahly  the  same  as  Cintiull.  Her 
temple  was  located  where  the  ehnrrh  of  Ciaudaliipe  now  stands.' 


I'i  -liiii-iiii II.    as   her   iiaine   iudlcati's.   was   the   mother  of  the   iii 


The    .Mexicans 


lielie\i'd  that  they  also  descendcil  iVniu  her.  'I'h(>  oriiiiu  of  this  LiDiidess.  and  the  sad 
death  of  a  princess  of  Acolhiiacan.  Iia\i'  already  heeii  related.  She  had  a  temple  iu 
-Mexico,  and  eoreniouial  rites  were  cclehrated  in  her  honor  in  the  eleventh  month. 
She  was  the  protectress  of  the  Tlascalhins.     Some  .say  tiiiit  the  two  last  nientiuned  aro 


tl 


le  same. 


llii-)ii(i-ti}i<t-li.  the  eoddcss  of  the  women,  and  their  protectress,  was  feasted  on  the 
third  day  of  the  scNcnlh  month. 

7i-/ii-/<)/nii  was  a  iieneral  name  for  their  household  jiods.  Tiio  kinfr  iiiul  chiefs  had 
six.  the  nohles   four,  air  I   the   lower  classes   two.     Tlie\'  had  uods  for  everv  da\-.  after 


wliom    the    dav 


was    iiameii 


nid 


udds    f( 


rlv 


.tl 


or    uearlv    I'vervtliim:    anu    locality 


lit\ 


Other  nations  of  .Mexico  had  tli(!  samo  irods,  though  frecpiently  known  under  difl'erent 
names.  l/iii/.i/<ii,i,(lilli  was  called  (,hut-::itl-i(inll  hy  Die  (niolulaiis.  Ihii.i-at:.iiims  and 
Ci  nil  nil  liy  the  Totonaeas.  and  Ml.iroatl  hy  the  Otomites.  Tiie  Tlascallans,  rivals 
of  the  .Mexicans.  woiship|ted  the  same  j;ods,  which  they  called  //aih:ll<>2>(Ulil/l  and 
('(lUKi.rl/l. 
Their  vocalmlarv  is  instructive.     Ciii/ol/.  the  iioddess  of  corn,  was  the  niondami 


n  or 


grain  s[)irit  of  the  .Miininpiins.    ( '"//nlr,  meaning  primarily  a  fox,  is  also  aitplicd  to  a  sinal 


M'( ',,«„•-    MSS.  (' 


:  III lys  Wi'i'o 

'ill  Mexico 
uiior  in  llii> 

sins,  iiml  to 

|iiTs  ol'  this 

ni  s;ivs  liiis 

■k. 

I'y  lii'lii'Vfd 

•  vik'  sores. 

tiic  second 


mlanim  or 
to  ii  .small 


I  I 


^'|IP       I; 


:,!  ' 

t 

t: 

i   1    ' 

■  t   ,.;■«■ 

i>. 

1 

1 
i 

I 

( 

■    -J  jBs' 

;i|| 

1' 

f 

';■■ 

3     ; 

.  ii 

.Lj 

■Ji 

INDICIA     I'liuM    M  VTIloLoii  V    AM'    IUILKIUjN, 


til.- 


Woir.  I'I'SCilllilill'/ nlir  jil'ilili''  \Mill',      1^)111  i/ilir(,i/i,/i    llCCiinirM  (lll||  iil'tlli-r  t.itrlllil'  I'l'lilllli'i 

wliicli  iir>'  riitlicr  iiil<'ii>illi'i|  dlijccts  of  tin-  iiiiM'^iiiiitiuii,  tliiiii  '^>ii|n  to  hr  \viii'.-lii|i|ii 


II',  lull     is     ill! 


mill   <hhi/il/!  a  i\'j:i'V:,  liiiici'  tin-  '^ihIs  of  llii'.>ii'   iiiiiiicm.      A'"/" 


llicill'li'l'.  mill     .\'< //"//,  1:1  III    111'  iniill-^li'l'S.       A'lil/    is    \\:i|i'i';     hiliiiill,    llir    lllml  llci  i-is  ( if    II 

man  miimmI  riuiu  wnliT.  in  iv  liimil.      /'«(//  is  a  ^i'I'jh'IiI;    l,hii t.n/iiHil/.  tho  ijiviit  m'I'|i('IiI- 
wi^c  inmi.  or  ti'iiclii'i'  iif  iiiIm  iiihI  laws.      Tmi'i/lii/i  is  ilii>  siiii ;  'I'liintiuil.  sim-'joil.     'i'lic 

jiiii r  llir   iiiii viiLMiil   |n'rsi)iiilii'il   a   ji'iiialc  wllli   liiiii'  iiuinliril    liri'ii^ls.      I'li'i'.  wali'i'. 

lo\i'.  ili'atli.  rain,  wiiiil.  ccliii,  iiiiiinilaiii<.  aiiil  lliuvi'is.  wi'iv  llii'  siiliji  rts  nl'  llirsi'  niriital 

illli'lisiru'llliillis.    mill    riiniisllfil    liailli'S    wllirll.    Iirill::    |HVm'|\i'i|     in    tlir    IllrllliHV   III'    till' 

liricsts.  or  ill  llic  i':ili'iiilar.  scrvril.  in  a  nii'iisiuc.  to  kti'|i  lln-  linlian  miml  in  Milijirliiin 
to  Ills  .siiiii'r.-tition  li\  II  mil  vi'iv  (nicroii><  la\.     lint   llir  nio«l   nuni'troii^  a.nl  Imnirn' 


of  all   till'  'joils  ami   'juiMc-srs,  .-hiiur-i  ol'  u  1 


imii  wi'i'i'  li'ri 


ti'il.  was  7; 


ii/diiiini/in,  calli'il 


also  Tiir/iiiiiii  /  .1  /  ami  <  'h'uniK  rmi  (lor  ncilliiT  iiaiii«'s  nor  iili'as  a|i|irartii  lia\i'  liail  mnrli 
licrinmiciirr).  who  was  ii'prt'siMitiil  iniilci'  IIh'  forin  ol'  scriiciits.  twislnl  arniinil  sUiilIs. 
She  was  ii'Liai'ilt'il  as  llir  cjiiisi'  of  faiiiiiM-.  sli'iility.  ami  misery,  ami  as  tin'  iin|ii'rsiiiii- 
liciitioii   of  all   iloiiH'slii-  evil.      iSn'  j'lati'.  p.  "iS."!.) 

Till'  Tolli'c.  anil  siili^ri|iiriilly  llir  A/li'i'.  iiiia'.:iiiiitioii.  a|i|ii'ars  to  liavi'  rinti'il  in  lln'sc 

licrsonilii'atiiiiis  of  |ia->ioii.  i'a|iiirr  ainl  rriini'.      I'lil  llii'i'"  was  a  lack  of  'jviH'rali/alinii  ; 

'ii'V  franii'il  no  very  loiinrctcil  sN^tnn  of  niytlioloLiy,  llir  parts  of  wliicli  wcru  strictly 

(l('|)('mli'nt    npoii  lacli  oilier,  ami  coiistitiit,.iI   a   whole,      i'lveii   tlie  sun.  wliicli   seems, 

uriviimilly.  to  liave  lieell  the  prillie  oliject  of  \Viir-lii|i.  e\elltually  eeaseil  to  iveei\e  tlieir 
liom!ii;e.  cNci'iit  in  tlienry;  while,  at  the  (la  ol'  the  ciiiii[iiest,  the  priiicijial  ileity  wor- 
slii|ipeil  WHS  the  uoil  of  war.  to  wlnaii  hiniian  saci'iliees  were  oll'ereil.  The  liahiis  aiiil 
iiianners  of  the  people  ap|iear,  at  that  time,  to  liavc!  reached  their  iiltiinate  point  of 
(le;:eneracy ;  thoy  were  reported  hy  the  Spiinish  cU'riiy  to  ho  .steeped  in  moral  degrada- 
tion, and  conversant  with  every  iiionslrosily  of  crime.  Compared  to  ihis  Mexican 
iiiytholo'j'y.  that  of  the  northrrii  tiihes  retained  'jieater  simplicily.  and  freeiKim  from  llie 
domimilion  of  ihe  Indian  priesthood.  'I'lie  ciilmiiiatiiiir  point  of  the  sy.«tein  of  deiliea- 
tion  adi)|iliMl  hy  hoth  the  'i'oltecs  and  the  A/tecs  Inid.  in  all  prohahility.  heeii  r(>a(died 
from  the  same  common  hasis.  viz:  a  totemie  ideiililication  of  .septs,  hands,  and  trihes. 
mnltially  contendinu'  lor  supremacy,  who  assi;;iied  to  their  deities  a  local  residence  in  the 
hodii's  of  (pnidrniieds.  hirds.  in.sects.  reptiles,  and  other  species  of  animated  Nature,  and 
lastly,  in  the  hodies  of  men.  who.  nnder  the  titles  of  priests,  .seers,  and  pi'opliets.  made 
it  the  hiisiness  of  their  lives  to  teach  this  system  of  deillcation.  and  thus  to  endeavor  In 
perpetuate  and  .strengthen  their  possession  of  the  almost  iinlimited  ]iower  they  li.id 
acipiii'eil.  Thus,  the  first  eU'ects  of  oniancipation  from  hiirharism.  of  the  de\elopnient 
of  arts,  employments,  and  nianiv  is.  and  of  ijiving  freedom  to  tlio  power  of  tlion,i;lil, 
ainonLr  a  people  who  had  no  l<nowled,L!;e  of  divine  truth,  was  tlie  deification  of  every 
ohjcid  iind  every  iiassion.    .\t  the  era  of  their  discovery  they  were  completely  involved 


^H 


*, 


1* 


(Uii 


INDICIA    FI{(>M    MYTHOLOGY    AND    H  K  I,  I(i  I  O  N, 


1'    ,f 


1    ' 


n 


■I' 


III   H  ('(111 


fii>ii)ii  of  iilisiml  iildliitroiis  rites,  (viviiioiiics.  miil   lp('rK.'rs.      I'raisc  is  diu'  to  tlio 


S|);illisli  pi 


stliiHuI.  wlio  Strove  to  iiliolish  overv  vcstiiiv  of  it. 


'I'lic  lute  Mr.  (lalliitiii,  in  coiicliuliiii:'  an  clMluiratc   i 

il 


r\l('\V  (I 


I'  tlic  collection  of  r,onl 


KiiiuslioiMiiuli,  coiHieinns  tiie  mythological  jiart  ol'  the  pictiirc-writimrs  as  being  a  harreii 
ami  iiniirolitalile  liistorical  study.  '• 'I'lie  siiliject."  lie  observes,  "is  neitiier  attractive. 
iinr  line  of  irrcat.  promise.  It  is  not  probable  lliat  the  iiiteriiretatinns  of  the  naiiies  and 
altribiiti's  of  the  deities,  represented  in  the  several  cotliers.  cdiild  throw  iiiori'   light   on 


the  reliirious  creed  of  tlie  Mexicans 


or  on    Its   11 


Ihieiiee  on   their  social  state,  than  wo 


deri\e  from  the  accounts  of  the  coiKpierors.  ami  the  Indian  traditions  collected  by  early 
writers.  'I'lieir  mythology,  as  far  as  we  know  it.  presents  a  great  iinmb(!r  of  nnconnected 
gods,  without  apparent  .system  or  unity  of  de>ig 


jihysical  researcii  or  imaginative  powei 
Icctnal  laciiltii's  of 


\' 


man.  it   is.  in  everv  respc( 


«igii.  It  exhibits  no  evidence  of  meta- 
'wed  only  as  a  development  of  the  iiitcd- 
t.  \astly  interior  to  the  ndigioiis  systems 
of  l')gy[it.  India.  (Jreece.  or  Scandinavia.  It'  imported,  it  must  have  been  iVom  some 
barbarous  country,  and  have  Ikhmi  brouuht  directly  t'rom  such  coimtr\'  to  Mexico,  since 
no  tr.ices  of  a  similar  worship  are  lljimd  in  the  more  northern  parts  of  .Vmerica." ' 

'  Tr.lll^llrti.ilK  nl'    ill.'    AlMiM-i';!!!    t'.l  llliul  ..;i,:,l    S,.iMr(v:     Ni'W    Vi.il;.    Ist.'i.    \',,].    I.,    p.   .'!."ll. 


INDICIA    i-'llo.M    MYTllol.odV    AND    U  H  J,  U;  I  ON. 


(U7 


("II  A  I'TKlf    1  1 


RKI.KilOrS    AND   M  Y  Til  (tl,(»(i  I  (' A  L    OPINIONS   OF  TIIK    MISSISSIPPI 


VALI.HY    T 


l!K 


TiiK  iillici'  of  tlic  lii(li;iii  si'cr.  iir(i|ilict.  iiii'da.  \v 


oi'  iiowwow.  was  to  iU't  us  nc;:iitiiiiits  (il  won 


Id 


ikmi.  \Mi|iivii.  mill  v\'  llic  jossakt'cij. 
lulfsccratiiiii  t.i  stylo  tln'iii  iiH'iliators) 


Ijotwt 


tlic  I 


icMinlo  a 


ml   the   (iriMt    Spiiil.      Ilciicc.  tlio  yivat   power  which   tiu'V  hiivc 


wit'hlcd  thr(>ii.i;iioiit  all  jicriods  ul'  their  liistory.      WhclhiT  this  ollicc  was  hcrt'ditarv  or 
assmiRMl,  would  hi'   a  vain   imiiiirv.      h   does  not  a|i[)('ar  to   h  ivc  hccn    inherited,  lint 


rather  to  liave  heen  assumed  hy  jiersoiis  pcwse: 


Mm;-  n 


lore  than  ordinary  mental  capaeity. 


viLTor.  shrewdness,  or  ennuin^.  and  art  in  praelisini;'  and  eoncealinj;'  ularinLr  (K'ceptions. 
Thev  were  aided  in  tlieir  erari  l)_\  the  imlward  practice  ol'  ascetic  hahits  and  tastinii; 
hv  the  iiotent  inlluence  of  dreai 


and  hy  their  proliciency  in  the  art   of  picloLiraphy 

I'ary  siu'ns  was  employed 


in  which  a  system  ol' mixed  i'e[)rcsentati\'e,  sunholic,  and  arhit 

lo  strcnu'theii  the  popular  I'ailh  in  necromancy,  witidicraft.  and  di\inalinn 


No    II 


iKlian    liero,    warrior. 


^l' 


aker.    or    rider,    il'   we 


excep 


t  r 


iicas 


'rain;-; 


1\  Uti 


Lssoyawatha. 


vciiaiutoM.   anil 


Th 


l\i'li(lana?'ea.     evel 


attame(l    to  disiinetioii  without 


an  a[tpeal  to  tiiis  <dass.      When  the  I  iiited  States  Inuc  heen  eiiiraj.'cd  in  imstilities  with 


the  trihes,  this  1 


las  alwa\.' 


II  tlu'  most  dillicult  power  to  coii(|iier — il 


It  can  lie 


d 


luMiels    aiKt 


to  have  ever  heen  com|uered.  Had  no  appeal  lieeii  made  to  the 
superstitions  ol' the  Indians,  Tusi'aloosa.  who  tlourished  in  He  Solo's  era,  Opechanuanouiih, 
of  Viriiiiiia,  Sassaciis  and  I'ometacom,  of  Now  iMijiland.  or  Wappacoiniuat  and  I'onli.ic, 
ol"  the  iiorth-wi'sl,  could  not  havi-  aroused  tlie  spirit  and  united  the  forces  of  thcl;  t'ihes. 
Without   it.  Teciiiiistdi.  Osceola,  and  Mlack  Hawk  would  ha\t'  heen  destitnti'  of  either 

iidians,  heuaii  his  |)liilanthropic 


nnies  or  followers.    When  .lohii  I'lli 


api 


stie  tothe  II 


nndertiikiiiu;  at  Natic.  in  1(1 10.  he  acknowlcdiied  the  existence  of  tl 


lis  preat  impediment  to 


Ins 


lah 


and  Braiiierd  actually  (piailed  heline  the  de\eIopment  of  it.  on  the  son 


rees  of 


)l'  ('hii>tianii V 


the  Siis(iiieliannah,  in  17U.     So  hatel'ul  were  the  truths  and  teachim; 

to  those  Indians  wIkj  adhered  to  their  own   teachers,  that    Father   I.aiiard  was  hiirned 

at  the  stake  hy  the  Iluroiis.  and  his  colleague,  together  with  his  sun,  were  hurled  from 


Iti'il  Jaiki't. 


liniiit 


wm 

1 1, 

1 

1 . 

'1 

i 

^ 

c 

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1 

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> 

>»  i: 

K     y 

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t 

1 

It  1 


i'  I 


ll$! 


(!4S 


INDICIA     I'HOM    MYTHOLOGY    A  X  D    HKhHilON. 


!i  caiiiic  [ntn  the  s  •  ■tliinii'  \vhI(ms  dt'  tlio  rjipids  wliicli  lill  the  river  St.  riiiwrciuo,  Ijciow 
liMcliiiic.     'riiosi'  IImiI'iiI  I'li-cMtlc.^  Ii;i\i'  v\rr  siiirc  ictaiiird  tlu'  iiiiiiR'  i)t'  his  onlor,  iiud 

hilVO   IjL'C'll  Oillit'll   till'    lli'-uilit   l;l[li(|s. 

Wo  must  not,  liowcvcr.  in  unr  ivli't)s|i('cl.  cnnroniul  one  niro  with  anotlier.  'V\w  hist, 
liair  century  lias  vioidi'd  rifii  IViiils  in  retin-ii  tor  tin-  l;dior  liestowed.  and  lias  clearly 
demonstrated  the  Kenelieial  cllect  ol'  ])atiently  teachini:'  the  Indians:  of  which  result, 
trilies  ol'  each  ol'  the  u'enerie  Ali;()n(|uin.  lroi|Uois.  ami  Aiipalaehian  Liroups.  have 
furnished  cxaniiiles.  J5ut  on  the  minds  ol' the  native  hunters,  who  constitut(!  the  lariro 
trihes  uf  tliu  Dakotah  and  Sho.-honee  stocks,  rovinjr  over  the  plains  and  throni:li  tho 
I'orests  of  the  West,  not  to  mention  the  vast  and  (iredatory  hordes  of  \e\v  Mexico, 
California,  anil   OreLinn.  suhsistinvr  on    the   llesli   of  th(>   ladliilo  ami   dci'r.  little  or  no 


nnnres>ion 


has   lii'eii   luade.      The   liev.  (iideon    II.  I'ond.  ol   .Minnesota,  who  has   h 


experience,  descrihes  the  opinions  and  rites  of  the  Dakotah   tiihes  of  the  [irairies  and 
pi; 


lins  in  the  followint;'  wore 


The  terms  \>\  which 


till-  meiliclne-meii  are  known  aniouLr  the  Dakotahs.  sul^ui'sI 
lioth  their  character  and  oecupatiou.  They  are  theses :  Wicn.flit  \\'il:iiii  (  W'ee-chash-tah 
Wah-i;on).  and  Tul.-n  W'/L-mi  i/iiinuntii/ii  (Tah-koo  Wah-kon  e-ham-Man-[ie).  'I'he 
former  term  siuiiilie.-  mysterious,  supernatural,  oi'  irod-men  :  and  the  latter,  mysterious, 
supernatural,  or  Lioii-dreamers  —  iiispinvl  liy  tlie  irods. 


i'.v   the   t 


enn    •  me( 


licine-maii.'  oi'    Indian  doctor,  tlierellire.  I    ii 


\>  <v    iiersons 


union 


'_'  the   Dakotal 


IS  wlu)  la\' 


claim   to  mysterious.  su[)ern!itural.  or 


alillltle: 


I  they  may  he  divided  into  two  ureat  classes,  namely.  Znt/n   W'k/.'iih  (/ooyah  Wah- 
il.and   \\'ii/iii/<i  (  \Vah-]ie-yah)  ;   the   former  si;.:nilying  \\'<ir-jiriiji/i</,  and  the   latter, 


//<  (loiuitiir.  or  III  ■••/" 


T 


le  (piestions  which  I  propose  to  m\sell  in  pursumi;' this 


ihjeft.  are  the  followin 


amely.  What  .\i;i'.  tiii:  I'owkus  of  tiii;  .Mi;i)Icini:-mi:x '.'    How  noiiii'v  comi'.  ix  I'osskssiox 


(iK  Tiii;\i  .   and  \\  hat  v>e  imi  tiikv  maki:  of  tiifm  . 


It  seems  to  he   necessarv,  first,  to   advert  to  the   Dakotah   divinities,  hv  whom   tl 


medii'iiit 


-men   are  inspired  :  while,  at  tl 


time,  tl 


IIS  IS  a  siilijet 


t   into  which   it 


next  to  ini]iossihle  to  peni'trate  ;   iiir  little  can 


he  ohtaiiied   from    these  men  eonceniiiii' 


it.  excei)t  hv  strata'jem ;  and  that  which  tlie\  do  disclose  is  olteii  e\i;eedim:lv  confusiMl 


ntradictory.     One  will   allirm.  another  deny,  and   a  third,  pei'haps,  inforiu  yc 


aiKt  CO 


that    hoth    the    others  are   wromr. 


After  a  residi 


:ht 


eiiee  ol    eiLilitecn    v'ears    iiinomx  tli( 


th 


ami  einii 


Dakotahs 

sort,  the\'  are  stil 


I'acimr  every  opportunity  to  acipiaint   myself  with   matters  of  thi 


in  !i  "I'eat  mea-iire.  involveil  in  m\st 


erv. 


The  most  iiromineiit    eharacteristie    of   the    Dakotah  d 


cities,  is  that  wliicli  they 
I'Xpress  hy  the  Word  irnhifi.  This  word  si'jiiides.  Lieneially,  any  lliinij-  which  a  Dakotah 
eaunot  comiireheiid.  \\'hatever  is  wonderful.  mysieri(His.  siiperlniman.  or  snpei'iiatiiral, 
is  inihiii.  The  L'eiieric  name  jiir  L:ods  is  T<iliiiir,ikiiii.  i.  >.  that  wiiich  is  mi/.-mi.  The 
Dakotah.  thereliire,  sees  a  i;'od  in  evcrv  thiii^;-:   to  use  an  expression  ot'one  of  their  mo^t 


INDICIA     FltO.M    M  Y 'ril<)l,()(i  V     \  N  l»    I!  Il  I,  I  (I  M»  \ , 


•  ;4'J 


iiitt'lliiiriil  iiicii,  ' 'I'licie  is  nothing  wliidi  tiicy  do  not  n-vriv  sis  (ioil.'  The  cliii'l'.  lunl, 
piM'liiips.  till'  onlv  (iilli'irnco  tli;it  I'xists  iinion,;:-  tlic  ten  tlioiisands  of  the  divinilios  of 
till'  Dakotiiiis.  is,  that  sonic  iuc  irahat  to  a  i^icatcr.  and  otin'is  to  ii  less  dcirrce ;  sonio 
for  ono  iuu'|)os(",  and  some  lor  anotiier;  lint  iritlcmi  cxjucsscs  llio  cliiut'  t(uaiity  of  \\\v 
all  —  tiio  oiilv  (|ualily,  I  hcliovc,  wliicii  tlu;  Indian 


rii 


S  (l('ll\-. 


I  iiiuf  nt'vrr  Ix'cn  al>li'  to  disco\cr  iVoni  ilic  Dal^otaiis  tlii'niscivi's.  Ilic  loast  di'trn.'c 


of  cxidrncr  tiiat  tlli'\'  di\idi'  tlic  ^()il>  into  classes  of  'jond 


iind  evil  ;   and  am  jicrsnati 


dud 


llial  those  pi'i'sons  who  ii'iircMMit  ihcni  as  iloini;'  so.  do  it  ini'oiisiiliTalcU.  and  li<-iMnsc  it 


natni'al  to  snliscrilii'  to  a  loniv-i 


4ahlisln'd 


|)oiiular  o|innon. 


I  cannot   ijclicvc  that 


the  DaUolahs  cmt  distiniinislu'd  tiiu  Grmt  Sjiiri/.  iiv  (rnot  ll'i(/,i//(,  as  tiicy  term  it.  iVom 
others  of  tlicir  divinities,  till  they  learned  to  do  so  from  theii'  intercourse  with  white 
men;  because  they  ha\('  no  chants,  nor  feasts,  nor  dances,  nor  sacrificial  rites,  which 
lia\e  any  reference  to  such  a  lieiii'^';  or,  if  they  have  any  reference  to  {\w  (Irml  W'lthni, 
in  any  ndi.^ions  uct  whatsoever,  there  is  siilisfactory  evielencc  that  it  is  of  recent  origin, 

cts  of  worshi[).  which  (Jiirvcr 


d  does  not  l)olonir  to  their  s\sfein   of  \ 


'eliLiion. 


T 


to  the  (Ire, it   Spirit,  had   no  reference  to  tl 


le 


tells  lis  iiarticularly  that   they  iieiiorn 

Deity,  though  that  traveller  douhtless   thoic^ht   they  Innl.      It  is.  indeed,  true,  that  tl 

Dakolahs  do  soinetinies  appeal  to  the  Circat  S|iiril  in  council  with  white  men.  hut  it  is 


10 


ilwius  as 


to  the  heili'.:  wlioin  the  irhili 


iniiii  •iriir--lii IIS 


"As  specimens  of  the  siiperiiaturrd  heings.  wlio.  it  is  helicM'd.  jn'csidi'  o\-er  the 
destinies  of  the  Dakolahs.  and  whose  iruL'nii  ipialities  ai'i'  imparteil  to  the  mediuine-nieii, 
I  will  mention  more  parliculaiiy  three  or  four  classes  of  the  most  respectable  of  them. 

'•The  Oiihhri  (()iik-lii\-lie).  —  The  siiiiiilication  of  the  name  of  this  class  of  the 
Dakotah  gods  is  Miknown.  In  their  o.xteinal  nianii'estation.  they  resemble  the  ox.  but 
are  very  large,  'l  hey  can  instantaneously  extenil  their  tail  and  horns  so  as  to  reacii 
id   these  are   the   seat   ot'  their  pt>wer.      'J'liey  arc   male  and  female,   and 


;kies.   ai 


])ropagate  their  kind  like  ;inimals.  and  ;n'e  mortal  ;  which  is  true  of  all  the  gods  of  the 
Dakolahs.  It  is  believed  that  the  earth  is  animated  by  the  s[)irit  of  the  (luLii  li  goddess. 
while  the  water  ami  the  earth  beneath  the  water,  is  the  dwelliiej-iilaee  of  the  male 
iiod.     Hence  the  Dakotahs,  in  their  addressc: 


to  the  water,  in   \< 


liiions  ac 


the  nam(>  of  (irancliiither.  and   that  of  (liaudmother  to  t' 


le  earlli. 


rive  to  it 


The  <t/i/,ii  ri  Inivi 


iwer  to  issue 


from   their  bodies  a  ini'^ht\'  yn/.'in   iiilluence,  which  is  irresistible.  ;ind 


which  the  Dakotahs  term  A- 


'I'lie  silinilicalioii  of  liiiiiniii  is  (luite  similar  to  that 


)f  '  arrow,   where   it   sometimes  occurs  in 


1' 
.Ml   the   u'ods  are  arineil  with  a 


■similar  [)ower.     C)iie  of  the  i hiLli 


Ih.-  I'.lbl 
it  is  belicM'd,  dw(  Us   under  tl 


'alls  of  St. 


AntI 


loiiy.  ill  the  .Mi>>issi| 


ipi  river. 


A  i; 


w  Ncars  a'-'o.  at   the  season  when   the   ice  was 


running,  it  goriicd.  and  so  obstructed  the  ehannid  between  tiie  Falls  and  Fort  Snelliiig, 
that    the  water  siidileiiK  rose   to   all   e\('eediii'.r-   height.      When    the   pn'ssure   hecamo 


sullicieiit  tl 


tl 


o  open  tlie  ciianiK 


•1.  the  water  ru~hed  down  with  a  ticnn'iidoiis  Ibrce  which 
s\,ept  all  before  it;  and  a  cabin  which  stood   on   the    low  bank   of  the   river,  near  the 
Vol..  VI.  -^'J 


\.  m 


il: 


().'>0 


IMDICI.V     l'l{(»M    M  VTII(>l,()(i  Y    AND     1!  I,  L  I  (I  I  (I  \. 


!  ) 


I'ovt.  was  can-icil  iiwav.  \vitii  a  snlilicr  in  ii,  who  was  iirvcr  al'lcruarils  lioaiil  nl'.  It  is 
uiii\(M'sallv  lit'lii'vcd  l>y  tin  <i'  iiuliaiis  that  llic  wiuili'  was  caiisi'il  liv  llic  (>ii/,-l<  rl.  wlio 
passi'il  ilowii  till'  I'liaiiiu'l  1)1'  llio  rivtT  at  tlic  tiiiif,  ami  that  llir  soldier  was  taken  hy 
liiiii  fur  food,  as  lie  feeds  ii|Km  liiiiiiaii  soids.  'Die  follow  Iiil:.'  chant,  wliieh  is  imu'ii 
used  ill   till'  iiu'dieine-daiico  [wu/lUU  tlaiice),  siiuws   the  charaeter  of  tlii.s  clus.s  of  the 


icods,  ill  tiiis 


■Jpect  : 


I   lio  iiiystoriimslv  uituss  the  l;iki 
Di'ciiyiiii;  .sDiiic  souls. 
I.it  1110  I'tif  liiiii  ;ilivo.' 


i  !! 


Iin 


w- 


'*  The  saeiilii'es  wliieii  the  Oiil,!' ri  rei|iiiii's  of  his  worsliiii|)ers.  are  tlie  down  of  the 
]t'iiiale  of  t lie  >wan  and  unose.  t\\v(\  seaiict.  w  Idle  eottoii  cloth.  deer-sUins.  lohaeco.  doi^s, 
medicine  {irii/,-iiii)  feast,  and  the  liiedieine-daiice.      Siiliordinate   to  the   ( hi/,'/' ri  ar<'   the 


serpen 


it,  lizard.  iVo'.'.  leecl 


1.  owl.  eil'jle.  Iish.  spir 


ils   ol'  the  dead.  1*^1'.      Thrse    Lliids    niad( 


the  earlli  and  men.  instituted  the  meilicine-dance.  \-('..  prescriliecl  the  manner  in  which 
earlh-iiainls  must  l)(>  ajuilied.  which  have  a  irnl.-iin  \iitue  to  protect  lile,  and  are  often 
worn  liy  the  wanior  for  this  |)iir|i(we  on  the  lli'ld  of  earna-e.  Aiiioni:'  all  the  niuiads 
ol'the  Dakotah  deities,  the  ( hihit  ri  is  the  most  respected;  and  it  mii;lit  he  said,  without 


much   e\at;L;<'ration,  •  se\-en   tunes  a  day 
irods  which  are  his  suhiects. 


lav  the}'  woisilili   1 


Mini,   or  some 


of  tl 


le  niiiiieroiis 


The  \\'ii/,-i/ri/(iii  (  Wah-keeu-\()ii1.- — 'I'he  name  of  1  his  (dass  of  the  u'ods  si^ini 


lies ////. 


iVoiii  the  \rv\)  /.■iii/iKit.  to  ll\-.    As  the  iiii:ht-ha\ 


holl 


wl<  proiliices  a  lioiiow.  jaiiiiii;' soiiiid,  liv  !i 


:>enliar  motion  of    ll 


le    Wlll'^s.    s.) 


the     W'.i/.- 


nui'iii    p 


idduccs    the  thunder,   which    tli 


Dakotahs  denominate  "the  voice  of  the   IIT/// 


I  II  I/'  I  II. 


ll  is  said 


that  there  ai 


three  \arietiesof  the  external  manifestations  of  these   lickIs.  and  otlu'i's  sav  that  tlu'i'i 


re  four  \arietics:   in  <diaracter.  In 


We\er.  llie\-  an 


liut  oni".      One  of  these  \ari<'ties  in 


loll 


11  is  lilack.  with  a  \ery  Ion;;  beak,  and  four  joints  in  each  pinion  :  another  is  yell 


lieaklos.  and  has  also  four  joints  in  each  iiinion.  Imt  only  six  (piills;  the  third.  wlii(di 
is  ol'  a  scarlet  color,  is  remaikaMe  I'ur  the  leicjih  of  his  wiiej-.  i-dv\i  of  which  contains 
ei^ht  Joints;  and  the  fourth  is  hliie.  Lilohular.  ami  has  no  face.  eyes,  nor  ears;  Imt 
immediately  ahovc  where  the  lace  should  appear,  is  a  semicircnlar  line.  rcseniMiim'  an 
inverteil  hall-nioiai.  from  Im  low  which  project  two  chains  ol'  li'ihtniiei'.  which  divei'L;!' 
from  each  other  as  they  ilesceiid.  Two  plumes.  lii\i  .-oft  down,  coliiinu'  out  just  above 
the  chains  of  liLditniicj'.  ser\e  for  w  im;s.  I'lacli  of  these  \arii'lies  represents  a  numerous 
race.  'I'he  W'l/.-iiii/iiii  created  wild  rice,  and  one  variety  ol'  prail'ie-;;r,'-s.  the  seed  of 
whicli.  ill  shape,  hc'a 
earth  (wiiii'h  i> 


rs  a  stroll'^-  rescnililaiice  to  rice.      .\t  tlie  wcsiern   i-xtiemily  of  the 
a  circular  plain  surrounded  hy  water).  i>  a.  liitiii  iiiounlain.  suriiiouiite(l 
liy  a  lieautifiil  inoimd.  on  (he  -ummit  of  w  hich  is  the  dwidliicj-plaee  ol'  tie'   Wiihini/K n. 

if  w  Inch  opiais  towards 
lucniie:-.  at  the  west  il 


.I'll 


I  iliHir-wa\  ot  tlieir  iiweiiiic.:.  one  o 


Hi 


AVatclieis  are  >tationeil  at  earh 

each  of  the  four  cardin.al  points.     A  Imttertlv  stands  at  tlie  ea-t 


m 


INDICIA     |-|!(»M    M  YTiroj.OC  V    AND     IM'fJCilON, 


cr.t 


Ix'iir.  M  I'l'iiiilt'rr  mI  (lie  nortli.  iiiul  :\  hcMvcr  mI    tlic  soiitli.      I']\c('|il    tin'  ImmiI.  cmcIi  (if 
tlu'si'  wiilcln'is  is  i'ii\('l()|ii'il  in  sciirli't  (iowii. 


Thr  W.i/.- 


iii/'iii  iirr  I'll 


liilcss  iind  (li'stfiicli\i'  ill  tiii'ir  clKii'Mctcr,  iinil  tln-v  ('\rr  cMTt 


f  licir  iiiii;lil  \   power  fur  tin'  viraliliciitiou  nl'  tlii'ir  riiiiii'^'   ntopi'iisilN-,  jit    flic  I'xpi'iisc  of 


uliMtrviT  iii:i\'  I'linu'  III  tiicir  WAV. 


'I'lli'  ('Minit\-  wllirli    exists    III 


liie  cliisses  or 


I'iU'es  ol'  tlie  Liods,  if 


like  IIimI  wliieli  is  seen  to  exist  iiinoiiu'  tile  (iilli-i'eiil    liiiliilll  t 


rilie 


))iil  till'  W'l  I /,■  I  Ill/till  Mild  (hi/,1' r!  lpe;it'  ii  |i;irlieuiiir  lintrecl  to  eiicli  otiief.  wliieli  is  lieredi- 
tlirv"  lllld  deeii-l-uiileil.  lij^e  llnit,  wliii'ii  exists  lietween  the  Diikot.iji  iind  Ojiliwii  )i;ili(iiis. 
and    neitlier    can    re>ist     tlie  luiin-iiii  of  ejiell  otlier's  irnhuni.        It    is    niisare    Tor    either    to 


ell  lire  sonietlllies  liilllii 


cross  tlie  other's  truck,   'i'lie  llissii  rcni:iiiis  of  tlic  niastodon.  wlii 

liy  the    Diikotiihs.  tiii'V  cdliridentiy  i)eiie\('    to    he    the   lioiies  i ij'  t ln'   ( hd.-ti  ri  :    and    tlie\- 

lire    Jireserxeil    \\\  tlielll    niesi     s;icre(!  I '.  .  :ind    life     imiversallv  esteeliieil    I'liv  their    ini/.'ti/i 


•t  as  a  sanative  tiiedicin 


'I'lie  n;,/.- 


(|nalities.  jieini:'  ii-eij  with  woiiderl'nl  ejll 

the  nakotaii's  chiel' war-'joi!s.  iVoni  w  lio'ii  tliev  lia\-e  recei\ei|  the  speiir  and  tonialia\ 


ii/i/iiii  are 


1   those   paints  which  will 


hi(dd     'leiii   iVoin  linriii  Avlieii  exposed  to  the   nuirdei'oiis 


Avea|ions  of  their  oiiemie 
■■  Til/,'ii.r/i'il ii.r/:iiii    ('{'all-: 


\oo-siiKan-sii 


kaiD. — Th 


IS  'j'oij   IS  111 


\isilile  lllld  li!ii(|llitoiis.    'i'llO 


name  si'jiiilies  -that  whudi  stirs.       In  eininiiiL;' and  paf 


-ion.  till'   Tikiixkilii.rhiiii  eX( 


!iii\-  of  the  other  'ioils.  and 


lias  ,a  I'diitrolhii'j'   intini'iice  o\-ei 


itli  iiitidh'cl  and    instinct, 
lionlders    (which    me   hence 
iiniversalK   \eiierate(l  1)\-  the  D.ikolahs^.  iind  in  tlu^   '  Four  ^Vinds.'      'l"he  cereiiioiiv  of 


lie    resides    ill    tl 


le   consecrated    spear   and    tomahawk,    iii 


the   '  vaiior   hath"  is  a  sort  of  saeritiee    to   this    'jod.      He   is   ne\-er  lietter 


d    th 


in 


ulieii    men    tail    in    na 


ttle.  or  otherwise.       'i'hi 


iject  of  that    straiu 


e  ci'iemon \  of  tilt 


Dakotiilis.  in  \\liieh  tin'  iierl'oriner.  heiicj-  honiid  liaiul  and  foot  with  the  nreatest  cari>. 
is  siiddeiiU  niilioiind  hy  an  in\i^iM<'  a'_!eiil.  is  to  ohtain  an  inler\-i<'W  with  this  oliject 
ol'  Dakotali  superstition,  instead  of  the  (Ireal  S|iiiil.  as  ('ar\rr  sn|iposed  when  lie 
witnessed  its  peifonnance.  as  related  in  his  hook  of  travels  amonu'  the  Indians. 
Snhordinate  to  the  'lUI.-iixl.-'i nxhi ii.  are  tli(>  liii//ard.  raven,  liix,  wolf,  and  some  other 
animals  of  a   similar  n;itnre. 

"The  H,ii<>hi  (ll.iy-o-kah^. — Of  the  llijl'i.  like  the  \\',ikunj<i,\.  there  are  said  to  he 
four  external  forms;  Iml  it  would  he  tedious  to  |i;irticiilai  i/e.  They  are  represented  as 
lieiiiu'  armed  witli  hows  and  arrows,  and  deer-hoof  rattlers,  into  whiidi  is  infii>ei|  the 
electric  llnid  :   and  one  carries  a  drum,  which  is  tilled  witli  the  same.     l''or  a  drnni->tick 


i;-// 


ntijiii 


III  IS  used,  the  t.ail  servniLT   hir  a 


handle.     One  of  the  varieties  of  || 


lese    noils. 


like   tlie  Tikiixhi 


ii.r!:<i II.    IS    nivisiii 


le;    it    is    t 


le    LliMltle  wllirlwilli 


l)\    the  virtiii 


their  tnedirines  and  Inmrni,  |iowers.  fliey  aid  nu'ii  in  seekiiur  the  uralilication  of  their 
liliidinons  passion-^,  in  the  cha<e.  in  inilictiiei  diseases,  iind  in  restoring-  health.  The 
tr;iils  of  the  II'  i/n/m  are  the  opposite  of  nature.  /.  /•.  they  expn-s  joy  hy  si-hs  and  L'l'oan-. 
anil  sorrow  liy  laiiiihter;  they  shi\er  when  warm,  and  pant  and  ]«eispire  when  cold; 
tlicv  feel  perfect  assurance  in  d;iii;:i'r.  and   are   lerrilicil  when  sale;   lal.scliuod,  to  tliem, 


<4 


I   1^ 


I 


6:>-2 


INDICIA     I'lltt.M     M  VniM  l.ui;  V     AND     I!  M  1,  HI  1  ()  N, 


j(    ' 


■:ii     ':> 


m' 


is  truth,  tiiul  ti'iith  is  ralscli 


111  is  tJii'ir  evil.  Mini  evil  tlicir  jrood,    I 


inij;lit  procuiM 


■with  ail  aliiiofit  ciulk'ss  sin'ciUcatioii  of  Diikotah  ik'itii's,  imt   thuso  ulready  iiiciilioiiod 


will  sullico  liir  tho  nivsL-iit  i) 


l)ri 


|)iir|)i 


"In  tlaw.  and  diviiiilics  liivi- these,  as  various  an  their  iiiinjiiniitions  can  create,  or 
tiioir  wants  demand,  the  l)ai<()tahs  lind  all  that  thev  tlesire.  The  aliilities  and  powera 
of  the  Liods,  coniliined,  are  tiii'  aliililies  and  iniwers  dl'  the  wakan-nien. 


//iiir  ill  I  III!   till  il 


lillli-IIH  II  riilill     III  fiiissi  fsiuii  I 


if  Ihi 


I  ,si'  liiilfi  /'.s  . 


'•  Dakotah  waUan-nien  do  not  spring  into  existence  under  tho  ordinarv  operations  of 
natural  laws,  hut,  accordiiiu'  to  tiieir  I'.iilh,  these  men  and  women  (lor  females  too  aro 
viikiiii)  lirst  arouse  into  conx'ious  iulellrclual  existence  in  the  lorm  of  winiied  seeds, 
such  as  the  thistle,  and  are  waited.  \iy  the  intelli'icut  inlhience  of  the  Kour  Winds, 
tiiroULili  the  serial  rt'uions.  till  evcutuallv  they  art;  conducted  to  tlie  abode  of  souk-  one 
of  the  Tii/,-ii  Wii/.iiii,  l)V  whom  they  are  received  into  intimate  conununion.  Here  they 
remain  till  they  become  ac(|iiaiuted  with  the  cliaractei'  and  aliilities  of  ihi;  class  of  j:ods 
whosi'  jiiiesls  they  ha|i|pcii  to  be.  and  until  they  iiave  tlieinseht's  ind)ihed  their  s[iirit, 
and   are  ac(iuainted  ^^ith  all   the  chauls.  feasts,  dances,  and  sacrificial  rites  which  tho 


gods  dci'in  it  necessary  to  impose  oii  men. 


In  tl 


lis  manner  some  of  them  jiass 


throUi;h 


a  succi'ssinii  of  inspirations  with   ilillereiit  classes  of  tlu!  divinities,  till   they  aro  fully 
ii-iihiii'rjil.  and  ])repare(l   Ibr  himian   iiicaiiiation.      I'articularly  they  are  invested  with 


the  ilivisilile  ini/.-iiii  powers  of  the    nods,  tiieir 


ireseiil  inlhu'iice  o\cr  iiiiiid.  instinct,  anil  passion 


leilie  and  cuniiiiiLr,  and  their  oiiiiii- 
'l"iie\-  are   tauiiht   to  inllict  diseases 


and  heal  them,  discnxer  coiiceaKtl  causes,  manufacture  implements  of  war,  and  impart 
to  them  the  Iniiiriiu  power  of  the  liiids;  and  also  the  art  of  niakinir  such  an  a[)plication 
of  paints,  that  liny  will  pioli'ct  IVom  the  powers  of  enemies. 

'• 'I'liis  process  of  iiispiraiioii  is  called  •  dreainiiii;' of  tiie  i:oils."  Thus  prepared,  and 
ri'tainiiii:'  his  primiti\e  llirm.  tlie  ilemi-i:iid  now  ai:ain  rides  tbrlh.  on  the  wiii^s  of  tiio 
wind,  over  the  leiiLitli  and  breadth  of  the  earth,  till  he  has  carefully  observed  tho 
characters  and  usa;ies  of  all  the  liillcicnt  tribes  of  men  ;   then  selectint:  his  location,  ho 


enters  one 


out  to  become  a  mother,  and.  in  due  time,  makes  his  apiieaiaiice  amoii'i; 


ii»eii.  to  fnllil  tile  my>terious  p 


Ibr  which  the   'jmls  i! 


esiiiiieil  mm 


it 


IS  iiroper. 


perhaps,  here  to  >tati'.  that  when  one  of  these  wakaii-ineii  dies,  he  retiir  is  to  tho  abode 
of  his  Liod,  from  whom  Iw   receives  a  new  iiispiiation  ;   alter  which   he   jiasses  throuirh 

i'  p'lieration.  accordinn-  to  tho  will  of 
four   incarnalioiis    (lour   is  a    sacred 


another  incarnation,  as  beliire.  and   ser 


Ves    ailo'ili 


the    not 


Is.      In    t 


us    manner    they    [lass    tlin 


Tl 


ins    the   nuHlicine-nian 


nuinberi.  and    then    return    to    ilieir   ori'jiiiil    nothingnes 
comes  clotlied   with   power. 

^'Wlial  nxC  iliiis  111-  iiinhi    nf  il  f 

'■  It  would  doubtless  be  impossible  for  the  wiikan-man  to  substantiate  his  claims  with 
an  iiitolligent  and  eiilii;liteiieil  people,  but  it  is  not  even  dilliciilt  to  do  it  aiiioin:  such  a 
people  as  tho   Dakotahs.      Ignorance  is  einpiialically  the  mother  of  credulity  ;   and   no 


if 


IMlICIA    FROM    MYTIlOt-OdY     AND    T  I",  I- 1  (I  F  OX. 


(i.-,:>, 


ulisunlit\-  is  too  tircitt  to  Itc  luMitily  iccimvimI  hv  ini  iiiiiornn'L  siiviiur.  wlicii  ])Voikis('i1  liy 

oiii'  ol'  iutrul  cmmiii.u,',  iiiul  siu^li   llic  persons  in  (inr>tioii  j:vncriilly  uiv,  wlio  comliinc 

their  talents  lor  tlie  iK'nelit  of  tlic  cral't. 

•• 'I'lic  Mind  siiviine  ilnils  liinisell' in  ii  woilil  of  niysterics,  opprcsspil  witli  a  conscious- 

in'ss  tlial  li<!  coiniirt'lii'inl.s  notliinir.  Tlio  earth  on  wirKsli  lie  treads  teems  witli  life 
inconiprt'liensilile.  It  is,  witliont  doiiljt,  icuhdii.  In  tho  sprin.irs  which  never  cease  to 
lliiw,  and  yet  are  iilways  rull,  he  re(!()i;iiises  the  '  hreiitliini;'  places'  ol'  tho  j;(ids.  When 
he  raises  his  eyes  to  the  heavi'ns,  he  is  overwhelmed  with  mysteries;  for  the  sun, 
moon,  and  stars  are  so  many  ^ods  and  goddesses  ga/iiii;-  upmi  him.     The  heast  which 

intelligent  lieinL'.  and  to-morrow 


11. 


■hold.- 


one   man  sei/e( 


\e   [jnrsnes  to-day  shuns  him  with  the  ability  ol'  an 

seems  to  lie  depiived  of  all  jiower  to  eseape   from   h 

villi   a  violent  ilisease,  and    in  a  few  hours  expire   in   airoiiy;   while  another  alumst 

impereeptihly  wastes  away  through  lung  years.  an<l  then  dies.     One  he  .sees  prostrated 

with  racking  pain  in  an  instant,  and  then  as  suddenly  restored  to  ease  and  \igor;  while 

anothei'  dro[is  away  nnnotitied  of  death's  ap[)roach.  and  without  any  cause  which   he 


can  perceive.     1  ams  winch  are  exci'iiciatmg  will   sii/e   ii[)oii  one   part  ol    the  liody  at 


II 


one  moment  — at  the  ni 


•xt.  1 


ea[)  to  another  part,  and  llieu  \aiiis 


II 


e  liiuls  linn 


and  expose! 


.-elf  a 
1   to 


ereature  ol'  ten  thousand  wants,  which  he  knows  not  how  to  supp 

innuminahle  evils,  which   he  cannot  a\oid.     All  these,  and  thousands  of  other  thiu'.'s 


like  these,  to  the  Indian  are  tani:il)le  facts: 


d  under  their  inllueiici'  his  character  i 


formed.  As.  thert'fore.  tiie  tinder  is  su.sceptihie  of  ignition,  so  the  Indian  miihl  is  reaily 
for  deception,  and  hails  with  joy  one  who  claims  to  comprehend  these  mysti'ries,  to  he 
able  to  eontrihute  to  the  sup[ily  of  all  tlies(!  wants,  or  to  successfully  contend  with  all 
these   intoleiiilile  evils;   and  we  are   prepared  to  e.xiiect   that   the  wakaii-men  will   imt 


bridle 


into   the  inonlhs  of  their  jieoolc 


WOlll 


1 
t-n  eimniiiLilv  la\-  bold   of  all   that   is 


o  I'stabbsh   their 


tlies^ 


e   men  anil 


-ti 


aiiLie.  and    turn    to   their  own   ad\antaue 


every  mysterious  occurrence.  They  assume  great  familiarity'  with  whatexcr  astonishes 
ollieis;  they  foreti'U  future  events,  and  often  with  iisnllicieiit  degree  of  accuracy ;  those 
at  one  village  ailect  to  be  familial'  with  that  which  is  transpiriiii:'  at  another  \illage. 
leagues  distant;   persons  who  are  idinost  reduced  to  a  skeleton  by  tlisea^ 


e.  Ill   a  il.i\'  er 


two  are  as  siiddeiilv  restoii'd   t( 


)   perfect  soimdiRv 


li\    tlieir   aiieiicN-. 


\\ 


lell    faiiniie 


jiinches  the  helpless  infant  and  its  disconsolate  mothir.  and  e\' ii  the  jn'ond  hunter  .-its 


down  in  the  lilooin  oi'dt 


-pair,  relict  o 


ften  comes  suddenlw  in  an  iinlniiked-lbr.  ;uiil  e\eii 


improbable  manner,  apparently  through  the  inlluence  of  the  \\akaii-nhii  l   or.  il'  their 


.■Iforts 


are  tor  a  time  unsucce: 


'ill,  and  the  sulli'riiig  i>  protracted,  il  is  atlribiiiei 
f  th 


to  th 


the  [leople.      l)y  the  mental  illumination  ot'  the  inikmi  liivs,  obt.iined  b\'  almost 

I  ell'orts,  tlie\-  discover  tlii'  movements  of  an  eiieiuv. 


supeihnmaii  abstinence,  watchings.  am 

wherever  he  nia\'  be  ;  of  which  fact  no  doubt  remains,  when  the  little  baiidliil  of  warriors 


ire  led  to  \ictorv  b\'  ill 


ese  uiHl-nieli. 


At  times,  t: 


ie\-  apiiear  lo  ra:-e 


le  tempest ;  to  convi'ise  w  illi  tl 


liL:bliiiii'.:s  and  the  thunder,  as  w  i 


tlu 
th  f. 


'  sionii  or  c:iliii 
iiiiili.ir  11  itinl-  ; 


n.-A 


INDICIA    I'KOM    MYTHOLO(iY    AND    IMlLHilON, 


'i 


1 


mill  if  mil'  di'  lliciM  liMppciis  to  he  injiinMl  or  Uillcil  liv  tlu'  ficclric  lliiid,  it  only  proves 
tiic  tnilii  ol'  ill!  lit'  liiid  siiid  foiici'i'iiiiiii'  the  W'l/.'ini/dii,  anil  his  own  disolu'difnci'  to 
tlicir  niiHidiitcs,  To  sMtisly  tlic  ciMvinus  ol'  llic  L'ods  witliin  tlicin,  flicsc  ]ior«oiis 
iV('(|iii'ntly.  with  irrcat  (•cicinony.  |iidilicly  tciir  oil'  with  their  teetli  (Mid  eat  the  riiw 
and  lileedinu'  llesii  of  slain;lilered  iininiiils,  like  slarvinir  lioasts  and  liinU  of  prey;  thns 
divdUiiiiL;-  piirts  ol'  doLis.  a  lish  entire,  net  exceptiim'  hones  and  scales;  and  they  even 
(pi.dl'etiiisideialile  c|iiaiitities  of  huiiian  iilood  !  liytiie  iierroniianci'  of  thousands  of 
wonders  smdi  as  ihosi-  eninnerated.  these  jireteiiders  triiiniphantly  siihstaiitiate  their 
claims  to  inspiration,  and  are  lielieviMl  to  he  "  the  u'reat  powers  of  the  pods;'  and  if  some 
are  looked  u|)oii  as  impostors,  this  fact  only  sei'\es  to  enhaiiei^  tiie  im|)ortaiu'e  of  those 

ssl'nl.      I    ill)  not    know  an    iiidis  iiliial    Dakotah   who 


,llO.    ].: 


•iiiu'  more  era  ft  \.  are   siieei' 


does  iii>t  \ielil  full  eredeiiee  lo  the  claims  of  some  ol'  these  impostors;  or   if  there  are 

il  must    he   attrilinted   to   the   introdin'tion   of  Clirislianitv 


ii   tew   solitary  exceptions 
iimom;-  them. 


••  As  a  /)/■/»  s/.  with  all  th(>  assurance  of  an  eye-witness,  the  wakan-innn  hours  testimony 
for  the  iii\iMilies — reveals  their  characters  and  will — dictates  chants  and  prayers  — 
insiitiites  dances,  feasts,  and  sacrilicial  rites  —  ileliiios  sin  and  its  opposite  —  imposes 
n|)on  the  people  a  system  of  superstition  to  suit  his  own  caprices,  with  an  air  of  authority 
which  may  not  he  resisted,  and  with  a  precision  which   it  would  he  dillicult  to  exceed  ; 


Jl  s\stem  so 


artful,  so  WH'll  adapted  to  the  condition  of  the  Indian,  that  it  weaves  it:^ 


into  e\cr\-   act.    is    ei 


iiliodied    ill    each    individual,   and    ensures    ids    most   ol 


iscouious 


surrender  to  its  demands.     Sin  consisis  in  any  want  of  co!il()rmity  to,  or  transj:ression 
of.  the  arhitrary  rules   prcscrilied  hy  the  priest,  or  want  of  respect  for  iii,'  person;   and 


loliness    coiiMsIs    1 


II    conliirmily   to    these   rules,   and   well   expressed   respect    for    (he 
wakaii-ineii  ;   while  the  rewards  and  ]iiinisliments  are  of  such  a  nature  that  they  may 


iprecialeil  liy  tl 


le  ;;ros>est  sens 


ill  the  capacity  of  a  ])riest,  the  inllucnce  of  tlu? 


Dakolali  iiieilicine-men  is  so  extensive  and  comiilete,  that  scar 


ce  an  i 


iidividual  can   hi 


I'ound  in  the  nation  who  is  not  a  servile  n 


rioiiist. 


T/ii-  irii/,'(iii-iii(iii  ii'i  II  irarrinr.  —  Kverv  Dakotah  warrior  looks  to  the  wakan-nian  a 


n  as 


Host  his  only  I'csotirce.      From   him  he  receixi's  a  spear  and   tomahawk,  constriicU'il 


after 


the   model   furnished   from  the  armory  of  the  pods,  and  jiainted  hy  iiis|iirati 


coiitainiiiL;    the   spirit   of  the  pods,  and   also   those  paints  which  serve  as  an  aiinatui'e 

is   reipiired    to   hecome  a 


lor  Ills  iiiiiU'. 


'I'll  ohtaiii   these   tliiiiL's,  the   proud   aiiplicaiit 


It  to  the /^/'//(/-(cr(/i(//,  while   the   latter  L''oes  throuiili  those  painful  and  e.xhaiisti 


piil'oi'mance; 


.liicli 


necessary  prepiiratory   to  the  hestowmeiit  of  them;  si 


icli   as 


\apor-hatlis.  I'astinps.  chants,  jira^-ers,  v\:c.  The  implements  of  destruction  hciiip  thus 
consecrated,  the  pt-rson  who  is  to  receive  them,  wailinp  most  piteously,  approaches  the 
wai-pio|iliet  and  presents  the  pipe  to  him  as  to  a  pod;  while  in  the  attitude  of  piaxer, 
he  1,'iys  his  hands  iipoii  his  sacred  head,  and  jieiietrated  with  a  sense  of  hi--  own 
iinpotency.  Mihs  out  his  reipiest  ill  siihstanee  as  liillows:  'Pity  thou  one  who  is  poor 
and  helpless  —  a  woman  ill  adioii — and    hestow  on    iiie   the  aliility  to  perli>rm   niaiil\- 


INDICIA     nioM     M  V 'I'll  1)1, OC  V     A  N  I>    I!  K  [- Mi  I  <)  X.  r,;,-, 

ilfi'ils,'  'I'lic  |)li)|ili('t  tlirii  |M('Si'iil.s  (lie  \vi';i(ii)n.-t  ilc-iirt'd.  ^i;l_villL^  *(lii  limn.  ti\  lln' 
swiii!^' ()(' tliis  tosniiliiiwk  iiiid  llii'  tlinist  ol'  this  speiir.  iiiul  witness  llic  |iiiwit  nf  liic 
.ii'iiil  to  wiioiM  tiicy  licioni:-,  init  win'u  in  \ict(iry  tlmu  simlt  return,  lorLii'l  iii)t  to  |ieiionii 
tiiy  \ii\vs.'  Kuril  wiii'i'ioi'  is  re(|nii'e(l  to  paint  iiiinsell'  [\)v  imttli  in  the  siiine  iniiniier 
thiit  liis  iirins  have  lieen  piiinted  In'  the  propliet  ;  iind  may  never  |)iiiiit  in  tiie  sninu 
iniiiiiRT  at  liny  utliiM'  time,  except  it  may  he  in  tiie  perioniiiince  of  extraoi'diinii y 
rclijiioiis  rites.  In  lliis  miinner  e\(i_v'  yoiiipj,-  inun  is  eiilistt'd  for  liH'  into  tiie  service  of 
tiie  war-prophet.  These  weapons  aie  preserscd  as  sacieilly  iiy  llie  |)al<otiili  warriors 
as  was  the  •uric  of  tiie  covi'iiiuit,'  iiy  tiio  Isiaehtes.  They  are  carefully  wrapped  up  in 
a  clotli  cover,  toi;<'ther  with  plumes  and  sacre(l  piL'iiients.  and  are  laid  outside  of  tlio 
tent  every  day.  except  in  the  storm;  and  may  iie\er  he  touched  hy  ii  female  who  has 
arri\ed  at  the  iiLie  of  |iuherty.  K\v'ry  warrior  feeU  that  his  siiccos.  ImjIIi  in  war  and 
hnntin^r,  depends  entirely  upon  the  striclnos  with  which  he  ciuiforms  to  the  rules  ami 
ceremonies  imposeil  upon  him  hy  tlie  ir,i/,;ni  iriiii-iur.  'I'lie  -armor  li'iists'  are  of  almost 
daily  occurrence  in  the'  DaUotah  iiinip.  when  tin'  I'rniis  of  the  chase  are  siiiricieiit  to 
snpplv  them,  at  which   time   these   arms  are  alwa\s   reliLiioiisls  exhiliiteil.      Thus   lhi> 


inlhlelice  of  the   niedicine-im 


n.  as  a  warrior.  |ier\iicles   the  whole  cominiinily.  and  il  is 


hardly  possihli'  to  ovei'-rstiinate  it;  it  is.  howexcr.  \aslly  wi'akeiieil  li\  comiii'.;'  ill 
contact  with  civili/ation  and  Christianity;  and  the  iiU'dicini'-men  tliemsel\-es  seem  to 
he  wi'll  aware  of  the  fact,  that  tlie  dissemination  of  knowledge  ainuiig  the  [icoplo  tends 
directlv  to  its  deslrnction. 


'  riir  iri(/,' 


lll-IIIHll    !!■'<   II   ill II 


■lur.—  l. 


he  capacity  oi'  a  doctor,  or  iriijiiijii.  ll 


e   inlhlelice 


of  the  Dakolah  iiiedicine-man  has  si'arcely  any  limits.  Health  is  hardly  more  iii'cc»ary 
to  the  happiness  of  the  Indian  than  the  wakan-inan  is  for  the  preservation  of  health. 
It  is  helii'ved  that  they  have  in  their  hi  dies  animals  Ciodsl.  which  liaM'  lireal  powers 
of  suction,  and  which  serve  as  snclion-pimips.  >iicli  as  tic  li/aid.  hnll-fro;_:'.  leech,  loitolsi', 
carter-snake,  v^c.  Other  puis  conlir  on  tln'iii  vocal  powers,  ami  their  rhanls  ami  p  ravers 
are  the  {.lil'ts  of  inspiration,  'i'he  iollowiiiL:.  inserted  here  as  a  speciiiH'ii  of  the  chants 
which  are  used  hv  these  doctors,  is  evidently  from  the  irukiiii/iiii  uod  ;  and  the  manner 
of  the  person  iisiiiii  it  is  such  as  to  impress  all  prt'seiit  that  lie  is  councioux  that  it 
expresses  his  own  ahilitios. 


IMir  AN. 


"  '  Marpivii  milii'Vii   \vak;iiiy;iii   awakinvi' 
Maka  ciiKaya  njaiijanwavi'. 
Talankailaii   maka   iialiaza   wanki', 
Miyo   wail   iyaviH'wayr.' 


1AN>I..VI  Ion. 


I'lli-irrl''    till'    licavrii-: 


1   cnliL'l  liai   ihi'  carlh   t'l  it-i  tviiln 


I  lie  Imli'  n\   111-;  >tniu'jiiii'.;   nil   ilic  larlli 
[   lay  luv  arnnv  tu  llir  .-lrirr.i.' 


Til.'   MilV.Tiii-   ].: 


llclll. 


S'v 


•Si  I    M;  i 


5;:    ::l,:,fl 


;*i     ' 


6i'>tJ  INDICIA     I'lloM     M  VTII<»l,<Mi  V     A  Nl>    IM;  Kit!  I  ON. 

••  ir  llic  (li)('tiiis  .lie  Iniii;  willniiit  lH'ilclii'r.  tlicv  miIII  r  j;l(';it  iliculivi'iiiriii'i'  I'liMii  tin' 
ri'sllo.-iicss  ol'llic  i;i'<l^  williiii  llirm.  To  |i;i(ity  llii'sc.  lliiy  SDiiH'tiiiics  liiki'  lilnod  iVuni 
till'  111  111  (iT  some  iicisdii  iiiiil  ilriiik  it.  Wlicri  mic  of  ilji'in,  li;ivinir  Ix'i'ii  rt'^^iii'i'tliilly 
lUid  iWii't'iitly  riill<'(l  iii»(in.  iiml  lilifnilly  j)ri'|)iiiil.  i.s  aliout  to  nix-riitc  iipmi  ti  siill'criii'j: 

]i!lficllt  —  •  II  liltli'  ii\  titril,^'j!ill.!'  (Ill  till'    iMftir  —  lie  lliH    llilll  |il:li'('i|   l||iiiM  II  MilllUi'l  on 


tlie   ^itouikI.  ill   ;i   tent,  witli    lli 
own  clotlic's.  t'\ci'[i 


!•  lioil\  chic'lly  iiuiii'il.  He  also  iri'iicraliy  t^trijis  oil'  his 
I  till-  niiiMli'-rlotli.  .M'lcr  cliiints.  priiyi'i's.  tlio  rattling;  ol'tlic  '.ronnj- 
slii'll.  Mini  iniuniiiiiililc  ollirr  tiilc  iiTciiioiiics.  and  inakiii','  a  Niiricty  of  inilrsi'i'i'ialiic 
iioi.-c.x,  and  iiinltcrin;;'  >oin('tliiiiLi  lik(!  the  followiiii;-.  •Tlic  uod  told  nir  llial  liaviiii^ 
tliis.  I  luiulit  ii|i|>roa('ii  even  a  ."-ki'lctoii  and  set  it  on  its  rci'l.'  lie  ircls  down  n|ioii  his 
kiicis.  anil  apiilyiiij;'  his  iiioiith  to  tin'  alU'fti'd  part  oftlir  patinit.  siu'ks  with  an  cnri'Liy 
w  iiirli  woi.ld  .'•ri'iii  to  he  aliiio-t  snpi'rliiiiiiaii  ;  tin'  iioiinl-shi'll  still  rat lliii'/  violi'iil Iw 
In  this  iiiaiiiRT  tin'  >;od  whicli  is  in  llic  doi'tor  |)iiiiips  the  disease  I'ldiii  the  snlli'i'er. 
Allci"  siickiii'.:  thus  lor  a  considei'iilfle  time,  the  doelor  I'ises  on  his  I'eet  in  apparent 
n'jony.  ^I'oaiiin.u;  so  as  to  lie  heard  a  mile  if  tiio  atmosphere  is  still,  striking'  his  sides, 
\\  rithini.  and  strikin;;  tiie  earth  with  his  feet  so  as  almost  to  make  it  tremlile.  and 
linliliiiL;'  a  dish  of  water  to  his  month,  he  iiioeecds  with  a  sinii-soiii:  linlililiii'^-  to  deposit 
in  the  dish  that  which  li;is  lu'eii  di'.awii  fiom  the  sick  person.  This  laliMrions  and 
disLiiistiiiLr  operation  is  re|ieMted.  with  short  intervaN.  for  hours.  The  operant  is 
thus  eiialiled   iiol   oiiKto   i'i'lie\e   the  snlli  rer.  lint    aKo   tn  discover  the  sin  on  aceonnt 


oi   w 


hich    he    has    lieeii    alllieti'd.  tl 


le   s|iint  III    which    he   sees    ri 


Isli    into  ihe  liidi;!'.  and 


\  Inlcll 


tl\'  la\'  hold  lit'  the   niiliirinnaie   sinner,  as  if  he  would  rend  him  to  atoms.      '!" 


diieliir  now  niakes  an  im.eje  n|'  the  oireiided  animal  whose  eiiraiied  spirit  he  s.iw,  and 
e;inses  it  to  he  shot  li\  three  nr  four  iier.sons  in  ipiiek  succession,  when  the  LTod  that  is 
ill  liim.  leapiii'i  out.  falU  ii|ion.  not  the  im.i'je.  luit  the  spirit  of  the  .■ininial  which  the 
ima'je  represents,  and  kills  ii,  Nnw  the  sick  man  licjins  to  convalesce,  unless  other 
olli'iided  spirits  appear  to  alllicl  him.  Sometimes  the  doctor  is  overcome  hy  these 
spirits  and  the  ]iiilii'nt  dies,  unless  one  of  jTreater  wnkitii  jiouers  can  lie  olil.jiiiei'  ;  liir 
thi'vare  ii'iihiiii  to  ilill'ereiit  di';:i'ees.  corresponding;'  to  the  streni.^th  ol'  this  iittr,liute 
as  it  exists  ill  the  'jmls  liy  whom  the\'  are  respei'ti\ely  iuspii-cd.  It  seems  to  he  the 
i;eni  ral  impression  that  there  are  wakan-ineii  who  are  aide  to  repel  aii\'  foe  to  health 
till  the  superior  tiods  order  otherwise;  hut  it  is  diilicult  to  obtain  their  aid;  liir  if 
tlie\-  are  not  jiniperly  respected  at  all  times,  and  well  remmieiated  for  their  services. 
the\'  let  the  sulli'i'iTs  pei'i-li  without  eNertiiiir  their  power  to  sa\e  them;  liniie:'  their 
work  deceiifiilly.      it   is  also  helieved   that   they  can   iiillict   diseases  as  a  puiiishinent 


lor  sins   CO 


minitted    a'lainst    theiiisehes,  and    that   death    is    often  the  ellict    of  ll 


leir 


ii;i/,;i/i  ]iower.  When  they  thus  kill  a  person,  they  cut  oil'  the  tip  of  his  toiijiiie  and 
l.resei\e  it  as  a  memento  of  the  fact.  The  people  stand  in  i^reat  feai'  of  these 
medicine-men,  and  when  sick  will  Lri\e  all  they  possess,  and  all  ticy  can  olitain  on 
civdit.  to  secure  their  .services;  and  will  often  tiive  a  horse  liir  ii  siiiirh;  [lerfuniiaiice. 


INDICIA    FI!(iM    MYTIInhdCY    AND    »  K  I,  i  (i  I  ON.  (!:." 

'riii\  nil'  iilwMVs  trciilfd  witli   tile  iii'('ii1('.-il  i'i'.«|ii'('t.  mill  tit'ii('riill\  riirnisln'il  witli  ilii> 
liot    i>r  i'vcr\  lliiiiii ;    iiiiii    it'   tlu'fc    me    iin|i(isti)rs.    ijiis    liict    tiirii-i    (Icciili'ijls    to   tlii' 


iiiU  iUiliiLfc  nf  tliiiM'  who   ;iri'    Iji'iii'M'ij    Id   li 


'I'liiTi'  iii'c  IViiiii  |i\('  III  l\\ciit\-li\(' 


(if  llii'si'  iiii'ii  mill  wiMiii'li  al  rarli  nl'  tlir  \ilhiLivs.  imist  ot    wliniii  liasr  il  lilil'  i'lpiitatinii 


nil 


il    coiiMiliTiibli'    i'iii|iliiviiiriit :    anil    tlial.  iml witliHtiniiliiii:    llit'sc    Iiiilitiiis    a 


II  ■     IHIW 


ic    |ii'l'snll.' 


wIlii  i|ii  nut  rnijiliiN'   llll'Ul 


I'cct'ivin.u;  so  inndi  aid  iVoni  iiriMins  ol  mir  own  |n'ii|ili'  wlio  lollow  tlic  iiR'iliriil 
Ijrol'c.-i.siiin.  I  do  not  hilii'M'  tiiat  an  indiv  idnal  Dakotali  ran  \<r  jiiund.  \vlio  docs  not 
lirjii'Vc  that  these  jllii'ulrl's  ran  heal  di-^,'ases  wilhiHll  the  hel|i  ol'  \eijetahle  or  niinel'al 
niedii'ines.  e\ee|it  a>  \\\\^  \':\\\\\  lias  lieen  ilotioyed  hy  the  inlrodiielioii  aniollL'  tliein  ol" 
seienee  and  Christianity;  and.  e\i'n  at  llii»i  day.  I 
as  ('•///•/(//  jii'jiilers,  are  \ery  i'l'w  inderd, 

■•Thus  the  hakotah  wakan-ineii,  in  their  \arions  (';i|i;u'ities,  exert  an  intlneiice 
whieli  llows  lioni  the  centre  to  the  cireinnlerenee  ol'  hakolah  soeietv  —  an  intliience 
wiiieh  is  dce|ily  lelt  liycMi'y  indi \  iiliial  ol'  tiie  trilie.  and  controls  all  their  alVairs, 
c\ee|it  as  it  lias  heeii   pai'tially  iiilen-n|iii'il  hy  coniiii'j'  in  contact  with  civilization  mul 


Cliristiaiiit\' ;  and.  for  reason-    ti 


lo    oliNimis   to    need    to   he    iiii 


ntiniied.  tliew  as  ii  class. 


■oinhilie     their     inlinelice     III    olipOM' 


the    iiitrodnctioii    III'    knowleiliie    'j-eiieralh',    and 


reiiLiions    Kiio 


Wleih. 


e    in    jiai 


tielll; 


ir.    aiiioii'j'    their    pi' 


lie.      As 


wakmi-ineii.    each    in 


])articnlar.  and  all  toLrether.  are  not  onl_\ 


nt  a  decided  iinil  dm'oiirinu'  curst!  to 


their  nation,  on  whose  ncci<.  mentally  ami  morally,  they  Inuc  tirndy  planted  the  iron 
lieel  of  j)riestly  despotism  :  and.  until  they  are  put  down  hy  thi'  miiihty  operations  of 
the  Divine  S|iiril.  throni^h  the  word  of  Christ,  they  will  elleetiially  hallle  any  clliirl  to 
elexate  and  ci\ili/.e  the  Dakotahs.  " ' 

In  these  sn|ierstitioiis  of  the  Dakotahs.  there  is  iinicli  to  remind  the  historical  student 
of  the  wild  and  incoherent  theories  oiiee  eoinnion  anionu'  the  oriuliial  tropical  trihes  of 
northern  Mexieo,      To  that   ipiarter  of  the  continent   some  nf  the   northern   traditions 


point,  as  the  p 


Iheir 


from  the  tropics,  as  we  are  led  to  infer  from  climatic 


alllnilies.  thi'ir  ancestors  hroii^ht  the  /ea  mai/r  .iid  the  tohaeco  plant.  It  would  appeal' 
that  the  \  esperic  trihes  made  less  use  ol'  llie  tin ory  of  demi-'iods.  impersoiiiitioiis. 
dryads,  or  woud-da'mons.  and  stellar  ma'jie.  than  ilid  the  trihes  who  residcil  on  the 
eonfnies.  and  in  the  heart  of  Mexico;  and  we  should  incline  to  thi-  helief.  did  wi'  not 
perceive  in  the  le^ieiids  and  lodiie  storit's  of  the  iu)rlhern  trihes.  which  are  I'reipieiitly 
ndatiil  as  creations  of  ima'/ination.  that  demiuods.  giants,  wiz/.ards.  aiul  spirit-craft,  in  all 
ils  wildiiess.  eon>tituted  a  prominent  part  of  the  poetic  machinerv  of  their  legendary  lore.-' 


\'..l.  IV..  p.  111-'. 

Villi'  .M'jic    K.'si'iiri'hos  ;   mIs.i,  Tin'  M.vlli  nl'  lllMWiithii  :    l'liil;i.lrl|iliiii,  J,ii.|iini-ntl  ,lc  ('■ 


Vol..  \'I.  — s;' 


tl.")8 


I  Nil  I  CIA     ri!(»M     MVTII(»I.(h;V     A  N  I>     I!  C  I.  1  (i  I(»  V, 


(11  \  I'TKK    I  I  I 


AI,<;!i\<)riN     M  VTIhtl.nd  V      \Mi    S  I' I'M  li  S  Tl  T  [O.N'i 


¥ 

ifir?.. 


■I  i 


i^ 


M' 


'rcinin\t'\   •^iiiiii'  idcM  (il   till'  tii\  lliold'jv.  Iii'liif.^.  aiiil  sii|H'rstitiniiM  nj'  |||i>  Alioiii  iiiii-i. 
il   i-    iK'ci'ssiifv  Id   ri'iiiiirk.  lliiit    llii'v  l.iiiil    Ihtc    i«i  ;i  viniip-    |M>iM(    <>{'  ;iiimIi>j\    Im'Iwccii 

lllrlil   ami    tlir   aiirii'llt    idol    \MM--l|i|i|MT>l  cnlli'cisr  |||m   lilii\i'l-c   lo   lie   iijiccj   with    ill\iM'ilc' 

.-|iirit<.      This  >|iiiit-lirc  thr  iiiiliaiis  liclic\i.  Ihmis  lln'   sainr   ivlatiim  In  iiiMllcr  llial  tin' 
>"iil   iliM's   Im   (Im.    Ih»|\.      'I'll.'  Al-niK|iiIiis   iv-anl   s|iiiMliial   iiiatlcr  ai  iiiliniii.siinal.  ami 


li'lii'M'  a  sdiil  alike  |ii'r\aiii<   all    aninialc   cri'atidii.  |||i<    linili 
//'■  Y  /<■//( /■(    llml  I  n  ri/ iiiiiiiiiil  liiis  II  .^i,iil  ;    ami    llii'    ii 
1. 


a-i  wi'il    a-;    till-    liiiiiian. 


rcc>:sai'\-  cdiiscMiurMcc    IS,  as    lilli;lll 
■NpiM'tc'l.  lid  ili-liiii'lidii  i<  iiia'ld  li\'  llic'iii  li.'lwci'ii  llic  iiii|.iil-.rs   dl'  iii«|iiict    and    the 


|id\\  ris  df  rca^dii,       I' 


MTV  aiimial  i>  sii|.]id<i.il  |,i  I ii(|d\vcc|  ui(|i  a  rra^diiiiiu   lliciillv 


iiihI  ill''  iiidSdiii,Mil>  dl'  liini-.  lica^N.  ivdiilcs.  in-rcl--.  as  wril  as  dj'  v\rv\  oIIiit  class  of 
ilii'  liriil.'  nvaiidii.  aiv  ijr.aifil  td  In-  ilid  it-hIi.  \\,,\  ,,1'  iii.'iv  iiislinci 


ii'M\i'  aiiiinal  iiiidiils,. 


ii|ilaiilc'd  and  limilccl  l,\   I  li.' Cival  .r.  uillidiit    iidwrr   to   rvcccd  di- ciiImil:!'    tlicni.  I. lit 


dl'    a    |ir -s   dl'    ralidriiialidii.       Ai 


irdiii'.:    Id   ilicir    II 


a    I 


I'Mi'   rcasdiis   as    \\( 


'!' 


H'\'    i\d||     'zn    a 


■ti'|)    laillicr.    and    liclirxc    tjiat    animals,    nart 


lrl||ai'l\- 


hirds.   can    scd   intd.    and    an'    I'ainili.ir   with.    I'litiirilv.    and    with     ll 


II'    va-t    dpi'iatidiis 


ind'jrcsMn.;-   in    tin'   arcana 
hirds.  IIS    ii'jcnt 


dl       S    llllll 


lal    lilc.       linicc   ll 


Id      LTIVat      I 


t    th 


csiiCCt      tlll'\ 


s    dl    diiicn  ;    ai;( 


I    aNd    t 


d  sciinc   niiailnincds  w  li< 


ISC    SI, Ills    tlic\    ( 


th 


|ia\    Id 

•.\|li'Ct      tl 


cncdiiiitcr  in  aiidlhiT  wdild.      .\a\ .  it  is  a  settled   I.elicI'  aiiidiii.;'   the    nmlliern    Indians, 
that  animals  will  laiv  hett.  r  in  anmher  sphere,  in  the  jnvciM.  nuii.  that  iheir  lives  and 


■n/|ii\llients  have  heeii  cllll  liji'd    ill   this  Wiirld.      llelcill    will 


Ti'iivcd  wliat 


we  slial 


i|'  llie  sal<c  dl    Im 


iiiLj-  iindei-lddd.  call    the  y,  11.^11, ilit/i  <,/.-/,:, ■iiiKi/i'ii/  —  (hat  is,  material 

thin-s  made  s|iiriiiiai,  and    then   de'.;rai|ed   In   the   jidsitj j'  .-cnsnal  accidents.      The 

siiirilnal  world  nl'  the  Indian  is   iint.  tliererdic,  .siich    in  a  [liatistic  .sense,  hut   incrcK  as 


iscd  td  materialil 


il\, 


In    these    leadiiij    ddctrines  df   an   ural.   and   dl'  ci 
ceised    the    '.^rdiind w dl  k    nl'lhrir   iin  tlinl.i.jc.  and    th 


irse    \aiiei| 


"I'liddl,    mav    lie    [ici'- 


(iii 


the    Indian    miml.  ii 


I     ^cleclllc^'     liiri 


.simiilvM  sviidiiviiic  Tor  spirit,  ami  thrrc  is  nciih 

the  wind,  when  nut  '.mivi'I  ned    li\   some   ailjccli\e.  nr  (iiiali 


•j-cinral    nidtives   which   operatt 
d    hearts    as    pei-diial    maiields.      .Maiietn  i.- 
'!■  a  'jddd  imr  a  had  nicaniin:- iittaidicd  ti 


l\iii-   t'.\prcs.sidii.      Not  (III l_) 


I  Nil  Ml  A     ||;nM     .\n  Til  nj.di;  V     A  N  1>     !!  i;  i,  |i;  M  >  N  , 


t;,v.) 


lire  iill  iiiiiiniili'  nl>ji'i  Is  I'i'iiMriii'il  ii>  iinlnwi'il  wiiji  llic  |>ii\vi'rH  III' >|iirilH,  lull,  :m  tin* 
liin'.'iiiiuv  |ii'ii\  iili's  iiilli'i'liiiiis  of  it.s  wiii'iIh,  IIii'iiii'.'Ii  lilt'  ii^i<  ol'  wliii'li  III!  iniiiiiiiial<> 
(iliiccls  iniiy.  liy  uniiiiiiiiiticiil  triui^rmiiiiiliimi.  lie  inM^li'ij  wiili  .-ii|i|iii>ililioiis   lit'.,  liic 

W  ll'ilc  ililUlillllllc  I'lcaliiill  I'ullH's  lllliji'l'  llir  rilji'  ;  ilirlllilillL;.  lis  |irii||ill|c|ll  ll'Ji'tll.s,  ||i<> 
>'lll.'-s  III'  ni'l  iill  lllllii^,  lllisl;.,  rliiiiil.i.  iiliil  I  \li;il;il  iM||>  ;  ||ii'  I'll  \  -  ill  lln'  Mill  llll'i  llliinn, 
lili'  lii;lll  111'  till  tal>.  Illlil  nil  I'jri'llii'  |i||i'liulllrllil.  'I'll  IIiim'  Iilll>t  In-  Ml|irl;iilili  il  tlli- 
r<iiinlli's>  ri'i'iiliiins  nf  il  Irrtili'  ilii:i'_Mli:iti<>ll.  ill  imlrr  \,<  riini|ilrlirllil  lln*  liillll  i|>liril  V 
mill  \  ai  iri  \  of  nliirrl,- riiiii|ii  i-i '1  ill  ill.'  Imlian  Mi\  I  Imlii'jv .  'I'Im-  i'la->ilii'!iliiin  nl'  >i|li- 
nl'ililialc  >|iilil^  ihin  •jiHiil  ami  Imi|.  is  li  lual  kalilv  MluUr.  ami  Jl-  \  ai  iiUl-  a.*  llir  IiiiihI.s 
III'  illliiv  iilllilis  ;  liir.  till'  saini'  nliirrt  V^liicli  mn'  iIitIih  In  lie  |i|M|,i|ii)il>.  llllnllirr  will 
Clill^iilrr  liamrill.       'I'Ik'  inlrillinn  nl'    ihr   Ih'IMHI   Ii\    wii'Mii    iImm'  iiKii'i'Is  all'  \Mil'>lli|i{>iil, 

ur  insuki'il,    lirii       ihr   iiiii\    nili'   nl'  i'las>ilii'alii>ii,    liail    nirii    iiimai'^    lliriii.  wlin    rnlinw 


i)i)lli'<a\  iii'j.  am 


I    'fai'lisi'  llii'  ail-  I'l'  llii'  iiii'ta.  llir  walinia.  ami    lln'    iii«.-aki'iil.  li 


\i'r\'  W  iili'  li'  ill    t'liiiii  uliirli    Id   m'IitI,  ami.  Ii\   a    lillli'    iirji'iiuil  \ .  I'all   mi  liiaiia'.i'    llirir 


n'MiiiriTs  a>  'ii  I  in 


ii'j'  a  iariii'  riri'li'  iiiiilrr  ilirir  iiilliii'i Wf  li 


nil.  i'lMiii  till'  riiiill'-Miiii^ 


of  fiiiisi'ii,'  (hat  till'  liii'iirv  111'  til'-  ait  |irai'li-riMp\  llii->''  iniii  ti  arhr^.  |  luil  ilii-  r\ii 
^llil'it  iiii,   .lis  i-iii'i'   .   'II  \vli.ri-\  i-r  iilijri't  is  asMiiiiril  as  a  pi'i  -niial  iiiaiiiln.  ami  in  I'lmirs, 

as  III'  ill-lilli'l  1\    air         lici'il    In  ll-.  /A.    u nim, ill diJ  .-.i.hI  i\\' \\\:\\   njiircl.        Il    nilllil   liarill\    In' 

t'oiii'i'iN  111  llial  i.-r  iili  ..  Ill'  a  niii\ir-il  .-|iinl  nuilil  In' rai  I'li'il  In  a  Linairr  i'\  Iri'iin'  nf 
liitilmr      'i    iiisiii  mill  sciisi!        \  ;    \,.|.  il  iiiav   111'  aski'il.  wiiat  iiiniv   liciii'^ii  ri--iiii  rniild 

liiiN  I'  I  ■  I'll  1  'I I  I'll.  Ill'  ran  imw  Im-  aiil :    i  n  ilnl.  finui  an  i  jiinrani  aii<l  \\  ainli'riii'.;  |ii'ii|ili-, 

siiliji'r!  tn  iiiiinimTalilr  i'\lri'iial  uair  \  ■.  I'l  i'\|in-.'l  |.i  rninlf---  l.ials.  willimil  llii' 
liiiiilaiii'i'  '<\'  llii'  l.i.'lil  nf  ii''\i'lalinn '.'  .'-Ir.  I'miil  iviiiaili-  lliai  llir  hal<n!aii-  lia\r  im 
liiialit}'  in  till'  I'las.  k\'  wakans. 

Sniiii'  nf  tlii'ir  iii\  llinlnjii'al  snl,i,-i-|s  II IT  aila]il''il  In.  ami  ini-iil    lir-  nnn',  iju-  iliiiin'  of 


I" 


«iiiiis.  Ii\   llial   I iiliar  111. -11-1'  lU'cniili'il  In  ill  •  iliia:iiialinii  ..f  li:.-  aii.irnl  |i 


ii'l,- 


'lii'i  :)' 
M.iii'lliii./i"  lna\    111'  I'lillsiif-r.-il  a-  a  snri  of  ti'lTi'in'  .In'i  r.  wlin.  llinirjll  lir  li\  i-.l  nil  I  111-  rai'lll. 

rniilil  iirifnrni  all  tliiii'js.  ami  i-\ri'lli'i|  iiartii'iilarh' ill  fi'iils  of  slrnriili  ami  iii.'iiiiial  ili-\- 


ti'ril\ .  \ 


•I  I'ral'  il  lliallilns.      IJ''  s|||'\ 


\  I'll  a  i.''llljr.  w  lili'li 


I-  s|inki'll  .i|    III  I  ili'ir  Ili\  llin 


a\  llii;  I'llllllii'il  tn  llii'  Mill 
'l"l 


iiiit  nl'ii  lii^li  iiiniiiiia.il.  wlii'ii'  111'  ri'iiiaini'il  until  lln-  si|l,>ii|, 

111 


I  I  111'  walrrs.     I  III- Iniir  rarilnial  iminls  ar.-  jii'isniiilii'il.  ami  t  im  wiinls  Irniii  i-arli  n|   | 


I       Till'  Wi'sl.  ,■  illr.l    /\'.(// 


"  nil.  IS  iTjaiiliil 


linilll-  .111'  I'ai-ll  assl'.;lli'.|     I  ill-lllirl  l\  r  ■j.'Srriiliii'll 

a-   tlh     nfli'-t.  mill  la-l.  iinrlli.  ami  -     illi  arc  i  mi-iiliT.'il  in  In'  his   sons  K-,    n  inaiii.  u  li  > 

inranlinllsK    rVpnsril    hiTSi'lf   to    tlh-    \M--!    vvillil.        ////'<■      is    llir    ^nil    of    till'    lliarvi'lf  ill-. 

ami  In  liiiii  is  vc'li'i'i'i-il  till'   iiatrniily  nf  iiiaiiy  most  i'\rra\'a'^;mt  tal.'s  I'liiicriiiiirj'  Inic  i 
aiiil    ilnim-slir   ail\  riil  111  rs.       h'lr.i'.i,,,/,   a   rniiiili'r|iai'l    nl     >:ui;>.in.    iiilillnl    aii'l    liiii'Ii-il 


liniii   liiin  a   liilLli'  mass  nl    rnck.  siirh  as    llm  ('\i'lnii~    ra 


-t    al    .Mi'lll    I  11'.'/"/.   I 


il'sli'i']i.    is   ri'|iii'si'iiii- I    In   Iia\r    iininrriiiis    siuaU    iiiii--arii's    al 


/.      III! 


>iiiiiia;iil.       I|i> 


}  1 


4l' 


N.w   \.\k  •ni.'..l.i.;i.;il   !:.\i.-H-. 


6()0 


INUICIA    FROM    .M  VTIlOf.OCi  V    AND    ItKLKIIOX. 


S  , 


i. 


roiuiiuls  us  of  l\)|H''.s  fiVMtiiiii  of  i;iioiiios.  wicldiiiL;-  ;i  tiny  cluli,  win)  claiiilii'r  upon  tlir 
forelu'iids  of  iii(livi(lu;ils  niiil  oiidwl  tliciii  to  slcop.  Duitinh-  pcrsoiiirics  death.  It 
would  !)('  Oiisy  to  extend  this  eiiunieralioM  of  personages;  lint  thosi'  named  will  serve 
to  indieate  the  eharaeterof  tiiis  (da>s  of  siijiposilitious  lieinjis.  who  eonstjtnte  the  I'aniiliar 
jiersonificatioiis  of  eouveisalion.  There  is  no  eharacter  of  saeredness  attached  to  theui, 
nor  are  they  worshiiipcil  in  any  manner. 

Dreams  they  consider  to  he  a  metlinm  of  direct  cominnuieation  with  the  spiritual 
world;  aiul  hence  the  iireat  inlluenee  which  they  exert  o\cr  tiie  Indian  mind.  They 
are  considered  as  henelicent  liidic;itions  made  to  llieui  hy  iheii'  personal  udds.  An 
entire  army  will  n'trace  its  steps  if  tiie  dreams  of  the  olUcialinu;  priest  are  md'avorahli'. 
To  ,^ive  a  character  of  Lireater  solenuiity  to  his  ollice.  the  carved  or  stnlU'd  iniajres  of 
iiniinals.  charms,  and  jjones,  constitntinu'  the  sucni/  riH(jnir.  are  placed  in  a  sack, 
and  never  exhihiled  to  the  eonunon  liaze,  except  under  the  most  imperative  ciremn- 
stances.  To  |)rol'ane  the  nudicine-sack  woidd  he  like  xiolatinu'  the  alt:ir.  Dreams 
are  ohjeets  of  solicitude  to  every  Iiniiau  youth,  who  assiduoii^h'  soks  lo  produce  ihi'm 
hy  liistinu'.  These  fasts  are  soiui'limes  contiinied  a  jii'cat  nuiulier  of  da\s.  until  the 
devotee  Ix'coines  pale  and  emaciated.  'I'hose  animals,  the  imaii'es  of  which  impress 
themselves  on  the  mind  of  the  dreamer,  are  assnme(l  as  personal  spirits,  and  ar('  ever 
after  rej:arde(l  as  iiuanliaus.  This  ceremony  of  faslini.;'  ami  dreamin'r  is  deemed  as 
essential  hy  thi'iu.  as  tlu>  ohservance  of  any  reliLiious  rile  whatexer  would  he  hv 
Christians. 

The  naminii- of  children  has  an  intimate  <'onnection  with  this  supposed  niylholojiical 
ajrency.  Names  are  usually  liestowi'd  hy  some  aired  person,  a  I'elative  or  not.  who  acts 
under  the  presumed  unidance  of  his  iinoi'iuL;'  s[)irit  or  spiiits.  Names  are  commoidN' 
i;eriv(!d  from  aerial  plH'noniena.  or  from  the  classes  of  animate  creation,  l/ittle  Thunder. 
i3i-ight  Sky.  Hi:.;- Cloud.  Spot  in  the  Sk\.  Spirit  Skx.are  connnon  appellations.  The 
names  thus  hcstowed  with  ceremony  in  childhood  Mr(>  deemed  sacred,  ami  are  stddom 
pronounced,  from  an  apparcmt  helief  that  it  woidd  h(>  dis[)leasinj;'  to  the  spirits  un<ler 
whose  supposed  inlluenee  the  name  had  heen  sefcted.  In  the  family  circle,  the  children 
are  usually  calleii  hy  some  other  name,  which  can  he  t'amiliarly  used.  |?\'  the  mother. 
a  male  child  i-  usually  denoniinateil  lilnl.  or  iiiiuiiij  mif.  or  oA/  mati.  as  terms  of 
endearmi'iit ;  <il'  /""/  /'"//.  ''■//  ilm  r.  fn\.  in  the  way  of  liirht  reproach;  and  these 
appellations  frequently  adhere  to  the  individual  ihroniih  lili'.  Hut  the  name  s(demtd\- 
hestowed  at  the  time  as>i'ini'd  therelor.  when  there  is  usually  a  family  feast,  is  seldom 
or  never  uttered  hy  the  parents,  who  content  thems(dv(^s  hy  sayintr  ••  m\' son."  ••  iri\' 
elder  or  youuLier  son."  or  ••  my  (dder  or  yomeicr  dauLihtei'."  for  which  the  laii!:uaue  has 
separate  words.  ^Vhell  an  imlividual  is  asked  his  name  he  is  reluctant  to  mention  it  ; 
a  fact  noticed  hy  all  writers.  It' piissed.  his  re;d  name  is  stated  hy  some  third  person; 
or.  if  he  atti'Uijjts  compliance  hims.'If.  he  connnonlv  L:i\es  his  ■^mi/iri'/ii'  /, 

The  Indian  •"  art  ol  mystery."  apjilied  lo  hinitiii'j:.  is  a  tissin'  of  lu'croiiiantic  rcdiam'i's. 


Hi 


XDICIA     KI!(».M     MVTIIO  1,0(1  V     \  \  |)    If  K  L  I  (i  I  O  X , 


M\ 


'iMic  iii'ixiiiiil  sjiirits  ;in'  imnkcil  In  |ir(i:iici|i'  siicfi"is  In  llic  cIimsc.    'I'licir  iiii;ii;('-<  iiro  I'l'ifii 
o;ir\<'(l  in  wooil.  (ir  diiiwii.  li\   tlic   nictai'-,  (in   ImIiuIiu'  niiTcs  oI'  woinl ;   and   tin'  nn-lii' 


iniMiicnics,  II 


>iilii'(l  to  tlu'sc  ini;ii:rs.  or  I 


ii:iiri's.  iU'c  supiioM'i 


1  to  oiii'iiilc  in   sncli    iniii 


111   tlic   iiiiiinal  !<(inuiit    lor,   that    In'  \dlinitaril\  enters   tin-   imnli'i's   iiatli.      When    tl 


animal  has   been  killeii.  the    Indian    I'eels   that.  altiioiiL:'!)  il  is  an  aiitl 


loi'l/ed  an( 


I  iawlul 


|)fey.  U't  there  is  soiuelhinu;  like  acconntahility.  not  to  (!oi|.  lint  !o  tlie   aiiiinal's  soiil, 
All    [ndian   lias   hoeii   known  to  a.-!\  the  [lardon  ol'  an  animal  he  has   just  killed    in    tin 


•hase.      1) 


finiimnri'.  sli 


ilkinir   the    ratt  le,  and  d 


incniLT.  are  the  eonniion  aecomiianimenl^ 


of  all  their  su|ierstili(Uis  ohservanees,  and  are  not  jieiadiar  lo  one  kind  alone.  In  the 
walicnii  daiiei',  whiidi  is  esteemeil  hy  tin.'  Indians  the  most  lalitiidinarian.  Ime-sonus 
iU'o  introduced. 

TIk!   .system   of   inanelo-wcnship   is   Tiiai'ki'd    hy   another  ]H'euliarii  \',  which    has    an 
iiitiinatc!    heariiiii'   on    Indian    histofy.   as    ilhisti'ativc   of  character.      hm'iiiL;'    the    ra>t, 
and  dances,  hy  which  a  warrior  i>fe|iares  him^elt' lor  acti\e  |)artici|iatinii  in 


ceremoino.- 


the  toils  and  dnt 


les  ol    war.  e\  i'i'\  thiiiL''   that    savors  of 


el[einniac\ 


is   discarded.      'I'h 


spirits  which  preside  o\ei'  Inavery  and  war  are  alone  lelied  on.  and  these  are  supposed 
to  bo  oll'ended,  if  the  votaries  pay  atlcnlioii  to  ohjet'ts  less  stern  and  manly  than 
themsidves.  It  wonld  be  considered  a  complete  (l.'-eeralion  if  a  warrior,  while  en'j;ejv(| 
in  war.  wonld  prof><  any  othei-  than  I'lalenic  Ionc  iiir  an  individnal  of  the  oppo-ii,' 
sc\.  \\i'  think  this  princi|iie  lias  not  been  (lid\  olimaled.  in  the  Lieiieral  award  of 
praise  whicdi  history  bestows  on  the  cha.-lily  o|'  Indian  warriors.  It  is  not  alone 
piiritvof  thom;ht.or  an  innate  phlen-matic  temperaniiMil.  which  lias  caused  him  to 
pnisiie  a  course  of  honorable  resp.'Ci  lu  linnale  character;  bnt  lie  has  also  fdt  a  fai'  of 
olleiidim;-   hi.--wailike   nianelos.  and   of  excitimr   the   ridii  ,ilc  ol'  lii<  (oinpanion".      \\"e 


lid  record  the  fact  in  iiis  favor,  and  award  him  as  fnll 


woi 


alreailN    Uoniv 


a   meed  o 


I    praise  as   has 


lieell 


'I'lie  mental  traits  of  the  Indians  conslitnte  ;i  topic  which  \ve  do  not  intend  lo 
discuss;  but  it  mnst  be  inanifesi  that  some  of  the  I'lmdament.il  pccnliarilies  of  their 
intidlectnal  or'jani/.alion  iire  d.'\eloped  by  their  system  of  mytludoLiy.  and  snpcrslilioiis 
observances.  War.  pnblic  poliey.  hnntiiiL;-.  sti'em;lh.  coiiraii'e,  ab-tinence.  and  endniaiire 
inider  selU'iim;'.  form  the  principal  topics  of  t!;i'ir  oratorical  efiiirt-i.  'I'lie-^e  are  dci'ined 
the  appri>priate  themes  ol'  men  aim  warriois.  lint  ther<'  is  al-o  a  domestic  iheaire  f  >r 
iniellectiial  displax'.  where  the  Indian  mind  imbeiids  it<elf.  and  reveals  some  ol'  ils  jess 
obvious  trails.  We  have  had  oi'ca-ion  to  observi'.  that  thi'ir  be-.t  and  mo,-i  pii|inlar 
speakers  are  referred  to  as  standards  of  pnril\  in  lamiiia'ii'.  and  models  fir  indtation  in 
the  mode  of  pvoiiiinclation  and  inlonalion.  so  closeU'  oliser\ed.  Their  pnblic  speakers 
cnlti\ale  a  particular  branch  of  orateiy  ;  Iml  they  a|ipear  to  have  an  accnrate  ear  li>r 
the  rvthin  of  a  senlene.>.  and  a  deli'^ht  in  roimdim;'  oil'  a  period  :  the  laicMiaje  altiirds 
s.;reat  facilities  for  this  pnrp'i>e.  by  its  loie.:'  and  stately  words,  and  miiililbrni  inlleetions. 
A  current  of  l!ioii;:ht.  a  lofty  st\le.  is  obseiwable  in  their  pnblic   speakin;^-.  which  is  not 


if !  m 


062 


INDICIA    KllOM    iMYTllOl-lx;  Y    AND    UKl,l(iION. 


I  u 


1 1 


n  t 


<?H 


ili'\t'lii|ic(l  ill  priviitt'  ('onvci'siition.  Jlciico  it  is.  tiiMt  tiioso  luiioiig  tlioni  wlio  excel  in 
prixiUe  comci'Siition,  are  not  iilwiivs  (iriiturs.  Tlicy  iiciu'riilly  hccoiuo,  liowevcf,  wlierv 
II  uniiil  iiiciiiory  accoiiiiiaiiics  tlic  iiil't.  tlie  oral  cliidiiiclcrs  of  tli(>  iiilic,  and  collect  aii 
llieir  tloatiiii:  lahles  and  tales,  in  tiie  i'eiu'ai>al  ol'tiiest'.  Iransliirniations  arc  l'ie(|iieiitly 
relied  upon  as  the  groundwork  of  tlie  I'alile;  and  some  of  tliem  ai'e  as  accurately 
adapted  to  the  oliject  of  aiiinseiiienl.  or  iiistniciioii,  as  if  ()\id  hiiiisell'  ha<l  heeii 
consulted  ill  their  pro(liictioii.  Acroi'diim'  to  ihrir  notions,  several  animals  had  other 
li)rins.  in  their  lii'st  statics  ol'  existence,  -which  they  lost,  rather  iiy  the  power  of 
nt'croiiiancy.  than  hy  Iraiismiuratioii.  'I'he  eveiiiiiir  star,  it  is  HiMimI.  was  lorinerlv  a 
woiiiaii.  A  small  hoy  hecame  one  ol'  the  planets.  Three  hrotheis.  Iravelliii'i  in  a 
canoe,  were  transroinieil  into  stars.  'J'he  fox.  the  rohiii,  the  mouse,  and  iiimierous 
other  aninial>.  retain  places  in  Indian  astronomy.      It  is  a  eoincideiice.  worthy  of  note, 


that    Trsa   .M 


liur    IS   ciilh 


d    li\   ihi'iii  llie    MiMT.      'I'he  carlli  is  also  a  rriiitfiil  theatre  ol' 


transroniiations.      .V    siidl.   Uiicj-   on    the   si 


loro.   was   ( 


'liaiiL;-ed    into    the  raccoon ;   the 


])rescnt  name  of  which  aniinil. '(/s-A////.  siiinilie-;  shell,  with  the  inll -etion  indicating:'  the 
])a^t  tense;  for  it  is  one  <!!'  the  peciiliarit irs  of  the  lami'uaue.  that  nouns,  as  well  as 
verbs,  admit  of  ti'ii-al  forms,  'i'lic  hrains  of  mii  adiiltre-s  were  eoiu'ei'ted  into  the 
ii(l<m-iii,i'ili.  or  white  ll-li.      'I'his  powei'  of  iraiisfonnalion  was  varionsl\-  exercised,  hut 


nio-t   commonly  pos<("--e( 


1   li\   imejiciaiis.  of  whom  .Mana'iosho  retains  mnch  eelehritv 


lich  wiinld   rush 


111  storv.  as  llie  maiiician  ol  the  lakes.  lie  had  a  niaiiic  canoe.  \\\\ 
liirwai'd  thrniiL'h  thf  water,  mi  tln'  iillrraiicc  of  a  charm,  at  a  ipceil  oiitstiippiii;:' even 
that  detail' d  ill  "  Waconsta."  ill  the  miraculous  canoe-journey.  II  iindreds  of  miles  were 
traversed  in  so  many  minutes.  The  charm  which  he  empleyid  eoiisisted  of  a,  niono- 
svllalile.  eoiitainiii'J'  one  eoiis"iiaiil.  which  does  not  heloiii;'  lo  the  laiii;nai;('.  The  word 
has  11.1  dellnahle  ineaiiiiiL;  :  so  that  the  laiejiiaiic  of  niauic  and  dii'iiionoloLiy  has  oiu> 
feaiiiie    ill   I'omiiioii.  ill    all    ajes.  and  wilh   e\er\   nation.      'I'o    be   at    tin.'  same   lime  a 


i|e;epj.M 


1  and  iiia'.jiciaii.  wa-;  eoiisisteiil  with  liid 


laii  nliM.- 


'I'he  iiitelleetnal  creations  (d'  the  iiuiiaiis  admit  of  the  aj^ency  of  uiants  and  fairies. 
Their  Liiaiils.  ter;in'd  iri'  ,,-(/i  i,,.<,  wiTr  .;eiierally  eaiiiiilials.  who  devoured  men.  women, 
aii'l  children,  'i'heir  fairie>  comprise  Iwo  cla^se<.  into  which  they  are  divided  accordiiii:: 
a~  the  lecatiMii  of  their  h, Hints  is  either   on    the   land,  or    in    tiie  water.      Tiie    favorite 


ICsHiellCe    ( 


if  their   land    fairies   is   the  vieinitv  of  piomoiiloii<'s   aial  w  ater-laiis.  and 


in 


solemn  iiroves.  IJesides  furnisliiiii;'  a  habitation  fir  its  appropriate  class  of  fairies,  tht 
water  i^  supposed  to  be  the  residem'e  of  an  animal  (ailed  niluni-inilm .  which  ha.-  il^ 
c.xinlerpart.  except    as  to  sex.  in    the   nierinaid.      The    Imliaii    word    indicales   a   male 


(Ihosts   are    t 


le   <iioiiiai\-   sul'i 


bjeets    of    their    t 


lies   ol    ti 


rror  and   nivsterv.      TI 


lei'i'   IS  II 


L^limnieriicj  1)1'  the  doelrine  of  retributive  jiisiiee.  in  (ii,'  belief  that  iihosts  can   livt'   in 
file,  and  that  tin-  is  one  of  the  fr(  ipii^it  modes  of  their  inaniU'statioii. 

.\-  we  have    partially  entered    mi    the   snbjeet    of  iinlian    iiit(dlecl,  as   iiilliieneeil    bv 
iiniMilar  supei'siiiiiin.  it  would  be  but  a  natural  traiisiiion  to  an  e.Muniiiatio'.i  of  some  of 


1 


INDICIA   FitdM  mytii()1,0(;y  and  kei, [(;n»N. 


r,63 


tlic  considcnitiuiis  wliicli  tlirir  cxistinj,' ceri'iiionirs  ami  iiistiliilii)iis  fiiniisli,  to  coiintc- 
iiaiipc  the  hclicl'  el'  tlirir  Kpliniiinitic  oriiiiii.  wliicli  is  a  tlicory  (il'tlii'  old  divines,  who 
Iiad  not.  liowovcr.  acci'ss  to  tlic  best  incaiis  ol'  sii|)|iorting  it.  IJiit  tlic  limits  of  this 
articl(>  do  not  admit  of  it.  Kiiondi  lias  hoon  stated  rci^ardiiitr  thorn  to  indicate  tlieir 
olaims  on  the  honevojent  and  liiuii-minded  classes  of  the  coinmnnitv.  Wo  will  not  sav 
tlie.se  claims  press  exclusively  on  the  .Vmerican  chin-ches.  as  the  trihes  are  ohjecl^  of 
their  streniions  el1i>rts:  .'dthondi  we  may.  in  tlie  sri|nel.  advert  to  some  considerations 
winch  should  have  ^^reat  weidit  with  them,  in  view  of  their  responsihilitics  f(f  the 
heathen  trihes  of  our  own  land  as  distim:iiished  from  those  of  thi>  Asiatie  continent. 


ill 


H'      i 


I       ,if 


664 


INDICIA     Fl'iOM    .MYTIl()t.()(i  Y    AND    HKI.KIION 


CUAPTKI!    I  V 


INDIAN    TlIEOIiY    OI'   THE   ACTION    OF    THE    :\nND   13URTXG    SLEET. 


>f 


Dkkams  exert 


I  tiKire   iii:ii'k<'il    inlineiice   on    tlie    reliLiicjiis   fi|iiiii()t 


IS   iiiid   nets  of  tlio 


]ii'ii;ins  tliiui  iiiiy  other  o|ier;ilini;'  caii^^e.  'I'wo  tenns  are  used  to  e.\|ii'e<s  the  word 
"dream"  in  tiie  Aliioniiniii  lannuajie.  J/ii'i/iiiin/iiiii  i'elc'i>  to  tlial  |iaiiovaiiiii  of  sensations 
jiresenteil  to  the  ni"iital  vision  diii'inj:  sleep.      The  (I/ihivk^  ;is  eontradistiii;ziiished    tVoni 


IIS.  IS  ii  \isioii.  or  saiM'cM  (ii'eani 


1  dr 


11 

Dreams  heiii'i'  Lreneridly  reuarded  us  reV(datioiis.  are  soirjht  to  he  jiroeureil  liy  alisti- 
iienee  and  fasts.  Aiiioiil;'  excry  class  tlie\'  ave  anxiously  eoiii'teil,  and  are  ex|ilaiiM'il  hy 
the  iiiedas  and  jossakeeds.  wise  men.  who  I'oiislitiite.  in  Indian  soeiely.  the  li'arne(l 
class.  Youth  and  atre  alike  ])ay  respectful  deference  to  these  nocturnal  waniiiiL;-^:  and. 
when  the  male  youth  attain  the  aL:'e  ol"  |uil)erty.  rexelatioiis  ot'  t!iis  kiml  are  souiiht, 
with  much  soliciiiide.  and  tlu'ir  ad\t'iit  promoted  hy  riLiorous  fasts.  .\s  at  this  time  a 
guardian  spirit  must  lie  chosen  for  life,  these  llists  are  continued  I'or  several  clays;  no 
nourishment  at  all  heiiiL;"  taken.  \vi',!i  the  exception  ofwati'r;  and.  as  the  fast  constitutes 
a  ]ieriod  of  ceremonial  and  r(dii:ious  trial.  tli<'   parents  of  the  youth   do  ex'erythinu:  in 


their  pow(>r  to  encouraL:'!'  him  to  peiseverance 


I'lider  l! 


le    operation    of   these    cause; 


some  oliject  in  aniinale  nature  is  iisuall\  jireseiited  to  the  imaiiination  in  an  iinitimr 
mauner.  'i'his  animal  is  adopted  as  the  guardian  or  personal  inaiieto  of  the  individual 
durinu' life.  This  spirit  is  not.  lK)W(>ver.  the  Inditin's  /iifim.nv  s_\nitiol  of  the  fmiily 
lie.  or  clanship  (which  is  also  ^eiii'rally  the  liiiure  ol'  soiin'  hiril  or  animal),  hut  I'xclu- 
si\ely  a  ])er-onal  inaneto. 

'\'\u\/'/)i  is  a  I! host  or  apparition,  and  the  mind  is  called  iu'iindinii.  ( HhIi'iiIkiiki  is 
the  soul,  or  seinhlance  of  tlu'  hnmaii  frame  or  or^ani/.:ition.  after  its  dissolution.  'I'lie 
three  terms  are.  therel'ore.  not  convertihle,  or  synonymous.  Uut  the  action  of  the  soul 
is  inseparahle  from  the  o|nMatioii  of  dreams.  It  is  an  opinion  of  (he  Iinlians — 1  know 
not  how  unix'crsal  —  that  there  are  diiplica(«'  soiiN.  one  of  whi(di  remains  with  the 
hody.  whijo  the  other  is  free  tc  dep.art  on  excursions  duiin;^'  sleep.  After  the  death  of 
the  body,  the  <onI  departs  foi'  tin/  Indian  elysium.  or  the  I, and  of  the  Dciid  ;  at  which 
tillic    a   fire    is   liLihted.  hy  the    ('hippewas,  on    the    lU'wIy-m; 


Hie   i^rave.  and   re-Kiiullei 


lU 


J-i 


SLEEP. 

Is  of  tlio 
IIk'  word 
ciisatioiis 
iL'd   IVdui 

liy  alisti- 
hiiiii'il  hy 

'     IiMI'IUmI 

ii;-^ :  and, 
■f  Miuulit 
lis  tiiiR'  a 
days;  no 
institntcs 
vtliinu:  in 
(.'  cinisi's, 
in\  itiuLT 
iili\icliial 
ic    I'linily 

lilt   I'Xclll- 


lirhiini/  is 

III.  'I'lif 
I'lhc  sonl 
—  1  i^now 
wiih  tlio 
.lentil  of 
iit  which 
c-kindlcd 


I  ;'  'll 


f;ii 


hli^ 


<  1 


I  \& 


Ill'     i     Si  I 


I! 


i  j 

i 

HI 

1' 

( 

;j 

i. 

ifi    . 

INDICIA    KHOM    MVTIIOl^lxiY    AND    IlKLKilON.  mC, 

iiifrlitly,  for  I'mir  days  — tho  poiiud  alluwcil  lor  tlie  [umun  to  iviicli  tlic  Imliiiii  .■lysiiitn. 
This  i.nicticc,  wliidi  is  cDmiiion,  it  is  bclicvcil.  to  all  the  AI-..ii(|iiiiH,  is  of  -i  wry 
iiiipivssivo  cliiinvctcr.     Tiii-  six-iiu  is  rcpn'sciitcd  in  tlio  accoiiiiiiinyiiiH'  i.latc' 

Iliiviiig  miucstod  iiCliiiiprwii  Indimi  to  .■xiijaiii  tlio  diialit.v  of  tlu-  soul;  "It  is 
known,"  he  ivplicd,  ••  tliat,  .hiring  sleep,  while  the  hody  is  stationary,  the  son!  roams 
over  wide  tracts  of  eoinilry.  visitin-  scenes,  persons,  and  places  at  will.  Should  thero 
not  he  a  soul,  at  the  same  time,  to  ahid.-  with  the  hody.  it  w.nild  Ur  as  dead  as  earth, 
iind  coidd  never  reappeu'  in  Intiire  life."  The  theory  of  tlw  sensations  experienced  hy 
the  mind  during  sleep,  and  tlu"  operation  of  the  Hitting  train  of  aetivr  inenumes  and 
fancies,  has  I.een  fre.|nently  desorihed  in  highly  rellned  and  ima-inativ,.  language;  hiit 
this  ingenious  mode  ..f  detailing  its  operation  is.  it  is  helieved.  the  first  attempt' of  the 
kind  ever  made  hv  an  Indiiin. 


Vnl.  v..  j'lal.'  II. 


I  1 


Vol..  VI.  — 8^ 


fill   Tfl 


f :    Pi 


fi     i 


'^1 


1^ 


1    |l 


ill 


i 


h 


f 


if' 


!  i     'I. 


II'm 


'  •  I 


t'i 


I , 


,'i 


J'i  i    >■ 


Ml;.: 

•  ^  f  I  r 


;;  I 


^ 


1 1 


i 


M 


I 


u 


1 1 


I II 


»(d6 


INDICIA     riM)M     MYTIM»l,0(iY     A  M»     KMJ.M.ION. 


CIIAPTKR   V. 


IROQUOrS    COSMOGONY. 


TllK  inti'rpivtiitioii  of  an  lioiiiiois  ti'iiditioii  rciiuircs  ii  liiciit  (IclM'ci'  of  ciiutioii.  tlion' 
Ix'iiiL'  iilways  sniiictliiiit;  ckmci'iiIciI  liy  inctaplior.  i>r  to  \n'  cxpliiiiii'cl  hy  mI'Ici'  iiivi'stijra- 
tioii.  The  intMitiil  ivscrsatioiis  of  iIm'  liiili.iii  iirr  niiiiitM'oiis.  iiiiil  his  (•oiniiuiiiiciitioiis 
always  clotlitMl  in  liLiiMiitixi'  lini_'iia'ii'.  Still  irrcatcr  circninsiM'ction  is  rcfiiiisiti  wlicro 
tilt'  object  ol'  rcsciiicii  is  conrosfiily  inyllioloiriciil.  or  rclntcs  to  mysterious  a;;i'n('i('s. 
Siilijoincd.  is  !i  coin  of  a  written  ni\tiiolo;^y  of  tlie  Six  Nations,  from  the  pen  of  the 
lati'  .laines  I)imii.  Ks(|..  of  ( )iieiiia  county.  New  Yorli.  Mr,  Dean  had.  from  the  |ierioil 
of  his  Inyhooil.  passed  liis  lifi'  amouir  tin' Oneidas.  spoi<e  their  iaiiuiiaire  Ihieiitiy.  was 
i'aniiliar  with  liieir  manners  and  customs,  ami  evi'r  enjoyeil  tlieir  respect  and  rejrard. 
Tn  introdiieiii'^  a  papi'r  \vhicii  is  ratiier  marked  liy  plnin  miderstandinir  than  hy  iuneji- 
Jiati\e  or  descriptive  power,  it  ma\"  i)e  ohserM'd  that  no  idliirt  lias  Ih'cii  made  to  re-ron- 
strnct  it.  and  no  chanue  wiiatever  madi'.  wiiicli  lias  not  iieeii  deemi'il  essential  to  tiie 
explanation  of  tiie  Indian  theory. 

"An  unlimited  cxjianse  of  water  once  lllleil  the  space  now  occupied  hy  the  world  we 
inhaiiit.  Here  was  tiie  ahodc  of  total  darkness,  whicii  no  ray  ol'liLilil  e\i'r  iienetraled. 
At  this  time  the  linman  family  dwidt  in  a  country  siliiated  in  tlie  uppi'r  reiiions  of  tlie 
creation,  alioundinu'  in  everythiiii'  conduci\i'  to  the  comfort  and  cniucnii'nce  ol'  lil(>. 
Tiie  forests  were  full  of  L'ame.  the  lakis  and  streams  swarmed  with  tlsh  and  fowl. 
whili'  till'  (  artii  and  liidds  spontaneously  proiluced  ii  profusion  of  veuctalili's  for  the  use 
of  man.  An  nnclomied  sini  enli\ened  their  days,  and  storms  and  tempests  were 
inikiiown  in  that  liapp\-  reijion. 

••Tlie  iiihal'itant-<  wi'i'e  straii;j'ers  to  death,  and  its  harhiiiLiers.  pain  and  disease; 
whili'  their  minds,  freed  IV  .m  the  corrodinir  passions  of  jealousy,  liatred.  malice,  and 
roveiiLre.  were  perfertjy  happy. 

'•At  leii'jth.  Iio\ve\-er.  an  e\-eiit  occiirreil  which  interrn])ted  their  tranipiillitw  and 
introdueed  c'lre  and  anxi''ty.  till  then  unknown.  .\  certain  yoiniir  man.  of  liiLdi  position, 
was  ohseiAed  to  witlidi'.'iw  liimsejt'  from  the  cifcle  of  their  soci;d  amusements.  Tic 
Solitary  re(.sses  of  tiie  ^ro\e  liecanie  his  favorite  walks;  care  and  chajrrin  weredepietcd 


INhlClA     lIlo.M     \l  V'l' llul.iM,  V     AND    It  K  M  <l  I  <>  N  . 


(it. 


ill  lll.><  rdillllc'IIMIIi'l' ;    ail'l    lli>  li'iilv.   IVdIII   lii||.r    ali^linriiiT.   |iiv,-r|||i'il    (ii    the   view  (if   111- 

fi'ii'iiiU  till'  iii'ii'  ;<Im'I('1<iii  n|'  M  man.  AiiNiniis  IViciicIs  ai.'aiii  iiml  iiu:aiii  Viiiiily  Hulicitcil 
ti)  Uiinu  ilic  caii^c  111'  lii.M  uvii'l'.  until,  ililiililaliil  IjhIIi  in  Imilv  ami  mini!,  lie  vii'lih'il  tn 
tilt!  ini|Hii'Uitiitics  111"  Ills  a.^.-^iiciiili's.  ami  pmnilMil  In  ilisclosc  tlif  ('iuif»f  nl'  liis  tionlili's. 
on  (•(iiitliiioii  that  tlicy  wuiihi  di'j  ii|i  liv  tlii'  routs  a  cci'taiii  wliiti'  piin'  trie.  lav  liini  on 
Ms  iiilics  ncai'  the  rilirc  of  tlir  hole,  ami  scat  liis  vvili'  l)v  Ills  siili'.  (  uinplvini:  with  his 
i'('i|iii'>l.  all  wci'i'  ready,  ami  llic  fatal  lice  was  lakiii  u|i  liy  lln'  lunts.  in  dniiin'  whiidi 
the  iMilli  was   iici  loi'ati'il.  and  a  |ias>a'j;i'   oiicncd    to    llir    alp\s 


liclnw. 


he   roll!'  was 


j)la<Td  li\  ihi'  si(l<'  111  th.'  n|M'ninv.  "'"I  'h''  yoiilh  laid  llicrcon;  his  wile  takiiiL'  luT  st'at 
by  his  sidr.  'I'll!'  inullitudi',  ('a'.;rr  to  Icai'ii  the  cause  ol'  Mich  siraiiiic  and  nniisual 
condni't,  |M'i>sec|  around;  whiii.on  ii  sudden,  to  tlh  ir  hoiidi'  and  astoinsliinent.  lie 
Hci/.ed  n|iiiii  the  woinaii.  tlan  eneienl<'.  and  |ireci|iilaled  her  headlnUL;'  into  the  darkness 
bidow  ;  llieii.  rising  t'roiii  the  ground,  hi'  inliirmed  the  M>.«einl)ly  that  he  had  li)r  some 
time  sus|icctcil  the  chastity  of  his  wile,  ami  that  ha\im;  now  dis|iosci|  ol'  the  cause  of 
liis  mental  sulleriiiv',  he  should  soon  reiMjver  ids  usual  health  and  vivacity.  All  the 
birds  and  ani|iliiliioiis  animals  which  now  iiihaliit  llie  earth,  tlan  oci'Uhied   the  waliMA' 


wa 


ste,  to  whi(di  the  woman  in  h 


•r  fall  was  lia.'-teninLr. 


"The  loon  llrst  discdveied  her  comiii;:'.  ami  called  a  council  to  ia'e|iare  for  her 
reception.  ()hser\in'i  that  the  animal  which  a|i|iroa(die(l  was  a  human  hein:!.  they 
knew  that  earth  was  iiidi«iieiisali|y  iiices-ary  lor  her  accommodation.  'I'lie  lli'st 
sulijecl  ol' dclili''rati<iii  was.  wliu  -liorM  ^ii|i|iort  ihelmrden.  'I'hi' sea  hear  lirst  iireseiiled 
liim.Hcll"  for  a  trial  of  lii>  sliviijtli.  instantly  the  other  animals  '.'allieivd  around,  ami 
Heated  theinseUes  on  his  hack;  hut  the  he:ir,  unahli'  In  snjiiiort  the  wei'..:lil.  sunk 
lieiieatii  the  suil'ace  of  tiie  water,  and  was  jiid'^ed  by  the  whole  usscmhly  unei|ual  to 
tlie  task  of  su|i|iortini:  her.  and  her  |acre(|iiisite.  the  earth.  Se\cral  others  in  succession 
jircscnted  tlieinseUis  as  c 


indidates  liir  the  honor,  and  with  si 


milar  ill-success, 


r.ast 


all,  the  tiirtk'  modestly  aihanced.  tenderiii'.:-  Ids  broad  shell  as  tiie  basis  of  the  eartii. 
now  alioiit  to  be  formed,  'i'he  beasts  then  made  trial  of  its  streiiirtii  to  bear  weiiiiit, 
iind  tindiiiLr  their  uniterl  ]iressure  nnabli'  to  sink  the  turtle  below  the  siiiface.  udiiidired 
to  him  the  Iionor  of  sniiportiiiL''  tin' world.  A  liiundation  beim:'  thus  providiMl.  the  ne.\t 
subject  ol' 


deliberation  was.  Iiow  to   iiroci 


ire  earth.      it  was  concliideil  that    it   must 


obtained  from  the  bottom  of  the  .s<'a.  SeM'ial  of  the  most  e.\|iert  divers  went  in  (|iiest 
of  it  ;  and  unilbrmly.  when  tlii'y  I'ose  to  the  surface  of  the  water,  tliey  were  dead,  'i'he 
mink  at  length  took  the  diniL'crous  ]iluni:e.  and.  after  ii  loiii^  absence,  his  carcass  lloated 
to  the  surface.      15y  a  critii'al  examination,  a  >inall  (|iiantity  of  earth  was  discovered  in 


)l'  bis  (daws,  which   he   liad   scratched    from   tin'   bottom.      'I'liis  bciim-  carcl 


iillv 


prcserMii.   w 


as    placed   on    the   biu'k    of   the   turtle.      In    the    meantime,    the   woman 


con 


tiiiiU'd    fallinu.  and   at    length   alii;lited  on    the   back  of  the   turtle.      The  earth  had 


ilrciuK   '.irowii    to   the  si/e  of  a  n 


lan's  f(jot.  when  she  stood  with  one  Hiot 


CO \<' rill'.:-  tie 


Jtiier.      Hhortlv  after  she  bad  i-ooin  for  Ixith  feet,  ami  was  soon  able  to  sit  down.     T 


}tli    !■ 


iJM 


I';  111' 


11 


( ii 


(illX 


IMMfl  ,\ 


M)M     M  V'l'll<>l,(»<;  V     AND    IM;  1,1(1  l(»N. 


t'lHili  citiitliiiK'd  III  I'spui'.i,  ;iiiil  xiiiiii  rnriiii'd  a  Miiiill  i^laiiil.  xUii'li'il  witli  w  illiiw,  mill 
iitlici'  iii|iiiilii'  |>liiiitH  mill  F<liriililM>r\  ,  mid  iit  li'iiutlt  it  rttrctclicd  iiiit  into  a  vvidciy- 
«'\tfiidid  |iliiiii.  iiit»Tf<|irrM'd  witli  rivcin  and  f<iiuillt'r  .xtivainx.  wliicli,  witli  p-nlh' 
fiinciil.  rolli'il  liirwaril  tln'ir  tril)UtiU'v  wiiIith  In  t!ii'  occiiii.  AtiilicnlMJi'.'  lln-  wmniin, 
tlii'ii  rt'|iaiicd  to  tlu'  s(M-f<liiiii',  ci'ci'lcil  ,i  lialiitalii<ii.  ami  scIIIimI  in  licr  ni'W  almdf.  Not. 
lull;;  al'icr  slic  liccaiiif  llic  iiiollicr  of  i  daii'ilitrr.  ami  \va<<  sii|i|)oi't('d  liv  tlic  siPontant'oiiM 
[iroiinctiiais  of  the  caitli  iiiilil  tlic  I'liild  arrived  at  adult  vcai'.s.  Slit'  wax  tiirii  hidci'tcd 
in  iiiariiai.'t'  liy  several  aniiiiaU.  eliani:eil  into  the  lorni  of  yuiiii);  men.  The  loon  (irst 
liier<i'iiteil  liiiiisell'  i\n  a  "uitor.  in  tiie  I'oiin  ol'  a  tall.  well-dreMsid.  line-lookiii;.'  yonn^j; 
unin.  Alter  due  eoiiMiitation  with  the  mother,  hi:*  suit  was  rejeited.  .S'venil  jilliers 
lireseiiteil  theinseUcs.  and  were  rejeeted  liv  the  nmlller;  iinlil,  at  leiijth.  the  turtle, 
with  his  shoi't  iieek.  sliurl  liamlv  let;s,  and  humped  liaeU.  olll'ied  hiniseU' as  ii  siiilnr, 
and  was  reeeixed,  iM'ier  she  had  laid  lierwclf  down  to  Mleep.  (he  turtle  placcil  iijion  licr 
aiidoineii  twii  arrows  in  the  I'diiii  nl'a  itohs.  one  he.ided  with  a  llinl.  the  otlier  with  tlio 
rouj.di  hark  of  a  tree,  and  took  liis  leavo.  .*^he.  in  due  time,  hecame  the  mother  of  two 
.<ons,  railed,  in  Iroijuois.  Yoskiki  and  Tlioilsaron, Mint  died  in  <:i\ini:  them  liirth.  When 
the  time  arrived  that  the  children  should  he  liorii,  they  eoiisulted  toj:('tlier  ahout  the  hest 
mode  ol'i'Liress  I'loin  their  |ilaie  ol' eontilieiiielit,  'I'lie  \oiinirest  ileterinilied  to  make  his 
exit  liy  theiialmal  [lassaiie.  w  hilsi  the  other  resolved  to  take  the  >hortest  route,  iiy  hreak- 
iiii:'  throuL'ti  the  walls  ol'  his  pri  on  :  in  eU'eetini;  whieh  he  eonst'ipienlly  destroved  his 
mother,  thus  jiiviiei  the  tirst  evidence  of  his  inali,L'nant  disposition.  'I"he  j^randniother. 
enraged  at  her  dauiihter's  death,  resolved  to  destroy  the  children,  and,  takinj:  them  in 
her  arms,  threw  them  hotli  into  the  sea.  .Scarcely  had  she  reached  lier  wi^'wain,  when 
the  children  appeared  at  the  tjooi'.  The  e\periiiient  of  drowniiiir  them  was  several 
times  repeated,  hut  in  vain. 

••  Diseourau'cd  hy  her  ill  sucee.s-<,  she  determined  to  let  them  live.  Then,  dividiii;.; 
the  corpse  of  her  daughter  into  two  ])arts.  she  threw  them  upwards  towards  the  hciivuiiH, 
when  tlie  upper  |)art  hecaine  the  sun  and  the  lower  part  the  moon,  which  is  the  rea.sin 
why  the  latter  has  always  presented  the  foi'in  ol"  the  human  face.  'I'lieii  liejran  the 
succession  of  day  and  nijrht  in  our  world.  The  children  speedily  hecaim?  men.  and 
expert  arcliers.  The  elder,  whose  name,  in  Oneida,  was  T/iini-irl.'./,'-ii-l(ni  (a  term 
expressive  of  the  itreatest  deu'ree  of  inaliLTnity  and  cruelty),  had  the  arrow  of  the  turll'- 
pointed  with  Hint,  and  kiliinl  with  it  the  larL'est  i)easts  of  the  forest.  The  youm;er, 
whose  name,  in  the  same  dialect,  was  'l}ni-/iiii-ii/ii/-ini-u'<i/i-i/(Kiii  (a  name  deiiotiiej; 
unljouniled  {.'oodness  and  henevoleni'e),  had  the  arrow  headed  with  hark.  The  formei' 
was.  on  account  of  his  inaliirmuit  disposition,  and  his  skill  and  success  in  huntinjr,  ii 
favorite  witii   his  grandmother.      They  lived    in   the   midst   of  plenty,  hut  would   imt 


'  Viil.  I..  piiLM' :!l(l. 

'  ILiJ  ,  p;ip>  HIT.     Tlir.T  air  tiU'  y^inboIiiMl  (iriru'lplis  cit'  (Imjil  umi  Kvil. 


INIiMI\     KIluM     MVTI|n|,(M;V      \  N  D     i:  |;  I,  |  (j  I  (»  N, 


•;(!!> 


prrtlllt     till'     V'liiii.'iT    liliillli'l,    wll(i«i'    lirrnw     WHN     imt     Mllllcirllllv     iMiwrll'lll     In     licflliiN' 

iiii\  tliiii'j  Itiil  liii'iU.  to  hliiii'i'  in  their  iiliiiiiilinii'i'.  Ah  ||ii-<  mhiu'J'  imiim  uiih  mii' iI;i\ 
wiiiiiliTiii'^  iiliiii;,'  llic  uliori',  111'  sinv  ii  Mi'il,  pi'ii'linl  ii|iiiii  n  Ihhi'jIi  iniiji'iliiiL'  hmt  iIh' 
\Mitii.      ||r  aiii'iiiiili'il  lu  kill  il  ;  lull  hi-  iiniiw.  (ill  iIimI  liiiii'  immiii'.'.  Ilrw  w  iiii'  uj'  iIm- 


s\\  llllllllll'..'  Ill  till'  |il:i( 


III  th 


lllill'k    Mini   ^:llll\    ill   llir  Ni'it.        II''    ili'li'l'lllilU'il   III   I'ri'iiM'i'  i|  ;    ninl. 

A\hi'ri'  it  t'i'li,  |iliint!i'i|  III  the  liiittoiii.  Ili'ir,  tu  hi!>  iisluiii^liiMriit.  Ill'  rmiiiil  hiiiiM'H'  in 
a   -\i\a\\   riitlii'jc,      A  vcni'i'iilili'  nM    niMii,  wlm  \\;i«i   silliiii;    in    it.  i i\i'i|    him  'villi   n 

^<Mlill'  ul'  ri;llr!'li;ll  rM||i|i|;i('i'lir\  .  ilinl  llill-^  ihIiIi'i'xm'iI  him:  •  M  \  mhi.  |  wrlrnnii'  \iill  I" 
iIh'  llilliilllli'ill  <<\'  MUM'  DiIImT.  To  nlil.lin  till-*  illti'l  v  ii'W.  I  h;i\i'  i|i|ri'|ri|  nil  tin' 
iiiviiiii>taiir<'.i  \\  liifli  liii\i'  i'ii|is|iiiii|  III  hiiii'j'  ytii  hithi'l'.  I|i|v  i.«  \oiii'  iill'i'U'.  :niii 
Im'I'i'    i>   iin   I'ln'  III'  nii'ii,  w  liii'li    \iiiiuill    liinl    |ili'u.-<,'int   ami   w  hiil'-iinir    limil.      I    Imvi' 


ilchcil  th"  imkimlnr-s  linth  ul"  vniii'  '.-lainlninihrr  and  vunr  hiotln'r.      W 


Mil'    III'    IIM'.S. 


till'  rarlh  fan  ni'\rr  he  |ii'ii|ili'ii  ;  \iiii  nni-t.  thrivrnri'.  tnkr  his  lil'i'.  When  smi  I'l'linn 
hiMiii'.  Mill  nnisl  tiiivi'i'sc  till'  wlhili'  i  aith  ;  nilii'i'l  all  tin'  llinl-slnnr-i  iiiln  hraps  which 
Mill  liml.  ami  hiiiv;;  np  all  ihr  hiiiks'-hoin.'*.  'I'ln'si'  arr  tin'  only  things  of  whii'h  Mmr 
liii'thrr  is  al'iaiil.  or  wliirh  ran  inakr  any  iinpi'i'ssiiui  n|iiin  his  IhhIv.  which  is  made  nl' 
llinl.  'I'licN  will  riinii-h  \uii  with  wi'(i|iinis.  always  at  hand.  whi'ii'M'i'  lir  ma\  diivil 
liis  ciiiM'.sf.'      Ila\iii'/  iri'ri\ril  thc^c  and  iilhcr  iiisiiiii'iiniis  iViiin  his  liithcr.  Iii'  iTlnriii'd 


til  ihc  wiirlil.  and  hcjaii  ininii'dialcU   In  iilirx   his  I'alhi'i's  diivction- 


T\ 


11-  iii'iii'j  ilmii'. 


till' clili'i'  at  li'iiLilli  ii'sii|\(il  iiM  a  hiinlim:  cxciiisiiin.  ''n  tlicii' way  tn  thi-  Inintiii'j:- 
iii'ciimd.  Ill'  iiii|iiiri'd  iiI'iIm'  yiuni'.M'r  what  wi'i'c  the  ulijccts  nl'liis  nicatcst  axcrsion.  Ih' 
iniiinni'd  him  ilaNclx)  that  thrrr  was  nnthin;:  sn  tcnilic  to  him  as  IhTi'li-linuolis  and 
liiilriishcs.  and  iiii|niri'd  in  turn  ul  T linii-iri.^h'-ii-liin  what  he  must  dreaded  ;  lie  answeied. 
niitliiiij:'  so  much  as  llint-stoncs  and  hiicks'-hofns,  and  that  nnlhiiii;  else  conld  injnre  him  ; 
and  that  lately  he  had  lieen  much  annoyed  liy  them  wIu'Ivvit  he  went.  Ilav  iiii;'  arrived  at 
their  place  of  destination,  the  elder  went  in  ipii'st  oI'L'ame.  leiiviiiL'  theyoun'ier  tositteiid  to 
the  menial  occupation  ol'eiectini:;  his  lint,  and  prepariiii;  such  other  accummodations  a.s 
lii'i'i'ipiired.  Alter  an  ahscnce  of  some  time,  lie  retiinied  exhansled  with  l'atii;ueand  hnnLier. 
Ilavinj:  taken  a  hearty  repast.  pi'e|iared  hy  his  hrother.  he  retireil  to  his  wiiiwam  to  skip  ; 
and  when  he  had  lallen  into  a  iirofonnd  sinndier.  the  Miiinu'er  kindled  a  larL'e  liie  at  its 
entrani'e.  Alter  a  lime,  the  elder  roniid  himseir  exlreinely  incommoded  hy  the  lieat  ; 
and  the  llinly  materials  of  his  hody.  expanding.'  hy  it>  intensity,  were  explodini;'  in  lar'.;e 
scales  IVom  his  carcass.  In  a  ureal  raire.  and  hnrniiifi'  with  revi'n;.ie,  he  hroke  throiiuh 
the  tire  ill  IVonl  of  the  hut.  ha-teiied  to  a  neii;hI)i)rinL!'  heech.  armed  himself  \\\\\\  n 
lai'je  lioiiLih.  and  returned  to  chastise  luid  destroy  his  lirother.  FindiiiL;'  that  his 
repeated  and  \ioleiil  lilows  had  no  elVect  Upon  his  lirother.  who   pelted    him  with    tliiil- 


stoiies  and  lielalioreij  Inm  with 


hiicks'-horns.  which  caused  the  llint\ 


■ales  to  fall  from 


his  l)od\-  ill  copious  shiiwcrs.  he  hclook  himself  to  a  iieiLihhorini;'  nnirsh.  wheri'  he 
supplied  himself  with  a  liimdie  of  linlrnshes.  ami  returned  to  the  contest,  hut  with  the 
same  want  of  success,      l-'indin-;-  himself  deceived,  and  failin.u of  his  purpose,  he  soii::hl 


1% 


'% 


i 


tiTD 


I.NDJCIA    l-'KOM    MYTHOLOGY    AND    IlKLUilON, 


11''  I 


sal'cty  ill  Ili-Iit.  As  lie  llrd,  tliu  I'artli  trt'iiilik'il.  A  vcnliiiit  jiliiin,  lioiiiulcd  liy  tlic 
distant  derail,  lay  licliire  liiiu;  hoiiiiul  iiiiii.  tiu'  carlli  sunk  in  tk'('i)  vailfv.s  and  I'liiihtl'id 
chasms,  or  vosr  into  lol'ty  niouiitains  ov  stii|)cnilous  |ii'c('i[ii('es.  Thi'  streams  ceasi'd  to 
roll  liuwaid  tlu'ir  waters,  and.  Imrstiiig  their  harriers,  poured  (h)\vii  the  elills  in  cataracts, 


or  loai 


lied   tliroimli  their  roekv  channels  to  tl 


le  ocean.  The  yonnjfer  brother  I'ollowed 
the  t'm:iii\e  willi  \i^orous  steps,  and  wounded  him  continually  with  his  weapons.  At 
leiii:lh.  ill  a  tar  distant  region,  Iieyond  the  savannahs  ol'  the  west,  he  breatlied  his  last, 
and  loadi'd  the  earth  with  his  lliiity  lorin.' 

••  The  Lireat  enemy  of  the  race  of  the  turtle  lieiiiu'  destroyed,  they  came  up  out  of  the 
prouiid  ill  iiiimaii  lonii.  and  tor  some  lime  niiiltiplied  in  peace  and  s|)iead  extensively 
over   its  surface.-      Atahcntsie.  the  irraiidmotlier.  roused   to  furious   resentment  for  the 


loss  ol'  her  darling'  son.  resohed  to  he  reveii'.:i'd.  For  many  days  s'ice<'ssi\-ely.  she 
caused  the  rain  to  descend  in  torrents  iVom  the  clouds,  until  the  whole  surlace  ol'  the 
earth,  and  e\en  the  hiiiliest  monntaiiis.  wiTe  covered,      'i'lie   iiih.iliitaiits   tied   to  their 

liiitr  destruction.     The  disappointed  L'randinother  then 


canoes,  am 


1  e.scMiicd  t 


le    iliipeiK 


caused  the  rams  to  cease,  and  the  waters  to  subside,  wli 


dc 


•n  the   iiihiiiiitants  returned  to 


their  roriii''r  p 


aces  of  aliode.      She  tlii'ii  determined    to  elli'cl    1 


ler   purpo>e   in  aiioihe 


iiianner.  ainl  eo\ered  the  earth  with  a  deluu'e  of  snow.  To  escape  this  new  I'vil  they 
helool^  themselves  to  their  suow-slioes.  and  thus  idiided  her  veiiLreance.  Chaiirineil  at 
ppoiiitinents,  she  tiave  u[)  tin'  idea  of  destroying;'  the  whole  human 


leliLilh  hv  t! 


lese  (lisa 


ice  at   once,  and  ileteriiiined   to  wreaK    lier  \fiii;eaiice  upon  tlietii  in  a  manner  w 


th 


,hich 


altlioii'_:h  less  \iiileiil.  should  he  more  ellicacioiis.     Aecordiiit; 
eniploM'd  in  L;ratil\  iul;'  her  mali^ 


e\ils  which  are  sii 


she  has  ever  since  heiii 

Lrnaiit  disposition.  Iiy  iiillictiiiL;'  upon  mankind  all  those 

illereil  in  this  present  world.      Tarenyawiiiion.  in  Oneida.  7((«-/(H(-//A/y- 


au-ira/i-'jDiiii.  on  the  other  hand,  disjilays  the  infinite  heiievoleiice  of  his  iiatiirc  by 
bestowiiii;'  on  the  hiimaii  race  the  blessiiijis  they  eiijo}-,  all  of  which  tlow  from  liis 
boiintil'id  pro\  idenee.  This  personaire  afterwanls  dwelt  amoiiir  his  brethren  under  the 
name  ipf  Hiawatha.  The  name  Tarenyawaiion,  literally  translated,  is  'the  Hokk'r.  or 
Sup|iorter  ol  the  Heavens.'  Hiawatha  was  the  minister  of  Tareiiyawairon,  and  aiienl  of 
his  iiDud  will  to  mankind."" 


'  ,<u[i|inM>(l  by  iKf  liidi:ms  tn  t'nnu  tlic  l.il'lx   r:cic_'i'  iil'  iIm'  il.u'liy  .N|MUiit:ii|]<. 

'  Tiic  (liiciclas,  -11  !'Mi^  ;us  lliry  w.Ti>  l'n'_':iii>,  u^>u\  i.i  sliuw  iln'  |iri'iM^i'  ^Ilut  iiC  ltiUIihI,  :i  «iii;iI1  Ii..|1'>w.  wlh 
tli.'v  .-.•li'l  tlicir  iii)i'i-tor>  cniii.'  ni. 


til 


s  E  c  T 1  o  i\  T  w  i:  N  r  Y  -  s  i:  \  1 :  x  r  1 1 


INDICIA     FROM    LANGUAGR 


rn AFTER  I. 


PRINCIPLES    OF    THE 


'inCTCUE    OF     THE     INDIAN     LAXCUAOE. 


LAN(a'.\(;i;  is  ono  of  the  most  rcliaMc  n'uls  to  tin-  stu(k'iit  of  tli.'  iiM'iit.il  ori:iU!i/:it  "n 
(if  tlio  Indians.  Tiic  tribes  liad  not.  until  tljc  lulveiit  of  the  via  iiiimIcvii  ('in  r.^kir 
Ciidiiius,  in  IS-JI.  mail.'  llie  least  pro-ress  towards  tlie  invention  of  >i,LLiis  \>y  wliirli  to 
Is.  hut   made   use   of  tlie   lowest   firm  of  tlie   liierogl\  phie   art.      In  tin'ir 


ess   sonni 


cxpi 

attempts  iit   miienionie   picioiiraphy.  tlieii'  invention  was   tasked  to  i(-  fnlU-t  exleiit  m 
jirodnce  ideoLirapliie  representative  ti'.:uri's  —  a  (rude   method  of  reeonhr.j   iuscriplion>. 


Iiv  wliieli   some   memorial  oi 


p;ist    trans;u't:ons  \va 


s   liiim'ed  on   ti 


arK   scrolls,  am 


rocdvs.      No  efl'ort  was  maiie  to  pi'oilii"r  a  .^-ysti-m  of  voeal   notation.     'I'hc   pieto'^raeliir 
arti.-'t   made   use  of  a  series  of  liuures.  iia\  in-    the  eharaetcr  of  nouns    in    'jramuiatical 

frrilif'    fioin    tip'   |tro\imi'\    ol'  ilit    de\ieos.     Th''  ani'ii-ii' 


(hd'nntion  —  action  bciiii!'  in 
nations  of  the  Kuphrates  employed  the  einirif.rm  ehai-ac;:  r  in  t!io  record  of  their 
actions;  and  tlie  inhabitants  of  the  Nile  po>-es-cd  ,i  plionctic  sy>tcm ;  but  tlie  .Vm-iican 
tribes,  it  appein>.  came  to  this  eon'iiicni  without  riilicr  tilphabei.  phnneti<'  >i'.:ii.  or  ,  iv.ii. 
Still,  their  lanniiages  had  lixed  \ ncabularles.  and  there  were  mental  law-^.  older  than 
letters,  iireseribiiiii  Ihi'  practical  bearin_ofone  ideanpoii  aiiollier.   The-e  \(icabiilarie- w  ere 

Is.  (e   particles.  iiidicatinL' objects  and  acts,  which  denoted 


iiiadi>  up  fro.n    ])iiniar_\   rounds,  (e   | 
alVilialioii.     'i'here  was  a  iiiental  rule,  wl 


leii   |irescri 


bed  liow  the  iiouiii.a!  i'/e  •<hon!d  bi 


distiiiLiuished   i'rom   the  objective.      inlle. •lions  were  emplo\ed   t.i  di-tin'jui<h   niiiu!iei> 
and    peronal    plurals.      K\en  in    tli.    Iea-t  advaiici'd    tribe-,  the  iiece-.ity  ol  e\p 


djective   .-eiise  was  experienced.      Ulack   and  white,  red  and    'ji'  en.  were  re(|ili 


d 

to  be  diMioted;   the  li.uhl  of  the   sun  must  needs   b .ntr!idi-tiu-uidied  from  the  |.;lo,.ni 

(t>71) 


t'l 


a     \ 


ii  I- 


I    li  :i; 


I'  I 


\  5 


M  ,  It  ■ 


I    1,1 


Hi 


^^s  f 


I!  r*. 


1 

li 

ML 

t!7-*  INDICIA     FROM    L  A  N  (il   A  ti  K. 

1)1'  iiiulit ;  .'uul  tlii>  IdcMti.iii  (if  an  objict.  wIu'iIht  Iiiuli  ur  low,  aliovc  <ir  Ijcncatli,  within 
or  witlioiit.  callt'il  tor  tlic  iisi-  ol'  t^iicli  an  adjiinit.  Otlitis  loilowod.  In  niost  ol'  tlio 
hniLinaiics,  tlii'  ijuick  rc'|i('tition  of  llio  same  ssllalilo  iiii|ilii'.s  a  siipcrlaliM'  .signilicalion  ; 
a  [Jt'cnliar  inlk'otion  of  tin;  vorb  translornis  it  into  a  .siiipr^lanlivo ;  lIuMv  ari'  also  tcnsal 
and  niulli[)iicd  f'oinis  ol'  svllaiiilioation.  'I'lii'si'  jH'cnliaritit's  of  lan;;ua;^('  arc  common 
auioiii;'  (■ir<'lcs  of  trilics.  and  all'ord  a  cine  to  llicir   lii^torv. 

No  iiilnnni  or  siiaft  exists,  to  alloiii  an  f\  idrnoc  to  [jostcritv  tliat  the  Indians  of  the 
I'nili'il  States  were  e\-er  skiili'il  in  ar<'liitei'tnral  art;  no  inscri[)tions.  of  a  hi;iher  jirade 
than    those  of  |irimiti\e   [iietii'ira|iliv,  record    the   trininphs  ot'  one    Ii'ihc  over  anotiicr. 


Their  'rue  nionnmcnts  ai'c  coinnriseil  in  their  lani:n 


Th 


.ie  I 


I  h 


the  cllild   to  e\ 


cpress  the  names  el'  iis  father  iind  mother,  ol 


ic  snn|ile  terms   nsed  ny 
the  sun  ami  moon,  of  liu'lit 


and  darkness,  constitnte  <'li'ments  in  the  primary  material  of  tiic  lini:ui-^tie  edifice,  which 
nuisl  >er\c.  I'or  iiisti'i'ica!  data,  in  lien  of  im|iosinir  monuments  of  niarhic  and  hras;  On 
this  iiasi^.  one  of  tiie  incontroverliM"  truths  of  cthnoldiiA   repuses. 


II  jiroM'culinLi  an  iiii(miA   in 


to  the  alliliations  and  liistor\  of  tin-  Inihan  li'ihcs  of  this 


ci  ■ntiiii'iil.  there  is  certainly  nothiiiL;'  wiiich    |ire>ents  so   iVnitl'iil  a  llidd    for  research,  oi 
promises  to  yield  so  L'reat  a  fund  ol' information,  as  the  study  of  their  laicniiiies.      Men: 


manners    aiiil    en 


isloms   nnist    e\-er   depend,    in    a    iircai    measure,    on    the    aLii'icn 


tiiral 

priMliictioiis.  liie  natural  hi-tory.  and  the  i;('OL;ra])iiical  phenomena,  of  a  country.  'The 
iiiiroijuction  of  liie  horse,  the  >hi'rp,  and  tlu'  hoi;',  on  this  conliiieiit,  iiut  tliree  centuries 
and  a  half  since,  jia-^  \i'ry  ureatly  champed  tlie  hah'ts  and  cibtoms  of  many  of  iIk; 
prairii'  trihes.  TrilM'.-  of  the  Shoshoiiees.  of  the  IJocky  Mountains,  hy  mii^ratiuL;'  into 
tic  |ilains  ol'  're\;i>.  hrcalile  posse>.:ed  of  the  Spanish  horse,  and  their  cuslnms  liavt! 
Iiieii  chant;ed  ly  its  n-e  ;  they  are  now  the  hold  and  warlike  Comanchcs;  while  \\io. 
parent  tribe.  w.'inderiiiL;' on  those  bleak  anil  (dexatril  siimuiils.  still  subsists  on  lar\■;l^ 
and  roots.  'I'lie  same  eU'ecls  iia\'e  foUoweil  the  introduction  of  this  animal  anioniist  tiie 
|iredatory  bands  roamiiiu  hIoiilt  the  I'ppcr  .Missouri,  and  o\er  the  vast  steppes  of  Ort'iron  ; 
while  the  Chippewas.  and  other  tribes  of  tlie  Aijronijnin  slock  resident  on  tlie  up|ier 
lakes,  wln^re  the  long  ami  sc\cre  winters  preelmie  the  spontaneous  growth  of  food  ada|)le(l 
to  the  wants  ■>!■  the  Ihum'. -t'll  rely,  for  the  means  of  locomotion,  on  their  l'a\di'ite  canoe, 
and  for  >nbsistence  on  the  products  of  the  wicle-spreading  waters  of  the  lakes  and  streams. 
These  are  the  ellects  of  climate,  and  of  the  I'auna,  on  the  ilevelo|iment  of  a  tribe, 

'i'lie  con(|iii  iiiil;  Iro(piois.  whose  war-cry  was  so  long  potent  on  this  continent, 
adhered  to  their  priniiti\e  mode  of  watei'  conveyance,  in  their  kaowas.  and  pursued 
their  long  o\erland  inarches,  reijiiiring  more  than  [jaceihenionian  eiiduiaiu'e.  during  IIk; 
entire  ejiiicli  v  Iiicli  witni'ssed  the  introduction  of  civili/ation  on  the  continent.  Nor 
d'  '  ilcy  ad'ip'  ilc'  use  of  the  liorse  until  a  very  recent  period,  when  they  discardeil  tlio 
niiiiahaw  k.  and  laiibaikrd  in  agricultural  pui-suit<.  A  new  era  has  lieen  inangiirateil 
in  ihiir  liistor\  ;  and  whuexci'  \isits  their  reser\al  ioii>  in  the  we.-tern  extreme  of  .\ew 
York,  will    find    tl nee    prmid    ami    belli'jerenl    iroipiois  dri\im:-  oNen,  folluwim;    the 


^ 


INDICIA     II.OM     l,.\  Nd  (■  A(;  i-: 


ct;! 


|iloiii:Ii,  and  spi'dkiiiL'  tlio  iMiiilisli  liiiijiiiit'_'c.  as  a  iiocossai'v  auxiliary  to  the  transai'tion 
'I'lic  jiroc'css  by  wiiicli  such  results  liavc  hofii  iirodiicocl  in  this  iiatinii  was 
tliiiolouical  scnsr,  a  \t'r\'  loiii:'  oin' ;   hiil  it  was  vcrv  scvcmv,  ami    has  Jvcn 


ol  Imsiiic: 


Hill.  Ill   an   I 


rciiiarkahly  cllt'i'tnal.  The  alternatis'e  present.ril  \v;is,  siiii|il\-,  to  ■\V(iKk'  or  Dii: ;  and  I 
doubt  wlielher  aiiyortlio  numerous  tribes  resident  williiii  the  area  of  the  I'liited  States 
will  lie  released  by  I'lovideiiec  on  easier  terms. 

These,  and  similar  chaiiu-es  of  mauiiers  and  custom-;,  are  essentially  the  resultant 
(dli'cts  of  (diinate,  ,i:eoL'ra|iliy  and  natural  history,  and  alliird  no  clue  whatever  to  the 
ancient  history  of  the  ndiaiis.  'I'he  laiiji'iiap's  of  the  trilies.  however,  similate  a 
liistorical  chart.  u[)on  which  w(^  can  trace  baidc  the  tribes  to  the  period  of  their  oriiiiiial 
(lis[)ei'sioii  ovt'r  this  continent,  and  mark  their  liiiiiiiistii!  relations.  IJy  develoijini:'  tlio>e 
l're(|nently  obscure  connections,  we  are  enabli'il  to  perceive  tliiit  asiiide  'jcnus  orfamilv 
of  tribes,  speakiin:  oik^  common  laii,L:ua'.:'e.  occupied  the  shores  of  tlie  Atlantic.  IVoiii 
North  Carolina  to  the  month  of  the  St.  Lawrenci'  —  thence  extended  westward  throu'^h 


the  -reat  lal 


<e  liasins 


to  the  source  s  of  the  Missis-iippi,  and  down  the  left  baiil<   of  that 


•stream  to  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio;   that  aiioti 


ler  'jeiins  wen^ 


)loiiL:alion   of  tin;  Al 


cLiiianies.  I 


.siirroiindimr   the   southern   pro 

and  that  a  third  liciiiis  had  burst,  with  its  sonorous  lamiiuiue.  and   as   it'  with  N'andalic 


residents  of  the  country 
■r   Appalachians   |i«iiM|ier; 


iiii|M'tuosity.  into  the  central  an 


1  western  area  of  New  ^'llrk.     These  tl 


iree  stoclvS  Wen 


the  Aliimiipiins.  Iroipuiis.  and  .\ppalachians. 

Ill  callinir  attention  to  the  peculiarities  of  oiu'  of  three  leadiin:'  stoc]<s.  1  would  ha\e 
bi'i'ii  pleased  to  oiler  more  extended  illustrations,  than  wmild  be  eoiisi>teni  with  tin' 
space  at  my  coinniand.  The  examples  ollered  ;ire  therefore  |e>s  full  than  could  be 
wislii'd.  yet  nion;  extiaideil,  ii  is  apprehendeil.  than  may  be  thought  interestiiiu'  by  the 

liClieral   I'e.lder. 

Till'  .VliioiKpiin  lan,i;\ia,L!e  has  been  niori'  culti\ateil  than  any  of  the  North  American 
tonuues.  ('ontainiii'j:  no  rounds  of  ililliciilt  utterance,  capable  nf  an  easy  and  clear 
exjiression.  ami  with  a  copious  vocabulary,  it  has  been  the  liunrite  niediuin  of  comniii- 
nicatioii.  on  the  frontiers,  Iroiii  the  eaiiiesL  times.  The  l''reiieh  at  an  early  perind 
made  themstdves  masters  of  il;  and.  from  its  uoneral  use,  it  has  been  sometimes  called 
the  court  lair^iiaLic  of  the  Indian.  in  its  various  etIiiioloLiical  forms,  as  spoken  by  the 
Delaware,  .Mohican.  Shawnee,  Miami.  Illinois,  Chippewa-  Ottow.i.  IVittawaltamie  and 
Kickapoo.  and  by  many  other  tribes,  it  has  been  familiar  to  the  Kuulish  colonists,  from 
tie    re-pecti\e  eras  of  the  settlement  of  Vir.^inia.  New  York,  and  New  Kiijland. 

'J'lie  plan  of  thought,  rmcaled  by  an  exaniinatiou  o['  the  Aluompiiu  lanuua'je.  dillers 
the  farthest  jiossible  iVom  that  which  an  Mnglisliiimii,  or  an  American.  cau[iloys.  Its 
object  is,  not  to  exjiress  elementary  soiimN,  but  to  combine,  it  would  .-eem.  as  many 
ideas  as  practicable  in  a  siin;le  expression.  There  is  a  constant  tendency  to  ac(a'etion 
in  the  svllabilication.  Words  ai  ■  ever  the  I'epreseiitatixes  of  associated,  not  simple, 
thomiht.  -V  wold  ,^rows  by  clo';..  .  the  oriiiinal  idea  with  auxiliary  and  explanatory 
Vol     \  1   —s". 


H 


674 


INDICIA     KHoM    LAN(iUA(iK. 


iuoiiiiiii,i;s.  J)r.  liioluT  lius  called  tlicso  liuifiiiiiges  j)ul_v|iliraistic.  Tlie  iiiiliiiii  is,  at  all 
times,  a  beiiiff  ol'  fears.  Placed  in  tlio  forest,  siiiTouiided  In-  dangers,  he  fears,  and  iw 
suspicious  of  everylxidy  and  everytliiiiji'.  Ho  notices  witii  aslonishinj;  (jiiickness 
every  sound  of  the  voice  and  of  the  elements.  This  trait  is  traceahle  even  in  his 
liiij:;iiistic  forms.  He  fears  to  he  held  to  account,  or  to  he  misai)[)rehended;  and  when 
he  recites  what  he  tliinks  a  spirit  miuht  overheiir  and  etmdemn,  lie  omits  particulars 
which  would  i:ive  oU'ence,  or  invents  duliitative  lurms.  Neither  does  he  suljsc(iucntly 
compress  or  ivorgani/.e  his  forms  of  speech.  As  the  language  is  nut  written,  and  he  has 
no  scholars,  the  redundancies  of  meaning,  the  delects  and  inclegancies,  go  on  from 
ci'iitnry  to  century,  running  more  into  concrete  forms,  and,  with  the  lapse  of  ages, 
diverging  farther  and  farther  from  the  primitive  stock.  Verbs  and  nouns  form,  as  it  were, 
but  the  I'hain  of  thouiiht,  iiiti)  which  pronoims,  adjectives,  and  other  ailjunets  are  inter- 
woven, merely  as  the  woof.  But  it  is  all  of  a  piece  —  all  are  woven  together  on  one 
plan.  It  has  been  said  to  Ije  polysyntheti(V,  yet  the  ,-<}nthesis  exhibits  a  remarkable 
unity.  It  is,  ,v((/  '/(//';'/,s'.  poll \ syllabic  indeed,  but  not  pro[ierly  polysynthetie.  It  is 
rather  unasyntlietic  ;  the  ))lan  ol'  thought  is  a  unity.  There  is  a  oui'uess  of  thought, 
by  wliieli  the  wiiole  ti'ain  of  Indian  eonee[)tious  is  made  to  conform  to  the  same  rides  of 
grauunar;  and  this  peculiarity  in  tiieir  lexicography  links  most  of  our  tribes  together 
in  one  generic  i'amily.  more  closely  than  mere  C(Mneideuces  of  sound.  For,  wherever  the 
structure  ot'  tlu'ir  language  is  examined,  tluy  are  found  to  think,  if  they  do  not  s[ieak, 
alike.  Xo  tr;iii  is  moie  charai'terislic  of  our  Indian  lMnguai:es  than  their  ir<in/-/>ui/<(iii'j 
cii/Htri/i/,  wliirh  is  very  prominent  in  the  Algon(piin.  They  re\-el  in  the  power  of  com- 
bination. Taking  the  root  of  a  noini,  or  verb,  they  add  ))artiele  to  parlicii',  until,  like 
an  edilice  which  has  received  numerous  additions,  it  is  made  to  cover  a  Lii'eat  space,  and 
often  to  rise  to  a  height,  which  rather  da/./les  the  eye  than  adds  to  its  conveniences. 
I'lut.  liy  the  jiower  of  analysis,  these  words  are  readily  resoU'ed  into  tlu'ir  elements.  ;iiid 
e\  idence  the  exisience  of  laws  of  ('(Mubinalion  wlii<'li  are  regtdar  and  philosophic.  To 
examine  these  ndes  need  occupy  but  a  lew  moments"  attention  here. 

Tin'  Indian,  in  any  view,  is  no  analyst.  He  estimates  tbiiiiis  in  thr  </ycss,  and  hastens 
to  nni)urthen  his  mind  in  the  same  way.  If  an  animal  or  object  is  black,  or  white,  or 
assumes  any  striking  peculiarity,  this  idea  uuist  aceomiiany.  and  be  eXj^'  -sed  b\-,  the 
radix.  Both  the  noun  and  the  verb,  in  fact  the  I'ntire  voealndary,  is  encundiered  with 
these  declarative  and  descriptive  inlli'xions.  To  see.  to  love,  to  eat.  are  al\va\s  said 
in  an  adjective  i-ense  of  what  is  ,secn,  loved,  or  eaten.  The  irdinitive  i~:  entindy 
ignort'ii.  The  Indian's  thoughts  crowd  closely  upon  him.  If  be  love  or  hate,  the 
object,  wlniher  it  be  in  the  animate  or  inanimate  class  (^J'  creation,  nuist  at  once  be 
indicated  by  a  transitive  intlection.  //-////.  is  man  —  hoinn :  and  the  \('rb.M/»(/.  is  the  (Diio 
of  the  lauiiuage.  But  an  Algon(|uin  caiuiot  say.  "  I  love  a  woman,"  or,  "I  love  a  pipe, 
or  gun,'"  without  letting  this  princi[)le  of  classitic;ition  appear  by  transitive  iulleelion^; 
showing  that  the  one  object  Ixdongs  to  the  animate,  and  the  others  to  the  lilide.-s  or  inani- 


INDIOFA    FROM    LA^MJl:A(}E. 


('."') 


iiiivto  cliiss.  In  nnlor  to  dcnoto  this  piiiiciplo.  tlio  entire  vocabulary  is  diviiUvl  into  Iwo 
fl asses,  viz :  aniniatos  anil  inaiiiinatos.  TIr;  aniinntcs  torniinate  in  tlio  letter  ,'/.  tlie 
inanimates  in  the  letter  /;.  11'  a  word  terminates  in  either  of  the  ^()^vels.  a,  r,  i.  o,  /(, 
the  orthography  of  the  animate  elass,  to  Ije  })reeise,  and  eonibrm  tu  the  Indian  irranimar, 
must  he  mj,  aj,  '!(/,  oij,  or  ikj.  But  if  it  he  of  the  inanimate  elass.  the  terminations 
beooino  <iii,  rii,  in,  on,  nn.  Tins  is  not  still  th'!  sum  of  tlie  inllectioiis  used  to  express 
class,  for,  if  tlio  vowels  be  long,  or  broad,  the  terminations  are  a/'/,  nij.  od;/.  or  naij,  in 
the  animate,  and  '(//;,  (/)/,  (hdi.  or  cxtn,  in  the  inanimate.  This  ])rinci[ile  in  the  irrannnar 
takes  the  place  of  gender,  whicii  it  at  the  same  time  destroys.  There  arc?  no  masculine 
or  feminine  genders;  neither  an^  there  masculine  or  feminine  pronouns.  The  language 
resend)les.  in  this  respect,  what,  we  are  tolil  by  (jcsenius,  tin;  old  Hebrew  Avas  in  the 
(lays  of  the  T'entateuch,  viz:  destitute  of  sexual  distinctions — liaxing  no  separate  i)ro- 
nouns  to  express  In  and  k/ic. 

Another  important  function  is  performed  by  these  inllectioiis  fiir  class,  which  is,  that 
they  denote  the  number  of  the  noun  and  verb,  and,  in  the  conjugations,  supply  the 
])lace  of  objective  jiroiiouiis.  The  following  tabular  view  will  imjiress  these  principles 
on  the  mind,  while  the  exhibit  serves  materially  to  simplify  rules  whieli,  at  first,  iissume 
a  character  of  compbcatioii.  Of  this  nature  is  the  rule  for  eiglite<.>ii  modes  ol'  Ibiniiug 
the  plural,  when  it  is  perceived  that  there  are,  in  realit\',  but  two.  and  these  ol'  the 
simplest  kind ;  and,  wliih  this  object  is  attained,  the  gender,  or  class,  of  words  is  at  the 
same  time  designated.  '•Tell  me,"  said  my  instructor,  "how  the  plural  is  Ibrmed,  and 
I  will  tell  you  the  class  of  every  word  in  the  language." 

1.    l'hn\(l  II nd  i-l(iss   in   A,  as  in  Day. 

Ojil'ira,     ....  A  Chippewa.  OJilnrn-;/ (.'liippew  as  (Animate). 

,S/iiii//,i A  Pelican.  Shoyta-<j,     ....  I'elieans 

Mtijimit A  Woodpecker.  Jfci/nni-;/,    ....  Woodpeckers 

SiKji  inn,    ....  A  Mosipiito.  ,Sn</inin-</,    ....  JMosipiitos  " 

'J.   PInml  am!  </">■.  in  E,  nx  in  P'rekdom  ;   I,  ((-i  in  Machin'i:. 

.     .     .     A  l''ly.  ^.i*'-'.l Flies   (Animate). 

.     .     .     A  Poplar  Tree.       A::itnil)r.<i Poplars  '• 

.     .     .     A  Robin.  < >[m-lui-[i,    ...      Robins  " 


Ojer,     . 

A':nmlf'i\ 

npirhec, 


Ah  inn. 
Mil/i<l. 

Mn.:. 


'.].    I'hinil  ninl  class  in.  1,  as  in  PiN'. 
A  Man.  Inini-ij Men   (Animate). 

4.    Pin  nil  and  rin-ss  in  ().  ns  heard  in  M<i.\X. 

A  Ree.  Alnnn-ij,  .     .  .  Bees     Aiiinwrt'e). 

A  Tree.  Mitfiij-n,i.     .     .     .  Tree< 

A  Moose.  Mo:i-(}ij.  ...     Mo©t<e 


|.  .:l 


iL" 


M 


f       A 


!%i 


iBL 


i>ii; 


INIXCIA     KKOM     l,.VN(iC.V'il<;. 

I'liintI  anil  flatus  in  [',  ,is  Itniril  in  Dlicc 


...    A  yiicii. 

...     A  Duck. 
/u'l/oi.'     ....     A  Fisli. 


.1/ 


S/li  sill  I  II, 


''•''-",'/. 


Sliinliulh-tni, 


!/iii-i>i/. 


Shells  (Aniniiit.). 

Ducks 

Kish 


The  phiriil  h.'iiiu'  (tsccrttiiiicil,  the  chiss  is  (li'icmiiiic(L     ]5iU  the  cinss  ( 
cMii  never  he  iilllxeil  imnscriiiiinately  to  iniv  j^iveii  wcml ;  the  Ihuil  leltor,  </  1 


eriniiiiitiiiiis 


ohiiiigeiihly  ail  iiniiiiate.  ami  tlie   lettiT.  //,  an  iiiaiiiiiiatt 


/,  liein"'  iiiter- 


111 


These  (listiiictiuiis  must  he  ctnistaiitly  olwrvoil  hy  tlio  .speaker,  and  in  (his  iiiaiiiiei 
tiectioii   is  (il'ten  pih'tl  du   iiilicctiuii,  ami  allix  and  .sulli.\  added   to  ymWx.  till  tin 


lexicouTaphy,  Liiaphic  and  descriptive  as  it  1,'oiier.aIIv  is.  a 

to  tlie  o_\c.  as  well  as  to  tlie  ear.    The  acciiiiiiihitioii  of  auxiliary  ideas  is  not  al\va\s,  ti 


ssirnies  a  I'orniidahle  character 


',iiro 


peaii  i^ars.  proilucli\  ■  of  poetic  sounds;  1 


nit.   111  our  i;'eoi;r 


tl 


i|)hical 


iioiiienclatiin 


us  oh|ect  is  so  ol'teii  attained,  as  to  have  ensured  iiniver.sal  adi 


niratio 


n.     Tl 


le   natiKv 


(icira.  will  loiii. 


of  Ontario  and   X'.uara.  IVorta  and   .Missouri,  Ticoiidoroiiii  and   Talla 

continue  to  iiiip;iil  a  pleasin.'r  cadence  of  .-rounds  in  our -.'oouraphical  terininations.  wh 

the   people  wiio  (irst   heslow.  <1   tl'em   shall   h.ave   passed  auay.     An  aiialvsis  of  the 

names  develops  a  siii.L'iilarly  ter<e  mode  of  eoinhinatioii.  of  which  (he  U'ltn  Ondir 

he  taken   as  an  example.      In   this  word,  the  syllal.le  (*//  is  the  radix   for  •■hill"  anil 


lo  in;i\- 


lomitain."  ch.'iraiteristic  of  some  ])artf 


Tiir  is  from  </«/■,  the  radix  H 


rocks  standiii-    in  water;"  ami   /•■.  the  fi'licitous  terminat 


ion  of  a  coni|iouiid  term  liir 


••the  he;!iitifnl  in  a  water  landscape."  which   is  hearil  also  in  the  word  Ohio,     'j'l 
liarticles  are   Inxpiois. 

In  tracing  the  princii)les  of  the  Al-oiapiin  lau,i;-uai;v.  the  oldest  words  are  found 


lese 


suh.stantives.     Ohicct 


ditv, 


si'en.  or   reliired    to,   L:eiierally    precede    the    ideas   of 


motion 


(luality,  or  position. 


Tl 


le  radix. 


is  the  primitive  for  -father;"  hut  it  admits  of  litt 


use  m  expressing  person.il  di>tiiictions.  ami   is  seldom  or  never  heard, 
the  iiroiiominal  signs.  //.  /,■.  (/•.  or,, —  renderiic;  the  word 


without  at  least 


,.«',  or  iiiisii.  '•  u\\  til 


/v 


/."xii,  ••  thv  father:" 


',.'•.  or  ,,■-,,/,. 


••  his  or  her   lidh.M'."     In   these  ( 


si'ins  •■('' 


present   full  pronouns,  which  is  a  common  rule,      'i'lie  letters./,.  /■ 


ernis.  pronominal 


the.H'  cases,  are   fragnieiils  of  tl 
"  she  :"  \ihicli,  in  otherconihinati 


"".  and  II.  Ill 


le  pronouns.  ,,,,,;. 


I  ;"  /•■, 


tl 


ion  ;      «•,,„.  ••  h 


e.     or 


'onus.     But  th 


)t  tl 


u>'  IS  not  tlie  ease  willi  th( 


heir  character,  stricth-  siitli> 


Ills,  are  also  employed  in  their  segregated  or  el 
positiv(dy  ills, iiKi-iihli  ]ironoiiiis.  wliiel 


Tl 


eiiieiitary 
1  are.  ill 


Ills,  iiiiiilinul  siLMiilic' 


or  alinliii'. 


'iiii'/iiiii/iiiii,,/  is  •■nil/  place  of  li\in'j: 


a  home  or  place  of  !i\  iim 
'.'/"".'/■  ■■'''','/  Jilace  of  li\ing;" 


'A"/,   -/lis.  or  /„/•.   ]ilace   of  livin-;"   and   so  on.  tliroiighout   all   the  i)ersoii> 


iiiimhei-.    In  these  cases, 

he  employed  as  intlectiuns  of  the  verb. 


,y""".'/.  //""//•  i*i;c..  are  tlu>  iii.separahle  pronouns. 


ami  can  onK 


['li.'  ■■,■  ii...  I-  ,  .|,|,|,ii„,i,.j 


iii''*J^ 


INUICIA     KliOM     LANCilAdF-:. 

Wlicn  vorns  arc  coiistnictcd  I'loiii  nouns,  tlicy  liiivc;  their  noiniitJitivc  in  ft,  as  c/iitnii, 
'•  to  pi'(>|)('i,"  !'  .ni  rJuiiidnii,"  a  ciimio;"  /"^^^//-/.•/■.-•./_'/(7.  "  to  liri', "  IVoni  jiitiisfi-kl:-.'ijiiii, 
"  a  !j;ini.  or  (iivlook ;"  pnhrtiJ,  "  to  strike,"  I'loni  //»/.v  lali/im,  '•  an  implement  I'or  inllictinj;' 
Mows."  <iii\  or  _//(■(.■.,  tile  radix  lor  tlio  sini,  evidently  pnu'edcd  in  orii;in.  i/i (::-!■•••,  the 
modern  name  for  that  iilanet,  whieh  conveys  an  adjunct  nieanin;^-.  .\'"/  is  thi'  radix 
llir  ••  wind  ;"'  and  the  inllection  ///,  in  the  modern  word,  nuiliii.  merely  transfers  it  to  the 
inanimate!  class. 

In  eiinversational  exiiressious,  the  suhslmUive  nuist  .uvnerally  jirecede  the  verb.  •■  I 
.see  ii  man"  —  luini  indi/ndixi,  /.  '.,  ".Man  I  see."  ■■('ii\(>  me  apples"  —  Miflimiiii 
mciKidiiii,  ••Ap[)les  yivt!  me."  '•  l[a\(>  you  any  fish  V  h'i<i/ul-/,r-i/i-ii-iniii/i .'  ••  \'\A\  ha\e 
you  uuyV"  in  converlin.u;  veihs,  with  the  inliiiilive  or  indieati\t'  pri'sciit  I'orm.  into 
.suhstuntivcs,  ihe  inllection  irin.  is  siuqily  suhjoiued. 

h'yiih) To  ispeak.'         h';/ii/'i-irl/; Spi'ecii. 

J'ldijii To  laugh.  l'iiii/ii-iria l,MUi:lite 

AiiiiiiL'i, J.O  work.  Aiiiiiil,-i-irl)i        Labor. 

(hiiniij/ii 'I'o  rest.  (tinriti/lii-irid Rest. 

Xil/iiii 'J'o  sleep.  X>li<ni-iriii Sleep. 

I'reposition.il  senses  are  (lonveyed  by  the  iiitleclions,  niini.  "  hij,  in'/,  in/nj.  &c. 

'I'lirow  it  into  the  lire l'ihiiii(hiii-i-hl:i«l-i'iiiii. 

do  into  the  plain Muxlih-nil-iiliKi-l.hini. 

lie  is  in  the  clin-tree I'lmi/i-i i  ,)i/-iiiii. 

it  is  on  tiie  water Yi/i-'i  ii;i-i(//'il. 

Iiook  in   the  book Iiiiuiliiii-iiniy.iiiu  'jiin-i mi. 

What  have  yon  in  the  i)ox? \\'('i/(ii/<iiiiii>fiiii/-i/iii/,-n/,'-<„,,/,/ ,' 

Diminutives  are  formed  by  iiilieetions  in  nix.  n.-.-,  (w,  aiK.  U  has  been  said  thai  tli 
Mipcrlalive  is  formed  by  a  du[)li('alion  of  the  lirsl,  sellable,  and  ihis  may  be  reuardci 
also  as  an  aiii.;inentati\e. 

'I'lie  Indian  is  one  wh(\  whate\'er  may  be  thom^lit  1)\-  the  audiior  of  what  appears  to 
be  an  nndistiiiiruishablo  rliapsody  of  words,  has  a  (piiek  and  eorn.'ct  ear  for  bis 
vernacular  sounds,  notes  the  unuranimatical  use  of  Ihe  classes,  and  derides  liie 
imprecision  of  the  jarunii  of  trade.  IK'  is  an  ade|it  in  the  use  of  accents,  (|u;uitic\.  and 
stress  of  \dice,  which  are  the  life  of  liis  lai'Liiia'ie,  ami  never  misplaced  b\  him.  nor 
(Miiployed  with  a  false  utterance.  'I'he  whole  forci?  of  his  lani;uaL;(',  its  \-er\  \ilalil\, 
depends  on  the  jirojier  use  of  these.      The  desiu'iialion  of  the  class  of  objects  is  the  test 


f.TH 


INDICIA    FROM    LAN(5rAr,E. 


:i  :• 


iii 


Vi 


If 


rifrn 

'  is  1  i    if!..    ■  ! 


I    If 


I-'  ifi 


il  II 


::  I 


'  1 1 


Ml  r 


of  ;;i'inniiiinnticnl  iiccuraoy.  and  constitutes  tlu'  true  rule  lor  t'stiiniitintr  ii  jjood  speaker, 
and,  it  may  be  retmirkod,  tlieic  is  no  distinetion  in  Indian  soriety  so  ninrh  appreeiated 
as  the  leputiitioii  ol'  beini^  a  ^ood  orator.  Sassaeiis  and  iMiontotiiino,  I'ontiae  and 
Teeinnsoli,  may  oe(Mi])y  iirominent  positions  as  warriors  in  Indian  reminiseenee,  hut 
fJarraniiula  and  Cannassatiuo.  liOuiui,  and  l{ed  .laeket,  were  lionoied  and  admired  by 
the  lndi;ins  as  orators  and.  indeed.  I)y  tiio  entire  world,  lor  tlieir  simpli;  and  eioipii'iit 
mode  ol'expressin;;  al)oriL'iiial  thoiiiiht. 

It  is  doiditfid  wiietlier  any  man,  born  beyond  tho  precincts  of  tlie  wif^wani.  or  not, 
reare(l  under  tiie  inlluenee  of  tiie  Indian  eouneii-llre.  lias  ever  attained  to  perfection  in 
speaking'  the  Indian  lauL'uaire.  in  j;i\iu,Lr  it  tiie  projier  accentuation  and  stress  of 
utterance,  or  in  comprehendinL'  the  minute  laws  of  its  syntax,  and  revellinu:,  so  to  say, 
in  liie  exfoliation  of  its  exulierant  transpository  expressions.  I  have  witnessed  tho 
ell'eets  of  its  stirriuir  appeals  in  tho  brighti'iiinjr  eyes  of  an  excited  auditory,  as  the 
speaker  directed  their  thouiriits  to  themes  of  thrilling' interest.  He  seemed  to  move 
their  hearts  with  such  a  talismanic  ])o\ver.  that  tiiey  were  reaily  to  seize  the  lance  and 
rush  forth  to  a  pei'ilous  encounter,  witiiout  allowing'  a  controllini;  thou;.dit  to  restrain 
them.  .Vnd.  wiuit  is  far  more  remarkai)le.  I  lia\e  observed  the  transporting  elli-cts 
produceil  by  tho  voice  of  an  Indian  convert  to  Christianity  —  a  Monira/.id.  or  a  .lohn 
Sunday  —  who,  with  an  entirely  new  jirou[)  of  thounhts  ami  reasonimr.  depicted  tho 
Great  S|)irit.  whom  they  had  iiruorantly  adored  in  the  clouds,  imder  the  true  name  by 
■\\liieh  he  is  n'vealed  in  his  Word.  Such  men.  knowini:;  the  emptiness  of  their  former 
beliels  from  tiieir  own  experitMice.  subdued  tlieir  hearers  by  a  bold  appeal  to  the  power 
of  truth,  which  they  could  not  resist,  and  beliir(>  which  they  bowed  contritely  and 
suluuissively. 

I'uder  tlie  inl!utMic(^  of  such  feelings  tiie  Indian  no  longer  regards  the  (!ivat  Spirit 
as  the  m(M'e  rider  of  the  elements,  but  realizes  the  adiiptability  of  his  incarnation  to 
tiie  needs  of  a  frail  and  erring  humanity.  Having  arrived  at  this  conviction,  he  raises 
his  voice  ill  the  spirit  of  prayer,  uttering  that  compndiensive  petition  :  "  Xuxiinnin 
fir:fiii/ii,ii/  (i/iii/ini  ;  Tii/,-!/iJiii'ni»Jlii(t(f  ni  h<liKhtnil:n::<iii'iii.  My  Father  in  heaven 
abidiiiL;;  hallowed  l)e  thy  name."  The  languaLH'  itself,  though  so  long  devoteil  to  the 
oxpres^^ioll  of  inei'i>  objects  ol  sense,  is.  liowe\er.  adajited  to  convey  th(>  leading  thoughts 
of  Christianity.  It  either  already  contains,  or  admits  of,  tli(>  formation  of  words,  which 
are  equivalents  lor  sin.  repentance,  faith,  a  Saviour,  and  man's  destitution  of  innate 
righteousness.  The  knowledge  of  this  fact  enables  ns  to  comprehend  why  Kliot  and 
the  Ma\liews,  in  ItiKl,  and  Mrainerd.  in  1711.  proiluced  such  annizing  elli'cts  on  tln> 
Indian  mind,  converting  it  completely  to  the  principles  of  the  gospel,  ami  winnowing 
from  it.  as  it  W(Me,  the  chalf  of  its  long-cherished  moni'toiistic  and  demoniac  reliances. 
IJiit  this  subject  requires  caution,  time,  and  study  :  the  work  of  a  translator  is  one  of 
\ast  labor. 

Ill   exainiiiinLr   the    principk's    of   th(^    .VlL'oiiquin    langiKige,   its  curious    jilianey  of 


INDICIA     I'HOM     LA  N(i  IIAOK 


07  rt 


f( 


onus. 


iiiiil  tlu'  iip|)ii('iiliility  of  ilH  sylliil)ic  power  to  express  new  ideas,  tln'iv  is  dan.i^ei' 
of  imprecision,  iinil  ol'coiiiinittinjr  errors  in  its  inturpretalion,  precisely  in  proportion  as 
tlie  siilijects  are  ol'  an  alistract  character,  or  liave  ii  novi'l  or  critical  import.  I  Iiunc 
seen  a  version  ol'tiio  ;;ospel  in  tliis  languaj:;i',  in  wiiicli  the  wiinU.'  mystery  of  tlic  Incar- 
nation is  iinllilioil  by  the  snhslitulion  of  the  expression  -yoMni;'  woman,"  lor  "  viiirin. ' 
and  hy  L'ivini,'  to  some  ol'  the  ti^nrativo  teachin'js  of  the  record  a  meaning'  ntterly  al. 
variance  with  their  import.  This  perversion  ol"  meaning'  ri'snlts  from  the  employment 
of  interpreters,  well  versed,  it  is  true,  in  the  nali\ii  titnuii(>,  so  far  as  is  re(piired  hy  liie 
necessities  of  trade  and  ordinary  conversation,  hut  wIkj,  w  ith  a  IJartimean  inili>linctness, 
see  gospel  truths  only  as  "  trees  waikini;." 

A,"  aindysis  of  the  forms  of  the  ianjiuage  would  seem  to  indicate  that  it  was  luunded 
on  a  limite<l  nundier  ("  inonosyllal)ie  stock  particles,  snlistanlive,  verhal.  aiijective,  and 


trononinni 


1 

God, 


such   as  tiie  radices   tor  •■  fnv,  air,  eirlli.  wati'i'.  father,  muliier.  ehili 


sun.  moiin 


skv,  star;  cloud,  rain,  soum 


)i;ous  s\llal)ic-  iniciei    liirin  tl 


verhs  "to  move,  to  grow,  to  see,  to  strike,  to  eat,  to  run,  to   live,  to  di 


T 


liolds  uDod   also  r( 


int;  tl 


le    ratlii   ol    all    sulhxed,    prehxed.  or  mser 


ted 


expri'.ssing  adjunct  ideas.      These  still  cunslitute.  at  lh<'  pre-iMit  day.  tlie  sti 


iiarlK'ies 


of  the  lamiuauc  eaeii  havim;-  a  \\v\i  ri 


Cd^niseil 


lUt 


;eueric.  meaiMU'j 


Tl 


UlS 


'  motion 


an( 


l"t 


o  move,"  are   the   miclei   of  the  verbs  ■•  to  walk,  to  run.  to  strike,  to  wave  tl 


le 


hand,   to  trrow,"  i^c 


T 


lese 


■i|( 


parti( 


institute   the   frame-work  of  tlu-  word- 


building  power,  the  adjuncts  of  the  grannnar  surround  them  as  a.  garii.  and  they  adhere 
b}'  tiie  sim[ile.»l  rules  of  syntax.      If  two  consonants  or  two  vowels  come  in  contact  in 

rthugra[>hieal   law  nion^ 


tl 


lor  tl 


lere  is  no  o 


ie.se  accretions,  one  nuisl  lie  dispensed  with  ; 
generally  observeil  in  .syllabilieation  '.ban  the  one  which  dirt'cts   that,  tiir  the  sake  of 
niphony,  a  vowel  i 


st   eith 


ler   nreceile 


or   lijllow   a  consonant.      Where   two   xowels 


he   ultinnite   and   penultinnite.  they  are   pionounced   as  open  \dv 


mdepi'udent  mem 


if  lb 


sentence. 


Hence  tlu-   rhvtiim  of  the   laniiuativ 


>ucli 


onungaliela,  are  examp 


words  as  Outa.io.  Oswego.  Chicago,  I'otomac,  Alabama,  and  .^b 
of  (his  pec'uliaiity. 

A  more  critical  research  into  the  grannnatical  structure  of  tin-  languaL'e  will  di'vele 
the  fact,  that  the  mental  exuvia  of  constructiveness.  as  also  the  pertinacious  adherent 


of  the  Indian- 


to  normal  forms  ( th 


Ul'old 


niu;  wnicn  is 


left  after  lb 


le   edifice  is  coin- 


d  not  the  ri'siilts  of  the  ratiocination  of  ssiitbesis.  have  iiiveii  rise  to  duiilica. 


nicies,  and  other  defects,  as  well  as  to  the  almost  ini 


iimieraiile 


jtlete) 

tions  of  meaniii'j',  ri'dimd 

aceumulation  ol'  forms  and   inllectioiis,  whi(;ii  liave  originated  uliat  ba\e   been   called 

asiglntinalions.    The  ear  of  the  Indian  is  not  oiiK'  criti 


cally  accurate  ni  the  a[i|)rtciathMi 
of  .--ounds.  but  bis  mind  also  is  I'ascinated  by  them;  and  it  is  evident  thai,  at  no  [leiiod 
in  their  historv.  has  the  svntax  been  revised,  and  the  cunibidusness  of  its  fdrins  lediu'cd 


to  a  comiiact  s\stem.     According  to  the  natural  classiticalioii.  nouns  and  \ei 


bs  1 


lave, 


strictly  spe;iking.  but  three  [lersoiial  pronouns.     •■ /.  //k 


the  epicene.  "  //< .  or  .s/n 


\s 


tl 


I 


I     :■ 


III 


'  I 


;  I"      i 


^dt 


./f; 


IMl.'i 


.  'I 


»^ 


!  I 


!>] 


:.!n 


( ) 


tiso 


IN  HI  CIA     lltuM     1,.\  Nt;  I   A(i  K, 


Tlu'sc  arc  cIiiiii'.'imI  into  llic  iiliiriil.  imt  liy  tin'  uho  (if  fudi  wonln  i\h  "wc,  //*(//,  l/um,'^ 
liiit  l)y  tli(>  iiiiiiiericiil  iiillcctioii  of  tlii<  vcrl)-,  fur  it  is  a  riilu  tliat  proiioiiiis  in  tliu 
olijt'ctivc  fiise  nrc  (lisliii,i;iiir<lii'il  Irdiii  tlmsc  in  tlio  iKUiiiiiiitivc  li_v  llif  nuiiiln't'  ol'  tlio 
\itIi.  whicli  is  iilwiivs  Mil  iiiilcctinii.  St)  tlint  tlif  sciisi;  is.  hy  ('(iiiipiiri-nii  witli  llic 
Eii^lisli.  us  if  \vi'  siioiil  !  siiu  111)1  ■•  I  lovi',"  but  '■  I  lovt's,"  or  ••  IoM'  ilocs  ;"  "  I  iiiiis."  for 
'•1  run,"  ><:('.  Tlic  j)i(mi";i  is  jilsu  ivtiiiued  in  tiic  plnasc  us  wi'il  as  liic  noun;  as, 
'•■lolni. /('  iinis."  iM-t<a(l  of  ••John  runs,"  iSiC. ;  (k'noliny  tiuit  the  langnagi'  coulil  nut 
Inivi'  iiMil  a  i'<'linr(l  mi'/in. 

NniniiiT  is  fornicil  Ky  aijiiin:^  tin'  letter  //  to  tlie  linai  vowel  of  all  wonis  of  the 
animate  or  vital  class,  am!  the  leltrr  n  to  those  of  tiic  inert  or  iuaninuite  cla-<s.  'I'u 
the  learner  this  sinijile  arraiii;cnient  at  lirst  ])resent.s  an  appearance  of  intricacy,  imt 
the  system  is  soon  found  to  he  liotli  rci;ular  ami  innsieal ;  for.  if  tiie  sinviular  end  in 
((.  (.  /.  <i.  (/.  the  plural  is  ciiaiiired  to  c/.  nij.  /'/.  c;/.  /"/ ,•  ami.  if  lh'-  word  ends  in  the 
liiciad  siiuml  ol'  "  or  '.  we  JiaAc  two  more  lla'ms,  endim;'  in  "/'//.  and  mii/.  nud\imr  seven 
kinds  (if  plurals  in  the  animate  clas<.  There  are  also  seven  kinds  of  piiuals  in  the 
non-\ilal.  or  inanimate  class,  endimi'  in  kh.  hh,  in.  mi,  im.  or,  liir  tii(^  Itroad  vowi'ls,  in 
iilii  anil  ""//.  Thus,  it  will  he  pcreiMNcd.  there  arc  fourteen  modes  of  denoting;  the 
nundn'i'  wiiieh  irovi'rns,  as  well  as  pro  luces,  a  i'\lhmical  llow  of  lan^iiaui'.  This 
rci|uin-:  a  tliorou'jh  knowledj;e  hoth  of  the  grammar  and  the  vocahnlaiy. 

Mueli  of  the  iippai'cnt  ohscurity  surroundimr  the  noun  is  tiins  removed  :  Imt  a  nnich 
Lrrealer  (iillleulty  is  eneounlered  in  tin-  use  of  the  vcrh  and  pronoun;  iiir  the  \rvy  same 
vowclie  rule  ol'  numlicr  pcrxades  liotii  parts  of  speech.  When  an  AlLiompiin  has  pro- 
HiiMUccd  the  innn  of  hi^  iaiiLiua'ie.  "sdiii/."  his  next  ol)iect  is  to  add  the  person  to  it. 
'i'liis  is  dune,  at  lirst.  hy  preli.xin^'  the  pronoun  imii.  ••  1."  or  its  [)i'ononnnal  sii;n.  // ,• 
hut  tiie  xcrh  nuist  also  denote  the  pei'son  heloved.  Me  cannot  speak  in  an  inlinitivo 
Mii-c.  'I'll  do  this,  tlie  particle  "7  is  suKjoiiuMl  to  the  radix,  nuiking  suvii-nt  —  a  particle 
deri\c'd  from  one  of  the  i^icat  primary  iMi)t<  of  the  iaieiuav'e ;  i-i-mi  si;^nityin,i;'  heinii'  or 
existence.  In  tiiis  connection  it  is  the  succedaneum  I'or //"//.  and.  of  course,  /i//// or 
Ik  r.  There  i-eniains  hut  one  step  more  to  rendi'i'  the  expression  pliu'al.  which  is  eU'eeted 
liy  sullixinir  the  common  animate  letter  //.  renderinii'  it  ■-niii/iiiii;/. 

It  \vas  a  mi-^take  ot  the  older  intpiirers  into  the  <'onstruction  of  our  Indian  lamrmi'ies, 
to  suppii-e  that  tliese  tonunes  pijssessed  no  word  for  th<'  i'\pres>ion  of  the  sui)stanti\e 
\eili.  'J'he  conclusion  was.  douhtless,  drawn  from  the  fact,  that  tlie  Indians  did  not 
einjijoy  it  in  tiieir  ordinary  colloipiial  terms;  never  sayinj:'.  ••  I  mn  sick."  '•  I  mii  wfll," 
\e. ;  imt.  merely.  ■•  I  sick,"  '■  I  well."  X:c.  Xeitlier  is  it  otherwise  used,  at  this  day.  in 
the  .M'jompiin  dialect:  tlie  reason  lor  wliiedi  is.  that  the  verli  •'to  he"  i<  appropriated 
to  the  ileily.  ami  it  is  rei^arded  as  presintiptive.  or  di-^respei'tfiil.  to  ap]iiy  il  to  human 
passions.  /'/('.  the  Lieneric  ■word  for  existence,  is  the  radix  liir  tin;  Supreme  iiein^.  in 
which  sense  it  may  he  supjio^ed  to  coii\ey  tlie  meaiiinu'  of"//  ami  ,/'"/;.  in  words  ol'  the 
.same  niiport  in  the  Ilejjrew. 


INhlcIA     I' I!  MM     1,.\  Nd  lAd  !•; 


-Si 


•  ?<)(',  //((//,  thrill" 
|II'IIMUIIIIS    ill    till! 

!  miiiilii'V  (if  tlio 
jiii'isoii  with  tli»» 
s  ;"  ■•  1  runs,"  lor 
s  till'  iioiiM ;  ii>, 
giia^'c  coiiiil  iiut 

ill    words  of  llii- 

illllltt'    clllSH.        'I'll 

of  iiitriciicy,  but 
.siiivMiliir  cml  ill 
oi'il  I'liils  ill   tlit> 

'/.   IllllUill'^    Si'M'll 

if  jiluials   ill    till- 

iiroiul  voui'ls,  ill 

ol'  (li'iiotiiiir  llio 

i;iimuii;i(>.     'J'liis 

uy. 

I'll :  Init  ;i  iiiiicli 
>v  till'  very  siiini' 
L!()iii|uiii  lias  ]iro- 
ic  |icrsoii  tu  it. 
loiiiiiuil  siiin.  /( ; 
in  ail  iiifiuitivo 
</-rii  —  II  [lurticlf 
fiiilyiiiu'  liciiii;-  or 
II  cDiii'sc.  /niii  or 
wiiicli  is  cHl'i'lcd 

idiau  I.uiuMiaii'cs, 

tli(>  siil)staiitiv(' 

Indians  did  imi 

;. '  '•  I  "///  \\<ll.'' 

.  at  this  day.  in 

is  a|i|)roiiria|.'d 

ply  it  to  hiiniiin 

pri'iiic    iJciii'j.  ill 

in  Words  of  tiu' 


'I'lir  Indians  a|i|icar  to  attach  a  [n'culiar  iiiiiiurtaucc  to  tlii'  I'Xini'Sr  lo'i.  m  iix 
rlciin'iitaiy  lorms;  hut  ihcir  fuiii|ioniid  words  iihounil  with  pailiidos  d.  .ivid  iVoiii  it. 
Iiii|uiry  al-o  rciidrrs  it  clear,  that  their  nicdais,  w  ihciias.  and  hicnitic  d.'i'toi's  iim-  the 
vcrh  'Mu  he,"  in  its  (  Ic'iiicntiiry  I'oi'iiis.  in  thi.'ir  dndai'iUivc  iiikI  lMiu>tiiiir  socidariaii  ami 
ni\>liral  soli'is.  The  )m'|  roiniei'.  in  llnse  secret  llMooillliolls.  when  he  has  lltteicd  the 
phra'^e,  Xiii-i/iiir.iiiii-!iiiiii,'  or  A/-//("//-/-i/o//7(,' iissiiiiies  wvy  iniich  the  air  ol  one  wIj'i 
has  littered  a  sacred,  if  not  >,icrile 
'I'  or  attriliiiles  of  a  (ioil. 


;lons.  .-elltelici',  or  as  ll'.   Ill    Ml  doill'j',  he  ii>lirneil   till' 


I" 


The  radix  iWr  (Ireat  Spirit,  in  llie  nniiierons  .M'jiUKpiin  trihes.  i<  hkih  ,•  in  thn-e  ol' 
the  Iroipiois  .--tock.  ///" — \ar\in'j'  to  nln/i  mid  nin/i.  The  cdiitineiit  i,»  deip.iiiinatrd 
(livat   Ulaiid,  or  Island  n|' the  ( 1  n.^at  Spirit. 


Till'  radix  lor  an  island,  in  tiie  Nal.e  \iic;i!iiilarv  of  the    .^lassachnsetts  India 


IIS.  was 


./'  ;    ill    the    Dela 


ware.  11111(111 


ll  ;    III    llie   Sham 


lan  nee.  nn  mi 


in   the  ('hip|iewa. 


ami  till'   term   \,llied   in   th''  nilllielnlis  oilier  klioWII    .VLoi|i|i|ill  dialects.      Ill   the    lld.jll 


.'ion|i.  Ilie  railix'  \vas  in  im  ;    in 


the  .Moliauk  dialed.  /, 


(lll'i  iin   :     III 


(  dieiihl.  /.•'(/( 


iii'iiiic  :   111 


the  Onoiida'ja, /,i(/((''((;('/ ;  iiiid  ill  tiie  Cayiiuia.  hm'i  i'lltin'.  (leiier.illy  tiiere  is  a  ro()t-lia'ni. 
or  radical  particle,  an.  or  iii-niiiiil  whicji.  as  ii  iineleii-;.  all  the  iidjiincls  or  coiitiii'jeiicies 
ol'  a  wiii'd  are  concentrateil.  Thus  i/w  is  the  r.nlix  liir  an  orl>.  or  lii.a.\eids  ]i|ieiiiiiiii'iiiin. 
while  ijff-.i.i  is  the  snii.  and  //"-./"';/.  the  >k\.  liy  piiitiiiL:  the  prelix  '//A//.'.  iiieanin'.i- 
dark,  or  iii'.jlit.  iicliire  tiiis  tcriii.  tiie  niodii  is  deiiuled.  Tim-,  al-o.  the  r;iili\  mni  is 
restricted  to  ihelii'jher  atinospheiic,  pheiioiiiena ;  hy  addiiii.:'  the  rormative  inllcciion. 
ill/,  the  word  ■••/'"/•  is  eNpio.-ed;  and  hy  the  use  of  the  l'oriiiali\e  '/'///(/.  we  lia\e  the  wurd 
rlmiil.  It  is  a,  liunriie  mode  with  the  linliaii  speak'i',  in  mi  acciiiiiiil;iii\e  laie:iiaL;e, 
rather  to   use  prefixes  or  inllcxiuii-.  nr  l'ra;;iiieiits  of  disintegrated   term-'    in  cm.  leciimi 


wil 


h  a  radix,  than  tu  employ  another  and  dill'ereiit  radix,  or  to  alt 


eilll       III  ll  .'111  a  new 


Tl 


IIS    .-\slelii  denotes  lis    antli|mlS-. 


Teii-e  is  ex|ires>ed  as  simply  and  rciiiilarly  as  niimlicr.  The  \ci-hs  are  conjii'^aled. 
not  li\'  auxiliary  \erlis.  hut  hy  addiiej  teiisal  inllcctioiis  to  the  terms  fir  moods.  ;iiiil  at 
the  same  time  decliiiiiiu'  the  prefixed  pronouns  hy  a  similar  nielliod.  Thii'^.  hv 
prefixing;  the  lirst  jironoininal  liirm,  in  or  /";'.  •'  I. '  to  the  tei;-;il  particle  i/c.  the  sense 
is.  ■•  I  did.  or  was  ;"  hy  prelixiicj'  ;/"//.  "  I  .-hall  or  will  ;"  and  hy  .'/"/(;/".  "  I  shall  or  will 
have."  The  addition  of  the  iiillection  ijiili  form-i  t!ie  imperali\e.  and  iluli  the  puleiitial 
mood.  .Meantime  the  verh  has  its  ordinary  inllections  for  niimher.  It  has  a  perfect 
(last  tense  eiidin.;  in  /'/(/(  ,•  there  is  a  siipiilicatory  form  of  the  imperative,  in  ////(/(//  ,- 
and  an  iiiterrojati\e  in  imli.  There  is  also  a  ileelarative  liirm  in  iirli.  i>v  mrli.  th,.  use 
of  which  is  aliuosl  entirely  coiiliiied  to  the  hieratic  circiL  ol'  their  priesthood.     Thus  n 


I'lii-  i-  till'  L'l'Mi'i-ii'  r.iriii  ul'ilii.  vrrti   "t'l  1"'."  witli  ii  ]uvlixiil  r^ini --imi.  iiiiulr  up  'if  tin-  lir-t  | 


rlMill.  iiml 


lilr  ivi.nl 


ifvill-  l,..,l; 


111  ;i  .-|iint.  ill-  ]irrMiii:ili'  ;i  -|.iril, 

Vol..  \'l.  — Mi 


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INDICIA     KHOM    L  A  N  (!  I' A  (!  K. 


iiKiii  Clin.  1)\  ail  iiillcctioii,  cliaimu  his  pcrsiiiKility.  (wcliiimiiii;',  Xi-nioii-i-dnir/i.  '•  I  iiiii  ii 
Maiu'td.  or  ili'ily." 

Atii  r  iill  (hut  liiis  hccii  wrilteii  on  tlio  suhji-ct.  the  root-rorm  ol'  tiio  \cih  remains 
till' .^iiiiH'.  ill  ill!  its  iiiiiiierous  conjiiuatioiis, , '111(1  aihlilioiis  ol' jji'i'lix.  siillix.  aiui  iiillcctioii, 
except  ill  tiiose  minor  aiiiliuhetic  disoriiani/atioiis,  nMjnired  hy  the  coliesion  of  li'tters, 
and  the  law  of  onphony.  In  _/()(/;•  Ihitiimiiiil  <iii<l  jijli/  clianucs  H)r  tense  nnd  person  in 
tlie  \erh  7r<(»/^ '■  to  sec;."'  (lie  intciiiily  of  this  lorin  is.  ihi'oiijihont,  niaiiitained.  Thus  the 
inullipli<'ation  ol' loiins  arises,  not  t'roiii  tiie  list-  ol'  (hslinct  tenses  and  persons,  hut  from 
ailjcctive  or  adverl)ial  siufiiilicalions  appended  tii  tlie  railix;  as,  *•  I  see  perfectly, 
iiniierl't'ctly,  ]iartly.  (louhtfully.  jrood.  liad,"  I'ci.;  or  from  negations,  or  dul>itativo  senses. 
These  voices  of  tile  Indian  verli  tiirow  a  false  narl)  of  refmemcnt,  in  distinctions  of 
]ierson  and  tense,  aiioiit  it  ;  l>ut  tiiese  are  really  crudities,  and  prove  that  the  grammar 
lias  iie\-er  lu'eii  reliirmcd  liy  erndilion,  or  systematized  by  logical  thought. 

Tlie  Aliioinpiin  languajjc  has  no  words  for  the  expression  of  oaths ;  an  Algonquin 
can  neiilier  swear  nor  lilasplieme.  The  deity  can  he  addressed,  on  solemn  occasions, 
but  it  iiiusi  lie  (lone  with  re \eriiice  or  respect.  Oiilirsl  beginning  tlie  stiuly  of  the 
language.  I  endeavored  to  subject  it  to  the  test  of  that  iii3stic  text  contained  in  the 
1  Ith  ihapter  of  Exodus,  '•  1  am  tiiat  1  am. "  and  leceived  this  aflirmed  e(piivaleiit : 
m:i:n  now  i.\r  wiAV.v.  Of  this  expres>ion,  the  anti-penult  and  the  penult,  the  syllables 
'/""  and  /(((/;/,  are  derivatises  from  the  AlgoiKpiiii  verb  '■  to  bo ;"  iau  signifying  the 
]ireseiit  and  past  tenses  of  the  first  person. 

Theie  is  an  anomalous  dual  in  tiic  language,  used  to  ex]»rcss  the  ^vord  ^rc,  the  object 
of  which  is  to  iin-lutlc.  or  (xvhulr.  the  jierson  or  [)ersoiis  addressed.  If  an  AlgoiKjuiii 
should  say.  ••  We  agree  in  what  you  h:i\e  said,"  or  "  We  dissent  from  it,"  the  form  of 
the  word  "■( .  and.  of  course.  ;/(/((.  iIk)/.  and  ilicin.  must  denote!  whether  the  objective 
person  and  the  speaker  be  of  tlu;  same,  or  of  another  family,  lodge,  clan,  or  tribe. 
Wtimm'im  is  the  inclusive,  hi  naintii  the  exclusive,  Ibrni  ij\l'  the  pronoun.  As  neither 
of  these  terms  appear  to  be.  theoretically,  applicaiile  Ui  tli<!  Dcit}'.  1  was  solicitous  to 
ascert;iiii.  when  I  began  to  study  the  language,  how  ])rayer  couhl  be  addressed  to 
Ciod.  who  could  not  hi!  said  to  be  (if  the  family,  clan,  >.^e.,  and  who  would  seem  to 
lose  all  near  personality  iiy  a  rigid  exclusion.  Converts  i-nt  the  grammatical  knot  by 
calling  the  SupreiiK,'  ISeiiig,  Aiwi',  "  my  fatlK'r ; '  the  precise  term  I'ainiliarly  used  in 
speaking  to,  or  of,  the  father  of  a  iiimily. 

There  is  a  delicate  mode  of  alluding  to  the  dead,  without  mentioning  the  word  death. 
It  is  done  simply  by  sullixing  the  jiarticle  of  th(!  jierfect  past  tense,  Iniii,  to  the  deceased 
person's  name.  Thus.  '•Pontiac;'  the  nominative,  /b/^/i'cv/*;/;;,  "  the  late  I'ontiac." 
Or.  to  make  the  rule  more  clear  to  the  comprehension  of  an  Knglish  scholar,  suppose 
allusion   is  made  to  an   honored  name,   fresh   in  our  recollection,  and  meriting  our 

'  Vol    IV,.  )ip.  •JiiT-iSS'^ 


I  M  1)1  CI  A     KHoM     l-AN<i  I   A<;  l!]. 


em 


respect:  as,  ■■Cliiituii,"  iiomiiint've;  <'/liili>ii-il>itii,  ()\i^L'ri\\i:;  ineMiiiiig  '•tin'  lati'  Mr. 
Clinton."  Tims,  I)}-  putting  a  man's  name  in  the  perfect  par-t  tense,  the  Inilian  tlrntiics 
liis  (leatii. 

We  are  of  the  nnniher  of  tho.se  wlio  thinlc  that  our  InJian  languages  possess  charai'- 
teristics  whicli  have  lieen  greatly  overrated  on  tlie  oiu;  hand,  and  a'*  greatly  decried  on 
the  other.  They  form  a  medium  of  comnnmicatiou  adiniralily  adapted  to  all  th.' 
purposes  of  Indian  life,  and  capaMe  of  almost  unliiiiiled  application  and  extension. 
To  ;i  vocahulary  not  multiHirm  in  its  roots,  tiiey  a|i[iiy  a  systi'm  of  elimination  w  hii'ii 
enables  tiie  s[)eaUcr,  by  the  I'urmation  of  derivatives  and  compounds,  to  muiti[i!y  and 
re-nHilti[)ly  words  and  expressions  in  a  manner,  of  whieii  tiie  Knglish  language  gives 
not  the  slightest  conce|ition.  No'  only  the  suliject  noun,  but  il-^  (pialilics.  and  its  posi- 
tion ;  the  |)i'rsons,  nominative  and  oiijeetive ;  and  tiie  action  of  \\lii('b  it  is  ihi-  arii\i'. 
passive,  or  ivllccti\i'  object,  are  all  indicated  in  a  singK'  expression.  This  coiH'rete 
eharactt'r  of  the  litnguage  gives  to  some  of  its  words  a  copiousness  ol'  e.xpression,  which  a 
rigid,  monosyllabic  language,  like  our  own,  does  not  j)os.-ess;  and  tiie  meaning  cmneyed 
by  some!  siimle  Indian  words,  would,  in  the;  English  language.  re(piire  iin  entire  ,>.eiiteiice 
liir  their  explanation.  Th(>  great  art  reepiisite  is,  to  st'i/e  upon  tli(>  jirinciiile  ofcoiiiliiiia- 
tion.  Tlie  objec'lion  to  this  process  of  word-making  is.  that  the  expii'ssions  are  iiicon- 
venii'ntly  long;  which  deli'ct  is  not.  however.  a|)[)arent  in  an  oral  language,  but  is  very 
strikingly  develo[)ed  when  it  coiiie-*  to  be  witten — and  written,  as  it  usually  is.  without 
the  aid  of  acia'uts,  to  guide  the  pronunciation.  Many  of  its  concords,  too.  apjiear 
Huperlluous;  such  as  its  double  indications  of  tense  and  numbt-r.  and  doid)Ie  ]iosses>i\i's. 
&e.,  creating  a  rythmical  llow  of  langiiage,  which,  however,  has  a  tendency  rather  to 
the  verbo.«ie  than  to  tlie  poi'tic.  One  of  its  most  ojectionable  leatures  appears  to  us 
to  be  tiie  extension  of  the  principle  of  gender,  so  lar  as  to  neutralize  the  distinction 
between  mascnline  and  li'minine.  in  its  verbal  forms,  reipiiriiig  oiil\'  a  concordance  in 
animate  and  inanimate  objects.  This  does  not  abolish  the  use  of  mascnline,  teiiiiniiie, 
and  even  sexual  nouns.  /'.  /'.,  words  restricted  in  their  u.-^e  to  males  and  females;  but  it 
leaves  all  the  pronouns  in  the  condition  of  mere  animates.  Tiiere  is  no  distinction 
between  he  and  .s/ic.  The  languages  seem  to  I)e  replete  with  resources  when  applied  to 
the  phenomena  of  nature.  The  heavens  and  the  cartii  appear  to  constitute,  in  the 
imagination  of  the  Indian,  a  symbolic  volume,  which  even  a  child  may  read.  .Ml  tli.it 
relates  to  light  and  shade,  to  color  and  quality,  to  purity  or  impurity,  to  spirit  or 
matter,  to  air  or  earth,  are  blended  with  th(>  suliject  noun,  and  are  indicated  at  one 
oxhalation.  or  prolongation  of  tiie  breath.  ///  the  sky.  an  the  sky.  or  inn/'r  tlie  sky; 
-///  or  oil  the  water;  A//  or  '.;/  the  shore;  ///  or  mi  the  tree;  /itut/,-  or  /i/m  clouds; 
<■/*•((;•  or  «'!'</'/// water ;  (Iccp  ov  s/mllinii  stri'ams;  up  the  river,  or  i/mrn  the  ri\cr;  /// 
heaven  or  on  eartli,  .are  b\it  single  words  of  a  simple  derivative  character.  I'ut  wi- 
have  not  space  to  jiursue  this  subject,  and  will  merely  add  that,  unlike  the  modern 
cultivated  languages,  the  Indian  dialects  are   ail   iiomogeneous   in   their  material,  .and 


'  li 


iik..'  i 


Mi 


N  hi  CI  A    I'lJo.M    LA  N(i  [■  Ai;  !•; 


>tricth-  iiliiloso].Iiic.  or  Mst.in.itic.  in  tli(  ir  priiici|.l(s.  Tiio  gcnoral  touo  oironvorsntioii 
isnwnv  cli'viitcd  in  point  of  tliou-lit.  tlian  anion^'  any  amiio-ons  class  oi'  iicoplc  in 
rivili/,.,1  iili'.  Tlio  diction  is  simple  and  pure  ;  and  licncc,  tlie  most  oonnuon  scnlcnc<-s 
of  their  speakers,  when   literally  translated,  are  reniarkaidy  attractive.     Kxalteil  and 

ilisinlensled  sentiments  are  lreipu'ntlye\|)rcsspdl.y  their  si'ntcntionsp.ilysyllahleswitli  a 
happy  ell'ect.  In  attemjits  to  nnravel  the  intricacies  of  its  syntax,  the  mind  I-  ofien  led  to 
uoialer  where  a  peoiile  so  literally  ••  peeled  and  scattered."  should  have  derived,  imt 
the  laniiuaire  itself,  hnt.  the  princij)les  which  j^ovcrn  its  enunciation. 

\,,Th:._Tli.'  liinitMlinn  ,,l'  il,,'  j.ivsnil  vi.liiiiic  |.iv\viil-.  (lie  iii-^.Tliuii  „||l,r  iviiuiiiinL'  l^apris  ..n  l,aii..'iW'c, 
cnilir.iciiiu'  ill  ■  \iii-:iliiil:ii-irs,  \c. 


I;. 


SECTION    TWKXTV-i:i(;HTII. 


ST  A  T  I  ST  1  CS,     T  U  I  IJ  A  I.     A  N  I)     (i  K  N  \]  \{  A  I,, 


CIIAI'TKII     I. 


CKXSrS    <t|"    TlIK     IN1>1\N    •ri;i!!i;s    n|-    THK     INITKI)    statks. 


K'  l7-'1ii  till'  Fi'i'iicli  iiiiilcM'todk  to  !ii;il<i'  :iii  ('iiMiniTMtidii  i>\'  IIm'  linliau  trilirs.  mikI 
r('|Mirli'il  fill'  nmiilM'i'  ol'  wurrlors.  nr  li'^litiii'j-ini'ii.  tn  he  l(i.  lit-'!,  w  liicli.  ;\l  tlic  ii<ii!il 
v;\tii)  dl'  coininit.'itioM.  rc|irrsi>iit(M|  n  ]ii)piilnti()ii  ol"  S'J.lll  •">  siuils,'  Siilisi'i|iii'iil  to  iIm' 
(•(iiii|iit'st  (if  (':ui!iil:i.  Mild  iil'lrr  ictiiniiiii;-  from  his  Avc^tcrn  ('Uiii|iai;2ii.  < 'nloiirl  l!iiii\ 
lie  ,i(|ii''t  cstiiiKitcil  tlicir  iimnlicrs  at  "i(i..")ii()  \\nn>ini'.<.- (ir '-'S^i.nilll  jkmsoii-^.  In  17i>>. 
'l'lioiii;i-j  ]|iitcliin<.  !•]-;((..  Siirvcyor-Gi'iicral  ol'  tin'  Uritisli  coloiiii's.  rati'il  tli<'ir  military 
liircc  more  accurately,  iit  lit. Sod  warrior-.  iinlicMtiiiu'  an  a^iiirciiatc  po|iiilatioii  of '.''•>.  I -'iti 
souls. 

'I'lic  latter  two  ol"  tliesi>  cstiinatos  coiii]ii'i<e  the  ah'U'iviual  resiileuts  of  the  territory 
iiiohiileil  ill  the  ori,L'iiiiil  tliirteen  Britisli  colonics.  Tlu'  Fi'ciicli  estimate  was  maiiiti'stly 
coulined  to  the  i;rcat  valleys  of  tlie  St.  Lawreuce  nml  of  the  Mississijuii.  c.xteniliiia:  t  > 
tlic  l)as(>  (iT  tiie  liocjcy  inouiitaiiis,  ami  inchidinLi'  all  the  rouioii  west  of  the  Alleuhaiiies 
anil  north  of  New  Orleans.  At  the  era  of  tiie  oiijiination  of  the  Aiiierieaii  Hevolntion. 
the  niunlier  of  Indian  warriors  to  he  encounferod,  as  reported  to  Conirross,  tlien  lucated 
at  IMiiladcliihia.  was  I '2.0(1(1.  heinu'  tlie  mnltiplicand  of  CO.ddO. 

\'ariiitions,  contradictions,  and  irross  incertitudes,  have  marked  the  enumerations 
made  at  all  periods.  The  ])i'Osent  census  compri'hends  the  Indi;ni  population  resident 
within  tlio  lieoirraphical  area  of  the  I'niteil  States,  as  now  or^ani/.cd.  and  presents  a 
condensed  view  of  tln>  statistics  of  all  the  trihes.  as  reported  to  the  IJureau  of  Indian 
Adiiirs.  within  a  pci'iod  of  ten  years. 


V..I   111  ,  1. 


IMi)..  p.  Ti'iO.  ■' Tii]iiiL'rnpMi';il  Ih^iiriptinii.  \i-.  :   I,i.ni!,,ii.  ITiW. 


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;  •. '  s  ?  ! ,?  ?  1 1  ^  .5  : 


S     ^  : 


i  1'' 


■  r.-'^i 


i^c 


.'  ^  -  -*  ^  - 


'X^::  i:y^^  .  -J  ' 


.■  -^     *'  ,  > 


A  J;  I  £■; 


i>     ^i>^i.^;=, 


i--l--i-l-i-^i.i--l-f 


;?:: 


7    I 


'^^  . 


i    1  , 


-*    -J 


:i    ■■♦    ;■;  fl    ;.  • 


:| 


:  5  y.  ts  —  .  a: 


C'/  -  i  .*  5  P  : 


•/.  X  7.  y,  ■/.  w.  7,  -J.  ■J.-f.'r^i-i-b 


's^iV 


\  =  -=.   B    ■■j.<\ 


Vor,.  — VI.  87 


((!8<.) 


TAP.  Li:  I  I. 

A  1'  r  A  I.  A  ( •  II  1  A  N    T  i:  I  1'.  !•;  S,  1S.-.7. 


Namri.  M..n,     \V..mrii    (1,1110.11     »-•■■''■  v'l''  |,,!;|,.'|,'."';ji    T..I.1. 

,         1..T .  ,.i,r  j 

rii.~iitt«' ;).Hlr,    ,|,i:,     7.7;;i  ,   i;,.7i;7  1     .i.'.iin  I    I',i,7ii7 


riiifLi-iw. 1,1;;.;    l.li;     :;.i7o 

•  'IllMMkoc 

fmk' i">.''i;i  lo.ur.ii 

Ni'iniiiiili'.* I    I    


IVtiil 


I.7iri  I     l.M'7 


i:.:'/.7 
'.'•J.il'il' 

l.'ilHI 

ti:,iii:i 


I.:!  Ill 
■•i.."i."i(i 

:;7ll 


.■■.»<■.'■.'  ' 
'Jl.TIi"  I   Nuiiili.r  [.r  W.iniiMi  mil  ('liiMrcii  iml  u'lu'ii. 
ilH.-ll 

I.H'll  I  Numln'i'  <>(  Kntiiilii'i  mil  I'lnMriMi  imt  Bivi-n. 


;7,i;jil 


T  AUU:    III. 

CKXSl'S    (»!•'    CIMII'.KS. 


l'";-ty-lln'  T.'wn«  . 
Tliirlv-nim'  I'nwiH 


Ilra.l. 

.Y 

J!iil.'«. 

r<tr;i1i>i*. 

MrtTr*. 

r.tlhllli'<. 

::,lM."i 

11. ' 'l.'l 

7.lli 

Il'l 

:;,  ih 

il.'.l'.S 

:Mii7 

|-.- 

7.'i''-i 

HI,.-,  1:1 

111..;  HI 

W2 

11.11:     II.  ••<.  I'liixm,.  Vc.i.  IV.  p.  r>-\ 

s,".i-J      T.  .1.  .M.I1..11,  V..1.  IV..  |..  oSl. 


TAULi:   IV. 

I'lil'l  LATloV  OF  TIIF,    IKtuil  <i|S    A.Xh   .\  l.(  KLVCjlIXS  OF  NFW   VOUIC, 

I.N    1^1.'.  AMI   l^."..'i.' 


A'.lrilliMliy... 
Iluiril 

rritt:ir;iuglM 


\Miir.'  r...iito.l. 


T.  Inl. 


I-1-.        !• 


llnrrln-i.. 


1<I.-,.  '    is:.       1-|-..      1>.:..-..        M.'..       Is 


llirllin 
\.'ur  I  ri't itiim. 


M'..         1-:.,V 


Onoi(I:l 


(tni.Ilil;i;.M  .. 

St.    U.'f!i»  ... 

.s^llillvrnck  .. 

T..'l'i\v:l'l<l:l 

T..Iil....r 

'Tnlilolll. 


I  .si.iiltll  Villlcv.  ('..M  .-SI. rill;.'.  i 

1       niioli|,...iii.  (ii-crit  Villi. .y  i   .^,. 

]        :lli'l(\'iri-"l(<ill.  (*ill(iU';lll-  }'   '' 

;     c"''  ''■' I 

i.:iii'*:isti.i-.  ijicr.i I (<;  

I'rrrv-liiirtrlt.  r.ii;:ii-nij:iH  1 

(■.:.    (-..lliri-.    i;n.'  (■.,.,  j   ,,.,.,    I  J., 

uihI      I|;ui..vi'1',      rlmil-  1  '    * ' 

I      tiii.in.-l-.. ) 

f  I.i'ii'is.   M. l.li-.. 11  ('"..   lui.l  I 

\         VlTILMI,   (1im1.1i  C. ,' 

I  I'.-iycIli'     nri'l     I  In  .iniairn,  I 

(       llni.n.l  iri  f'.. 1 

r...nili-iy,  I'r.iiikliM  I'.i 

.■•..iitli  iiii|it..n.  Siil!'..lk  (  " 

(  I'('mhr<.ke    Jiii-i    .M-iluinri,  | 

*ii-iu'^pp  Ci^.,   Ni'Wsd.;.,),  I 

1       Kri..  ('.!..  nM  Itipviillmi,  |' 

I       NiM-rivi.  (■,. '. I 

l,i.wi<i.iii.  M:ii."iri  (' -'A-       :!li'. 


7-.  I        :;:ih 


■II:' 


I 
::'!■:'     37S 

I 
:;i';'  

■17;;      i;iii 


ID 


i.-.T      1 1.1 

:y,s      :;lii 

■y.u      11:: 

ii.'i 

.■,0'.      r.dj 


71  .x-*  Si; 


1 7'; 
r.'i; 


17:; 

urn; 

s;i 


i;'.".     171; 
i:;i      L'li: 


...  ' 1:1         (! 

5    ' n;       III 


!:iii     'j«ii    31;; 


lis      i.'.ii     ii;i      imi 


Ti 


1;       1(1 


in  '     K, 


I  :l.;.'.:;   .i,li:;i     l,7M    l.;il7    l.!i7J    l.',W7       :;o     .      l;l  I::!    I    HHI 

*  Tjiki>n  uiiilnr  ttiv  nuthority  of  New  York,  at  the  ilcrcnnlHl  run^us  in  Wi!>,  anil  commiinlratoU  l.y  .\|r   lli>iiilli>y. 


TAlU.i:  V. 

w  I  N  N  i:i!  .\(i(ii:s,  1H47. 

[.I.  i;.  l''i.i.inii:u.'] 

Trilifi!  !>trrm.'lli  .  •-MuO 

Nuiiiliir  III'  ii';;nlar  liuiiti'i'-'   ;iii(( 


III  iii.'rii'iiltiiralint!) 'J  1 1  ID 


NiiiiiIk  r  lit'  Ii.'iiiiIh  liaviti)^  cliic  I'k 
Niiuilit  r  iif  liiill'liriwls 


'I'lilal  iiiiiiilii  1'  III'  iiiIm'iI  ami  |iiiir   ^IV't 

S  iiih'  111'  llii'  liiiliaii.i  Iiavr  iliM  )i  an  \iliivali  i|  llicir  nirii  with  llic  |ilnii'jli.  Tin'  ir-iill  li:i«  lioon  unch 
an  will  prnlialilv  iiiiliii'<'  llir  ,.'i'»>'ial  iiilii|iliHM  ul'  tlji>  iiimli'  df  riilluatlnii.  Mi. -I  nl'  llii'  ImihIs  liavi' 
ii|i|iliri|  III  lie  t'liriii-'lii'il  wllli  liariii"-!,  \va;:iiii>,  ami  |>Iiiiil;Iix,  wliirli  aiilili  •  liaw  In  i  ii  r(iriii>liri|  llii  iii  at 
lar  a<  |irai'liialil.'.      'I'wn  wa^mi-.  Ii'ii  -I'l*  nl"  liariii--".  Irii  mIs  uI'  'jcars  tiir  |iliiii..'liiii'.',  ami  tiii  iilmi'^li", 


I n  I. 


.IIU'il   tu  till  Ml. 


'I'll.'  Imliaii"  liaM',  ill  all  r:i«r.-,  I'liriii'lii'il   llnir  mvii    Imi'-.  ^   In   ii«r    in    llii' 


|iliiii'.'li  mill  waL'iiii.      'I'lii'v  liavi'   tliin  _\rar  ciillivalril  illi.'i  airi>  nl'  laiiil  :    nl'  ihi^,  iIh'v  liaM'   jilmijlii'il 


i'.'lilN 


lIll'IIISi'l. 


i.'i  ncTi'i  iiavn  liii'ii  ]ilnii'jlii'il  I'lr  i 


ii  Ml  ;   ami  il  i-  otiniatiil  tlial  llii'V  liavi' 


ivatnl  ;ill  aiTri  willinill  |i|nliu'liiM'^.      'I'lirrc  aililltinlial  liiliN  lia\r    liiTII    |.|iiiiL'liii|   aiiil    I'i'licnil    llii 


nil   I'nr  till'  liaMi|>  wliii  llliiVcil  trnlll  iIm'  M 


l..l.-lll] 


ami  llnni  rivi'r<,  ami  arr  innv  Imviiiil  mi  ilm  Inwa. 


Tliiy 


urn,  iiMl-^,  imia 


Im-.  Iiraiis  liinii|is,  s.inaslii-".  ami  nllnr  m  ji  taMi- ;  tliny  all.  ImwrM  r,  il.priiil, 


ill  |iarl,  nil  liiiiillii'.'  ami  li.<liiii:;  I'nr  a  li\iM.'.      'i'ln'  luilflir N  i|i  )ii'ml  pailly  mi  ll 

(III  till'  lmliaii>,  I'nr  a  Mi|i|<nrt. 

Till'  I'ai'iii.''  Iiavi'  llil^i  M'i 
t'liiiTS.    Snilir  »'»«'.■)  rails  aii<l  slakr>  la 


mil  Ml  liart 


,uiiii'r:,-niin  fnii.-iilcial'li'  ri']iaiis.      Ii  was  t'miini  ll^(■l•^^a^v  In  iijiair  all  ili 


nil'  ami  ii>i'il  mi  tin'  I'arMi  at  tin 


I'V.    'I'll  llii."  tariii 


M  aiiiiitinii  nl'   li'ii  ai'ii-   li:i<   lici-ii   niaili'   lliis  .'•i'a>mi ;   llii> 


was  ilmii'  w 


illi  vrrv  little  ailiriliniial  I'rm 


t'lrlv  ai'i-i 


.'I   iIm 


i|  ailili'il  liaviii'.'  Im'iii  Inrnnrlv  i'iilli\alii 


I.      ■I'Ih'Iv  Ii: 


Ml  an  avci'a'.'i'  |n 


1.1' 


al'iiiit  trn  liami-  rnM-laiitlv  al  wnrK  mi  llm  I'arms  siin'i'  ihr  miililli'  nl' la>t  Manli.     TIm'  iiuMilmr  nf  a'Tcs      ' 


•iillivali'il  \i\  till'  liaml>  I'liiplnvril,  I'vclii-ivi'  nt"  llm   lami   iilnii'.'ln'.l   I'nr  tlm  Imli: 


stati'il  al.nv.',  is 


•  IS  acrrs  ill  wliral.  I'.i  acrrs  in  nat< 


c-~  ill  iiia«,  »il  ai-rrs  m  rrn'M,  In  ai'i'ns  m  imlatn 


mil  ami  tnnii]'-.      Tin'   laiiii  iiiliivaliii  in  lnaiis  ami  tiirni]is  was  inimiili'il  t'nr  I'nni,  Iml  tlio 
1  Wit,  aiiil  rmilil  iint  1..'  iilnM'_'lii'ii   in   sia^nii      Oiir  wlii'at  ami  oats  were 


acns  III  lio; 


s|iriii'_'  was  lali'  ami  tin'  '.'rniim 


ami  vvi'ii'  liarvt'st^'il  in  ;^n  ul  I'nmlliinM  ;   mrn  ainl  |iiilalni's  iirnniisi'  a  linn  im'. 


TA  \\\a:  \  I. 

M  j'.NttMox  I  i:s.  isn 

[A.  (i.  Ki.i.is.-J 


Trilial  strriMjlli  

Willimit  (■;,ltli'  ami  farms  .. 
I.Ivi'  liy  iisliiii!^  and  liuntiii'j 
Numiii'r  III'  nninl  Ihl'  Imnsis 


'.'.I'D 


'I'll.'  Miiiniiiniiii's  am  a  lira\i'  ami  iiaiii'iil  [ii'n|ili',  tlin  linn  tViomis  nl'  tla-  L'nvr mil,  ami   rolv  willi 

al)iiliii'_'  I'nntiiicnc't'  mi   its   jiisiicc  and   inairiianiinitv.     Tlio  LTnalir  .siian"  nl'  ll 


>  Aun,  Ititp.,  1847.  p.  :151. 


•  Ana.  Ilrp.,  1**1.  p.  41. 


ii'in  ail'  liniitri's,  living 


(691) 


m. 


\'l 


.•.i.l».ivrl.>  l.v  III..  ..I,..,,-  MM.I  tlir  l,.|..  li,.. ;  i.,r  il„.  |,.,|  ,|,.._v  r,  ...rl  In  tin,  „  ll»v.  nn,l  ihr  riv.  r-  lalliiiu 
lllf"  M.  Wl.-f  Ihry  lak..   ill    :ill   ,■  ,.,.,n,   nl'  |I|,<  y:,r,  l„|l  .  .|,,..i..ll>  ill  winhT,  Un,-  .,ii,inlili.-.  ,l„.y..li,| 

'  ""■  ""' """"I"i"")  "I  n,mi  <„„|  Mur«.>..ii.     Wli...  il».  M.i ni.,  ,l„.ll  Uy,<  ili,.  ,|i..rr«  .,f  lir-uii 

"'•'•''"'  """■'•' ''I'"''"  •  "'I'  '■•■""•  -linlir  ImiI  ||„    |„li„„,,  |„ii,,,.  al,|,,  ,„  ,  ,„U„,.  ,|,..  ..„|,1  ,„„|  ,l„i^u„ 

III  tiikiii);  till  III,  ° 

•""""■  ''"■'■'■  '"""ll-''l  "f  III.'  .Mr ihil.lr^  iir..  r|,ri,li:,„.  „r„|  farinrr^  :   ll.r  iiiiihIht  I.  iii.Trfi.inu.  illtd 

III.'   ml...  will   M.    Uj  l,.,.„i,|,.  ,u,|,,,,|,  ;„p|   mImii.Imii ha,,..      Ilii  a   l.il.-  vJMI  I ir  villij,.,  I 

niiMit,..!  ,iMy.|tt,.  !„...  |,„„„...  .r,  ,.|,.,|  l,y  llir, Uv.,  ,„„.|  „f  |||,.|„  ,.,Miif„rlal.ly  liiii.l,,.,!  aii.i   „,,i.M|. 

IM..V  Imv..  .L.aiv,!  „,,  |V,„||  ,|„,  l,,,,,^^  ,|,„l„.r,.,|  lan.l*.  hiiiiII  ticM,.  wlii.li  ar,.  wrll  f,.i„r.|,  ami  lin..  ,  i,.|„ 
iif  .■..rii  iin.l  pi.tal....,  .....upy  ..yorv  i;...!  ..f  ^.'r.iiiii.l  :  llin-  will  rai-..  .iiMtijIi  al  lak..  I'al,  was  l„  kmi  tin, 

I  year  fur  tli..ir  Mil„i.t,. Tli..  Irani.,  larn.ii,..-  iii.n.il.,  \r  ,  ...  ,,|,|„.,i  ,|„.„i  l,y  ,|,o  ^nvri'iii...,.,  »r..  i„ 

I I  «iHj.l  uriK.r  an.l  l.itflily  pri/.,.! :  ih,.  ,,iiaiiiiiy,  aiiimally,  ..|i.,iil.|  I,..  ii,.r..ii,vU. 


i 

■ 
'i 


taijm:  VII. 

I N  I)  I  A  .V  .s   < » ]•'    M  I  ( •  II  I  ( i  A  N  .  lM;-,;j. 

[II.  ('.  (ill.llliKT.] 

I.— ciiii'i'Ku  \,-<  oi'  i,\Ki;  .<n>i-;iti(»K. 

Inii'rii.r  lii.|iaii«  i  --,) 

l.aki'  Imiian.s.    j  ,.y, 

Hi.i.  l-'i.rt".  Iianii., .,.» 

.^lixl•.i  Itldo.l.^  I  1,1,) 

'''"'"'  I.IUO 

II  — .MK'llli;  \\   IMi|.\N,-<. 

Ottawas  and  Cliipi    w.i.^  T)  I,'." 

('Iii|.|ii'wa,.  niid  .'<a..'iiiiiw  j  ..j,., 

Chijiliowas  of  Swan  ir.i.k  ami  Iflai.U  liv.  r ...^ 

l'.itlawataiiii>>!< .,.,.. 

J.  til 

r.itlawataiiiJL.s  of  Ilurmi  j- 

''■"'■''   (I.illl 

R|..<i.linL'  in  Mi.'liJL'an  -  -v.- 

(..i^.i 

l!'i<i(iiiiL'  in  \Vi^i-i.ii>iii  ..  .,|,j 

l!.-iiiin'_'  in  .\|inno.«()ta  |  ,)r,^ 

Ti.'.il  in  thi.  au'ciii.y  1 1  ^,-,[ 


rfi02) 


I" A  i;li:  VIII. 

INDIANS  IN  TilK  (isAdi;  AtiKNCY.  IN   |si.U-»7. 

[Al.lKl.D  .1.    V.\l  (illN.'J 

I'cittnwntniiiii'N  >>t'  llir  rniirl<'  4(H) 

|)n.            ,,r  111,.  \Vul.i.>li  7.'l') 

Uu.           i>t'  liiu  Saint  .li.M|,li  7ll> 

Piitlnwnlainii'M,  luial  I  Hit 

OttilWIl.H U>1 

('lii|i|><'Wiis  'J7 

I'iankrKiiiiWH  I II I 

Wl'MH  I  17 

CfuriuR  and  KaKkaaklaii,  vHtiitiutod  at |;;o 

Tiiial ;jii;i(i..ipul!i. 


TAIIU:   IX. 

OTTOES,  OMAHAS.  ANI>  I'AWNKKS,  ls4l». 
[.I.  K.  I5riiKnw>.  ] 

I.    Oltiiii  illiO 

•J.    Ouialias IJIIII 

:!.    I'awiiiiH  CillO 

(i.'dlK 

'I'll!    I'awiii'i",  since  tlcir  L'lV'at  In-s  liy  I'lmlira  in  I'".'"",  niuulirr  alinut   I'lHI). 

Till'  ()tliH'H  M'i'Mi  l(j  (;i'a4iiall\  il'  'Tiasi',  wliilr  llic  Onialias  incr.M^i'. 

'I'll!' (tniiilias  arriviMJ  all  )nt  tlir  Imli  iiltiniM  t'nini  tln'lr  ^'^lnlnil•r  liiint:<.  Iiavini:  siiMiriMJ  a  .-iiHiriency 
of  nil  at  and  .-kins  In  ilu  tlicin  imtil  tin'  a|ipriinrliiiiif  winter.  On  llnir  nnirn  linn.e  they  enenunieii  i|  a 
war  party  nl'  Imlians,  Mi|i|iii>eil  In  lie  eiiin|Hi-iei|  ''  Siuux  and  I'lmias,  witli  wliieli  tliey  had  an  eniraire- 
nient  111'  aliunt  luiir  linnr.-.  Tlie  Oniaiias,  li.avin'.;  a  laru'e  ipiantily  nt'  meat,  lie.iides  luiiii;  a|i|iri«'d  nl' 
their  cin'iny's  inlentiniH  tile  day  liel'iire,  .•ineeeedeij  in  llirnwin'.'  u|i  ^neii  lircastwnrks  with  it  .is  made 
them  iim|ily  ."eeiire  liet'nre  altaeked  liy  their  enemiis.  Alter  the  ln«s  nt'  limr  nr  livi'  men,  to^'etlier  with 
»ume  flirty  Imrses,  they  dmvo  the  enemy  hack,  and  lieeaine  the  vielurs  nf  the  Held. 

The  Sinux  and  I'nnea.s,  it  i.s  mippdsed,  had  eii;ht  or  nine  nn'ii  killed,  and  snine  ten  i.r  twelve  wiinded. 
Had  the  Oinalia.s  been  met  dm  the  open  prairie  withuut  any  iMtiee  of  the  appre.nli  nf  the  etiejiiy.  and 
wilhnut  the  means  nf  fnrtifyin'.'  themselves,  they  wnnid,  frem  the  snperinr  imiidier  nf  their  iiii|innent.», 
have  liien  alnin-t  entirely  annihilated. 

They  have  made  a  \ery  i;niid  hunt;  but,  nwiiii;  to  the  fearful  ravai;es  nf  the  elmlera,  will  make  no 
corn. 


\iiti,  Kfi>..  I-IT,  I',  \C. 


inn.  n.'f.,  Isl.l, 


liO.S) 


I' 


#f  '^ 


1 


um 


1^47. 


TABLE  X. 

NEW  YORK  INDIANS,  1847  AND  1849. 

[W.   v.  A.NUEI..'] 

Tuscaroras,  rcsiJins  in  Niagara  touuty  -80 

Onoivias,  residing  in  (JnoiJa  county  1'''9 

C'ayugas,  residing  with  tin.'  Senccas  in  western  Now  Vorlc HS 

Onondag:is,  residing  in  Onondaga  county  !17o 

Ouoiidagas,  residing  on  the  Alleghany  reservation,  in  Cattaraugus  county  SS 

Onondagas,  residing  on  the  Cattaraugus  reservation,  in  Kric  county 25 

Oiiondagas,  residing  on  the  'I'onawanda  reservation,  in  (ienosco  county  7 

Onondagas,  residing  with  the  Tuscaroras  -2 

Senecas,  residing  on  tlie  Alleghany  reservation 811 

Do.             do.               Cattaraugus  reservation  1201 

Do.             do.               Tunawanda  reservation 570 

Do.              do.               DnlTaio  30 

Oucidas,  Onondagas,  and  UufTalo  .Senceas,  residing  at  Tonawanda  79 

Whole  number  3751 


1840.  Senecas 2712 

"  St.  Regis 452 

"  Onondagas 1:.'0 

"  Tuscaroras .'!  1 2 

"  Oneidas  2135 

'•■  Onondagas  residing  with  the  ,'<enecas 140 

"  Cayugas  residing  with  the  Senecas 125 

"  Oneidas         do.         do.         do IiO 

Whole  number 4132* 


I  Ann.  Hep.,  1S4T,  p.  94. 


(694) 


Poiieas 

Yanctons  ... 
Tcton.s 


Oselhlas  . 


Pmvans  

Yanptoniis 

Mamlans 

Arickurocs  


Crows 

Ciievenncs . 


Blackfcet.. 
Arapalioos  , 


TABLE  XI. 

UPPER  MISSOURI    TRIBES,   1852. 

[D.  D.   MlTCIIKLL.'] 


lodKos.  .Men. 


I 


Oros  A'ontros 

A!=.sinal)oines 

C'l'oes 


80  ,  200 

250  i  750 

320  '  950 

150  I  500 

I 

1,150  '.  4,000 

GOO  '  I,SOO 

30  i  120 

150  I  -150 

I 

75  j  300 

800  I  2,500 

I 

100  I  300 


500 
250 

1,500 
300 


G ros  Ventres  (Prairie) . .  j        400 


Snake.... 
Fiathonds 


200 
SO 


1.200 
500 

4,500 
G50 

<J0O 

450 
250 


800     j  f''^''"?  ""  "'0  south  side  of  Missouri,  at  the 
mouth  of  rivui  que  Tnurt. 

•'  500  I  1  '"'"''•'■  ''•''"'1  "^'  •'^ioux,  li\  in^'  near  \'un]iilioii 
I  I      riv,.r. 

3  000  !  j  f"'"''-'''  ''■""'  '■'^  Sioux,  on  tiio  south  of  .Mis- 

1      souri. 
1  5(10   I  j ''^''-'"-'^  — 'l'"'>'et  a  little  different  —  sani"  ro- 

i  L'itUl. 

12.000  '  ."^ii'UX  nn  tlic  rhoyenno  riv,>r,  and  riatte. 

0,000  I'ppcr  band  ,<{  <h.,n\,  nciir  Aliuidan'^. 

300  Live  in  dirt  lud'.;i>s,  on  tlio  Missouri.  ■'• 

1,200  j  Oerupy  tlio  same  villacre  with  the  .Alandans.* 

i  f  Live  iji  dirt  vilhiLTCS,  ei<_dit  miles  above  Man- 

SOO  ■  ,        ... 

:         dans.  ■ 

j  f  Wandering  tribe  between  Missouri  and  lied 
7,000  '1        . 

j  j      river  ot  llio  nortli. 

1  f  Lansuat'e  same  as  Cliippewas  —  eouiitry,  As- 
800  !  .     ,    .  "  ^' 

sinahome. 

4,000   I    Ii;weals  — on  the  head  waters  of  Yellowstone.       i 
(Wandering'  tribe  on    tlic    Platte  —  lansnniro    j 
I       very  r.'Hiark:dili\ 
Wanderins  —  m.'ar   Falls  of  3Iissouri ;   both    I 

,«ides  of  the  river. 
I'rairie    tribe,  between   the    Platte  and   Ar- 
kansas. 
Wandi  rers    between   tlie   Missouri    and    Sas- 
e!iti-hewayne. 
IjOtiO  I   Poor  tribe,  in  the  Roeky  mountains. 
800   [  In  the  mountain  —  trade  mostlv  on  Ci.lumlua.* 


2,000     s 
13.000 
2,500 
2.500 


Total  . 


0.025  ;  2O,.",70  '  I! 1, 700 


'  Tilt'  whole  are  wmukTcr.-  t'\rcpt  tlioiJe  markeil  with  an  a.sti'1-Mt  i*). 


(095) 


I  I 


•'I'll!  '     ■■ 


TABLE  Xll.' 

T KIBES   OF    TIIK    ri'I'KR    MlSSOriM,    ISIT. 
[C.  (".  Matlock.] 


i       I. 


Till'  v;iriiins  liuiuls  nt'  Simix  . 

Arii'k;ir(''''i 

( '•v<i<  \'rMlri's 

>I:ili.l;in< 


l.li.lSi'». 

Pnpulftliim. 

■J.'iL'O 

l'.i,i;r.n 

I'lO 

I.SIIII 

l.",() 

l,:;:,o 

■10 

;;(;!> 

•Jlill 

1. I'll  III 

Cliovi'iiiii'S  . 

Crow-: 

I!l:i.-kr.vt., 
A^«iii;iliiiiiii' 


Tocil., 


:;17 
."i:;ii 
sio 

!IMl 


_,.i:;ii 
."i.:;iii( 
ll.l'-ll 
(;,m;ii 

l."i')|il 


Totiil  miinlior  of  Imliri's  ."iT^T,  vvhii'li  wmiM  In'  ji  t'nu'ti.in  ,ivi  r  ci^'lil  .-'lul-'  to  l]ii'  Ii.Il'i'. 

Till'  lipliiiiis  have  bcrii  (■xtr:i\:i'.;iiiilly  otiiiKit.'d  liy  my  |irrili  cr-.-.n-  in  hIVuh tlirv  li.iviiij-  t'stlmiiti'd 

llir  SiiMix  :ilniic'  at  ."ill, null  MiiiN;  mikI  i  liiii  .-it  ;i  In.--  In  l>!iii\v  IVm:ii  \vh;il  Miiinv  lliry  drrivid  llii'ir  iiifnr- 
iiiatinii.  as  llu'V  ciiuKl  imt  liavc  ulitaiiu  il  it  I'lniii  tlir  ludiaiis  tluiii-  Ivi-.  'i'lurc  arr  iiiiiv  Iriln's  in  tlio 
ml;'!  iii-y. 

Till'  .Vi'ii-lcaroi's  aiv  situated  mi  tlic  .^li-slu^l■i  riviT.  Iirlwri  n  lli.'  (Ims  Vi'iilros  and  Sioux,  and  arc  nmcli 
bettor  Indians  tlian   tiny  liavc   idiarartci'  fur  liciiiL;.      Tiny  air    ini-limd   tu  tivarlii'ry.  are   (luevisli   and 
irreat  lilierlines.  yet  tliey  are  lietter  Indiums  llian  tlie  IJlaeklei  t  and  A-.-inali'iiin'S.  yet  lint  .sn  j;uud  as  the   ,  i 
Gros  W'litres.  I'ciiieas,  and  ntliers  above  inenliniied. 

TiiP  I 'rows,  lilaelil'eet,  and  .Xssiiiabiiines    liave  made   im  imiirnvenient  whatever,  teiiaeiniislv  aiUierini; 
to  all  tlie  ferueieils  eilstinns  and  miserable  oxpedieiits  of  savaL-e  life.  |  I 

Tbose   Indians  are   i'.xee.->ivel\  fond   of  ardent   spirils  i  witb   tlie   exeeptien   of  tlie   Crows,  ivlio   bavo     i 
never  been   known  to  drink,  or  ine  -Ipm^'  lii|Uoi-);   are  abo  tbii  visli,  tn'aelnruus.  and  are  oidv  t  i  be 
ke|it   under  tliroiiL:li   fear;   fir  tby  still  enntinue  ;o  de^ipi^e  and   bate  the  wliite   man.  and  iverv  elVml 
made  to  i/aiii  their  love  and  Irienil-hip  has  been  iieid  •  in  vaia. 


•  .Annuiil  lU'lUiu  l;.'i>nrl,  IslS,  ji,  tin. 


(0'J()) 


umaa 


TAIiLK   XIII. 

HIIOSIIOX  I  KS,     (    TAIIS.    lioNACKS:    \s\ 

[J.  AVii.sdN.'J 


NaliH'S  of  Hand". 


Siiiisii(iMi:s  

liONACS 

I't.mis.  viz.  : 

I.  Tnn.  

-.  V:iiii]i:i]i:is  

:!.  Kwiriic 

I.  'ri'ii|irMiiv   I   tMll." . 

."i.  I';innil   l'l:i!> 

li,  Snin|iii'lii  > 

V.  I'llliliU'tl'S  


I  l.,.,ip.,. 

Ililll) 

."iiiip 

."ill 


Tcit^il . 


r.  II II I 


N".  Ii.llli'  I..HLr  I  lliiwn  r'„|.ilJ3li..|i. 

[  I  Idlll 

t  i  Il^lM 

-1  UIIIMI 

t  i  -Jill  I 

I  L'llO 

I    ^  l'llc>lilli:ll.  '1. 


7i;illl 


A ii  till'  t^lui^lionii's  tlu'iv  .-ire  mily  t\V(i  li:iiicls,  ]irii|icrly  .'<|ic;iliiiiL:-.     Tlic  )iriiici|i,il  ni-  li.ii.r  |i;,rii..M 

ill'i'  r:il|iil  Sliiisliiiliirs,  or  .^llllkc-,  wim  im-  rirli  rlii.irjll  III  iiwil  \\,>\-~r<  ;  il lliii-.,  ilir  Slin-lii,ni.>,  iMiiiiiil 

(IV  ilii  n-l  iiwii  liiir.-i'^.  Till'  ]iviiii-i|i:il  cliii'ls  nf  lli.  .'^iKi-liiinii's  nw  Mmiiu,  :ilii.iit  I'nnv-livr  \.  :i)-~  i  I.!,  mi 
i-iilli'il  IVniii  ;i  wiiiiriil  in  liis  Imit  m- clirrk,  rmiii  ;i  lull,  tlcit  ili^li'^iin  s  hini  ;   nml  Wilkin,  < 'lu-liair. 

li.illi  liMiiils  iiiiinliiT.  |iriili;iMv.  nvii-  lllll  Iml-is,  u{  luiir  ]iir-.iii-;  i:icii  ;    i,l'  ih,-  rrl;iti\r  |i,.||i,  n  .,;'  ,  irli 

'  ;     ImIIiI    nil   llrlillitr   ;1ITI  lllllt    l-ail    \>r   •/\\i'l\.        Tlicir   I:ill'^ll:lji'.    wilh    llir   i'MV  |iliii||    nf    M.llir    I'.it,.:-:   ili;i',  IViiri  -. 

I  j    is  -.iiiil  III  lir  ihiil  i.f  llir  ('iiiiiaiirln'  trilir.      Tliiii'  i-laini  nl'  1 mlarv  i<.  In  llir  ra^i.  fiMin  \\„.  j;,.  i  lluih  -;, 

I     nil  llir  Nmlli  l''iirl;  nl'  llir  I'lallr,  lu  il>  lirail  in  llii.  I'avk.  |li'i-av.-ii|iu',  m'  liiiDal.i  riiill-|irii.  in  lli,-  \\..  l\ 

'     inniinlaiiH  ;   in  tin  xiiitli,  arin—   tin'  uiniinlain-.  nvrr  In  the  V:in|ia|ia.  till    it,  cnhT-    I  Ir. .  n,  i^r   l'ii!,r,M|ii 

rivrr,  anil  tlnii  ai  rn-s  In  llin  liacklmnc  nr  liilijn  nf  nnnintains  i-allnl  llm  lirar  liivi-r  ninMnlain-.  iiuimIiiu 

iii'arlv  iliin  WrsI  tnwaril<  till'  ."^mIi    l/ikr,  sn  a^  tn  laki'  in    nm-l    nf  tlic    ,*^all    Laki,  ami    tlii'in-.'    in    In   lln' 

Sinks  nf  Mari'vV.  nr  lIuiiiIinMr.-  ri'.iT;   ilir imi-ili  tn  ih,' |i>||,iii|.s.  mi    ih,.   Sn,!,,.    iImt.  i;,   Ori-.ai; 

ami   llll'lll-l'  silUtll    '  tluir  llnrllicni   llnllMilai'V  l.    In  tlin    lii'l    lilltti-:,   illrlinllll'j-  llin  snni nf   (irn    11     j-Im  V  — 

a  li'i'i'itnrv  jirnliatily  nUM  mill  s  si|iiari'.  Iiin-t  nf  wliicli    lia^    In  i   Iii...|i    an    rlrvalinii    nvii-   In  1.  •   iisnfnl  fnv 
i-nllivatinii  nf  any  snrl.      In  ninst  nf  tlirsr  inniintains  anil  v.illivs  il  fivr/ns  f\vv\  ni'jiil  in  ilm  yiar.  ami 
is,  in  Mininn'i'.  .|\iil('  warm  at  nnmi.  ami  In  lialf-past  liiiTi'  n'clnck.  I'.  M.      Xntliiii'j  wliatrvir  will   '^imw, 
nf  ;;raiii  nr  vi".;italili'S,  lull  tlm  iiin^l  liiMirianl  ami  iinlriliniis   .^i-a-^i's    .jrnw   in    llm    '^I'.atisl    aiiiiiiilani-i',    j 
ami  till'  v.-illnys  arn  tin'  rii'licsl  nf  nirailnws  i 

Till'  part  nf  till'  Salt  Lakn  vallrys  iiiclinliil    in   lliis  Imiinilary.  llii'  Cai'lio  valli'v.  liflv  liy  mii'  luimli-i'il   I  . 

niiirs.  anil  part  nf  tin'  valli'y  iirar  ami  lay l-'ml  Hall,  ilnwii  Snaki'  rivi'v,  laii  Im  riilti\a|.  il,  ami  uiili 

L'nnil  fi'siilts;   liul  tliis  fni'ms  a  vi  rv  small  part  nf  tliis  cniintrv.      Ilnw  tlii'-i'   imnpli'   ai'i-  1  ■  livn,  ^  r  i  v.n 


'\ist,  Inr  aiiv  li'ii'jili  nl   Inn 


iiiiinl    Kv  aiiv  nii'ans  (Icl.rminc. 


'i'lii'ir  siip|ini't    lias,  liiTrtnl'iin',  In 


I tly  '.jaim'  ami  ci'i'lain  rnnl-.  wliii-li.  in  lln'ir  iiativn  stain,  an'   rank    pnisini,  calli'il    'I'nli n   runt;   Imt 

whi'ii  ]inl  in  a  Imln  in  tlic  ■irniiinl,  ami  a  lar-n  lire  Imnnil  nvrr  lln'iii.  lii'i'unn-  wlmlisniMn  ili.i.  Tl:i' 
Mi.nmiii  si'llli'iiii'iit  in  till'  Salt  l,aki' vallry  lias  nnt  niily  L'ri'ally  iliniinisln'il  tlnii-  fnrmrrly  m  ry  ■.  •.  it 
1-, -niii-i-i'   nf  nlit.iininn   lisli   nii(    nf  the    I'tali    laki'   ami    its   snurci's,   wliii-li,    In   tin 


ill.  was   all    ini'iniiant 


v.'siiirrc.  lint   llirir  snttli'iiii'iit.  witli    llic  urn.il    nmi'jr.ilinn   llii'i'i',  ami   In  Califninia.    lias  alrr.'iilv  ii' .ii  iv 

ilriv.ai  away  all  tin'  'jaim'.  ami  will  iim|iii'stiiiii,ilily  sunn  ilnprivr  tlmm  ali'm-t  mlin  Iv  nf  llm  nii'v  i-lia' s 

llir\   l!,i\  '  I'll'  fniiil.      Tliis  will,  ill  a  I'i'W  ynai-,  prmlm-,'  a  n-iili    imi    nnly  di- i-lri'us   In   ilnin,  Imt   i.ii-l 


I 


\iiiiiii.i  iiiiiiiiii  laii.ii.  K'j',1. 


"—J 


\'ii|.    \l.— SS 


^liii;-) 


Mil 


ilMIM  Kri| 


iiHvii.ilily  iii'.ML'i'  till'  svinpalliii'-i  iil"  tlif  iKilioii.  Ilciw  lliis  is  tn  lie  iivoidi'd  is  ii  ((Mci-tiMii  iif  mucli 
(lillicMillv  :   Imt  it  is,  ii(vci-tlicli'>-i,  tlic   iiinn'  iinprnitivr  mi  the  (iiivcrniiiiMit.  imt    mily  In  ilisriiss,  Imt    to 

pill  ill  |ii:i(lii'i'.  .-(HIM'   iiiii'li'   111'  rrliil'  Inr   tlirsi'   uniiirliiiiatr   pcii|il> llii>  diitsiilr   lianiirs,  ur  iiiclti>iii;r 

iiiiMiiiiaiiis,  III'  wlusc  wliiilc  riiiiiilrv  arc  nut  (irilv  nivri'cil.  in  (■(Hislaiit  siirlit,  willi  ]H'rpi'tiial  siinw,  Imt  in 
wliMx'  liiiL'i's,  rwry  iii'.'lil  ill  till'  vrar,  ii'O  is  niailc  iivrr  tin'  water  lol't  in  a  husin.  nl'  near  MVcn-ri'jIillis 
lit'  an  ini-l)  in  tliirlincss,  I'xrrpt  in  tliri'i'  small  jilaccs  altfaily  named  as  fM-cptimis  ;  and  twn  v(  tlicso, 
till'  Salt  Lake  valji'v  and  the  Snake  river,  an'  already  taken  tnnii  them  liy  tlio  whites,  and  there  is  little 
duulit  Imt  that  iho  C.acdie  valley  will  s.inn  lie  sn  nei-iipieil. 

The  I'lahs'  claim  of  liimndaries  are  all  suuth  nl'  that  nf  the  i*>liiisliiiiiies,  einliraeim:  the  waters  nf  the 
Ciiliiradu,  iriiini:  must  iiruhalily  to  the  (Jiill'  ut'  Caliliirnia  This  is  a  mueli  inure  rurliinate  lueatien,  and 
larL'e  purtimis  nf  it  are  rieli  and  I'ertile  lands,  and  with  a  •.'mid  eliinate.  Their  lan'_'na-_'i'  is  essentially 
CiMiianelie.  and  althniiLdi  imt  teelinieally,  yet  it  is  suppiised  tn  he  snhstantially  the  same  as  that  ut'  the 
Shiishdiiies;  t'lir,  allhiiiiuh  nii  lir>l  meetiie.'  they  iln  nut  I'nlly  nnderst.-irid  eaeh  ntlier,  yet.  I  am  iiil'nrmi'd, 
timr  or  five  da\~'  as«  leialimi  eiiahles  diem  in  iMiiver-e  IVe^lv  to'.'elher. 


TA  15 ij:  \i v. 

SASITK.VS,   VIZ:   1{],()(»|)S.    Itl^ACKKKKT.   1MK(  lAN'S.  (iUOS  VHNTUHS,   ISiVi. 

[doV.     fsAAC     I.    Sir.VKNS.] 


Sii'-Klin-',  i.r 
llln.kf.'i-t 

lifilloil. 


Tril'."i  nil. I  Ilali'N. 


Itl Is 

lilaekfe 


tinis  N'eiitr 


Tula 


l«ll!i'.. 

:{."i(i 
•-'."id 

:!."iO 
:!(l(l 


PoputaUnn.         j        Warri-irt 

'2450'  ST.-) 

(i2.-i 


IT.'iil 
•_'4.-)ii 

JflL'll 


ill) 


!tl70 


IKIII 


TFII-;   IJI.ACKI'KI'.T  NATION. 

The  general  lueality  nf  the  lilaekl'eet  is  iiniler>t.ii  d  tn  mean  the  eniintry  in  which  they  reside  or  hunt, 
nml  is  liniinded  as  fnllnws  :  —  Uy  a  line  lii"jiniiiii'_'  un  the  imrtli.  where  the  .■iHth  |iarallel  cinsses  the 
Itneky  mniintains;  thence  east  nil  said  parallel  tn  the  liniili  meridian;  thence  smith  In  the  headwaters 
nf  Milk  liver,  dnwn  said  river  tn  the  Missnuri ;  up  the  .^lis^(lllri  tn  the  imnitli  nf  the  .Indilli  ;  ihenee 
lip  the  .Judith  tn  it.s  .'.iiuree  :  thence  tn  the  Knekv  moiinlains,  and  imrth  alniiir  their  liase  In  the  plaee 
nf  1 


nt    lic'.Mnniii'j 


The  euiintrv  helween  the  M 


issniin  an 


1  the  headwatiTs  nf  the  Vellnwstniie 


IS  iinnccuiiK 


d.      It  is  the       I 


f  the    IJIackfiet  war-parlies  tn  and  linm  the  Cniws,  Klalheails,  and  Snakes.      It  is  alsn  tin 


L'real  rnaj  n 


huntinL'-'jiiiiind  nf  the    {''latl 


id  the  Indian  Ir 


'iierallv  nf   \Vasliiii'_'liiii  Terrilnrv  I'ast  nf  tin 


Caseades,  whn  resnrt  hither  at  all  seasniis  nf  the  year  tn  hunt  Initl'aln. 


The  Hlackfeet  iiati 
Tl 


nil  IS  ilivi 


led  iiitn  fniir  distinct  tri 


hand 


s,  names,  nun 


nheis,  and  Incalities. 


le  abnvc'  nnmliers  nf  the  fmir  Irilies  nf  the  Itlackfeel  iiatinii  are  taken  fniin  .Mr.  IKity'.s  eiiumeratinii. 


than  that  nf  .\|r.  St; 


iiilev,  wild  V 


isited   the    I'ieiraiis  in  Septcnilicr  last,  and  whnse  estimate  nf 


the  lie'/ans 
ennmeralinn.  derive 


lilniids,  and  Hlackfeet.  was  l.".;!(l  lnil..'es,  and  In,:!!"!  snuls  ;  and  it  is  likewi 


■  r  less  lliaii  lie 


,1    fr 


iisiilliriir   all    reliahl 


if  infnrmatinii   in  the  Cjiper  .\li.ssniMi,  and 


vliieh  made  the  fniir  Irilies  nf  the  (ll■.l^:  N'enire-.  ISInnds,   l'ie;;aii 


IMaekfect,  aninunt  tn  I  I.IIMI,  nr 


(6!  I 


I 


A     I     \    t     [<■  INTIM 


i:|.  1 


.')'j;l(l  riiiifi'  tlinii  till'  (■sliTi..it('  111'  .Mr.  iKilv.      .Mr.  I'uiv  lia>,  liiiwrvi'i'.  liad  tlio  (i|>|i(irtiiiiily  uf  niiikiii'j  iiii    \ 
iictiuil  ciiiiMt  <it'  iiiiirr  than  lialC  tlicsc  Imliaiis.  i 

'I'lir  Hlddils  and  till'  IJhickt'i'i'l  (ii'cii|i_v  llic   i-Mimtrv  ii]miii  the  .-niiivc  of  Muriiis   and    .^liik    rivir^,  and      I 
iKU'tli  ti)  tlic  r)Otli  parallel  of  latilildc. 

Till'  l'ii".'ans  occupy  the  coiuitiy  lictwc'cn  .Nlill;  and  Marias  rivers,  upnn  .^larias  river  and  tlie  'rilnii,      ' 
and  lielv\ecMi  the  Tetuii  and  the  .Missouri.  | 

'I'lie  tJms  Ventres  ciceiipy  the  enuntry  liorderin'j  upnn  Milk  river  frnni  its  nuMiih  tn  tlie  'I'erritDry  of    ' 
the    I'ii'iians.      These   (inis  Ventres.   althciUL'li    inenrpnraled  with,   and    nuw  ennsidered   a   jiart    id",  the 
*    Itlaekl'ipiii  natiiiii,  are  clearly  a  hand  nf  .Vrrajiahnes.  wlm  seceded   t'rnni    tlieir   naliiMi    snnie   t'nrtv  years 
I    .since,  |ia.«sid  over  to  the  Crow  Indians,  anci  were  plundered  and  killeil  liy  that  nation,  lo-in'.:  many  ol" 
I  '    their  women,  and  nearly  all  their  horses  and  puns.      They  wandered   over  this   country  several    vi'.irs, 
I  I    pluinlcred   the   forts   at   the   iiortli.  were  driven   away  hy  the  Kootenais,  and  finally,  in  a  destitnl''  ami 
most  mi-erahle  condition,  settled  some  thirty  years  since  in  tin'  country  they  now  occupy.      The  lil.ick- 
I      foot  liiition  in  a  manner  adopted  them  —  /.  i..  niadi'  a  liistiliLr  peace,  ami  irave  thi'ui  many  horses.      The 
I     traders  sujiplicd  them  with  L'tins  and  ammunition  ;  their  liorsi's  ineriNiseil  ;  they  made  many  rolies,  ami 
'      soon  lieeame  wealthy  ;  and  are  now  more  inde]>emlent,  saucy,  and  more  unt'riendly  to  the  whiles,  than 
any  other  lianil  of  the  Ulaikfeet.  j 

I  The  Kl Is,  I'icL'aus,  and  Hlackfei't,  speak  the  same  laUL'UaL'e,  peculiar  tii  the  Hlaekfoot  nati.in. 

The  (Jros  \entres  .speak   the   .Vrnipahoe  lanL;ua!.'e,  which   is  not   understood   by  any  white   nnin  or 
Indian,  not  of  their  Irihe,  in  this  country,      .^lost  of  the  (iros  Ventres,  however,  speak   the    Itlackfoot    , 
suflieiently  for  purpo.scs  of  trade.  ] 

Thi'ir  eharaeler  is  warlike.      They  arc  warriors  and  liorse-tliievis  liy  profession  and  practice.  ;ind  are 
always  at  war  with  some,  or  all,  of  the  nei;;hlionrin;r  nations. 


TA  ULi:   XV. 

Ti:X.\S  INDl.WS  OF  NOUTIIKli.V  oRKilN.   1n.".1. 

[Jr.ssK  Sti:m.] 


No. 

1 

Naineii. 

Trll'iil  Ktri'iiK'tli 

141 
111 

.'IS 

liil 
•J  II-.' 
ll:i 

1 
\ 
) 

s 

Toliil. 

w 

irtiur" 

1 

1     Tow:i('f':»rrit>^ 

47f. 
ti:i 

>> 

<ll) 

4. 

KtM'cllifS    .. 

(':uli|.K-i.... 

f). 

ll'.l 

(i. 

;;i 

8. 

'      SIinWMOCs  . 

- 

— 

«.". 

ltd    ,. 

111  (2 

.'.i: 

There  has  lieen,  and  still  is.  a  L'roiit  want  of  certain  information  as  to  the  numhers  and  eondilion  of 
the  various  trilics  in  Texas.  AVIiile  amon'_'  these  Indians  1  endeavoured  to  ;isecrtaii!  their  e.\aet  num- 
liers,  and  with  this  view  imhiced  the  chiefs  to  l'o  amoin_'  their  people  ami  count  them.  Ilaviiii;  no 
.system  of  nuudiers.  they  cimmcrati'd  only  with  their  tinirers.  or  by  means  of  Immlli's  of  slicks.  Thry 
hrouL'hl  mi'  a  Imndle  of  slicks  for  each  trihe. 

The  ahove  is  the  eimineration  furnished  me,  which  I  eiiiisider  very  aceiimte. 


t     f 


M.'»    m 


1 1 


(699) 


TA  II  M;    \  VT. 

OFKlCIAl,  J,UCAL  K.STIMATF.  oK  XollTll  OliKUOX  IX 

[I)H.  Uaut.] 


l.s.",l. 


N'amcfi  of  Trllnw. 


Wlllhl-WMlhl 

n.iii.> 

l'fl..ii.-e 

KliliatMt 


Men. 


ll.'i 
l-.'O 

111) 
•J!)7 


Women. 

10 
II.-) 

•Jim; 
111.-) 


ChlMren. 


IS 


117 

.Ml 


Vakaiiia  (cshniiiti') 

H.ick  Isl.iiul 

Okiiii!i'_'an 

Culvill.' 

Siiilniiiiiiiii>li  ( Spcikiiiic) 

Cunir  ir.\lcncs 

Liiwcr  I'l'iiil  d'Orcilli's  ., 
rpiiri-  IVikI  (I'Oivillrs.. 

.^li>^i'lll 

.\iz  I'rii'ts  

Ciij'usi"  


l:;o 
:;iiii 
\^1 
ls| 
liiii 

llMIII 

::o(i 

L'aO 


Totul  popiihitiuii 


;i''o 

1    

... 

.);].» 

"IMI 

1   

Ti'MI 

1 

tSII 

"10 

tilts 

4M 

^s^H 

38 

4(1 

12(1 

"lO.'i 



TAIU.K    XVII. 

KASTKliX    \V.\.SII1X(;T()X  AXI)  ()l{K(i()X  FN   lS5;i. 
[Ciov.  I.  1.  Stkvkn.s.-] 


N" 

Nanir,-  tif  TrllH-ji. 

U«I«i's. 

Po|>u1atiiili. 

:;.'iO 
too 

L'NO 
420 

.Mill 

1 

•; 

a. 

4. 

."). 

(i. 

7. 

s. 

"1. 
ill. 
11. 
12. 
!:;. 
14. 
1."). 

k;. 

I'utal  ... 

ril.tllra.ls 

( 'ipMtrii:i\s  anil   I'latlinw*;   

■             (JO 

■  I'end  irOivillcs  ul'  I'pprr  Lake 

40 

I'lMlil  .rOr.'illrs  iif  l.„\v,T   l„-lk.' 

(.•.i'uv<r. Villi,  s 

(10 

70 

Sni)kaMi'.-< 

lino        1 

I7II0         ! 

I't'luu^i's 

;iiiii 

l-'O 

Cavuscs  

Walla-wallas 

;;oO 

Dall.s  l.aii.1.- 

Klikatats  

Vakaiiia.s 

"00 

(iOO 

TjI  !0               1 

l*i,<)|Mniis('  aiiil  i  )kiiiakaiu's  

.*^cll\Vn.  \',l|,i,  m-  Culvillr  

1         ;{;^o 

7:t"iO 

-    

rnJoubtrdly  a  lar^c  niajdrity  iif  tlir   .Vi-/.  I'licos  arc   in  Wa.><hin,!.'ton  Territory;   but  the  niaj.ir  part 
of  till'  Cayuso,  Walla-waila.s,  ami  the  Mallis  liiiliaii.«,  aro  in  ()ri'j;iin. 


'  Th..  l'is.iiuiu«n  nml  K.iulaiiii.^  an' iiinlll...l.  iiii.l  (hi-  l.iui.l  ..f  I  |.|i.T  lliiiir,i.li«  m  Ihi.  liall..»  induji-a  »illi  IIjip  Wiilln-wnlliui. 
■'  Mm.  Ili|i..  l".,)!,  |i.  'J-.J. 


(70(») 


TA15IJ:  X  VI  IT. 

ixniAXs  IX  (>i;i:(i()X  ix  isni.— [dov.  .((iskph  Lank.] 


Sliusliniiics  —  (inc  tribi'  7<il>  —  tiit;il . 

I'liiiislita  liciiiiioks,  Siiiikc  river 

ClllltlMKIV  


III. 
II. 
I-.', 

14, 

1.'.. 
It). 

17. 

IS. 
1!), 
•JO. 
21. 

9:1 


211. 
27. 
2S. 
20. 

;{0. 
ai. 


I''hltlli'!l(ls,  111-  S;ili..li  

('iilcspi'liri 

I''(iii(Ki'as,  Si(uc'iiilip.s  

Culvill.',  i.r  l.iltlc  l'latiic:i(l  Imlians 

Cn'iir  il'AleiK;  

SjiDkaMo 

<  )uk iiiajrans  

Si'Mipi iil('.<  

Ni'Z  IVr('c:< 

I'aldiis  

C.'iyu'^o  

W.'illa-walla  

DcsClmtcs 

Wiisc'opan 

( 'as('a<lc'S 

( 'laekaina.'t  

Willamette 

('liokatai.'< 

('ali]ina  

Sualtiiii,'  

Yam  Hill  

Sackaiiuir  

I'liipijua 

llilli'aiiiiirk  

Clatsacciiiin 

(^latsiip  

Catclaiiiet 

('al.init 

Tntal  


2,000 

ri."iu 

lull 

:;.'o 

1,2110 
1,21111 

SI  II I 

Ion 

l.iiiin 

71111 

'idii 

l,.'iilO 

:;iiii 

^.nil 
1,111111 

;!iio 

I'l  II 1 

liiii 

no 

20 

S.") 

fill 

liO 

01) 
l."> 

2111) 
21111 
;)iiii 

Til) 
2no 

Tutis 


North  of  tiii;  Coi.imiu.v  (now  W.v.-^iiiNoriiN).  —  [.Mu.  Tiiounto\.J 


Mak.nv.  Capo  Klatloiy 

Xon.M'laliiiii  Duiiiriiia.".-: 

i«mM|iiaiiiisli  

lloinaiiiisli  

Twaniili,  Wdiiil'.s  (.'anal   

Si|uallyinisli,  \.i.:,  of  Nisiiually 
Siiiaiiiisli  of  Wluilloy's  I.-^laiiil  . 

Piui(|Ualaiiiick   

Skcywhuiiii.^li  

Ska'.'iits 


i). 
10. 

11.  Xdukluulr 

12.  Cmvlitz  .. 
I.'!.  Cliiiioiik.'* 
U.  Cholialis. 


Canioil  forward 0, 


1,000 
1,100 

.'lOII 
oOO 

2011 

fl.'lO 

;;."io 

.•!."iO 
■l.-iO 

."iiiii 
220 
120 
120 

:!iio 

iiiO 


(701) 


:!     I 


^ffii 


ill' 
I 


t  t 


hi 


^ 


■'  IE 


X  V  1 1 1  .  I.. 


IJniii'^lit  liirwanl (1,, 'it ill 

l.'i     Kiitliliiiiiit  I.Ml 

ll'l    TlllllUMIlil  '.'(Ml 

IT.   NV_v:iiii|piiiii  l;lli 

!•<.    V;ii':iiii;is l.,"i(ltl 

I'.t.    ri^i'iiliiios  ;i,"i(l 

Ti'iiil ^.',l^ll 

(iiiv.   I.aiii'  roiicliKlrs  : 

•' SmiimiicliMl,  as  iiiiiriy  o(  the  liilics  and  liainls  imw  an'  li_V  tlu'  wliili",  wlmw  arts  (if  civili/atiiiii,  liy 
(ii'titroviiif:  till'  rrsiiuri'i's  lA'  tlic  liiili,iii>,  (lnniii  tlicin  in  |iiivi'i'lv,  waul  ami  iriiiif,  tlu'  oxliiiiriiisliiiii'iit 
of  tlii'ir  title  by  jiurcliasi',  iiiid  llii'  licaliiii:  tliciii  in  a  ilistiict  icnnivi'il  fnnn  tlic  sfttli'mciitK,  i.-  a  inca- 
siiro  iif  tlu'  must  vital  iin|nirtainr  li>  tluni.  Iniln'il.  tin'  oausi'  uf  liiinianity  palU  Iniiillv  fur  tln'ir 
ri'iniival,  frnin  causes  and  infliiPiK'e.s  no  fatal  t"  llnii-  cxistinii'.  Tlii*  nicasurc  is  niu'  of  eijiial  iiiteivsl 
to  (lur  own  jieople." 


TA  11  Li:  X  IX. 

TOTONIC    TIMr.KS    OV    S  or  T  IIM  li  N'    ()  U  KO  ()  X,   ]  8r)0. 

[I'OKT  OliFdUl)  ACKNCV.] 


i 


\niiii-  .'f  Iliinil". 


Namimaii   

ClIorMir.l.KTAN. 
(^r AllluM.Ml  .... 

S.M.HA.MII.V 

('cisn.MKNTAN... 

Yi  i;i  Ainu 

Yah  Shi  tks.... 
("iif.ti.k>si:m\n 

AVlllSTANATIN  .. 

ClIKAnKK. 

TiiTiiTK.N 

SiSTlCIHlSI'A 

MAIirKLMirKN  . 
Total 


u 


IS  -JO  null  :)<l  I  I  ('li'iiinia(.loliin  j('oi|iiille  Kiver. 

:iii  411  Is'lT  '■>■>     I  ("licltalow  ('o,|iiillo  Korks. 

;'i:l  1.')  lI'J  : 'Jo  1:M     .'!  Ilaliiillrali  l-'lnn-i  Crnk. 

Til"  I '  ...  .Ml   i-;ik   llivcr. 

'.I  '.I  li      ::  :;?     I  Chatalliakrali  ..  I 'oit  ( >rford. 

L't  -11  is    I'.i  lliJ     1  .Mi.-li.  >..',■ Vii,|iia  Cr.'ok. 

:i!l  l.'i  -Jt     lU  l'Jll'-_'  Calwawr^il  lio-ni'  Hivcr. 


1(1    1.".    11      '.I        r>l     1     Kiictn^. 


ri>ioi  iiivi 


Is     Jll     IL'     1(1,       (ill!  I     N.-lvrl!ilin.>k:i..     \\lialr'<  11,'ail, 

117     l^     L'L'     I'.I       ITi;     1     Toliusliaii .<   .     Clirl   Ko. 

I'J       l-ll     1     'ralinanrti>a  ....    Six  miles  aliovi' tin' inontli  of  I{o'_'iic'  li. 


:;!i     17    L'L'    1 

.').'!    Ill     'Jo     HI       l.'ii!     I     YailianiM'i' 

;;-J     .>     17     17        I -J  I     1     TallialtiH  .. 


Aliiivr  till'  IiIl'  Im'IhI  of  lio'.'iic   liiviT. 
I'Viiiiti'iii  null's  aliovi'iiioiiili  of  l!o._'ni'  li. 


On  the  soltlcnu'iit  of  Orriron.  the  most  coMsiileralile  of  tlie  Indian  tiiln's.  spread  over  that  portion   of 

I  the  I'onntrv,  were  llios.-  slieteliiiej:  mirtli  nf  Klamatli  river,  of  ('alilorni.i,  ami  the  northern  lioumlarv  line  of 

I   this  State,  ii]i  the    I'aeilie   eoasl.      They  eoiisisted   of  thirteen    h.inds,  Ijeariii'.'  sejiarate   names,  the   most 

I  eonsiderahle  anil  |ironiineiit  of  which  were  the  four  liainls  eliisterin','  ahout  the  eolifluenee  of  the   river, 

I   whieh.  from  their  had    failh  in  tr.ide,  had  ln'en   called  hy  the  early  French   traders,  ('oi|iiillc.  or  l{iii:iie 

'   river  liidi.'ins.    These  four  hands  hore  the  nanus  Nas-oina,  ( Ikrcletan,  Yah  ."^liiites,  and  Tototens  ;  and.  as  the 

!   whole  L'roup  of  these  scaeo.isl  trihes  speak  dialects  of  the  .same  laiiL'iia'.'c,  they  may  he  frroujied  toL'ether 

under  the  name  of  TuTnMi  .      Ahoiit  the  year  l.s.'iH,  they  were  united  in  a  Icaonc  for  defensive  purposi's, 

at  the  head  of  whieh  there  was  a  chief  of  some  note  called   Chal  Xah,  and  the  eombiliation  of  trihes.  it 

is  attinned,  hore  the  name  of  Tiitoten. 

'J'lii;  iirincip.il  wars  have  hecn  with  tlie>i'  Totom's.  wlio  have  suHercd  a  rapid  declension  of  their 
niimhcrs.  p.-irtly  owiie.'  to  internal  disetirds,  and  p.'irtly  throii'.di  hostilities  with  the  settlers.  The  naiiies 
ami  niimhcrs  of  the  hands,  with  their  principal  chiefs  and  residence,  is  cnihraced  in  the  almve  tabic. 


(702) 


TV  15  Li:  x\. 

INDIAN    TlilllKS    (>K    \V  A  S  II  I  N  t  JTo  N    TK  U  I!  I  T<  >  li  V,    KAST   oK 
TllH  CASCAhK    MAINTAINS.      l,s,-,|. 

[<lov.   Isaac   I.  Sikakss.] 


17. 
\f. 
111. 
2U. 
21. 

ix. 
■j\. 


2!l. 

;!o. 

:i2. 
:!:t. 
.•II. 


I>|UT         I'lli 
IiiiiiiIh,      It 

I.nwtT  (.'liirii 
('liln<i.>k 


rn„r..lli 


trlU'lnncI 

MiMiki',       Hvi. 

(*i<luin 

pt     ilU'luilillK 
lllj. 

lili. 

ul<«  — 

liiind 

('..liirii 

III/. 

r*  ii'sliiiiiil.') 

Sli..iil« 

l)rav'.< 

1 

hAtU 

I'iti  ii\t'r,  ulpiivo  lliL'  r. 


Iii.i  ri\iT,  Iicliiiv  (lu«  ('. 


iil.r  l.:i 


Ccpivni/.    mill    I  |.|i,r    I'ln 
hp|li>. 

'r;liliiMl|t;iIl 

iJllinililN'.  .W' 


'■1 !«.«,  rliiliii]i.i  ri' 


N..III,. 

'..Kill/.    riv.T.   :ilhl    Iho   Clii- 

luill*.  til»i\  I-  llu'  Siil><i|i. 

H:i-.p.| Ill .inlil/..ti.. 

j  ('llil^l  Iriilil  IJiii\'- li:irl.>.r.  11- rill. 

1       Kiinl. 

]  I'lllif  l-'iiil(.T\   nil. I  \  I.  iiiiiv  

Siniil..  ,.l   rii',- 


iiiilli  . 


I'i.rl  ■r.,iiii-.Mi.l  . 
I'nrl   III-,,, I.  TV.. 


mil 


1 

lti-mark<. 

2011 

h;,<i 

lint 

0.    Til..  ii|,|.,T  ..r 

ii 

.'SO 

ih 

hiiri'l-    iiri*   iiiixi'-l 
tin-    Kliluiliits  :   tlio 

1. 

VV.T 

Willi  till'  <'.>\vlil/.. 

"i Illi.'«.  i-  iiil.Tliiarri..| 


null    th.'    ('..»lil/.  ;     III 

I.      I     Willi    Cllillllll!.. 


:;i.ii     i:. 


'Mil-  tW't  tinvt'  li.'i'nini'  n 
■^<  lluT  ililcrliiiiiri.'ij. 
l.-lilll;ll.'. 


Miikilli-.., 

."'M.illiiiii 

Kill. hi 

Kn.| 

M.'lllllllll N.ll     IlllIlLi.'li'  ■« ... 

•Ml  ..lIliTS I'liI...  I i;,li.->,  .i,..,  H,.|«..r.l.. 

I'llilllilklilii I*.. II    r.iivii^.Mi.l 

Tc.lilll fl :    II i-.MI,;,l  


■■^Ii"k..iiii.h j  II {-f  .■aiinl.  ii|.|i,r  I  II. I 

yiii'ik-'iiiiiiii-li  j  i'.,.,'-f  iiil.i.  .w 

S'll.ill.iiiiiiiii,-h  I  ('iiii'«  iiil.i.  A,. 

."^illl.'InMlllli.vJl I  lllllUlll.T.'lv'x  iiil.'l.  ,V.' 

.>i||«iiiiii.-li  ,  ■r..ll,.iiV  iii'l.-t.  Ac 

s.|iiiii:iiii i  i:i.r.-  iiii.i.  A.' 

Si..|i..|in-i'iiiii.<h !  Ilii. Ill's  iiil.i.  A.. 

.V'"..-f,Ol;ill .<,,iilli  1,1,1 

.-'.Illiillialiiiii^ll.  r.  l.iinil"...  i  \i.-,|iiiilly  liv  .I-  nil  I  \  i.iiiily 

■'^i.ilii' iniiiiiisli :  .^liiliii'iii. Ill  .T.i'k  IIII.I  vii'iiiiiy  .. 

riiviil'ii|iiiiiii,.|i I  Miiutli  III'  l'iiy,illii|i  riviT,  Ai' I ill 

l"i|iiii.|iiiiiiii^li  Ili'iiils  ,,l'  •■         ••       i  .Ml 

Sll.|lllllili,-ll I'.iiiu-iil.i  li.l«i..li   ll."..r.s   riiiiiil   :      '.'Ifi    :    2:0        1^.1 

mill  .\iIiiiii'mIi.v  iiil.l. 

..^'lliiiiliiniii'li I  \'ii^l '1.  i-Iiiii.l 

l>iviiiiiisli [  Liiki'  I'lirk,  li\viiiiii..li  liv 

.'''lllllllllli^ll 

.-'ki'li'ililiiiisli 


711 
li'i.'i 


...... 

■■•■■ 

_.!.. 

.''iiiiKi'iin> 

1 1 

1:: 

,1-           ' 

II 

I'j 

2i'. 

2 

1 

■' 

170   '■ 

£  i 

■I.I 
20 

I.' 

Kstimate. 

-inf..ftlii'  wiirn.  n  ntiiiltril 
iti    tin-    .■..iirii  :    I. lit   .'.-ti- 

li::itr'l. 

S)iiiki>iiii>li,  i->titiiiU>'il. 


' '    "I   (  ..,.,, 

-.1  I 


I""      Ivsliiiiate. 


I..  .     i:.  ,    y.'.     J 


Siii.'|k:iiin.-li  .... 
Ski>)K-filiiui^h.... 

Slk;iiiii>li , 

'■iiialmniisti  


i 


3i). 

■10. 
11. 

rj.   I  Sliiliiili\v;irnisli 

Cf.  !  Kiki:illi- 

I(.  Sliji-it 

I'.  ^■lHl;l^lll^nli^h 

111.  StiiitU'liliii  

47.  j         sMif'k.'uwlni | 

■»8.  i         .<akiiiii.Mm  ' 

i9.  \  Si,iiin:MiM>h.... 

50.  I  SwuiMmi^h 

51.  .■^iM;inlniii.-!i I 

.■.:•.  Siuni.-li 

..;;.  N.M.k.^ink 

.M.  I.innitii 

j.'>.  ,  Sliiiiiijihinuu  


l>\vami.-h  IiiKo,  Af 


;:o       ID] 


I  ;:.-. 


llm-l  uf  WiMt.'  riv.T S 

Ili-ml  of  (irc'Ti  ri\rr ,  ;,ii   ,  j             t 

Main  Wliitr  liv. T ::ii       j 

.Soulli    rii.l   .-f    \\"lnil._\'.-<    i-lainJ.         I  li  |        l;{,s    j    ;i.mi      )  \  Part  of  tlic  wiiriu'ii  omittcil ; 

Siniilinini^li  riviT.  l„it  iiM-hul.-a  in  tlio  (utul. 


\'<inutliniinu!<Ii 

Sk_vwhiiiui.sli  , 

Skralilrjiini  

SiUKHialni'iitk  i  Sunlli  I'l.rl;,  .'^iimhonii-li  ii\ 


l*|'|ii'r  lir.inrlH'-,  UiTlli  -iili',  .-^iiia       [ 
Imniisli  livri-.  ,  ■ 


>l-i|iifliuruiii.-li  river.  \>- 

Kikialli<U..an.|\Vliiil.v*s  l.laiul.       .. 
Skiii;il  riviT,  ;uii|  IVmimV  \--<\r 

]ir:nnlu'-!  ul'  .-^ka'^it  river 

i 

j      N.irlh      iMl.l      Wliitliy'.s      i-l:illil.   ,  ■) 

.'iiii.ii'    jiii-sMij;.'    iiii.l  ..^iiiiuii  -ti  ' 

liv.T.  I 

.■^iiliii-ll  !(..  liliii  I!i'lrnii;li:iiii  liiiv.   '    .. 

null  I'lirk.  l.iiliiliii  ii\ir 


;',llll 


Sl.'i 


K.slitnnlo. 


1,1 
i;,.|«i 


I  Ii.Mlili..lll;l 


'I'l.llll.. 


|-    I'.nil      I'slininlc. 

1 
I 

"110      l>timiil.'. 

I. Ill 
l.ill 
l.iil 


(-•18) 


I 'I 


iif-f; 


m 


m  I 


1 1. 


'fj 


^ 


TA  i;li;  w  I. 

\V  I  N  N  !■;  1!  .\»i(>i:s    IN     IS.MI, 
[.I.  Iv  l'i.i;rnii;if.| 


Tril'ill  -In  ...Hi  III  l> 


\Vinii,l.;i.;H  WliwU    l:l. 


:i!i 


T"i,l. 

it:.  I 


\l  a  ri'ii-U'  rii'riitlv  l;ikrji.  lliiTi'  wrrr   ^lArlilii'ii    liilinlicil   :ili<l    liriy-fuiir   liiiMiiln  r-  nl'  llir  Iril.r  |>lr- 
I'llt.  Ili'illL'  II"   imriM"!'  Ill'   tllillv    llilli'  mMT  lllr   MIIHiImT  l-ipul-trd  |:i«t   \i:ll'. 
Tlir  iiiiprnVi'iiiciil'*  iii:iili'  liiiM'  l.illiii  I'lr -lii.rl  hI'  mil'   iiilfiilii'h».      \\  v   li;i\c  i.iilv   niiK'  liiiihlri'il   iiiiil 


t'oi'lv-llin 


I'  Mt-ri"*  nl 


l:iii>l  pImii::Ii>'iI.  in  I'hi'|\  -iw.i  \\•■\^-  nf  ijilVi  niil  "l/rs,  all  nl'  wliirii  :ii'i'  iimI  \rl  iiiiI.itiI. 


\Vi'  li;i\i'   livr  |||.i||'4:iimI  >i\    Illllhlr' 'I   :ll1il   r'll\ 


'I    t'  II. 


'I'w.i  liiiiiilri'il  iiiTii  li;i\r  li, ni  iiiJiiv.iinl 


in  wliinl.  Ill'ty  iirrc*  ill  iiMto.  IH'ii    Iminln'l   niiil    lliiiiirn   iiri'>"<   in   inni,  mn'  liiimli'i'il  :ii:il  M'M'nl\'il 
ill  |M.iiitiii'«,  mil'   linii'li'i'il  mill   iiinr  :iri'i''   in  rul:i  l>ii'^:i   :ini|  U'liilc  liirnlp<,  ami  ^i\  .'hitx  in  u 


lICl'i 


ii|  liiii'kwlu'at.      Tlir    lii'li.in^  iiillivaliil  ll 


ili'i'il  mill  I'i'jiil 


\  -I  ^111  Ml  ll  »  o|   ilic  .'ilm-. 


land  iiI'liT  il  wa-    plmiulinl    I'm'   lliriii.  anil   aK.i   iiillival.il    iiiinn  r"!!-"  isinliii-.  Hliicli  llnviln^  iiii 


Uiiri'i'. 


with  Ilii'  I'S. 


I'liHii  >>t   a  I'll' 


t  ..r  ill, I'll.  Hill    !„•   a    la 


ii<>'il  III  till'  ailjai'i'lit  I'minli'^      'I'lir  liiiliaii>  ii-ri|  llii'  m'\iIii"<  l'iii'iii>|ii'il  llii 


Mi'a'ji'  witli    ill,'   II',, |i, 
:i  |iai't  111'  ilii'ir  anniiiu 


I'U,  iilhl  liavr  niaili'  'ilimil  uin'  liiinilrr,l  ami  lll'ly  I,iii4  ,,|'  liay,  ami  Iwn  liiiihli'iil  iiinl  M'V.niv  tmi»  li; 


I'i'ii  inaili'  \i\  I'liijilnM' 
w.  lliiii;-!,' 


A  li|ark>niilli  «lni|.,  willi  iwn  I'm'i;!  «,  a  i'ai'|,i'iili'r  nIii,|i,  a  wanlimiMi',  I'miilr 


'ilM'>,  a  M'hiinl  limiM',  an 


I  a  t'i'VV  ,lalil 


■•.  ai'i'  lilt'  ;  .nil  11 


ll  li 


Illlillll'^S   I'll' 


i.'.l      Till 


i.r  till 


at  III.'  -i» mill  \va>  a  -rri.iii-  .Irawl.ai'k  .m  mil'  iii.aii»  I'.ir  liiiil.|ii|,_'.      'I' 


11'   llllll    1^   IIHW    111  |,|,('l'.lll,,ll 


liinili. 


iiiiiii'.'.  ami  llir  In.liaiK  will  li.'  ii>-i.li'.|  In  l)iiililiii._-  Iii,ii«|,h  |!ii»  lall. 


'riii>   nil"',   at    llnir   l.'i-t    Iw.i  annuity  pay 
iilicv.      I  wa."  ilircrtcil  In  hIim 


iii'nt».    rrnivi 


|ii'i' fapita  an  iiniisiially  lai'.;..  ainminl  nl" 


imiiii'V  witli    ri'i.nmiiy,  Imt  willi    tin'   iii,'ij.,ril\  ili,'  n -nil  I: 


Mill  l','|"i|'t  till'  1  ll'ii't  ],|',„liii-i',l       Smiii'  I'l'W  have  li'.'ii'iinj  In  u«..  ihi 


I.-  l..'1'ii  til  I'liii'iira-ji'  iillmiiN^  ami  iliM>i|,all,,i 


|ii,liry  I'l'  I'ayiii'^  annnilv  |,i 


I  ll,l:all^  III  nimii'V  i>  i>l,| 


l,ii'i'li.'n..l'li'.      Nl 


~ii\  nil 


iM  I"'  1,1 


I'  I  I'll  iiiainlv 


ill  I'll'i'i'tiii'.'  tliiir  rivili/ali.in.      Tin  \   ar.'  iii.|..|i'iil   I'r.mi   iii'linalimi  ami  lial.il.  anil  will  ii,.| 


tlii'V  I 


V  liMM'  aii\ 


nlllil'  ill'l.l  ml. 


ni'i'    I'll'  ,1   ll\  Ml; 


TA  liU:    XX  I  I. 

rXDIAN   TIMI'.KS  IN  T  II  K  I' N  I  T  I!  I '  .>^T  A  T  lis   W 
t'ol    l;sK    WAS    KKI'T    (•  I'    1!^     ACKN  r 


11  WHOM  I  NTi:i;- 

IN     IS...... 


.%,ii,.  .■!    rr.br. 


I'l...  r  :-t   It.i.  Ir,..r 


I 


»..,,t.r  ..|  l,i(,.r 


!. 

Al'\'  Nl> 

Ai'vin- 

Ai'»i  III  '.  .    . 

*..INHI 

.\\:\<  K\ia.M  . 
Al.K  VI  tlliiK-. 

Ill  (•  hii  »r  ... 

t'M'tx'l 

',  ^\^^ 

"IMS 

SIKI 

.'I.IHMI 

.•rtXI 

'» 

0 

1  hi  1  h-    

\\H\ 

V.-w  M.-M.i.  r.-rr'ly..  lU'\,-ri  ..|-  Ihf  li-Mrrimr  "f  .S.»   \U-\l„,  I-. 

Ti-XH* i^ti-   ■  \(i-«.-!il4-ni-.  • 

\rk:iii.ii.  ri*.T KHliiiialMl  l-\    \  :.iit  Wliiit'.-M.  IVI. 

I  I'l'iT  Mi«-i>iirl  li.  .  ..  KijuTt  I.r  Aifi-tit  \iiii.:liiiii.  I-.i.i. 

Arkiii)Mi.4  ,v  I'liillc  ll.  I-:otjiii:«ri-l  Lv  A.-;-ril  Uliiir'ii'M,  \<-i, 

VfXH*      i;.-ii-ii  ..r  \.'.-tii  Mil!,  iv  I 


I'i'I'iT  ^li■'«l'nrl  i:  .... 
W.-l  I  I  \rk;mv;i-.... 
\.  rttnliiin,  rniiM— 
or^'iH.    hikI 


AI.iIm 


W.-i  -if  Arkii 
Ui^t  ..I  Aikii 


I'i.  (  Min-m  \«  "f  I.AKt  '^i  i-n'i  'ti  . 

IT.  r>IIMI  »  »■•  ii»    l.»M    *l  I'MiI  '»  ,. 

1**,  <   llll'lt  "  \-  "I    l,\k»    M  I't  III  01   . 

I"  I  nil'.    V  *■»  ■■►  Tin   ^li"i--ii'ii.. 


MiniifM-iii  TtTrll'-rv  I 


II.l.'.il  I.r  Ai;v|it  \iiU;*liaM.  I",', 
II.l...rt  .1'  Aj.-m  lllirliT.  l-'VJ. 


|{i'|...rt  iif  Ki'tvliil  BilWitd.  IVM,  IV..'> 
Midnti'llt  liiiKir  l<>   Ihf  (>Ilk-i>,  ts.'i.i. 


Aiiiniiu  v.iv  n.ll,  Iv.l 

.^tiiti-iiu'iit  niii'lf  l>v  iIm'  I'tlli'i-.  |o.'>.l. 


Aiiiiiiiil  n|M.ii  ..|    \:.iit  i.itUrl.  l" 
Aiitmily  p'lv  riilit.  }<ti. 


riirrltnt  r.Twiiril.. 


Ainiuril  li.>)...rr  "t   ln.liaii  linn  lui,  l^>'><' 


;(M) 


\  Ml 


fi|r#«l  Nmi  !••■.»•. 


Ilr  ii'.-lti  r.inihr.| 


i;.'l'.-r'  .f  .\  -.■ht  i.iIUt),  I*. 


<>t  ?«  \N  ii'tm,  *i' 


I'litii-iuN',  I'H  Mt««ri« 


,  t  U*M .    , 

t»i'ttitt« 

r-Mtviift  mi  Ki>»w»ii«, 

i'-MtS    IIM  ,. ,.   ... 


40. 

41 
4.' 
l.l 
1( 
4- 
4''. 
47 

4H. 
4!>. 


<    'll>.  Il»« 

i  un t\Mi 

Cun.hM*  Tiitwi'» 1 

I     |I»M«\  IRRi    

i  tiH'W  ViNrntt .  .  .. . 

'   l-'M.. 

!  iii.Mi.,v;;*;;.;";;""!:!;.. ..;;;.;;;;;,;;!. 
I  Ki'K»l t 

I    Ki"tt  ti-. .. 

Ki  'wm ... 

K*SM4.    ., 

KtM  iil»:<,  iViitii",  (Ml  I'.-w  \i  uiR>* 

Kl*K  fKU'* 

\.ii\\' 

MUMUH 

I    XInwii".  

MtM'VN*    ....,.-.. 

^l^\^r^ll^^'* 

l|i  >i<iMi.\rM 

'    X||»«H|  ),|\H ..,         . 

M<  i..i-»     

^Ii  «    »llli>'».  <'K  .Vr\iHM 

'  ^^^u..., 

OMIl'*-      

1    tiNMfl* 

I  iiMiim  ort .,, 

'  (trrtu  11 

ttittw  »*        . 

'  MrtMi .  tMi  »i(.-..|  I'll 

»»•»     -  

ncr'."N  r  HI  .r"i:^  I'ri^i^    .        .  . 

I'lS.  I.  

I'll  t\w  u  I  mil  - 

T'lrirt  wi  \MK-  "I  III  iiH\ 

rut'T  iw  in  \MI»*     


l'o*s 


•  tlVW*.    \\  I  V-.     I'li'llllH,    \Mi    i\\ 


IT-   . 


^t'l  \  >ti  III!  ^h— ikiii-1-i 

Mi'l  \  ..)   11)1'  Mi^^'Hil 

.■•I  I'  \  -y  I  'f   I'l  MN-* 

.*r.  i;i<,i>  lM,i\N-  . 

SiNM  »-..  

SIS'.  \«  ,  s^^"l  *K\ ' . 

Si  N  .  \.  t\ii  .-ti  t»  \i  >  >  .  I.i  \it«i->»N 

mhum  >  ■* ... 

s*.«  iMt  |.""\iN.ii  lilt.  Mi"i-..ii'ri    . 

.*d  \M»  K.>\>-  >»>■  Till-  Ml'*'«"<  in 

>^  Mrs. '1,1  '* 

StM'N-l  1  -i 

I'l  -i'U;.iK*H 

■t'H«V   UIIM!*  

T  -\K\H  V" . 

,  I'rui  Tiumronv  TiiiiiK-' 

!  Imhh 

'    VNAfiM.-.. 

'    \V|,..IMs 

Wrv-. 

V  IVNl  IUli.)t.> 

\Vl^^llu■.■HH 

\\>  IS 

W  vmS'-i'iN  TiMitr' 1!^  TrtM*  .  .      .     . 

U  ism  ttn-i  Im'HS'  "1  ("m^s.  in^  I'tii- 

\.  >sr.  \\\'  i-rii' ti  I'l;;- ;  -  .  .. 


11. 


"rr  ri  .^ai'tit  i'li<'iitihli.  I'M. 


Ii.(..n  ..f  ,t-.-,i  J.  hii>' 


.  IV 


■J»l 

N 

.•>.|  ^  1  ..r  -Inn 

II 

h. 

(.11-    rrlTH.TI 

.i.;it.i 

'  1  r 

.'!•  ^IbMiiirl  It 

WHt 

.. 

I  \,-w  M.-M.M  r.'rr'r\ 
'    \rt'iiifit«  rt*!'!- 


■.','«*" 

\r\  III*!*  \  riiit)»  II. 

ill  yf 

1  .:if..rnl;i 

(">-' 

K  in.n"  r''rnl..rv  ... 

J.  11 

I'l.ivr  Ml-...iirl  II 

■|..»ii. 

■  II 

K,.i...i«'r.rrll..r> 

'I'l'Mi*  iHTili-r 

■r..v. 

•^."•111 

.\rV,ili...-  lH..r 

1..-I;.. 

lMui.t«  'l".rrlt..ry  ...  . 

...1.1 

T.  M-           

Kmi.im  Ttrrll-'ry     ... 

IV\.i. 

'.""T 

Kiiti-.i«  I'crnl.-rv  ...  . 

In.llMiii 

■,':iii 

1  l|.f  Ml-..iiti  11 

l.'.'..'i 

\\>....>i>iii 

^.l  r.   .,  1   I.Tnlnr, 

K:iii-i. 'I'l  rrtt.TN 

1   ' 

■I     Vi- 

7    nil 

NfW    ^Il-Kl.-.tT-.-T  l\ 

:t.t 

1   V..W  Yiirt 

'.''■■* 

\MM.nii.lii     

4:j 

S..W   V.rk       

M||.|!|.|.1 

i» 

iMh-..  IVrrl-  Tl 

»,. 

\>).ri.'..i  )•  iitl.  vt 

U'H 

1 .. .. 

«..  1  .  r    \rl..,ii   1.  .. 

1  .  "■■■■I 

Mr.. .•..II  rfrrlt..rv 

,."1 

N..|.ri.;,ii  li-trll'T* 

'^:.>i 

(   Ml.hl.'ilil -     . 

ll.llil 

Kiiti.|l«  TiTFH'-rv    .... 

|..«i 

\.lr,.-k:i  IViMi  .,v 

._,,, 

K  ih-ii*  TriTilMrv  ..  . 

1.......1 

N.,>-  M,.vi..,  IVrrlv. 

.11 

V\.    1  ..f   lrl..,ii.».   . 

11 

,   l\.iii.!i.'riTril.-r> 

l..>.l 
I..,<l'l 

J    M 

"  l-'l 

..1 
•■■1 


•.'..■.  Ml 

n.i.iii 

IT.IVU 


\\ .,-tll     

\ht.ii..*.  t.i  r. mil  r\  . 
I  |.|,.r  Mi-.Muii  II  .... 
I'IiMm  .V  Vrkiiii'ji.  It. 
N,..v  V..rU 

\\.  .1  .  r  Arkm-a-  .' 

K,i.....  r.Ti,'.  ,,     , 


.1  tii.i  l<.  I<>  III.'.  I1||.',  H.'..t. 
.Xiiiniiis  |.<n  r>  i:.  1'   I 
II.  |".il  ..|   (..nl  t.i.i.l.nii.  !•.'. 

Il.r.n  .1  •.  1 ..I.lil  M.l.-li.'.l,  I'li 

!•«•'■  tii>i.l..hk ir 

ll..|..  11  .r  \ii..|il  ll..aiir.l,  I'-.' 
Ntiiiit  ..r  ii.i  i,.[...rt..|      ». .  •  M.tii.l.Ttitii  IniUnl.*" 
Il.|..'rl  .1   \;.iil  Ml.iin.'l  I.  I'l 
t:-<llli.ilr.|  I'l    \   .'111  VM..III..    '.  Iv'it. 
('I'li.ii-  rr(.>rl..f  ^..i  r..i..n  ot  •l.tl.*.  rrulif.  nilii.  I*.' 
Uuiii.i\  |.ii^  r..|l,  l»  -I 
ll..|»Tl  i.f  (.r.'iil  \..ii.|  HI.  1-   v 
f...'  ■  Xhii.l.ilik.....'  .». 
.XtilMl.ly  |.»v  I'lll.  I"..!. 

^||tllU<..  II. >t  r..|').rl|..l :  ..ii  i I  I..  Iv  l.nl  i.-h 

^ ('..IIUIII.  111-.    Hill   Kl.tHilV    ' 

llil'.rl  I  I'  ». «liirii.i.l,  I-,. I 

M.1I..111..UI  III. ill.'  I'l  II 111...'.  I>..X 

ll.'l "I  \.."iil  Hill.  ; 

:• I'.. 'rill'.    A'. 

Il.'l'.irl  .  I   V.'.iil  II..11H1  I   I     .1 
.\niiiiit\  j.iiv  r..il.  I*.. I 
.'Inl.'lli.'lll  liir.  1.'  I  V  .111..'.  b..n. 
|i.'|...ll  .1    \      111    ViiilwMi.li.  I^'.'i. 

Ili-i  I't  .  r  iiiiii.ii  ml.-.  i>''i 

\nii.iiu  I'iit  r..ll,  I'.'.l 

-.  .   '   iiriii.  .  ,11.1  \||....iirl.i." 

- rhil.lliii.,  .  r  \l ■■ 

11.).... I  ..r    \...i.|  II'  »..r.l    l-.V 

i;.  i".ii .  I*  III.  I...I.  i-ii.i. .  f  \.  w  XI.  \i..|i,  IN.'..".. 

I..  I'.  I'l  1 1  1.1. 'Ill  .l.'l I..  I~' . 

i:..i'.'i  .1  v..  Ill  lliiiikiii.,  l"... 

I..  I- I'l  ..I  .\.'.  Ill  •l.llltl*..ll.  1^..... 

»...    '    1  111)  I  "... ...   11.  1  lltl.Hltl.  " 

M.lt.'ll..  Ill  liia.li>  I  I  .III.. I'.  I«...'I 
\i'iiiiiu  |n>  n.l    Iv.l 

li.  (..'I'l  "I  A  ■  11'  lli'i'ii.T.  ih:,'. 
\llllll,.<  I  l>  111.  I~.l- 

|:..|...M  i.t  Li'tiril'T   I   ,11.',  1«..|. 

Iii-i"i>  ..I  lii.h.ii  I'm...  I'l.i. 
l;.'liiiri  III  Afi'iit  i.ill.ri   1>  ... 

:   Anliiillv  lav  r.'ll.  1^'  I 
ll.'|"rt  111    \   "111  II.  i'U.i'.  I-'.'.. 

Aiiimil.v  I'ly  r..ll,  l-'il 

li.'l«.rl  .  r  Mi.'li..l.'rii"r  .  1   v.'«   M.'xi.'.i   IS... 

*tal.  tii.iil  mil  I..  i.\  .III  ...  !•  ..;. 

Ai.iiiiiiv  I  ti\  r.  n.  I-  'I 

1 .11111 i  1\  11 tll'i'.  Iv.... 

Xllllllllt    |av    ti.ll.   I"  .J. 
ti.'l'.'ll  .  1     XJ.  Ill    Xalljl I"    .'1. 

liii'Ti  .1  v.iii  «i,iii,.:i  ,-..1. 

K..|..ri  ..r  >.il..i"'iil  M.a.l.  I'lll. 

11. 'I.,  n  .  r  \,.iii  .1.  iiii-i'ii,  i«;..'.. 

Ai.iii.iu  I'ai  r..'!.  Is4. 


W.'.l  ..f    Vrla 
ll.irili 
\i.«  Xirl,  . 
i.'Ml- 


Mill' 


111  iiia.i.'i-  'ni'-i'  iv.-i. 
.I.l.li-"ll.  I-.-... 

II.Ki  ar.l. 


li,  I'.il  .  1-    \ 
S'.    '    K.a.l.l 

ll.'l"'rl  .  f  \ 
llah  •r.'i.|'l|..n    .  Ili.l.  ri  ,.|- lii.h.iii  Till--.  I'.irl  H  . 

N.w  Mi'Mii.  hii-'lv         li.-i'iit  ..t  II v,rn,'r„!  Now  >li' 

I'l'Xii. :...       S K,.,..'l,i,..'.k,', 

"      Il.'i'.rl  .1   At.'iil  III".  '•>.''J. 

Kiiii«it«  Ti.rrlt.TX    ,  >..•  "  I'iiiiik. -ti.iw-."  Ac 

Mliiiii..i.la  li'i'rll,'r.\  .        Niinililv   (ay  r,,ll.  1^  '1 

Kiiii.a'i  li'rrllnr.v  .."-..   '   li.'i'tTl  .-I  Aui'iit  Viiii.l,.r.lW'.  b'';!- 

"     "    ViiiMiitv  (mv  r.ill.  l''..!. 

\Vn.lilii..-l,.ii  l',.i'riv         K'l.iTi  '1  i.iiv.  ii..'i'  .-1,',,,...  1"    I 

11,1  ,r  N,«  XI, 


i«;..x. 

xii'o.  I".;,: 


Ni'w  M.'xi...  li'ir  i\ 


U.'lai 


.i|    l>... 


'  iH-Miiii.'l  IV  III  II  r"|",rt  ,.r  III,.  .^I'lTi'tarv  I'f  sint,.  ,,f  r,illf..riiin.  mi   1I1.*  r.'ii-iH  i'l  !'>.'■■-.  in  wlii.li  11,,'\  iin-  ili-Mcnali'l  a-  "'t"tii,.-li'ai..'l 

1,1  liaii-"     Mii''niit..|iil,'iil  II,',!,'.  ill  Niii.MiU'r.  ti-.-.'J.  ,.sli,ii;il...|  III.,  lii.llaii  )i,.|  ,il.ili..ii  ,.|'  I'lilitTiiia  at  lr..iii  7...i,H,  I..  l,Ni.,Hi,i.  I'.. inn, I n.i'* 

llail.nr  linl  X\../..ii.'riill.  in  xl  .1   1..  is  .1,  ■.' ......n.  1..  .iln.iin.l;   l|,.ii,.;li  lli.ir  i-';i.'..i'il.'.  l;.'.|i.'k    XI'U,...  |:..|  .  m  Mi.,  -aiii.'  linn'  .|,il,',l  II, al  I,,'  I, a  I 

liil.'in.ali'.ii  nl.;i  li  «    ill  1  tnalli  r.  Una'  lliat  nniiila.r.     Ami  Hi.'  S|  .iiii-li  iiil..i..iiarv  .iiilh.fl'i'".  I'.'l.nrl.'.l  il  1"  I"'.  1,1  l-"-;lJ  Jll.     T:...  .'i'il-il> 

ul  llu'  -l.lU'  ,1  1   diliinla  1.  U'n  li'l  In  Iv  ill,'  ui"-!  ri'llul'l.'. 


\'mi.  \'I 


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(71)'- 


m 


TA II  u:  will. 

IIMK.M   (US    OK    NKW    YOUK.  WA. 

[('.  IV  Wxsiiiii  ux.] 

,«<i'ih'.'ii».  Ill  AlliL'Imny      «m 

III  ('iilliiriiiiL'ii*   IJIH 

III 'riiimwiiiMlii  til'J 

Tniiil  Sfiiiciis  in  Ni'w  Vcprk L'llT'.i 

Tn«rinMnn 'J'lO 

CiiyMun" |:i!t 

OllnllllllU'lIt  lit  Otnlllclll).'ll IIITi 

111  AlliL'liiiiiy    HH 

III  ('iilliiriMiu'ui "jri 

"         III  'I'lii'iiinim J'J 

"         lit  Tnimwiiiiilii 7 

Tiiliil  (liiiinilin.'ii»  in  Nrw  Vrnk l.'>7 

OiiciiluH  III  (Irii'iilii 171 

"       lit  I  >niini|ni.'ii ■n 

•'       lit  ('lltlll^lu^'Ull .'i 

Tutii!  (liiiiilii.H  ill  N'rw  Viiik  'Jl:! 

Tiilal  ill  N'l  w  Viirl<  Mib-iiL'i'iiry  1177*' 

taiuj:  \\i  v. 

OTTOKS,  MISSOlKIAS.  AND  o.MAIIAS.   Is47. 

[.FdllN    .Mll.I.KH.'] 

Illni'h.nillli  wi.rh. 

1^'M  l<v  Htir.       Ax<<M.      Tniiinhawkn,     ll<>i>*.     I'm  ki>ltli*«.    riit>«.      Mi..ti-l- 

()ll„.s„„J  Missonrias Vim   )         |^,,  ,,„^,         ,^^^, 

<  liiiiihiis  ..  Illllll    I 

Aitliiiii'.'li  tlicsi'  llirro  trilii',1  luivi'  lin'ii  liviiij.'  I'liniiifiiMii-  In.  mnl  li;iil  inii  rcniirsi'  witli  lln'  wliilrs, 
llii'V  iintiirtiiniilily  iilitiiur  miiv  to  liuvi'  liiiiiiiil  llicir  viris.  Tin'  (Ininliiis,  as  I  liiivi'  lircn  inl'iinncil  tiy 
lluir  iiili'ipiiti'r,  liavc  i;ivi'ii,  in  tin'  la>l  twclvi-  iimnllis,  .»iiiiir  oil  Ihu'-cm  fur  wliiskry,  mil  u'llliiii:  iiinri' 
lor  a  jioiiy  llian  from  two  to  four  'jailons  ami  liiat  wi'll  WHtcri'cl.  TImm  traili'  lias  biTii  carricil  on  liy 
tliu  I'otlawatamio  lialf-liriiil",  on  tin'  opiinsiti'  .-iili'  of  tlio  river,  Tlir  river  was  frozen  over  for  llie 
most  part  of  |ii>t  wiiiler,  wliieli  i;ave  lliiiii  i:reat  faeilities  in  erossinir  for  tlie  article.  It  apiiears  aliniwt 
impossible  to  prrvi'iit  tlieiii  from  >.'ettiiii:  it.  I  am  sorry  to  >i.'ite  llial  there  are  min  wlio  live  on  or  ni'iir 
the  Stall'  line  of  .^Iis^ouri,  who  keep  whiskey,  as  I  am  told,  to  sell  to  these  lialf-lireeils  ami  Imlians. 
Tliese  unformnatt)  ereatiires,  when  spoken  to  alioul  tlie  impropriety  of  ijrinkin^,  frei|iieiitly  repiv,  tin' 
wliilo  man  makes  it  aiwi  sells  it  lo  iis.  Notliin'.'  short  of  ilivinu  or  siipi'rnatnral  power  will  reform  or 
euro  their  thirst  for  whiskey.  I  am  in  j;ri  at  hopes  that  the  l»t»!  amemlment  tu  the  law  in  re'.'iinl  to 
inakiie.;  an  Imliari  a  eompeteiil  witiie-s,  will  have  a  salntiiry  influeiiee  in  the  linlian  eoiiiilry  ;  ami  eoiihl 
it  reaeh  those  base  men  who  keeji  it  aloiej  the  line,  for  the  purpose  of  selling  tu  the  Iniliaiis,  it  woulil, 
in  a  ;;reat  ile^'ree,  eft'eet  the  desired  cjlijeet. 

The  Oinalias  were  once  a  considerahli'  Irihe,  hut,  from  the  ravai^es  of  <'luilera.  smallpox,  and  wars,  they 
arc  reduced  to  but  little  more  than  ipiie  lliouNind.    .\t  present  there  area  >;reat  many  eliildreii  amonotheiii, 

■  Ann,  Ki<|i„  1848,  p.  LIT. 

-  (706) 


1^ 


TAIMJ;    XXV. 

INIMANS  UK  NOIITIIIIHN  SIPKUINTKNIHINCV   IN    |m:,i1 


[K.  II 


I  KUM  IIMANN 


'J 


I  Mi'tiiiiiiiiiocii l.'.i.'lo 

'J      (MirlilllN    |I7« 

:t.  StHi'kliri(l;-i'M  iitnl  MiiiiM'i'<< 407 

I.   Wiiiiii'hii^'iK'H  '_',ri|il 

.'1    <'lii|i|ii'Wii'<  <>r  MiM'-i?-'<i|i|ii    'J.'JiMi 

II  I'ilML'ir"  nf  l.iMM'll  Ink.',  \l' 


Mriii|ii\v:ikiitilMii  mill  \Vii|':il>iilali  Sinux 


•-M':il 
•J.:!7!l 


X.    Slliill.ill   I   Wllplllnll   Si.iUX     1,1111  I 


!l.   ('lii|>|»'WiiH,  |{iii«t'iirl.  mill  Itcil  |j:iki' 


I. I'll  II I 


111    V.inkliiii,  Til'iii,  mill  Clicvriiiii'  Simu  (, 

I  I.   Cliiiiiiiwiis  111'  l,:iki'  Sii|iiriiir,  Miniir.-nia,  mii|  Wi.M'ip|ii.iii  ,,.  I,:jll>^ 

IJ    Sirulling  I'lHtiiwutuiiiici timi 

•Jii.'.ir.i 


TAIMJ:    XXVI. 


INDIAN   I'OFM'LATION  (»K  TllK  STATK  (»K  N'KW  VOllK   IN   IH.IV,  AS  KX- 
lIliUTKI)  AT  THE  TKKATY  OF  JANUARY  V,.  \>.\x. 


[K.  r.ii.i.i,TT.  Ksy.] 


l!ll 

Run 

Tuscnrorns 

-jva 

St    Hc'tM    ill  \('W  Viirk 

n.'io 

OiK*i(l:i!4,  lit  firt'iji  Hay  

(iiii) 

**          ii)  Nrw  Vurk 

(i-.'ii 

'.'IT 

MutlHiM'.M   

I.'IL' 

ItrotluTtonn  ......       

:;i;ii 

Total 

.M^.'i 

liCSH  Wisconsin  i)noi(liLi<(     

linn 

Total 

iss;^ 

'  Ann.  Ucp  ,  \f<it\  p.  44.    Till:*  r  luirl  |i  In  iiiii-«,  tuiil  htv  thi:u»'  in  tin-  lii>t  rmir  itt'ni'*. 


(707) 


m  i 


ii ;  n 


'i' 


taimj:  XXVII. 

TEXAS    IN  1)1  WS    IN    1,S4!). 
[R.  S.  Ni:u;iiii(ii;s.'] 


riiiij^iiicli< 


Culd.i 
liiiiii's 


) 


Ki  rcllil'S  ...   . 

AN'ic'liilas 

AVai'.is 

Taliwai' 

T..nl;ali 

l>i'lawa; 

Sliawiio 


-A< 


i(iciatc\- 


A. 


■oi'iates  , 


MK'iatOf 


No.  of  ."^oul^ 


.'0,(1110 

l..'iUO 

.'lOD 


1,400 


300 

1,000 

Ci.'jO 
l!.'iO 


I  No.  of  W  jirrior.^. 


■l.OIIO 


Clu'n.l 


.ii<|Uatiip.'<     I 
Iii.^calcriw    ( 


Apaclic  liaiuls 


utal  su|i]insiil  iiuiiilier 


lOll 


2S0 


00 


JOO 


l:;ii 


10 


■10(1 
liOO 


J"),'.)  15 


lis  otiiii.air  is  Mia.ir  fnni,  tlu'  lu'.^t  iMlonnati,..!  that  n.uM  Ijo  ,.l.laiiic>,l  fn.i,,  llu'  IiuliansI: 


in((iiirv  (Ml  tlio  Mil'iii  I. 


)y  t'ivi(U('iit 


Tlio.so   I 
the  firiMtor  |Kirlion  (.ftlic  year,  and  .s.vk  siioltor  il 


iicliaii.s   laTip'   proiiiisciiuiish- acr..s.s   uur   I'n.iitii'i-.   rrnni   K.'d  rivi'r  to  tl 


H"  l>i<>  (iiin 


uo,  (lunii'.; 


otwoi^M  till'  Iii'ad  waters  .if  tlio   Cdlnraild 


Ill-ill}.'  tlu'  wintiT  in  till'  iipiior  I'mss  tiiiilii-rs  uf  'I'l'.xas. 


river  and   tin-  Wlidiita 


iii<iuntaiii.s 


ni'V  liavi' 


t'nr  tlic  last 


two  years,  slmwn  a  disposition  to  ostablisli  tVieiidlv  rolutimis  with  thn  irovoriimnit   and  .•itizms  nC  tin 
United  States. 

With  several  of  the  hand 
and  a  sutTuieiit  luiiiilier  of 


s  our  inteivoiirse  lias  lii'cii  extrenielv  limited,  for  tl 


le  want  ot 


ents,  or  men,  eah-nlati'd  to  eiillivale  iVioiidl 


v  mtereourse. 


partieularly  the  ease  with  the  Kiowas,  the  .Vpaehes,  and  the  upper  liaiid.s  of  Conianel 


p 'opcr  means, 
This  has  been 


riie  only  serious  niisuiidi'istandinu'  that  exists  with  any  of  the  trihes  is  that  irrowinc  out  of  the 


attaeks  on   the  Wiel 


month.s  piLst ;  and  it  will  1 


uta.s  and    l,ip;ins   last   Mimnier,      All   interenurse  with    them    lia.s  oeasod  fo 


to  ''ivo  them  a.s 


le  iinpc.ssilile  t^adj 


td  adiii>t  those  dili'erei 


.^lost  of  the  tribes  are  d 


ndeiiiiiity,  they  elaimim;  to  be  the  aL"j:rievivl  party 


lees  .sali.-faetorily,  without  iiKjiiey  or  pn 


isposed  to  eu 


Itivati'  the  soil ;  ;iiid,  1 


ly  proper  eneoiiraL'emeiit  could  be  indneed, 


in  a  short  period,  to  settle  down  and   turn  their  attention  to  farmiiiL'.      I!y  the  laws  of  this  .^tate,  tli 
riirht  of  .soil  i.s  denied  the  It 


advance  of  the  white  settle 


ndiaiis;   eonsei|ueiitly  lliey  have  made  but  small 


l)niL'ress  in  farmini.'.      TIk 


le  wlilte  setth'iiic'nts,  >\nro  the  annexation  of  Texas,  has   bi'eii   so   rapid,  that  the   Indians 
weip  led  fo  believe  they  would  ultimately  be  ilriven  out  of  the  country. 


'  Ann.  Itrp,.  I^^lt).  p.  'Jfl, 


\k. 


(708) 


s'ij«;~-yimss:sasss^^ 


s^Ae 


TAIM.E  XXVni. 

PUEBLO  INDIANS  OF  NEW  .AIEXICO  IN  1851. 

[Gov.  J.  S.  C.M.iiorx.] 

rnnii  a  note  aiMrosscl  to  (.'(.vcninr  Miiiin.<' l.y  O.  II.  Mrrritt,  HKirslinl,  1  Icnrn  tliat  llii>  a-'iv.-ntr  'I 

of  til,'  i>n|uila(inn  of  .\ow  .Mcxiw.  anicuiits  I,)  l!l,."iTt,  iiicliuliiiir,  lis  I  Ikivc  ivnwn  to  suppose,  snldi.Ts,  •  j 
j     (iovoninu'iit  Iranistoi-s,  iiiul  I'liclilo  Indians.     Tlioir  aiv  not.  in  my  opinion,  lidll  Aiiii-ii.'aii  oiii.a^ns  iii 

this  Tci-riloiT  iinconi tod  willi  iho  army,  and  many  ot'  tluw  romain  ii| ronipulsmn.      'I'Ir.  pnpulati.-n  | 

of  tlio  Torritory  lias  siillorod  ciiiisidoraldo  diniiinilioii  dm-inir  tlio  |iast  year.      The  imusos  I  liavo  alioady  '. 

plai'i'd  lioforo  yoii,  and  tho  s:uiio  <'mi,sos  aro  yoi  in  lull  I'l.rco.                   "                                                         "  ; 

The  niarslnirs  ivtMiai  of  tli, nsns   to   tlio  doiwirdiiont  will  sliow,  as  I  am  iMloniiod  by  tlio  aN-i>taiit 

niarslials,  tlio  population  of  tlio  I'uoMos  iiamod  bolow  to  ho  as  folhiws:                                 "  I 


Taos   

]  'ioaris 

San  .1  uaii 

Santa  Clara  

San  Ihlofoiiso 

J''^o,h,uo ''''..!.^^^^.'^'^.''^^'''^'^^'^^^. '!!!!!'!'!'! 

Tl'SlllplO 

Naiidio 

Ziini  

I.a^iiiiia  

Aooma  

Lontis 

Islotta ..'.''^..''''. ..'^............Z.. 

Saiidia  

C'ia  ..ZZZZZ'ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ...Z'..'.'Z. 

Saiitami   

Joiiios 

San  I'Vdipo  . j ]  1^ 

Santa  Doiiiiiij.'o  cijij 

Cochiti  -ji^i 


'>•}■) 

Tills 
IS 

II'.) 
Ill 

.Mil) 
71 '.1 
:'.:,() 
■.Ml) 

vrii 

oD!) 

;ii'i.") 


Total  . 


I  SI) 7 


This,  you  will  rcnioiubor,  does  not  include  tho  two   I'uoblos  below  El  I'aso,  i.or  the  seven  Muoue 
Pueblos. 

-\'j:L're;rafp  of  eensiis  return  ()l,."i7l 

I'ueblo  Indians  7.s(;7 


I'otal 


53,707 


.Vineric.aii.s.  .Me.xiean.s,  and  all  others,  .">;{, 707 


u  ^ 


t 


1 


^ 


1 7091 


TAlU.i:  AX  IX. 

INDIAX    TRIBES,    OK    I'.ANhS.    OF    THE    SACRAMENTO 
VALLEY,    OALIKOliXIA. 

[A.  JoIINSdX.j 


Name  of  Tribe,  or  Ban<l. 


8. 

!». 

10. 


IIOCKS 

YriiAs 

Oi.n'i'As 

UcMiAS  . 

lliil.ll.KPAS   .... 

Ehskink.'^ 

Wa('IHCKXA.><  . 
C'l  SMXAS 

Taoas' 

NlMSfs' 


Tot  111 


iirorn  I'niuiliition. 

liOration. 

so 

Suttl'r'.H  Lniul. 

ISO 

Vulia  iivi>r. 

ftO 

I'Vatlicr  I'ivi'i'. 

TO 

Fc;itliiT  rivi  r. 

I'riltlliT  Cilv. 

so 

]>UttlM'  civck. 

itn 

I'littir'.s  H:iia-lio. 

(ion 

Simtli  ViiIp.'i. 

Huttc'i'  creek. 

Suiiia  rei;iuii. 

1  ino 

The  lMili:in~  nf  llie  Valley  iil'  the  Saeraiiieiit.)  ;ue  ii"!  a  warlike  ]ieii]ile.  Tliey  possess  im  wai'  ellll>s, 
scaliiiiiL'-kiiile,  or  tonialiawks.  sn  universallv  used  liy  the  Imliaiis  ea>t  (if  the  Sierra  Nevada.  Tliev  are 
nupstlv  inddleiit,  dneile,  and  traetalih',  Imt  many  of  tliem  are  thievish  ;  they  are  t'oiid  uf  dress  iit'  almost 
aiiv  kind,  and  readily  learn  the  mure  simide  arts  of  aLrrieulture. 

The  c-oii-iruetion  of  thoir  huts  and  vilhe_'es  is  mueli  the  .sanii'.  They  are  constructed  liy  exeavafinf; 
the  earth,  the  size  of  the  room  or  lodp>  they  desire,  some  live  feet  <leep.  This  is  covered  over  with  il 
donn^dike  toji  several  feet  ahove  the  surface  of  the  e.irtli.  In  the  centre  of  the  roof,  or  dome,  there  is 
irenerally  an  aperture  or  openini:.  which  serves  the  donhle  ]iur]iose  of  admittini:  li;_dit.  and  lettini;  the 
.smoke  escape.  This  is  the  mdy  opcniiii:  in  the  lodiic,  except  the  entrance,  which  is  in  the  side,  and 
barelv  larfre  enoULdi  to  admit  a  human  boily.  ThroULdi  this  they  enter,  fi'ct  foremost,  on  their  hamls  and 
knees.  When  once  inside  these  lod;_'es  they  are  not  tmconifortahle.  The  thickness  of  the  earth 
over  them  prevents  the  sun  from  ponetratin;,'  them  in  the  hot  season,  while  in  the  eo!di  r  season,  they 
protect  them  from  the  winds. 

The  men  and  children  are,  in  iienoral,  naked.  Soini'  of  them  have  ohfaineil  a  few  articles  of  clothinfT 
from  the  whites,  sncdi  as  shirts,  handkendiiefs,  \-c.,  of  wdiiidi  they  seem  (|uite  proud.  The  females  are 
al.so  without  any  coverinj:,  cxecjit  wdiat  they  call  the  "l)i(-n/(."  This  is  nothing-  more  than  a  hiiiieh  of 
crass  or  rushes,  about  f)nf!  foot  in  leuL'th,  suspended  from  a  belt  or  udrdle  a"onnd  the  waist,  in  front  and 
in  the  rear. 

I  Could  discover  no  distinction  in  their  cu-toms,  habits  of  life,  or  their  irenend  laiiirnaL'e,  wdiieh  could 
induco  nio  to  think  they  were  not  oriL'inally  the  same   jicpiple.      fndced,   their  ensfoms   and   m.'inmT  of 

I  I  livinir  are  in  many  respi'ets  almost  identical.    Tln'ir  lnit<.  or  lodL'cs,  are  constrneted  In  the  sann'  niannor. 

j     They  do  not  scalp  those  whom  they  kill,  but  universally  throw  the  dead  body  into  water.    They  all  burn 

I     the  dead. 

j  They  all  subsist  on  rcjots  and  Lirass-seecl  from  the  earlli,  acorns  and  ]pine  sei'ds  from  the  tnes,  and  lish 

from  the  streams.     Acorns,  nuts,  and  shcll-lish  are  pithereil  in  u'reat  (juantities,  and  .stoicd  in  m.iL'ii/.ines 

I     prepared  for  the  purpose.     Within  the  short  period  since  the  (x'cnpam'y  of  tins  ccjuntry  by  the  whites, 

the  red  man  has  bicn  fast  fadiic  away,    .^l.■lny  have  died  with  <lisease,  and  others  tied  to  the  niountains. 

■   to  enjoy,  for  .i  brief  p>rii  d.  their  prinnval  sporl.»  of  hnnlini.'  and  fishin;:.      Almost  the  cnliri'  tribes  of 

the  ('o,..tanoes.  or  Coast  Indians,  have  ]iassed  ;iw;iy.      Of  the  numerous  tribe,-  whiidi  but  a  few  years  au'o 

inhabited  the  country  borderim;  on  the  liay  of  San  Francisco,  scarcely  an  imlividnal  is  left. 


*   NuiIltHT  llllklK.WIt. 


(710) 


iliiii.>«rtiii'i'"  'V  in*"-i"'iiariiy-<i> 


tlioy 


II  oi 
and 

I'l'  (if 
inor. 
lim-ii 

A  li>h 

MZITU'S 
llilCS, 

hiiiis, 

r^  of 

IISIO 


TAr.Li:  XXX. 

rALn-\H{xr.v  coast  timi'.ks  Noirnr  ok  san  fhaxcisco,  isr.i. 

[1{.  M-Ki.i .] 


1.  Til  tlio  vallov^  iif  SiitKirn  ami  liussiaii  river  llioro  may  be  in  all,  say, 
'2.   Oil  Clear  Lake  ami  iiiniintiiins  adjaeeiit 


I'JOO 
HUMJ 


:>.    Ill  tlie  twii  lirsl  valleys  ii(  sniitli  I'l.rk  ,it'  I'.ei  river,  willi  lai|eii;e^e  ami  i-iistuiiis  similar  tu  I 

tlie  aliipve,  ami  wlm  sliniilij  lie  enldiiized  with  tlieiii,  I'rinii  IdlKl  tn  IIOH,  say 1100        I 

4.   <^ii  the  euast  fnnii  the  cild  liiissia-i   sc'ttlenieiit  at  {•'urt  Itnss,  dnwii  tci  San  l-"raiiei>eu,  ami  | 

around  the  bay.  liy  St    l!i|iliae|,  l'el;it,i!iia,  \-e .".0(1        1 

").   On  the  mountains  and  valleys  of  Kel  river.  South,  Middle,  ami  \'aiiders(pn's  t'urks.  and 

about  its  mouth fiOO       i 

(1.   From  the  immtli  of  Kel  river  snnlb,  on  • river.  Cape   Meiidneino,  ami   to   I'wl 

Ross,  say tllO       | 

7    On  Humboldt  bay,  and  north  to  Mad  river,  a  mile  or  so  above  the  lufld  of  the  bay Illltl 

Total riiKM) 

Fu  California  1  have  found  the  Indian  iiiipulatinii  almost  universally  overrated  as  to  numbers,  and 
umlerrati'd  as  to  intelliL'eiiee  ami  ea]i;i(ity  fur  improvenient.    I'"rom  iufermation  at  Ui'iiii-ia.  SniionKi.  \e., 

1  w.xs  led  to  expect  that  1  should  find  soim'  JIIUM  ,,r  :iO0ll  rmlians   on    ltn~siaii   river,  at   least   :;n m 

Clear  Lake,  ami  •J-'Hill  or  lidOII  on  Kel  river.  .M'ter  jiassius  thronuh  their  eonntry,  ami  eiiiintiii'.r  every 
soul  in  some  half  a  dozen  niiicheros,  to  test  the  aceiiraey  of  their  own  estimates  as  well  as  timse  nf  thi' 
whites.  I  make  the  aetiial  number  less  than  one-half,  ;_'i'iierally  about  two-lifths  of  the  number  Usually 
estimated  by  the  settlers  below. 

Havinir  as  yet  visited  but  one  or  two  ramdieros  on  the  eoast,  T  do  not  offer  the  ab.ive  estimate  with 
inui'h  pontidonee.  thoiejli  I  think  it  approximati's  the  truth,  while  it  is  only  about  one-third  or  one-lnurlh 
of  the  number  generally  estimated  by  (lie  old  settlers.  I'or  many  years  past  tin'  rndian  population  has 
been  rapidly  diniiiiishiiiL'  by  diseases  introdueeil  by  the  whites,  internal  dissensions,  ami.  in  si  me  eii-es, 
)iy  want  of  food.  At  Humboldt  liiiy.  and  at  oilier  plaees  on  the  eoa^t,  where  they  depend  alnio-.t  wleilly 
on  iisli  and  cnibs,  many  sieken  ami  die  every  winter;  ami  if  the  liene\oleiit  desi^jns  of  our  (lovernimnt 
for  their  preservation  and  ini|irovement  are  not  sjieedily  set  in  operation,  and  vijierously  proseeiiled,  llie 
Indiiins.  now  WParini.'  out  a  miserable  existeliee  aloin;-  the  eoa^t.  will  all  die  olV. 

Hack  on  the  rivers  and  mountains,  the  Indians  are  jrenerally  a  hale,  healthy,  viirorous-lookini.'  people, 
tlioiiiih  of  small  stature.  They  arc  all  docile  in  their  habits,  and  evinei'  a  irrc.it  desire  to  learn  our 
lansjtiiaiio  ami  the  arts  of  a^'rienlture  ;  with  propel  instructions,  ami  assistance  for  a  few  years,  1  have 
entire  contidcnco  in  their  reclamation  from  iirnorance,  idleiies:-,  ami  licaihenisni.  and  their  iibility  to 
maintain  theinselve.s  and  families. 


IXTERTOR    TRIBKS    XOKTH    OF    S  .\  X    FR.WCISCO. 


Ti  ilii's  iin.l  i.riiirii  111  Chii-fj.  Mm 

Nai.iiii.  Carlotsapo :;n 

Cllii\vi:rii  \K.  Chcdoch.i'.;-  'J.'i 

ClIciiTKi  ,  .^lis|||ah :;i 

li.viiiWA.  TnwaiKih 2'.< 

S.VMlMiA.  Cachcniih l.'i 

Total  


W.'tiu'ii. 
•'ti 

lliililr. 
..    ..          I'.l 

n. 

Tnlnl. 

VI 

\:\ 

^'.1 

•".) 

•_'S 

I'.l 

...         SO            ' 

•'•"i 

...       r.!. 

:>o 


(711) 


TABLE   XXXI 


VITAL  STATISTICS  oF  ()S.\(iKS  [X  Isr.O. 


[II.  n.\iivi:v.] 


n' 


J  £ 


It 


^    i  I 


lilal  ]i(i]iiiliilion 


I).:itlis 


llliriM','  tllO   Vr;ir 


iiiiinily,  Mi'ii  , 

Wnllirll    


Chiidr 


|>lr>^s  lll:il< 


t'niiMlr 


CrippK's,  ontiivly  lic'I].lfss 

Tiit^l,  ri'i|iiiiiiii;  to  Ih'  taki'ii  can'  ut' 


Tlio   L'l'cat   iinil   liltli'  O? 


l.-.c, 


imnibo 


aii'l  whii'li  is  brlii'Vi'il  t.i  lii'  carri'ct.  4;")iil  .-niiN.     'I'licv  1 


"i''li!i-^  I"  ll |>a.v-r..ll"  r  \.:\\c  iiiadi'  ciil  wiili  nmdi  r.:v 


y  liavi'  II. I  lanu-s  cxc'iit    tlio^Li    iMi.iiL'iii','   to   tin 


liall'-lji-cfl-,  tlir  lirinl  c'liirl'  (n...!-'..,-  Wliitcliair,  ami  a  I'.w  (.tlin--.      Tli.'  Iiail-lircnls 


Iiianai;!'  tlii'ii'  la 


w.  II  ;  lull,  owiiii:  1:1  lln'  (In.UL'lit  tlio  |iast  suiiinicr,  tlio  cnrii  was  all  niirinl.  .\I,i~t  „\^  ili,.  Imliaiis  \v|:n 
lia.l  no  -nmmi  ciu'Ium'iI.  plaiiUal  lols  of  corn  aloiit;  tlic  \valcr-ci,iii-scs,  wlicrc  tlicy  couiti  (IIl'  tlic  irruiiml 
Willi  lioi-.  and  ti,n<  ciiltivalc  lln'  c.ni.  and  that,  iit  so  L'lvat  a  ilislaiicc  I'roiii  tiair  villa-is,  a<  lo  lie  out 
.if  dan..'rr  from  bciiiL'  dcstn.Ncd  liy  llicir  lior.s,.s.  im.l  wl.at  little  otiicr  sl.i.di  tlicv  have.      These  loH  ..:' 

f.,rn  lh.il- w.pineii  culiival..|,  luilil  ;ill  w.nt    ..ii    tie  ir  ■•  ..nni r  hunt,"  bnt   on    their    iMuin.  r.'e.MilK , 

th.'V  f..iiii.l  n.,  c..rn.  Iml   all  eiitiivly  riiin..!.      I  think  I  may  .safely  .say.  that   there  were  n..t  .  inchnliie.- 

.  the  niis-i..naries  an.l  h.alf-hivedv  wh.,  len.l,  ,1  il„.ir  cn.i.s  well ..  il.Mt  Inishels  of  corn  raised  within  tie- 
limits  of  th.-()-:eje  nati..ii  this  s.;.s..n.  This  i.-  a  s.a.l  allair  for  thc.-e  Indian-,  iln.l  leaves  them  in  a  very 
destitnt..  e..iiiliti..n  ;  as  inneli  s..  as  tli.y  w.'iv  in  a  few  years  sine.',  when  the  llo.id  sw.'pl  their  orii  ..if. 
That  suhjeel  then  claiine.l  the  favourahle  att.iiti.iii  of  -..v.riiinent.  which  I  h..],e  will  imw  he  the  ca.-e, 
ill  this  c,|iially  ealaniitoiis  ilisp.  tis.ati.m  of   Pivine  l'r.i\  i.iiiii.'. 

I  The  Osa^i's  havi'  heeii  r.'inarkalily  hi'ahhy  tlm  pivseiit  y.ar,  which  will   appca-  fr..ni   ihc  mindicr  of 

deaths,  which  hav.'  lieen  ascertained  and  will  he  seen  in  this  r.'p.irl. 

They  have  drunk  very  litth'  li.pior  in  the  nation,  as  may  rea.lily  he   inf<rred    fr.mi    the   fact  that  hut 

one  munh'r  has  h.'.'ii  i imitled  the  past   year  wilhiii    ihc    n.itioii,  and    that  was  d,,n,.  wlnii  the  parlh  s 

were  stupefied  witli  whiskey. 


'V2) 


lliiiHiBM 


tabm:  XXX tt. 

IT  P  P  K  K    PL  A  T  T  !•;    A  ( i  ]■:  X  i' \    [  y    is .",  (j. 
[TiKiMAs  S.  'I'wi.v-;.] 


I    1.  OL'cllaliis 

i   2.  lirulO  Siiuix 

I).  .Vrii]i;iliiifs  .. 

4.  ('lii'vi'iiiiis  ., 


'l'..tM 


I.nd  :•.■». 

!   Av 

l.i.il„'i'.. 

\\ 

iin-i 
1.1 

to  til.' 

T..|:il 

Warriors. 



.I.-,II 

,-,JL 

li 

.i.i.>- 

:;.-,ii 

.".  '■ 

L 

.'illil 

ir,o 

:,  1. 

o 

olM) 

ito 

.■,1 

'» 

"^11 

—  -  _ 

1(11  III 

;!:ii).'i 

Iii'liiui4. 


L'l;:, 
i.;:.') 

."p>;ii 

770 

."iL'dll 


I  i         In  rrfrrfiic,.  tn  tl„>  po,,„l;„i„„  „r  ,1„.  I,„li;„,  iril,...  willili,  tl,,-  r,,,.,,.  „f  tl,i.  ,,n.,„-v    I  ,v,.uM  „lK..rv,- 
tl,!,t.  fn,.M  a  earefiil  fminu.nttin,,  „l'  i\n-  Si,.„x  1,;„hI>,  .l,.„n,„inair,l  ih,-  ()-.,.1I;,Im  ;ut.l  llrul,'-  l,„„N  .,f  tl,,. 

I  ifr  I'liitt...  In  t.o,>„li>,..Ml,..  ln,L...  wl,,.,,  tiifv  fa,,,..  l„  r iv.   tl„.   ,„„,„itv  •.'■«..!,  ,!,„.  ,„„K.r  t,v,tv 

.stipulat.,,!...-,  a„.l  „I-.,  nf  th,.  Ar:,],.,l,u.'  1,:„„1  „f  tliis  a-encv,  I  lin.l  .M.-.MirMtfly/iliiit  tl„. 


();ri'll:ila  linnil  li.is  ... 

Unili''  l);iinl  has 

Arapalidr  Ijaml  lia> . 
Clii'vi'iiin'  lian.l  lias 


'l'..tal 


1.1(1 

ICd 
HO 


|(MI(I  loiIiTPi 


'11.,^  ,.m.„,>Tat„>n  ,.f  tl,,.  ClifV.-n,,,-  lm.„l  w;,s  n.a.l..  „„..  yrar  ......      .\s  to  ,h,.  nttmhor  „f  poi-ons  f,ir 

oaoli  ],.,1l'.'.  I  an,  nf  tlif  iipinion  tliat  a  fair  av,n,.j..  will  ,„,t  ,.x, ,{  |iv,.  „„,1  ,,  |,„l,-  (.^>   ,„alcin..-  ■,  t.it.il 

,   (if  ....(10  SM„1..,  ,„.-„,  w„„„.„,  an.l  .liilihvM,  f.i,.  IIMMI  |,„1.,,,.     Tlio  ,u„„l„.,-  ,if  warri,.,-.;  „r  tl,...tM-ainble 

i   ot  „<„,..'  til..  Low  a„,i  am.w  against  tlirii-  cncaiirs  I  >hoi,l,l  ..-titnato  at   two   f.u-  rae-h   l,„l..v   n.akino- 

'    2I1(MI  warriors  for  llilKI  l,i,lp..s.      Tl„.  ,,.,,i„lati.iM  is  only  about  uno.  p.T.son  to  tw..„tv-livo  .s,,uaro  miles" 

wind,  IS  a  .spai-.so  po|mlati,m  own  for  an  Indian  ciuntry.    Tlio  wliit,'  population  is  li,nit,.tl  to  tlu-  In.liai, 

trailers  and  tlieir  eniployOes,  in  all  not  exceeding  1(10  per.son.s,  and  to  the  ..'ar,-i.sons  of  the  military  pos|s 

at  I'.irt  l.ai-aniie.  and   the   bridire  cro.ssinu'  of  the  North  l'l;,tte,  wliiel,  will   averaee   not   far   iV.im    KiO 

I   men      Total  whites,  TitKl. 

In  truth  and  in  faet,  there  are  no  actual  .settlers  nnr  settlement.s  within  the  a^'eney.     The  ri^l.t  ,,f 
soil  still  remains  with  the  Indian  tribes. 


Vol..  VF.— 90 


!-;  W 


'  ii 
■  s- 


•, 


^71  ;i) 


1 

|a; 

■ 

TAIiLK    \XX  III. 

A    IJST 

Of"  ^/a'  tlijf'ifiiit  X(ttitina  iiiul  Trilnx  of  Indiaun  in  tlir  Xcirt/wnt  Districts  nf  X(jrt/i  America, 
■with  tlir  iiunilicr  of  t/nir  Fij/{tiii;i-iiuii,  .(•<■.,  ^tv.  —  Hv  Tllu.MAS  IIltciu.NS. —  Tofo- 
liriiplii^'il  Di'fcription,  i^-i\:   Li'tulon.  \~~^. 


Xo. 

N;'Tin>«, 

iNo 

of  eai'h.i 

1 

MiiH".  K*i 

It'll 

„ 

■1,MI  f 

Tl'sr.lltnitAS  .... 
Ondmiacuks 

1 

■.,•„  ' 

5. 

C.vvrc;  \^ 

:iio ' 

>km:i-\< 


Arr.ugr-.Afi  AS 

\  wTirnKi's  ,. 
M-'IH'  Ki'VS   ... 

r.Nnls 

M-N<VVS 


"  M vr>..... 

]ii;i.AH  .\\:\:> 

hri.  iw  VIM  < 


l.'l 

"ll  \iv  \\.u> 

ll'. 

W.\VoMj..[  1 

17. 

Mnnr   Kov. 

1  s. 

'■itjriwu  \< 

T.'. 

1  w  i(;in  wi:i 

L'l'.      IvH  K  VI *; 


■I 


l.iiOO. 


IIIO) 
1(10  I 

:;o) 
I-.o) 

::ii  ■ 
l,-.o  I 

,-,00  ." 


3U0  I 

■■iiO  I 

r.,n  i 

I.UOO  i 


:ijl   1Tm\<  . 


•.':f. 
■-'1. 


SO. 
31. 
32. 

:n. 

31. 

3S.' 
3ii. 
•10. 

;i. 
■u. 


I'l.iMUS 

\lMirih;  \\i  \s 

Wiv-imiotth  

"rr.wvAs 

Pl'T  \  VV  \TIMI   S    

ClIKIMUVS       AM" 

Ottawas 

KiCKAPOMS    


riirpAAv^s ■] 

.Mys-IMANM.-* 

S  \I  K  lY'i J 

I'rr  vvv  \  ii\ll;s  ...... 

Ottawa^ 

j    IVH  K*r SKS  ....    ' 

OrTrAGOMins i 

i  Mr<giATo\s ! 

!  MrscuTiNs ^ 

''I'  TT\M  V'K*; I 

-M  '  ^ijr  vui.^  s ] 


43.  ,  <k\vi;gati  Mrs,. 


41. 

4.-I. 
111. 

■\:. 

4<. 


('..i;v  \i\  \(;r.|  ,. 
iliriM"..  ;>.;  .. 
.AlS'iv  V  Kli.-*  .. 
Al.  \i;mnki\<... 


\.\  >l  i: 

(^JrrAiv  vs 

ClIKI'AW.VS  

Tutiil  


300 
•J.-.O) 

.1011    . 

i.-.o) 

■J  00 
400  .' 


?00  1 
l.oot 


Mil  .' 
I 

■;on 
111(1) 
1  ." 

lull  I 


L'l'll  ■ 
I. •' 

;3.s3ii 


Their  UHi'UiiiiE-crotUKlii.  Tlirir  IIunliiitrvrntiiK^^. 

.^I"||(.^■I(  tii.T  Hi'tivi'oii  .Mt'Iiui-k  river  :ui-l  l.iilio  *iciir^o. 

I'li^I  .-iilt>  ol' Oiu'i'iii  l.iiltr.  jiikI  on  till*  liL'iiil     I  I     ,1  ,         I         ,1.1. 

....      ,.     .  I  ,     ..^.  ,  ■  In  till'  I'Miiiitrv  ivhrr'.'  llirv  live. 

WiiI'T.i  111  th"  lMi?t  liniili-n  "I  .'^il.-ilileliilllliii.      I 

Hvlwecn  tlie  diieiilil.*  ami  nn.iii.iii;,M» Il.lween  lliiriiii  l.iilie  iiml  I.:il<c  Oiiliiriu. 

>v;,r  ll„.  0,Mil.lm-:i  I.ali.. ,      ,„|,  ,.1  ll,.. -viin-,,  rii  er.  IUM|- 1  l-vveKu. 

Illl  In.  "iiiilll  liilii'»  iilll.'l  Ihi' ('i.viii;:i<.  ii".ir  'v         .1  ,i    i  1      r»  i 

Ih-  Nnnli  i:iiin,-l,  ,.1-  .■.,i.,|n,.li:i,i„a i  •^'^'■'  "" '"'  '''■'"''''  "'  •-"•M"^l'a...i... 

li.'innu,  tlio  wiiUT-i  i>!    \.:A,-   Ontario.  ;iii'l  ■     ■  --  .  >  j 

nil  the  \wrMU  .>r  Oliin  riviT )  '• 

llii't  l>r.nnli   "-r  .■■nv[mliiiiin:i   riv  ■r.  iiml  i>ii  J  <>n   th.-    I^.i^t   lirjitn'Ii    of   Su^i|UL-!i:iniin, 

.■\u;;liilii;i::;i  *(      Jitiil  dH  Au^1i'|U;ii|l;;i. 

r.;i!*l  Liiinch  nl  >ii!:mii'.'Ii:iiiii,i ]  j        i  j 

At  liiali.TL'o  mil  orlii'r  villiii:'"*  up  tin-  Nnrtli     '  ,.-,         .,  ...  -  , 

I         1     .■  ^           I                     '  •  W  lion' tliry  rijipootivi'ly  roaiili'. 

l-rmu'li  ol   Mi^'iiKhniiiin j        i  j 

Il-Mv.M'ii    tho   Olili.  iu..\    I.aJw-    I'li '.    nil. I  nn      | 
till- Itriimho-!  oriJi;i\  I  r  i-n'cli.  .Miiskiii;riiiii,     ■  IJetwoou  llu' (ijiid  rivtr  iin>l  L:ikt.'  I'ric. 

ill!'!  (;ii;;i'liiiL*" I 

On  Siuto  ami  n  lirnnt-li  «'f  .Mu-kiuL'mii Bot\TeL'n  the  Ohio  rivor  unJ  Lnke  Krie. 

I 

In  vilhiiros  near  Hiimln.-kv  -On  ijie  head  branches  (if  ."siolo. 

I 
Minmi  river  near  Fnrt  T-Iiaiiii  t*ii  tlu-  pround  wliere  they  resiile. 

,...,,.,.11          ,  '  lIcrvv.MMi  the  mouth  of  the  Wabash  unj 

On  tlie  «  al,:i.-li  ami  ...  liraiidu. j     ,|,^,  ji^^,,,;  ^j,.^,^,^ 

Ni'.lr  tho  seltlciii.  ills  ill  Iho  IHiiiu^  euuiiirv.     In  the  Illinois  ciiuntry. 

Near  I'crt  Delri.it  |  .Vbout  Lake  ICrie. 

I 

'In  .^airinaw  hay.  a  i  art  i-f  I.alio  lliiritn  '  On  .'*a;;iiiiiw  hay  anil  Lake  Huron. 

.Vear  thi.  .■iilrui.e  ..f    lako    Sn,.eri..r.  an.l     |   ^,  Lake  .<upcri.,r. 

not  lar  truiu  >\.  .Mary  > 1  J  * 

Near  Itay  I'unii.  ti  ].;irt  u\'  I.riUf  Mirlii^ran...    About  Kay  Puan  nntl  Lake  .Mirhi^'an. 

».        ,,    .  ^.    ,         ,  .  I  The    ei>uiitrv  bt'twet-n    Lake    .Miehi;;an 

.Near  Fort  .M.  .I..„.,,li  ,« j     ,_,_,,  ,|,^,  ,,,„„,;  f,,^,^ 

On  I.akn  Michigan,  an'l  hetweon  it  nn.l  llie        „•,  ,       respectively  rc.i.le. 

JIl«.-i-.-ii  )ii .11. 

I 
.\t  Swaentchey  in  .•.maila.  ami  on  the  river     ;  _,^.^.,,r  „.,,„,,  ,„ey  live, 
.'^t.  Laurence i  ^ 

Near  .Montreal Near  where  they  live. 

-Vear  'I'l'  :-  liver Near  where  they  live. 

M-eMvvar.l  of  Lakr  .~„,.eri..r  ami  iho  .Mi-.^i...      I  j^  j,^^.  ^,,__^_^,^^^.  ^^,|^^.^^,  ,|,_,,^.  ^^,^.^,^,^ 

Mn  t:  ,.  ,.a-t  vjil,,  ,,r  L:        Mi.hij.Mn,  tvvenl.v  -  I  In  the  e    -••  '•>■  between  Lakes  -Miehiiran 

I  II-  iiiil,.s  tintii  .^Ill■tn;lllla■■killa.'  i  a'''!   (In:    ii. 

•  Ill  I  aUe  .<u|ie,ior,  ami  the  i.-lai,Js  in  thai  i  ,(„„„,,  .^^^^^  SuperLr. 

lake.  I  ' 


u'lii;;nii 


T AHl/i:  XXX  IV. 

CKNSrs  OK  CAVl  (iAS.  l.^.V) 


livhtilrliri'. 

Iloiuli 

of  riitn)ltr-<.    1 

■is 

III 

Mm. 
•Jl) 

Wiiupn. 
in 

Chll'lri'ii. 

i               Tolnl. 

1 

In  the  State  of  New  York 

West  of  Mississippi  river 

1  1 

!  m;;  ) 

„s     1 



taiuj:  xxxv. 

C  A  L  I  F  ()  U  \  1  A     INDIANS. 

['l"ll(iM.\>  .1.    I  ii.M.V.] 

The  number  of  Indians  now  cullecti'd  ami  ivMiliii;.'  n|inii  r.  ■ivvations  is — 

At  Klamath  L'.MiO 

At  Nonje  Laekc  -imo 

At  Menihioiiio  TiiiO 

At  I'rcsno  iillil 

At  Tcjon  Ti"i 

At  Nome  (!ult  valley  (attaeheil  In  NUmi'  Latkei   

At  Kind's  river  i  attaeheil  to  Krisiin) 


;;iiiiii 

■lull 


II 


Makini;  in  all  ten  thousand. 
I        The  nniiiher  of  Indians  not  eoiiiieetcd  with  the  rrscrvis  e:\nnot  be  cnvreetly  estieialrd. 
I        The  followinu'  statement  is  made  iip  iVnm  tiie  most  n'liable  information  I  have  been  able  tn  nbtiiiii  : 

:    On  and  attached  to  the  resiM'vation  as  ab.ivc'  llt.lWO 

In  ."^an  I'ie'.'o  and  San  liernardino  eouiitifs S.IJIM) 

In   Jios   Amreliis,   Santa   Barbara,    San  Luis  (tbis|Mi,    .Aloiiterey,    Santa  Clara,   and  Santa   Cm/, 

coniUies  li.OOn 

In  Tulare  ami  Mariposa  eountirs   "J..")!)!) 

In  'ruohmine,  Calaveras,  ."^aii  .loa(|nin.  Alameda,  and  Cmitra  (Josta  enuntiis   l.llMt 

Jn  Saeramriito.  Kldnrado.  and  I'laeer  enunlies   :j..")lll.t 

In  Sutter,  Vuba,  Nevada,  and  Sierra  enunlies  ... , il.riiill 

I   In  Butte,  Shasta,  and  Siskiyou  eounlies   .■),.'iiMi 

I    lu  Klamath,  Humboldt,  ami  Trinity  ennnties  i'i..')im 

i    III  .^Iendoeillo,  Colusi,  Yolo,  Napa.  Sonoma,  and  Marin  eonnties  1."). 111)0 

.^lakin'J  the  total  numbi'r  of  Imliniis  williiii  this  supi'rintemlemy  til.Cilln. 

At  the  date  of  my  assumiiiL;  the  duties  of  superinteinlent  of  linlian  ali'airs  fir  this  State,  the  svstriu 
I    of  eohiniziii;.;  and  .subsistitiu'  Indians  upon  resi^rvatioiis  selected  fur  that  )uirjiose.  and   instnic'tiic^'  t!iciii 
ill  the  arts  „(  aixrieultural   labour.  \e.,  had  been  commeiieed,  and   a   reservation   selected   at    tlie  'I'l'lon 
J'ass,  ill  tlie  northern  part  of  the  Slate. 

This  reservation  is  in  a  pros|ierous  enmlilion.  The  nuiiiiier  of  Indians  who  reside  Ihm-c  is  7(iii.  The 
ipiaiitity  of  land  in  cultivation  this  year  is  about  seven  hundred  acres,  live  liundred  of  which  are  in 
wheat  and  barley,  and  the  remainder  in  corn  and  vi'L'elables  ;  most  of  the  latter  beiin;  the  exchisive 
properly  nf  the  Indians,  cultivated  entirely  by  them,  and  in  their  own  way.  The  Indians  work  clu.'er- 
fiilly,  ami  perform  all  the  labmir  upmi  the  firm,  white  men  beiiii.'  only  employed  as  overseers  and 
meidiaiiics.  OwinL.'  to  the  extraordinary  droiitrlit  of  the  jiast  season,  in  that  portion  of  the  State,  the 
]uodiiet  of  the  farm  is  mueh  less  tlian  it  should  have  been  ;  enouLrh,  however,  has  been  pnnlueed  for 
the  eonsnniption  of  the  place. 


■  'i   i  ■ 


(715) 


II 


tl 


«3 

S.3 


»^5s 

'1 

1 

f'  *! 

1 

'11 

> 

M  i 

J 

,i 

1 

A  A  A    >  •     '■'\n\ii:i>i 

Till  i-i'  iii-c  mi  llh'  icxM-vi'  li-lil  Milnlif  luiililiiiL the  lir,-l  of  wliicli  i.i  nrn'  liiiinhvil  I'.'ct  in  liiijli  hy 

twoiily-liiiir  I'l'i't  in  l)ri;i(ll!i,  IHM  i^tiprirs  luL'li ;  il  is  u<'i\  iis  a  unmiiry  iiml  ^turi'liuUT.  'I'lic  m'cmimI  is 
till'  vc-.siilini'i'  111'  llic  niri'iil,  :iimI  i-i  >i\(y  tVit  in  Irn'^tli  liy  Hvcnly  t'ci  I  in  Im  ;ii||li.  Tin'  I'l'iniiindir  iirr 
ITslilenri's  of  tin'  linliaii  "liii'ls,  iiml  arc  iiliuiit  tin'ly  iVit  in  l.'ii'.'lli  liy  Iwiily  !••.  !  in  Im'aillli.  \ll  iIm' 
labour  of  ImiliiiMir  (Ik'Sc  liniisrs  was  pi'rinnin'il  liy  Imliaiis,  I'Xfrpt  tlir  ini'rliaiiii'al  part  nf  it.  Tlii'  mill 
i-  ill  ruiiipli'li'  Di'iirr,  anil  by  it  all  tlio  irrain  pruiliii'cil  npnii  tin-  plan'  is  nianiit'artiinil  iiil'i  iinlinlioil 
tluur  Iji'lniv  it  is  i»iu'il  ;.i  tin'  Imlians.  'I'lir  pr.rpiTly  n-nl  in  (•iiiiiliiilin;^'  llir  I, inn  i~  (\vriily->i\  Imrsi'd, 
tliirty-oi'jlit  niiili's,  si'von  iix''ii,  li.'lil  wa'j'HK,  ami  Imirti'i'ii  plniiulis. 

l-'llKsM)  AN  II  KiMi"s  lin  1  11  l-MiMs  —  ( IwiiiL'  to  till'  ililliiiilty  of  prin'iirim.'  a  siiitalilr  liu'alioii  lor  n 
reservation  in  tlio  ei'iitr.il  pi.ni"ii  'iilli.'  Slai.'.  mi  permani'iil  ^.'li'i'lioii  lias  yni  Imtii  iiiaile  ;  Imt,  in  onlrr 

to    pl'oviili'    Inr    ill''     llMlialls    ai-c'nplill'_'    in    the    illli'lll  inn-    nl'    l|u'    '.'iiMTllllim  I  ,    lall'l    lllls   Ijri  II    nilti'l   al 

Fri'Siiii  ami  Kim^'s  riv.r,  ami  tlir  Imlians  I'ullri'ti'il  ami  Mili>i>tril  at  iIum'  pniiil-  in  tin'  sanio  inaniirr  as 

I   upon  pi'riiianonl  rosiTvatioiis.     The  I'vnps  con-ist  ot'  7"(l  arns  ut'  wlicat  ami  liarli'y,  ami  ll'O  acrrs  of 

I'orn.      Owim;-  to  tlir  ilmu'^lil,  tlir  win  at  ami  l.arli'y  crop  was  an  mtirr  failiilc.      Tlir  I'nrii,  liaviii'.'  In  rii 

irriirati'il,  will  lie  an  nnlinarv  i'IM]'.     Tliis  fiiliii'''  nf  tin'  rrups  will  lie  a  soun-e  of  sirions  ililVn  iilly  to 

I   the  superiiitemlrm  y.     Tlore  ari'  almiit   tiiri"'  lli'Hi-.iml   Imlians  in   the  vicinity  nf  tlir.-e  firms,  all  nl' 

'    wlioni  eoiiKl  liaxc  Irc.ii  i.ruxi.li.l  willi    fmil   l^ail   lli.'  iT.ips  lieeii  -neers-fiil.      Tie' ilrnii'.:lit  liavim.' lievn 

p'mral  in  tlii-  iT'jinii,  '^rain  I'aii  mily  ln'  ,.iiri'lia~i'4  at  exnrliitant  rati's,  siieli  as  woiilil  not  lie  jii-tifialilr 

exri'pt  tn  pri'Viiii  ^tarvatinn.      Kviry  |iii'cautinii,  Ii.iwimt,  lias  Ineii  taken   to  avoiil   tlie  eniiseipii'iiecs 

of  this  iiii>tnrtnm'.     The  au'ints  have  bem  iiistnieteil  to  turn  the  atteiilimi  nf  the  Imli.ns  to  tinir  iihmI.' 

of  livim;  lii'fnr,'  tin'  e.iii'  nf  tin'  'jnvrrnimnl  hail  Ipr.'ii  eMnmlnd  nvir  tlnin  ;   ami  parlies  liiive  been  seiil 

to  the  ninuntains,  in  varinii-  ilii'i'iti.ms.    lu  i-nllncl    a''nriis,  lurrirs.  ^ri'il>,  ami   sinli  ntlier  fmil   as  they 

Were  I'nrimrly  ac-rii-Inineil  In  -uK-i-l  upnii  ;   ami.   as    if  to  'iniiinh.-.|rati'   tin'   I'aet    that    I'rnviili'm'i'  never 

leaves  any  i".rtinii  nf  the  iiiiniaii  family  eiitii'ily  unpi'nviileil  witli   the   means  tn  Mi.-tain  life,  the  plieiio- 

inenmi  exists  thai  the  .silmoii,  wliieh   for  several  vears  have  tailed  to  make  their  appraraiien  in  the  San 

nai|iiiii  river  ill  any  niiiiibi'rs  wnrtli  inentiiiiiiinj,  an'  this  year  abiimlanl  in  that  strnaiii,  ami  the  ]'rnspci't 


.Il 


IIS  t'l  be  thai  thi'  tlin 


ati'in'il  famine  will  be  in  a  L'I'ea 


at  ile'.'i'i'i'  averli'il  bv  t 


IIS  pi'nvnhntial  supply  nl 


lisli  t'r'iiii  th an.  tin   i-h  il  i-  ilisiant  iVniii  tin'  mast,  by  tin'   iiiranil''rinir  of  tlm  stmaiii,  snnie   tlireo    ] 

liunilreil   iiiihs.      A    ]i..rlinii  nf  ihn    Imlians  Irmii  the  farms  have  1 


leen  removeil  tn  an 


1  riieainiiril  ntmr 


ho  river,  and  rvi-rv  fanililv  fiirni-lnd    tlmin    fnr  eatehiiiL'  ai 


il 


lish,    wliieh,    siniiilil    tin 


ippiy 


iiiiliniie,  will  enable  ilniii  tn  prnvide  a  sutlii'h'iit  i|uantity  for  a  LTcat  jiortioii  of  tlir  winter.      Aimiln'r 


sniirce,  whiL'li  is  ii.pw 


we.-t  nl   ih.' 


iip'iii  a-  nf  ^iiMi  imp. 


i  the  Tiile  lake,  hin;;-  almiii  lifiv  miles  imrth- 


iii  .In.iipiin  river,  w 


hieh  .■ib..iiin|s  with  fi-h  nf  .'xeillent  iiiialilv,  ami  is,  dii 


iiriiej;  the  winter 


seasnii.  llie  re-nrt  nf  an  iiiiliniiled  niiiiiber  nf  uild  '^ee-e  ami  diieks.  from  wliieh  the  Indians  have  here- 
tnf.iie,  win  II  undi-liuh' 'I  by  lie-  while-,  ..biained  a  eniiil'ortable  >iib-istenee.  A'^eiits  (,e«'is  and  liidlev 
are  now  exaininim.'  the  lake  enuntry  liir  a  suitable  loeatimi,  to  whieli,  if  t'niind,  it  is  inti'iideil  to  remove 
.some  tell  nr  lifieen  liiiiidred  nf  the  Indians  fnr  siijipnrt  dnrim:  the  winter.  .Milimi'^h  the  pmspeet  fnr 
these  Indians  seems  to  be  Ldnnmy,  _\et  1  h.ive  '.^reat  eniili'lenee  that,  by  iiidii-lry.  enep.'v.  and  jmlieioiis 
niana'.'eni.'iit.  we  -hall  b.'  enable.l  tn  pmvide  f..r  tlnni  in  siieli  a  way  as  tn  prevent    st;ir\atinii,  .'iml  pre- 


peaee  III   ill.'  e  iiintry. 


illL'  froiii  tile  1' 


re-no,  we   liave  a   iiineli   nmro  liieenii'.'  iir 


pr.sp 


it  at   Nl 


iiie  l,aeke  reservatmn,  at 


whieli  place  there  are  enlhc-teil  abniit  twn  tlinii-:ind  Indians.      Land  in  eiillivalion,  niie  llmnsand  aer.-; 

estimated  prndiiet  nf  wheat,  lilteeii  tineisand  bii-lnl- ;  enrii,  pniiipkiiis,  nielmis,  turnips,  and  niher 
j  Ve'ji'table-  in  i^reat  abiiiidanee  .VnlhiiiL'  in  the  pursuits  (if  industry  eniihl  have  be.'ii  innre  sati-laeinrv 
'    or  iiitei'e-tijiu  than  the  harxe-lim;  nf  the  wheat  ernp  ;    ii  was   .-ut    entirely  with    small  lleriiiaii  re:ipim_'- 

I ks,  whieh  were  ii-ed  liy  the    Indian-  with   extranidinary  ih'xterity.      .Mmiit   twn  Immli'i  d   men.  fnr- 

iiisheil  wilh  l!ese  -iekles.  eiit  the  winar  and  threw  it  intn  Ininehes,  and  were  fnllnwid  by  a  snlheient 
j  miniber  of  wnineii  and  Imys  t.i  bind  it  intn  sheaves  ami  put  if  into  .-tanks  ready  for  threshiiii:.  In  this 
I  way.  anil  at  their  leisure,  in  almnl  ten  days,  takim.-  it  as  <t  ripened,  the  entire  harve-liiiL'  was  eninpleted. 
j    nil  the  labour  ha\iii_'  1 ii  pi"inriin'd  by  the  Imliaii-.  niily  tlil'ee   nr   Iniir  white   iinii    bei 


,._^  eii'/.'i'/cil   .'IS 


OVer-eers. 


-liiiiatecl  bv  the  wliii''  men  in  eh.'ir'je  nf  tlm  wnrk.  that  niii'  hundred  nf  tlie-e 


Could  be  >.'|eeird.  wlin  Wniilii  eiii   ami    lak"  eai'e  nf  a-  niiieli  'jniiii  a-  any  lifly  wdiite  nan  imt  re'j-iil.u'K 


I'lir- 

cicllt 


11:111s 
l.irlv 


X  \  \  \ 


lU'CllStollllMl  til  tlli-i  llr^iTi|ilinll  i.f  hllii.lir.       Culi.-I 


,    |MiMiMi:ii] 


L'  llio  f:ict  tlial  llirsc  Iniliiiii!!  cijilitrcri  inniillis  ii'^n 


woro  iMiliri'ly  wiM,  aii.l  tiitullv  i;j;iHniiil  ..1'  1  vrrMlmii:  fdiint'i'tivl  willi  iiulustriii!  Iialpits,  tin'  liibi'iir  tlwy 
liiiv  ]u  rrnniic'il,  ami  tin'  .-lull  ami  ili'xirritv  with  wliicli  lli"y  piTfonii  llnir  wuiL,  is 


lIclMl'   a    SIllVll'iiMll 


U<i\ 


K'  IIIIOllllll   1 


illi'ii  ayki'il,  "  Call  liiiliaii.s  In 


111.'    (u    lirl-l' 


|ii'l'liii'iii    lalii'Mi'  siulii-ii'iit    111    I 


I'nr  tlnir  Mi|iiMi'i  ':"      ll  1.1  a  lail.  Inn,  wnrdiy  of  |iarllriilar  ivinavli,  that  all  this  lal 
ell  'ri'lnllN  iiri'l'iiniii'il.  nn  rrn'rinnri  m'  clia'^tiyi'iuriit  liaviii'/  In  en  111 


iiiiir  has  III ' 


in-,       Altai-lii'il   1.1   N'.iiiii'  l,:irkr  a 

t'anii  lias  rrn'ntlv  ln'iii  I'slalijislicil  at  NmIih    Cull  \alli\,      'I'lii^  villi  v  is   Inratcil   in   tli ia«l    raii.:i'  ul' 

liuiiilitaiiis,  aliiiiil  I'mly  iiiili -i  rasi  nl'  l'a|ir  Mi'iiilnriiin,   ami   lii'Ti'  ai'r   in   llm  viriiiilv  aliuiit  tlircT  llimi- 


III  linlii 


i'lii'  la 


inn  is  |ilarnl  iu  cliiirui'  ul'  tlircT  uf  the  i'iii|il 


iM'i  •  li'iiin  Niiim 


Lai'k-.    Til.'  in.l 


II'  imlians 


arc  now  rin.'auril,  uniliT  tin'  ilii'i'i'li.ai  nf  llic  inTsmis  in  I'liai'L'i'  nl' iIh'ih.  in  I'nlln'lin'j'  ai'nrns,  nianzanili 
liiTvics,  anil  iilInT  wilil  I'lml  I'nr  ilicii-  winl.'i'  siipiily,  nl'  wliirli  iIuti'  will  li'  |il«'nty  I'm'  llii'ii'  siili>i«lriirr 
lllilil  I'l'i'i'S  ran  I"'  |irciiliii'ri|  tur  tlnir  -iijiiinil.  'I'lirrr  ai'i'  nn  llu'  Nnini'  |,:i"li('  rc-irvr  lliri'r  ailnln' 
linii-rs,  iiMi'  tlnnrin_'  niill,  ami  rnurtvii  t'ranin  linn-n^.      In   aiMilinii   to  lln  -r   ini|irnvrim'nls,  tin'n'  is  in 

the  niiii'-i'  lit'  nvi'tinn  an   a.l'.!.  '    ImiMiir^    intcnilril   fnf  a    I'lrtiliratinn.      ll    i>   In  |j Immlri'il  I'l'ct 

«(|iiari',  with  a  tliirk  ailnlir  wall  till  I'lrl  lii;.'li.  Ill  tin'  criilri'  will  lir  1  ii vli'.l  a  twn-slnry  sniisiaiitial 
iiiIiiIm'  Iniil.liii'j',  wliii'li  will  ll.'  iisi'il  as  a  L'uanl-liiiusi'  ami  pri-nn.  'I'lir  |ir..|.ri-iv  iisiil  in  i.'nmliirlimj;  tills 
I'ann  an'  twi'iity-livr  Imi'-.'s,  i'i:;|,|  null'  -,  s-vi'iity-si'Viii  n\rn,  tw.  nly-nni'  iilmmlis,  mnl  live  waL'nns. 

Klamath  ri'siTvatinii  is  Inralnl  nn  tin'  river  iif  tliiit  lianii',  wliii-h  ilischaru.'s  its\v;it.'rs  intn  tin-  i'ai'ilic 
oi'ran  twrnly  mil.s  sniiili  nl'  I'r.-ri'nl  cily. 

'I'll.'  Imlians  at  this  |ilari'  nnmli'r  aliniit  iw.i  thniisainl.  'I'lioy  ar.'  iimiiil  an.l  smni'wliat  ins.li'ht,  ami 
nut  im-limil  in  lalmnr,  al|i"jiii'.'  llial.  a-  Ihry  have  always  h.'r.tnt'nrc  liviil  iiimn  tin'  lish  nl'  tlm  ri\i  r.  ami  ' 
till'  runts,  licrriis,  ami  scnls  nl'  th.'ir  native  hills,  they  .'an  cinlinm'  In  .In  sn  il'  I. 'ft  unnml.'st.'.l  l.y  tin' 
whites,  wli.is.'  eiiei'iiai'linieiils  u|iiin  what  ih.'V  eall  tlii'ir  eniiniry  tliey  are  .li-|ins.'il  to  resist.  'I'h.'ir 
prejllilii'i's  ii|inn  lli.se  |iiiinH  ar.'  I'asl  :;ivii;L:'  way  lielnre  llie  |i.i|iiy  nl'  the  L'nV  eriini.'lil,  ami  iin  seri.ins 
]  ilillieiilly  will  hi'  I'lii'iainl.  r.  1  in  iiiitialiie;  lli.'  sysl.'in  <■(  lahniir  ainnie.;-  them.  The  laml  nn  llil-  rixer  is 
]i.i'iiliarly  aila]i|.'il  I'l  lie'  -rnwih  .if  ve-ri:,!.!,-.,  ami  il  is  .'Xii.'.'h'.l  that  |inlalnis  ami  nlli"i' v."..;.lalil.'  fn.,.!. 
1  I  whieh  can  h.'  pr.nlne.'.l  in  any  almmlanee,  tn.^elh.'r  with  the  salmiiii  anil  ntli.r  lish  whi.h  almii'iil  plen- 
tifully in  the  Klamath  riv.'r,  shall   emi'-liliae   tin'   priii.-ipal    I'.inil    I'.ir   these  Imlians.      ll    i«  , lithnlly 

cxpeeteil  In  this  way  In  av -hi  lie'  par.  h.i-'    nf  I f,  whi.'h    f.irnis  sn   exjieiisive   an    it. 'in  at  these  phie.s 

wli.r.'  tlieri'  is  nn  ~iili>tilnle  fir  it.  Tin-  e-lalili-hin.'iit  nf  the  Klamath  r.'s.rvi-  has  nmlniilileilly 
preveiiteil  th.'  spr.  ail  .if  lie'  Imliaii  war-  nf  lli.'.'.'ii  ilnwn  iiiln  imrth.'rn  ('alifnriiia.  'I'h.'r.'  .'iri'  nn  this 
reserve  livi'  III'  Innis.s,  s.\en  Imanl  hniis  s.  f.uir  slali  hnilses.  nn.'  sin.i|>.'-hniisi\  niie  piinliry-linn-e,  ami 
thirty  linlian  huts.  The  pmp.'rly  11-eil  in  I'nmliielim.;  the  I'ariniiii:  eperatinns  is  twn  niiil.s,  thirte.'n 
(ix.'ii,  ami  six  plmejilis. 

Meinln.'imi   reservalinii    is   hn-Mliil    lifly  mil.'s   s.'Ulli  ..f  I 'ape  .>l.'nilni'inn,  nn  the  I'a.'ilie  enasl.      This 
reserve  has  lii'.ii  liiil  re.'.nlly  .'siatiH-h.  il.      Th.'   niinih.r  nf   Imliaii-  at  pr.s.nl  enll.ele.l  ih.r.'  is  ah..iit 
live   hnmlre.l.      Tiny  snh-isl   alnmsi    em  r.lv  npnii   li-li   ami    niii-eli-.      Tli.y  are   fiirni-h.'il  willi  Imats. 
.spines,  ami  all  llie  n.'e.'-sary  taelil.-   f.ir  li-liimj       .\  -aink.'-hnii-i'  lia~  lie.'ii  er.'ete.l,  ami  th.'  a'.'.'iil  has  a 
j      lar^v  iiiinih.'r  nf  Imlians  i'n'.;ai;ei.l  in  eal,.hii,'j:  ami  enrim./  lish  I'nr  th.'  winter  sii]iply  of  fnnil.      There  an- 

I      .s.'v.'ral  riv.'i's  ilisehar.^im.'  iiiln  ll ee:in  ihi'nmjh  this  r.'-erv.',  in  whieh,  at   all   s.'iis.ins  of  the  year,  an 

I      aliiimlant  supply  nf  li-h  .an  h"  tak.ii.      Tie'   .'.:ast    at    this   pniiil    is   snmewhal  sh.ialy,  ami  tli.-  Ii.'a.-li  is 

I  '    enverei'l  with  imis.l.'s,  nv.  r  whi.h    lie'  li.l.'  .Mis  im.l  th.w-,  an.l  lliey  ar. x.'i'.'.l  with  an  in.'Nhini-tih!.' 

1  ([Uanlity  nf  nnis.'l.'s.  Inil  litli.'  inr.'rinr  in  liiv  air  ami  rii'''in.  ss  tn  n\  i.'i's.  Th.'si'  Iw.i  arli.'l-  s  w''.  always, 
I  in  oas.'  of  a  failiir.'  .if  ernps  upon  the  r.'s.rve,  aU'nr.l  sii.-l.'iiaii.'.'  to  the  Imlians  wiihnit  any  .  :her  foml. 
'I'll.'  lainl  nil  this  r.'s.rv.'.  lik.'  thai  of  the  Klamath,  will  prniln.'e  .-.irii,  vheal,  nais.  \e.,  Init  is  ji'i'iiliarly 
ailap'.  ll  In  till'  prn.ln.'li.iii  nf  v.".;.'lalil"-.  The  i|iianlitv  nf  kunl  nl'  this  ihsi-riptinn  aimninls  I  1  s.'V.'i'al 
lliniisaml  a.-r.s,  tin'  pmilm-ls  ,ii'  whi.'h.  wiih  the  li-li  ami  mn-.'l.'s  nf  th.'  rivers  ami  .-nasi  in  pl.'iitifnl 
aliiimlani'i'.  will  allnnl  suppnrt  f.ra  v.ry  iai'j.'  niiiiil.'r  'A'  lii'liaii'-;  whi.'h  I  .'niisi.l.'r  sal'.'  In  es(iiii:ili' 
at  not  h'ss  than  t.'ii  llnai'-aml.  Imleeil.  I  kmiw  of  m>  Ineatinn,  .ilh.'r  in  ('alil'nrnia  or  els.'wh.'r.'.  s.i  w.  ]l 
a.lapt.'il  III  the  ]iiirpiis.'s  of  ,'in  Imlian  r.'<.'rv.'ili..ii  as  .^|l'nlloeim..  Tli.Te  are  on  this  reserve  eiu'ht  linusi^. 
The  prepirly  ii-.'.l  lo  1  -i:ililivh  ;,n,|  .-Mrry  nii  ..p.r.ili.nis  at  lliis  |,l:ie,'  1...  |i\e  horses,  twn  mnl.s.  tw.iitv- 
I  ,    four  oxen,  on.'  earl,  ami  Hvn  plnieuhs. 


'       '1 


(717) 


M 


U    If 


A  A  A  *  .     I'liMiM  1.11,1 

III  ro^riinl  l<i  llic  sv-itnu  of  .•(iluni^in-  mikI  «iil).i,iiiii.'  liKliaii.  mi  nwiTvuiions,  I  liuvi iv  tn  siv  llmt 

it  \n,>  >„  l„r  miwcimI.mI  .MiiivK'  li.T.iti.l   inv  rx|MM'tali,Mis  ai.,1  is,  in  ni.v  ju.iu'iii.'iK,  tli< Iv'syslrm  Hint 

cMii  1m.  „!•  „i,_v  r,n!  Innriii  tu  till.  liMllaiH.  It  rhiiMr.  il„.  ,t'MV..riiMi..|.t  t.i  wiilnlniw  tll..nl  I'n.ni  tli.. 
I'liiilainiiiatiii}.'  inllui'iicis  ,il'  mi  iiiinsiiMin,.ii  inti'ivniii-Mc  witli  tli..  \vliiii.>i,  niid  jrivrH  nil  n|)|M.r(iinitv  tu 
lii.iviclc..  for  tlinii  jiKt  siirh,  luiil  II..  ni..rr,  ii.>i,taiii...  lliaii  tlicir  wauls  fn.m  tiiu.'  in  liin..  may  acliiallv 
ri'i|iiiic., 

Indians  .«li,.iil,l  l.,.|n.at,.,l  as  wards,  aii.l   ll„.  ..M\-,.nim,.ni   sln.iild  act   as  llicir  u'liardian,  jnd..'in-  (ur 

tli..iii  at  ail  times  nf  il„ir  rral  wants,  an<l   pruvidin..'  Inr  tli.'iii  a. nliii-ly.     This  lia.s  l.i.ni  ili,.  jmiii.y 

piirsiii'd  ill  till!  Calit'ornia  sM|Mriiitt.n(|i.ii(.y,  aii.l  I  liavr  s..  tar  tniiiid  im  dillifiilty  in  its  np|)licntion. 


TAliU:  XXXVI. 

IROQTT(U.><    OF     Ni;\V     VoKIv,     18,53. 
[M.   II.  .lullNsny.'] 


Nami>>  of  TrilH'ii  nu.l  Lwiilinn. 


."si.|iecas  at  f'altaniiiL'Us.., 
Soni'i.as  at  All.'L'liaiiy  . ... 
Suiicras  at  T..wiiawaiiila  . 


T..t;d 


IS  I 
17(1  I 


Women. 


Chll.lron.  j    uf  M..ii,  Wnrauii  T..'nl  I  .•|.ulf.f...n 
I     •li.l  riillilrfil.       <    "'  '"'''  "'""' 


I  . 


111,')  JSO 


117.'!) 
7.'i7  - 
II.". I  ) 


2!)S1 


(),-.7 


7i'ii      IJII4 


Sciiccas  at  ( '.ittnraii'.iiis  liy  a.li.pti.in.  Iiiit  nnt  .■iititicil 
to  animilic's  :  .'sii.san  Kinj.n-liitv's  I'ainilv 


1  i       :i 


On..ndaL':is  at  ( In.iinlaL'a  Castlo i      SO  <|«  I  144 

<• da.jas  with  Scmcas  at  ('attarau..'iis '        W  \           tl  17 

(liKiiida^ras  witli  Sciii'i-as  at  .\lli...diaiiv  Ill  It  '  ,')  t 

Uni>iida..-as  witli  ."^I'lK.c.is  at  'r..n;iwaiiil,i |  i  ;! 

(tlioiii|a..;as  with  Tliscamras  at  Tuscan. 1.1 ■_'  ,"i  i  •'(! 


T..l:d 

CayU'.'a-  willi  .■".ii.'. 
Til-rar.ini-  af  Tii>.': 


Il(»  l-'l 


!:i8 


Oni'idas  at  Onci'la  t'asll.' 

Oni'idas  with  .'scnci.i.s  at  ('.•i(laniM._'ii-  

Oiii'idas  witli  Oi dai'as  at  On.inilaL'a  < 'a.«tl...... 

Uiu'i.la.s  with  .".^riic'cas  at  'J',  ma  Wanda 


;      .'t!l 

i     lis 

I 

•1:1 
I 

l!i 


:!1  7;; 

(i:i  I     151 

4t  '       S!i 

I  I 

L'l  '.'ll 

I        


11:; 
liS'J 

17(1 


172 


•'Sl; 


T..tal 


ijii 


711      im 


Ad.!    Sii-:ui     Kiiii.ic.kf'ty's    I'aiiiily,    wh..    ar.'    iml 
I'lililli'd  t.i  1; Is  aiiiiuitv  


T..l:d  iiiinih..r  ..f.si.v  .N'.iiii.ns  nl' .\..\v  \',i|-K-  Indians.    '  |    

'  .^nniinl  I(cpr.rt  of  lu.lian  I.uri'iiu.  ls:,.1,  p.  ."..s  . 


V2 

{71;'. 


ri8) 


CIIAPTKK    II 


FISCA  L    .STATI.STli:S. 


Tin; 


policy  of  lilt'  Aiiii'riciiu  L'ovi'riiiiu'it  rcspi'ctiiiL 


Ihr    I 


IllllllllS,    IS    III    llutlllll'l   IlllllO 


niiirUod  tliiui  ill  tlu'  just  luid  oloviiloil  lone  dl'  its  liuiinciiil  tniiisMctioiis  witli  tliriii. 
Otlii'i'  nations,  who  preci'ilcil  tlu;  pivsi'iit  govfi'iiiufiit.  in  their  iJealiiiL's  willi  the  iinliniis 
siilisrR'd  their  soiisL- ol' justice  iiud  heiievolciice  liy  peric)(li<'iil  pK 
S[);rni. 
put  tl 


F 


iuice.  an 


•Ills  mid   iiriiluitii'-:. 
id  (ireiit  IJritaiu  iicted  upon  this  iiriiu'liik'.     The   lievolulimi  of  ITTil 


chit'lM 


lis  matter  on  a  dillci'eiit  iootiiiir. 

a 


ipi 

The  t 


Mhes  Were    asselllhleil  III  eo 


uncil- 


\iv  Iheir 


M  and  principal  warriors,  and  treated  with  as  lorei^n  nalKiiis.     liiese  treaties  \m>i 


laid  licl'oi'c!  the  Senate  lor  its  raiilicat 


ion. 


\VI 


u'n  .so  ralihed 


lie\'  wero    prochiliilei 


.1. 


ol'  uiir  nation 


il  tlipl 


oiiliic\-, 


other  treaties,  and  puhlished  to  the  worKI.  with  the  rcci 
Such  has  lieen  the  practice  down  to  the  present  day.     This   record   Toriiis  one  of  th 
most  nolile  e\  ideiices  of  the  national  justice  to   th''   pour,  iLinorant,  and   tecMe   hunt 
tribes  of  America.    The  iiwanls  thus  mad"  to  them  lor  their  lands  have  rapidly  iiicriasi'il 


IT 


with  tl 


le  j:rowtli  and  [iro-i.ri  il_\  ol'  the  >tate: 


tl 


le  s\,- 


•III  is  destined  to  '.;()  on.  in 


ttu  acce 


lerati 


111   1S2(I. 


alio,  while  eivili/.ation  reiiuires  lands,  which  the  1 


nilians  ciiii  sniiiilN'. 


total 


mi    reipiired    to   im 


■t   tl 


le   p 


:i\iii"nl   of  Indian  annuities  was 


m 

Ind 


,i)i->. 


Nothiiit:   lietter  evidences   the   increased  ilemaiid   for.   and   v 


due  ol.   th( 


lan  lands,  as  also  the  [)roi;ress  ul   the   iiilerc 


se  with   the   trihcs,  than    the   raiiii 


d 


re(piired  to  he  paid  in 


iiinlti[ilicatioii  of  the  annuities  paid  to  them.     In  ISol,  the  sum 

fiilliliiient  of  treaty  stipulations  was  .sSt^S.S:!;]'!) t ;  in    iSoJ.  .sl.()lll.-Jlll-74 ;  in  18" 

$l,472,00-j-o8;  and  in  I80I.  i^'JH"),  17 1'li: 


I) 


unii!. 


tlR 


■aiiie  perioil 


tl 


lu  atrureiratc  of 


lalii 


iries  and  cost  of  iiiaiia,i,'eiiient.  rose  from  •'Jl  17.0;>o'lo  to  .'$l'Jo,oOU'l)8. 


In  tl 


10    \ea 


r  18 


■J-t, 


the 


ippropiiation  to  meet  the  ivipiirements  of  treaties  was 
Sl,oOo,7()2wl) ;  and  in  18")(j.  sl.Mll.3")"J')J.  The  entire  appropriation,  for  all 
objects,  during  the  XXXIst.  XXXIId.  and  XXXlIld  Congressi'.s,  was  respuctivtdy, 
8-J.5")0.8oO-;!(i.  .S},7S2.09:;j|.  and  So. !)>'.». .•'.7-V.l  8.- 

The  distriliulioii  of  the.-e  sums  unionist  the  dilVcrent  tribes,  and  the  amounts  vested 
in  pul)li(!  stocks  for  their  liencdt.  lo.  the  Treasury  Department,  are  set  forth  in  the 
Kiibjoined  tallies,  numbered  I..  11..  ill..  l\'.,  V.,  \"i. 


'  TaUU'  II.,  p.  (i'.lO. 

'  AiinuMJ  K.MKirt  nf  tin'  lii.li;in  Miir.'.iu.  ]^:<i\.  \<.  L'liS. 


(Till) 


|l'     ! 


!i      ■ 


it 


TA  1!M;    I. 

IXTKUKfT  PAID  INDIANS  (>N  STOCKS  mil.I)  MV  TIIKM  IN   IMT. 


Nnmri  of  Triliff, 


Atnnimt  pnnMitl  i 
li»  lr™i>  ll.r  III-  , 


■Prliuvn 


^^■'.''••It 


Chippi'tt-n!!  mill  UttiiwiK  !  lilMi.iiiiii 

Siciiix  III'  >li»>i-i>ii|ipi ;|iMi,(i(Mi 

Hlll'S  Mild  l'"ilXi  «  iif  SliKCnliri  ...  ,  IT.'i.liii' 

Haul  mill  r'nM- III' MiH'.i-.-iiiiii  ^  |,iiiiii,iiiiii 


nntii 


Ami'iiiil  iif  lllll'^ 
r*l  niilillitlty 
u)it'''i<|-riiilKi). 


Authnrltjr  If  ulilrh  inula. 


Wliiiifliii'jorn  , 

liiW'IIM  

()«;i).'i'i 


(' 


Siiiri-:i,«  III"  .\i  w  \  i.rli 
('Im'cIiiw.i , 


i       l.jllll.llOll 

i.iT.riiio 

1  iliM'.'ii 

I       :).'iii,iiiiu 

CI.I'ilMI 


Tnt;,l  , 


SlS.'ilti.TUO 


^.',;!Ml 

l'_',iiii(i 

l.'i, 1111(1 

>.;:•> 

.■lll.lMKJ 

ri."i.(iii(i 

7,^7.'> 

17,.iiiii 

;;,T.Mi 

-,hti 

<«l-7,s:;:. 


TiTMlv,  Hi'ptniiluT  'Jll,  IM'JK, 
lli'Hi.fii.  SMiiiiti',  >liiv-'7,  HlllJ. 
Tnalv,  SiplniiliiT  J'.i.  I«';{7, 
Tri'iii'v.  Oci.iliir  Jl.  1>':;7. 
Tri'.ilii.s  Oit.ilirr  '.'I,  I"<:i7,  mill 

<tilnl„.r  II,  hiL'. 
'I'lciiiv,  N'livi'iiilii'p  I,  IMi". 
UiMiCii.  Snmir,  .Inn.  Ill,  ls;W. 
ilr-.l'ii,  .>',.|i;ii,.,  .Imii.  lii,  ls;)H. 
Tn-.ily.  .Viivi'iiilicr  L'.'l,  iMi^, 
'I'liiil'v,  M:i\  Jll,  Is  I.'. 
Tri'iitV,  Sii'iti'iiilicr  L'7,  l^o't. 


TA  15 1. 1:    II. 

inti:i;kst  i-.md  Indians  in  i^r.i. 


N.uiii'it  of  TrilK's. 


IVIawiiii'S  

('liipprw:i<  iiii.l  Olhnviis  .... 


.'>ioiix,  >Iis>i>.ippi  

Siii-<  .■mil  l-'iixi's,  .\|i>siiiiri 
Wiiilirln-ncs 


.\in«iint  i>ri«|iI(Hl 

I'J  Iriiilv  It  lii- 

ii-liiifnt. 


Jllll.llllll 


ILito 
|n'r  i"'iil. 


Alni'Uiil  'if  Itilor. 

f.l  .itiiiiiiillv 
n|||.r"|.fial.'.l. 


Aiillifjiity  li.v  wlii'h  it  I'  lliii'le. 


Sacs  and  I'nxcs.  Mi^>i,'.>i| 

luwas  . . 

()s;i"03 


;;ri(i,iiiiri  : 
...  j  17."i.  (nil  I 
...  I      l,l"^.'l.l"lll 


I,n00.(iuo 

1.'l7,.-l(MI 


Creeks 

Si'iieeas,  New  Vurk  .... 


K;inz:i.i 

I'.iltawattainies  .. 
Cli,iet;uv>  


liO.lu'il 

.'l.'id.lKHI 
7."l,ll(lll 

200,000 

I       (ii:i,iHiii 

h7J,'Mi,i 


Tntal 


:),L'7:i.l'0 


I 


!?J.:;(H     I  TivMiv.  Si'pteiiilicr  Jll.  isjit. 
tJ.OiMi         l!.-,i|'iiti,,M  iif  thr  Sinatr,   .\|ay 

J7.  l>;:ii.  I 

l.'i.iiiiii         Trraty,  S.'pti'iiiliiT  L'O,  I*;!7.        I 
s,77i'        Tivat'v,  OctiiliiT  Jl,  |s:;7.  I 

Ml.L'.'ill      I    'i'rralirs,     NijvinliiT     |,      l^lij, 

nnd  OriiiihT  i;i,  i-n;.  ! 

.'in,(i(iii     I  TiTiiii,  ^  Ocdilirr  Jl,  |,-:;7,  iiiid 
I       Oiiiilier  II,  Ml'.  , 

7.'-7.'i      j    liiKiiliui. Ill  111' till'  .'^rii;ili'.  Janu- 
ary lit,  |s;;s. 

.'l.l.'iil      I    lIiMilnti r  ill.' Sriiate,  .laim- 

I       an-  111.  I.s.';>.  ; 

I7..'iOO      j   Tivaly,  NnveinliiT  j:i,  |s:!s. 
;!.7.'iil      I   Trealy,  M:\\  Jn.  lv|j,  :,ii,l  law    ' 

III' Coll'_'l'r»,  .Jlllll' "^7,    l'-l(J.       I 
lli.llilil      I    Tivatv,  .lamiMi'v  1  I.  l-h',. 
.■iLMTiO     I   Treaty,  .lime  ;">',  l>li;. 
■l:i,i;MO      j    Treat V.    Septeliil.er    J7.     IS.'iU, 
I       ami  law.'*  of  Islj  ,.,nd  ISt.',. 

8i;(;"),ii,Vi  I 


'  Ann,  l!i'|i..  IVil. 


(720) 


TA  IJLi:    III. 


run   CAIMTA    I'.VVMKNTS    M  \I>K   Tn    l\l>l  \\    Tl.'Il'.KS    1\    H.M. 


t 


.No. 


NnliKOMr  Ttll'i'i. 


Tntnl  I  iimlwr    I'li^mwfii  yr  t     T'-tiil  »in'>uiit 
or  iii'iiitiii.         ''ii^^itii.      I  i>iti>i. 


1  iw 

n;. 


0, 

111 
II 

1L' 
IS 
14 
1 

It! 
17 


\    I 


^l<  iiiiiiiiiiiii'M 

Siniix  lit'  Mi,-.Hi>-ii|i|ii,  vi/,.  : 

Sr^.'ciiiiiii  mill  U'iiliiiMvlniiii  liiiiiil 

Mri|;i\viil<,intiiaii  iiiiii  SViilipiiK'nutiili 

Wiiiiii'li:i;.'nc''< 

('Iii|i|ii\v;i>  111'  l,iiki'  Siiprriiir : 

'I'liri'r  liMinl" 

'I'wi  lltV  ll.lllll-i 

('Ili|i|lrw;is  lit'    >ii»!<'M»i|l|ii 

I '.it  111  Wilt  111  III  ii'i 

Siir- mill  l''iixi  ■<  III'  AIi!'!iiM"i|i|ii 

('Iii|i|ir\vii'<  mill  OltMHii",  viz.  : 

Sixlrl'll  limiil^ 

Six  liiiiii|<  

Tin  liiiml" 

TwiIm'  limiil* 

(IlliiWil-.  liiUllirll  lilllllU 

('liili|i.H:i»,  OlliiW:i.i,  JMil  l'iitt;iWiiltliliiir>i .. 

I'litlllW.ltlmililn  III'    lllll'iill    

('lii|i|iiw:is  111' , "•Willi  rri  I'li  mill  ItliU'k  riM'i'. 

('lii|ilii'\Viis  111'  Siipiiiiiw 

j    Diliiwiiivi 

\V\illll|l.tM 


I'.i.'lO 


?liT'«    '  fb.^lTiiii 


IX. 
111. 
•Jii. 
•-'I. 

L'l. 

2ri. 

L'li. 

27, 

2K. 

•M. 
JiO. 


Sliiiw ■< 

SliirKliriil'.'i  s  in  till'  'I'lrrilniT  nl'  KiiiiziM  

Cliri-liiin  liiiliiii'^ 

Kii'liii.-liiiis,  I'i'uriii.'*,  Weil",  mill  riiuikii-liiiw-'  . 

.Aliiiniir-  wr.-t  

.Mimnli's  ill  liiiliiiii:i  

.Nl  in  mil"*  1)1'  Ivl  river  .  

ScllI'l'lIM 

SiMiwiis  anil  Sliawiii  L'.-  ..  

Osill^CS 

Chii'kasiiws 

Sai's  and  lAixi's  ul'  >Iissumi 

lowas    

K  ii'l;ii)nii  i.-i 

( hiiiiliiis 


Si'ni'c'ii.s  111'  Ni'W  \  iii'l' 
Total 


I.lllll 

IMIO 

;;ri,(ii:;  .".I 

:;,;!7'.i 

•j:;  .'ill 

.'..'i.'.ilii  17 

'.'..'iiil 

l.'i  nil 

:;»,ll.'i  Mil 

i;inl 

a  sit 

•';;ii2i»4 

2,I7!> 

•-'  1 » 

:i.;i-.';i  21 

L'/JIHI 

1  ■:•.". 

!i,;!7'i-'iit 

:i,»Hi 

i«  ,'.i( 

il:i."<ii2'."iO 

l.tl^ti 

Jl  .Ml 

lii.iiiiii'iiii 

l.i'ilM) 

ii:;-i 

111.117  7^ 

,,!.> 

i;7.'i 

.'i.  1111-22 

I.IM'il 

!l>."i 

lii.l."i7  U 

l.TI'l 

S  T.'i 

l.'i,2!i:;  .'.i; 

I.Jl.' 

1   1,1 

1       1,7(111011 

'jilil 

'  i  7  J 

1       l,.-,v7.-,ii 

■t.') 

s  ^^ 

Inti'iiii 

1.1"< 

L'I7 

;iti(itiii 

l.:;|ii 

1  I'll 

L'. Jim  III' 

'.lllj 

1.'  -.'I 

;;'>.:;:;.'ri"i 

,",.-l  1 

llii  iiii 

I'.i.'.itl  till 

>>\ 

ii7,'ii' 

.'il,iiii7-.'iii 

I:: 

li;o 

.Ml-MI 

>l 

■I  nil 

|iii'>>(i 

•JL'II 

:;si'ii 

N.:!iiii.iiti 

'J'lT 

i     I'm;  ml 

I2,i'il2  nil 

1.'  7 1  '• 

1,M  '.ij 

42.7-i>> '.IX 

l-J 

|>«:;-iiii 

2,r.ii'iiiii 

Ivll 

li-.MI 

|,-_'.'iiiiiii 

■J7I 

A  (III 

1       1.'.i|ii:i7 

l.ii'.i"* 

•i:,» 

|ll.2t.'>llll 

1.7^7 

'     iti-tit.i 

j      17.S7UIIII 

|MI 

s:;-tiii 

l.'i. null. till 

|:!:; 

/      ;'i7.iii» 

21.11*1-1111 

:;n 

1      72  ■,■.!» 

J.'l.lllM|.|lll 

MM) 

1        L'.'i-dil 

i        •Jtl.lllHMMI 

i;--.i 

J  n 

l.l''.l  112 

■J.I  Hi 

;;  1^ 

7,  ir.s  IIS 

4tl.:ilii 

8l)XII,'.ls.'r  l.s 

"',     t^i 


Vpi    VI. 


(721 1 


i 


■r     ^    fi  ^y  ft      -It         ^ 
•  =     f  I    X  I-  I-       r- 


^i  tc  !?»    M     a    r>      o 


I-     CI  r  —  I,     .■^     o 
..-i     p:     5  «t  «  r»     ai     :i     -a 


<p     r?"    I".  —  u-i  rT    'S   tS    ^      wT 


Ci      O      I.-)      I  • 


t: 


>'. 


•cSJ 


.iX 


I       Z!-    ;-' 


l§ 


y< 


1^ 


2is 


C0 


: 

'O 

o 
e7 

:    :    :  -o 
:    :  'J 

^1  .-.  -.  -c 
tc  i  ■^  ^^ 
t*   "J  fl  i 
iC  -•'  o  r" 

CI          'C 

o 

s 

: 

'.J-  1-  ^  '"■ 


:^   :f;    :  ^: 


a    :    :  -  :  ^'i    '  ^   -  ** 

,_,    :  -    :  ■    ^-       -  -    :  -:    :    : "  :  ;i;  ■->  S  :C  « 

..;    :  ^    !  "  i  '^       .  :  ;    :  **  '^  :  ;;.^  "  >:  S 

^  -r  ci    I  -^^  i  c  i    :  «  rJ  i  .2  :«>;??? 


'^2  t-.Z-?.  ?-5SSf:- 

■  ^  ■—     ;  '•    -'   n  "  tr  •"■-  ,r,  r:   T    a-  "    -   ::  S  '^  S:  vi 


c  i  i  v  ?,  i  i  ?=  S  ■■,■?'■  e  -f.  S  '.  ::  « I  ^  i  r  §  ,: 


r-^  -^  /;  r:    . 


i        U  S  C       C  C  C  '. 


(722) 


!,::*■ 


«!:'  1? 


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AWriTIKS   I'AII)  To  IXDIAXS  IX  1«r,(i. 

|l'Ki:i'Ai!i;ii   liV   TIIK   INDIAN-   111  KKAl'.J 


'f.MtliirliTril..|i!,i,l. 

'I'll  lUr  ('ili|.|icW;LS  nf  Sa'.'iiMlW.   S  Willi  iTirk .   Illlll    lllack 

liv.T   

To  till'  (llti.Wils  :ill.i   ('|li|.|i.'\v:i>    

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tllWlltaillics  ill  Mirlli;;:ili  )  

'I'll  till'  I'nlliiWMliiihii'.-.  (.r   Ihn-Dii   

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'I'll  llll'   Si\    N.-Ilinliv  111'  Nin    \,,\\,.    \i/  :  ' 

Siiii-kliiii|.jr~.  Criva  liiiv SJl  (    I 

Sliii-kl.nil.L:.>,  W.-i  ' r,ii   [ 

OlIiiiLis,  ( li,  ill   H,u  ss-J 

'I'll   lllr    Six    N.lli.lll-    of    \,AV    Volli    l||,ii:i|w    

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('lli|i|irW:!    llhliah-    

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To  iho  I'olt.iwalainir-  

To  till'  S.ir>  ami  l'o\i>  ol'  Al  is-i>.-i|i|ii 

To  till'  ()ltawa>,  Wr-I  

Til  till'  .'Nliaiiiii'^,  Wi'-I   i 

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kasliaw~  \ 

Ti,  the  .'^ai's  ami   l''o.\r>  nl'  .>li-M,iiri   

To  till'  f)iii:ilia,- 

To  till' Olio,..-,  , III, I  .\!i»,,mia> 

Til  tliL'  .'^liawiii'i'  ImliaiJ.s 

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Ti,  liii'  ."•iiii'ia-  111'  .N'rw  ^  ,,rk 

T,,  ill,'  l''l,,riila  Imliaii.'i,  oi  Si'Miim.lis  

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(78(1) 


STATISTICS,    TIHiiAl,    AM.    (i  K  NK  |{  A  L. 


CHAPTKK    IV. 


STATISTICS    OF    EDUCATION    AND    CHRISTIANITY 


t-        I 


TiiK  revision  l.y  mo  of  tlieso  topics,  in  contrMnplation  two  years  since,  when  tlie  fifth 
vohnne  was  submitted  to  the  puhlie,  was  found  to  I,,-  impracticable,  owin-  to  the  accu- 
nnilated  labor  arisinjr  from  the  eondensati.ms  rerpiired  of  ,ue.  At  my  request,  tiio 
subject  has  been  investigated  by  Mr.  Lan,i;'doM,  who  has  evinced  therein  a  spirit  of 
appreciation  and  research,  resulting  in  a  degree  of  success,  l,elieved  not  to  have  been 
previously  attained  in  this  department. 

Whatever  may  be  advanced  respecting  the  manners  and  character  of  the  Indians, 
nmst  necessarily  be  of  subordinate  importance  to  the  details  of  1i,cir  morn!  stains' 
However  uuich  we  may  .ieplore  the  Indian's  decadence,  hope  for  his  reformation,  and 
desire  his  restoration  to  the  family  of  civili/cd  man.  it  is  only  l.y  reference  to  moral 
data  (.f  the  kind  here  exhibited,  diat  we  are  able  to  understand  trulv.  b..th  what  he  now 
w.  and  what  he  is  destined  to  /«■.  Mr.  l-ang.lon's  prominent  activity  in  the  vital  cause 
of  religions  associations  of  the  young  men  of  the  country,  designated  him  as  being 
eminently  fitted  for  pursuing  this  investigation,  and  the  results  are  presented  in  the 
peculiar  form  of  tables,  in  which,  by  a  mvp  d\ril.  the  n'ader  will  be  able  to  grasp  all 
the  facts,  as  detailed  in  Mr.  Langdon's  own  w.rds  and  mode  of  illustration. 


i^ 


i    m 


\   till 


1^'  ! 


A  SUMMAIiy  OF  MISSrONS  TO  TIIK  NoitTII  AMKIIIC.VN  INDIANS. 

[BV  W-M.  ClIArMY   I.AN(i|iilN,  A.  M.l 

The  following  page.s  present  a  summary  view  of  the  eflbrts  to  civilize  and  evangelize 
the  Indian  which  have  been  put  Ibrtii  by  Christians  of  various  creeds  from  the  eadiest 
days  of  North  American  colonization. 

While  it  is  manifest  that,  whatever  am.)nnt  of  time  were  devoted  to  the  labor,  anv 
hope  of  rendering  complete  a  statement  of  this  kind  must  be  disappointed,  the  few 
weeks  which  have  been  allowed  for  the  present  investigation  and  the  varied  and  scat- 


m    ' 


V,.l.  v..  T;,l,l..  .\1. 


!i     I 


i3L' 


STATISTICS.    TKIIiAl,    \M>    (IKNKKAl,. 


terc'd  HDiirci's  tVom  wliich  iiirormutioii  has  of  lU'cessity  Iwoii  soiif^lit  liiivc  toiiCmi'd  tlic 
iX'siilts  attiiiiii'il  to  an  approximatimi  wliicli,  liowovi'i"  I'ar  it  may  lull  .xluirt  of  wliiit  may 
!)(•  (l('siiv('  and  of  what  iins  hoon  attcniptud,  it  is  yot  lu'lieved  will  bo  found  nioro  lull 
and  coinplote  thim  any  coniijilation  wliicli  luis  horctofoiv  kHjn  nuule,  and  will  Hervc  as 
a  iisi'tnl  liasc  for  a  future  invi'stiiralor. 

Di'lii'itMit  liowi'viT  as  thcso  pa.iics  may  lie  and  arc  in  miii/t/itt inns,  every  ollort  has 
hccn  made  to  attain  aminiri/;  and  it  is  holievcd  that,  if  tlioy  contain  ci'rors,  the  fault 
lies  with  tho  authorities  upon  which  reliance  has  been  placed:  and  that  therefore  while 
they  may  often  prove  valueless  as  luijulii-c  testimony,  their  jmnilivf  evidence  may  be; 
accepted  with  confidence. 

The  following  tables  are  restricted  in  their  (ield  to  that  part  of  North  America  at 
present  possessed  either  l)y  the  I'nited  States  or  by  (ireat  llritain  :  and  tiiey  present, 
tho  one,  the  comparative  chronology;  and  the  other,  tlie  statistics  of  the  various  mis- 
sions within  that  Held  for  neaily  three  innidied  years.  These  are,  in  each  cas<\ 
grouped  chronologically  under  the  several  organizations  by  which  they  were  respect- 
ively estal)lishe(l.  or  to  which  they  owed  a  fostering  care ;  these  organizations  being 
tlieuiselves  ari'anged  in  the  order  of  time  in  which  they  first  took  active  part  in  this 
work  —  althougii.  in  a  fi'w  instances,  this  arrangement  has  be«'n  held  subordinate  to 
that  of  derivation. 

There  are  two  CiiKi)N(.)Louit"AL  Taulk.s,  of  which  the  lirst  embraces  the  missions  of 
those  organizations  v  'i0.se  labors  were  confined  to,  or  iiave  extended  from,  the  colonial 
period;  tlu;  second,  of  those  whose  initial  labors  are  within  the  iiatiomd  era.  The 
//"»(•//  lines  on  the  chart  represent  the  organizations  themselves;  tho  fii//ifrr  lines,  their 
several  missions:  in  either  case,  their  lateral  extent  over  tlu;  lines  which  mark  each 
fifth  year  showing  the  period  of  the  active  (iccu|)ancy  of  their  respective  fields.  Tin- 
rrrfifiil  lines  represent  transference,  or  the  migration  either  of  missionaries,  of  tribes, 
or  of  both,  as  the  case  may  Ije.  The  duttal  lines  represent  the  continuance  if  a  mis- 
sion under  other  ausjiices  than  tho.se  in  ([uestion. 

Of  the  Statistkai.  Taiu.k.s,  the  one  in  like  manner  extends  into  the  colonial, 
while  the  other  is  confined  to  the  national  era.  The  column  of  ntalimis  embraces 
'"stations"  and  "out-slations"  of  all  kinds;  that  of  cowrtrfe  in  no  case,  so  far  as  known, 
embraces  baptized  infants;  that  of  /kvow.v  is  <!onfined  to  tho  actual  attendants  upon 
public  worshif)  and  the  preaching  of  the  go.spel.  The  .statistics  of  all  abandoned  mis- 
sions are  drawn,  so  far  as  possjble,  I'rom  the  period  of  their  best  estate ;  those  of  existing 
missions,  from  the  latest  acce.ssilile  reports  —  the  number  of  convert.s,  of  cour.se,  being 
aggregates.     In  both  sets  of  tables  the  mission.s  .still  in  exi.stence  are  italicized. 

In  addition  to  the  reports  and  publications  of  the  various  Societies  and  Boards 
referred  to  and  to  communications  from  their  Secretaries  —  to  whom,  in  a  majority  of 
cases,  the  statistics  and  data  have  been  forwarded  for  verification  —  the  following  have 


S  T  A  T  I  S  T  I  C  S ,    T  K  I  U  A  L    A  N  1 »    ( i  K  N  K  H  A  I, ,  7.^:1 

been  tlio  priiK-ipal  of  tin;  works  onsiiltc-.i  (tliu  prwi.c  rolbrenc...  t„  wl.idi  has.  in  tlu' 
case  of  the  v:xv\ivv  missions,  la-uii  -ivLM.  in  a  note,  wlicn  tho  Tact  (luotcd  mi-lit  easily 
escape  tlio  seiirch  of  an  invi-stigiitoi)  : 

Sniidi  iind  CIkiuIcm'  lli.tlnry  hI'  Mis>iniM  :   Ilovtoii,  1S;!2. 

J'Vs.scii(li.ii'.i  KiK^yclciiciliiK,!'  ItiliL-imis  Kiiowlnl-c  :   Uratllcboru',  1835. 

■     N<'wi ]l)'s  (')cliii.f.lhi  of  Mioiuii,^:   Vow  Viirk,  Isrij. 

Allun's  Ainiriiaii  Hid-rai.hi.Ml  Dictimiary :  ;i(l  .ditiori,  Uostdti,  Ih;,;. 

(T"  tl»;  "utlH.r  uf  which  uckiM.w L'ui.nu  .,huuld  ho  tunJo  for  valuable  .nanusoript  information  ) 

Histuiri' (jo  111  iViiipairiui' ijc  ,(.>iis:   I'uris,  jsj},  '' 

Lettri's  Kilifiimtcs  I't  Curicusc.-i :   |,yuiH,  |S1!(. 

Shra's  History  ijf  ('Mtholic  .Mis<i,,iis:  N'cw  Vcirk-,  I«'m. 

Dc  Sniet's  lli.-t(iry  i.f  ( >r,'i:.m  .Mi>si,iiis:  .Nuw  Vork,  IHl". 

Kckitidii  lie  la  Nduvcjlc  h'rariuc,  0  \,is.  :   J'ann,  llUT-lUa". 

Mathcr'.s  MuLMialia  :    llarlli.nl,  l^l•^>. 

.Mathii's  l,il',Mif  lOlicit;    liii-tijii,  Hilil. 

iMayhew's  liuliaii  <'(Piivri'ls  :    l.nmliiii,  iTl'T. 

Andci-sdii's  llislary  of  tho  ('(ilMiilal  Chm-oli:   l.niulun,  184,'). 

Stylf.s'  l,ifr(,f  liraiiicr.l :   linstuii,  |s|J. 

Wh,M.|M,.k's  Xarralivc  „f  tl„.  Indian  Charity  Sol,,,,,!  at  Lobannn,  Connocticut :  K.,.st,)n,  170;!. 

Wli,','l.„di'M  ('iiiitiiiiiations  ,.f  th,' .-iainc:   l!,,st„ii,  17t!ri  am!  1771. 

\Vh,.o|,„k's  Continuations  of  th.'  .suno.  an,l  at  llanovor,  Xrw  Hampshire:  lioston    177;i-]775 

Briot  -\arrativ,,,f  \VlK','lo,-k's  Indian  Char:,y.>^,di,jol;   London,  17(111. 

Lothroji's  Lit',.  ,,f  Kirklaml.—  . ■Sparks'  An,cri,'an  lti,,i.'niphy :   lt,,st„n.  1847 

Loski.'l's  llisi,,ry  ,,f  .Mi.ssi,,ns  of  tin;  I'liit,',!  iiivthrcn  :  l,,;ndon,  17114. 

N'ortli  .\ii„'rii'an  liniian.s  ami  l'"rii'nds  ;   Loii,li,ii,  Hif 

lio\v<l,.|i's  History  ,'f  Fri,'nds  in  Aiin'i-ii-a  :    Lomlon,  18,-)0. 

llarv.'y's  Hist,iryof  tin' ,><hawMc'i;  Indians:  Cin,'innati,  1855. 

I'nx'oudinKs  of  .luint  Coiniiittoo  of  r'ri.'nd.s.  r.-Iativo  to  the  Bvucax  Xation  :  Hnltimore   1847 

Lowne's  Manual  .if  ^li.s.sions  of  the  I're.sbyt.iian  Church  :  Now  York,  185,-,  ' 

Strickland's  ilist,iry  of  .Missions  of  fh,'  .Mctli,)di.st  Kpisi^opal  Churtd,  : 'cincinnati    1*51 


,||! 


m' 


t  'i 


m 


i  .\(lTi:S  'lu  ClllidNuMMlKAl,  TAIIIJ),  \n.  I, 

■ill  ihc  prnimiii'iit  mlxlHtm  to  tliu  Nurtli  Atni'iieiiii  liiirniiin,  lliii>o  ul'  llii'  Hi'AMail  KiiAN>'iiii'«Kit  witc  tliu  fiulicul, 

I    N'i'Xl,  nrw  ili.i"!'  of  tlic  KuKMii  mi-<li)tiiivi("'  ill  Ni'W  Fnuioo.  "f  wlimii  llii'  criMitcr  purl  iitiil  llio  iiiii«l  ill«tiii)riii»lipc| 

wi'i-o  .li:'<i  IT",  tliuii^li  "iiiiu'  wiTi>  Ili'iMlli'i'l"  |iM'  Iti'liii'iiii"!  Kniiii'i-iMiii«)  iiii'l  ii  I'cw,  ('ii|moliiii'<.      IIcIwim'ii  llii'  "Vi-tviiiii 

|iiir-iii'  I  liv  till'  .S|iiinii|i  iiii'l  Kri'iu'li  |irii'»l»  tliiTi'  with  iiiiirl>i''l  'lilli'ii'iioi'i.      tt'liili'  llii'  iiii--iMii»  u\'  llu'  Icriin'r  wi'ri' 

lii<li'|>i'ii<li'iil  of.  mill  "c'|iiinitc'.|  liv  vii-l  I'nti'iil'i  nl'  IciTilnry  rroiii  rm'li  ullii'r,  IIim.h  ul'  tin'  julli'i'  t'l.  w  llii'  mii'  "iit  ul'  llu' 

I  lliiT.  ii>,  iVniii  il»  lir-l  liMiilhij:  U|'Hii  III il  III'  Ai'iiilii,  -Ii'inlv  i'imi'|1Ii'«I    •prcihl  ►littl.v  "iir  tlii'  bIm.Ic  I'liijiiri'  ul' 

till'  V"i'lh  mil  Wi-i.      Wliilr  III.'  r.irim'i-  h.niulit  juiuliv  lu  cvmnti'li^i',  I"  civili/c,  iiii'l  to  iiiili.iii.:!iti'.  In  |ii.iiioiT»  lii'iiiK 
<'Hiii{iii<i'i|ii|'  Sjmiilsli  M'|i|ii'r»Mii<l  Mi'li/iiii<,  lii|.'i'llii'i'»illi  till'  |ii'ii'-l'<  iiikI.  wIumi  piurlii'iilili',  riiiiKliiiii  liiiliuii":  tin'  litllcr 
I'li'iililii'il  In  luliMiiT"  with  llic  li'il  !■«  Ill  wliuiii  iIh'^  iv.iri'  -I'til,  IT  li,v  mn  iiii'iiiis  llicy  iiii«lil  win  -iiiiic.     Ul'  tin'  liitli'r, 
•  liiiiill  I'Vi'i'  111'  inTxTVi'il  mill  li.ihuri'il  lln'  iiiiiin"<  ul'  llri'liriU'.  .luuiu'-,  l.iillciiimil.  Allniir*.  Miininclli',  llnniiT,  Miiii''>t 
I    luiil  Itiinic,     l>iiriii|{  till*  I'oliiiiiiil  |H'riiiil  ijiiclico  wm«,  iiikIi'I'  iiiillmrit.v  I'l'iiii  l{<iiiu',  tlii'  Ini^i'  nl'  lill  tlir  iiilrginiiiiry  <iIm>- 
rulimi"  iif  till'  .li'-iiilit  ^ilVl'  Ihii-i'  III'  I,iiiii«iiiiiii.     'I'lii'-i'  liiiliT  ili'|ii'iii|i'i|  ujinii  II  Sii|i('riiir  nt  Ni'W  Orli'niiM. 
■•'  '{'III'  .\lii'iuii|iiiK  iiiinniliuii-  III'  ITll'l  mi'l  I7J  I  «i'n'  I'mm  Miiiin'  In  I'liiiii  In  llii-l. 
^  Till'  ^^^-l*■l'tl  lliiriiii-  iiii^i-iiti-i|  ill  ITliJ  I'l-iiiii  r|i)ii'r  III  l.iiwi'i'  Miclii^iiii ;   in  ITi'il  (<>  I'Miin. 

*  Till'  lllliiWM"  III'  l.iiki'  Sii|ii'iiiir  inii:i'ilril  in  l><7l  lu  Miii'l.iii  iw. 

■''  Tlii-  Illii'^iiitl  nl'  till'  Ksiiumi  Kii^IAN  t',M'l|iil-U"  III  till'  rtiliilll:u'  IllilimiH  nwiul  its  OXi'tenci'  In  till'  eXITtinlli  nf  j 
Lnl'il   liiillilliiilc. 

•Till'  ini''«iiiii'<  ninri' nr  It'"  r.i«ti'ri"l  in  llmir  ciirlv  ilnv"  liy  Ilii'  SniiKr\  mil  nil  I'lml'Mi  M  mn  i>>' tiik.  liii»i'KL  in  ' 
Sl.w   r:.Mii.AM>  liii<l  lln'ii'  -I'Vi'iul   liii-ii«  |i|iliii'I_\  niihin  lliiil   Inritnn.   uinl   nvrv  i'»liilili-ln'i|  nilliiT  liy   iinlni'liiiiU 

tlimi  liy  till'  Cnciciy,  nl'  wliii'li  the'  I'nriiiiir  wci'i'  riilliiT  liciii'liiiimii'-  in  imrl  tliiin  i<|i|iiiinl(<('K.  ' 

<  Till' I'l'Miiirkiil'li' nii"iiin  In  till'   lii<liiiii«  ni'  Miii'lliu'<  Viiiyiinl  mil  Niiiilih'Uil  ».iii,  iliiiiii^  ii  |ii'i'in.|  nl'  IiiOmwii'.  j 

limnli'ililnnii  I'lMiii  llii'>nii,  ihi'niiL'li  tin'  I'ltlii'i'  mi<l  L'nin<l-'iM.  In  iIm'  til  III  '.'I'liinilinii  iiii'lii>ivi'  riniii  Tlinniiii  Miivlii'W,  M'. ,  I 
flrit  liiivi'nini' III'  till' rnnni'V  i-lmiil.     Ill'  tlir  iiriii\  Clni-limi  liii|i:iiii  »lin  a-«i-ti'i|  Ilii'   Miiylii'Wi  in  tli.'  niiiiii'ln-,  llio 

limiii'  nl'  IliiK'iiniiic"  HI  Ic  i«i  ?>liiiii]<l  111'  i-fiiii'iiilifri'<l.  I 

*  Till'  llllinl-s  nl' ll Iljin.li.lii'    Kliiit  "  « iTi.  ,-|iiiil  \    lii-liiHI'il   ll|'iill  till'   Nllifli    llnlillll-  nl'  Mll-MU'llll-l'llH  CiilnllJ  — llio     I 

piispi'l  Imvinir  I II  lir.-t  |iii',il'1ii'i|  in  lln  ni  wlnni'  tin'  lnvvn  nl    Niwlmi  nuw  >liiiii|-.     Ill'  llii.i  tiiln'  fuw,  if  iiiij',  rviniiiii  ]  , 

111  till'  j.n'-i'iil  liny.  I  ' 

"  riyniiiiilli  Cnlniiy  «ii«  tlin  lii'M  nf  llii'«i'  ili'Vnh'il  iiii>>iiiniii'ii"'  —  In  wlii'iii  i-lnnilil  In'  mlilcil  mniiii  iiU'iitinii  of  llii'  lli'v.  i  ■ 
.Ml'.  Titi'li,  Willi,  uImiiii  tliii  linii'.  lift  |iii'iu'lii"l  tin'  i.'n-|ii'l  to  tin'  MnliirniK  nf  ('nnin'Oliciit. 

'"  Till'  iiii>-inn  tn  tin'   l|iiii>iitiiiiiiiili  nr  Slnrklii-i'lui'  lii'liiini  an  thry  iiri'  imw  (innnUly  I'liili'il.  Iiiii  imt   Ihii'm  iilmii-  , 

ilniii'il;   lull  iilli'i'  tlir   I'l'iimviil  nf  IMwmili  wai  rniiliiiiii'il  liy  llic  ili'si'i'inlmili  of  tlii'ir  lii>t  inis-iniriiy.  .Si'i'iirmil,  in  ■. 
Ni'W  .'<iiii'lil)i'i'l(;i',  .N.  V.   uiilil  iiliniil   ].'»',"*,  wimn   llii'  ii-ilii'  iiiiinnili'il   In  tin'  iii'liililinrliunil  nf   I.ulii'  W  iiiiiiljiii;",   in 

Wi«i'nii.in.    I'i'iT.  until  iMIf*.  Ihi'v  r i\('i|  iiliMiiiinn  fi'inii  tin'  Aiiii'iiiMii  llnanl.    Tlii'y  hit  imw  iimli'r  Ilic  I'liiv  nf  lliu  '  | 

.\li.tlin,li>|-.                                       ■  • 

"  Till' ."i^i'iiirr. mil    iiii    riniim,  viinv  .n    ini   iIi.-m  i,  i.n  I'iiiiiha   I'mith  Im-.  hilli  in  tin' In^t  i:i'iitiiry  nml  in  liiln 

yen-".  |itiii|  iimro  utii'iiiinii  i.i  |:iij;li~!i  iMilnuisn  llimi  In  niitivi' iiii'"ii)ii>:  mnl  nliiil  /nu  lii'iiiiilnno  fnr  ilif  liuliiiiis  iiinli'i'  l 

ill  miKiiiui'-.  Iiiis  niri'ly  iifi'ii  ili-liii;;iii,-lii'i|  in  lln'  i'i'|inii"  of  llii'  Sm'ii'ly  linin  ilm  rcMilta  uf  cnloiiiiil  mis^inns.     Still  '  I 

tliiTi'  lini  lii'i'ii  iiinrtliinir  iilti'in|iti'<l.     lii<limi  wiir-  iilniic  ful  .-Imrt  ii  nii^^imi  In  tlu'  Vi'iiniKKccs  nf  Sniilli  ('urnlinn,  '  I 

wliicli  wii'i  ii|i|iniiiti"l  ill  17II-:   nil  Imlimi  si'imnl,  ('nnlainiiiK  at  min  liiiir  «i'Vi'iily-tliri'i'  iicliolm-.s,  was  i^lalili'lu''!  fi'niii  |  j 

I7lii-I71>*,  ill  \'iii;iiiiii :   aii<l  a  -y-lnniatii'  i  Hurt  \vn^  iiiinli'  Ky  a  fiin inn  t>i'  ini-^innarir"  frniii  17ii|  In  tin-  War  nf  i 

till'  Ki'vnlnti tni'vaii^ii'li/i'  till'  .Mnhawlis  In  wliii'li  tiilic  Iliu  alti'iitinii  nf  tlii'i  Sni'ii'ty  i-  iinw  iliri'i'ti'il  in  Caiiiiilii  \Vi'»l.  i 

'•Tin'  llllN.  ."inrlKIY  IX  .''iiiri.AMi  lull  I II  i:  I'lliiI'MIA  Tlil.N  IlK  ClIlllSI  IAN  KmiWI.I.Im.I:,  liki'  till'  la»l  llU'lltinlli'il  IllU  ! 
oil!',  iliij  IIIIIIV.   llll'nllj;ll  in  rnlllllli'"'inlll<l'^  ill  till'  rnlnnil'i,   to  IK'/,  tliall  In  i'»'nt/l»/l  llli--inni  In  tin'    lll'liall-.  | 

'■'  Till"  lii'ii'f  lalior;*  nf  Itraitii'i-il.  Iir>l  at  K'liinaniiii'i'k  iii-ar  .Mlimiy.  aii'l  llii-n  in  Nrw  .li'i>i'y  ami  I'l'iin-ylvaiiiii  iipar  I 
tliL'  ^'n^k^  uf  till'  |ii'la»:ii'i'  aii.l  mi  lln'  .•<ii-.|iii.li mna.  wniv  full  nf  iciill.  tliiiii(ili  tlii'ii-  lii.-tmy  ii  liani'ii  nf  Mlali"lio.».  | 
Tlii'y  wi'i'c,  atli'f  llii  ijcalli,  I'niitiniin.l  liy  liii  lirntln-i-.  .Inliii  liniiniT.I  mul  liy  Win.  'fiiinciit.  i 

"  Till'  -yitcni  nf  lif.  Wlui'l.n'k  wa-  In  I'lliiiviti'  lii<liaii  miil  Hhiln  yn.iilii  Inp'tlui.  ai.l  In  >fiiil  thi'in  ntV  in  luiiri.  one 
of  I'aoh,  In  i-laMi-h  iclinnU  ami  In  prKU'li  iiiiniii-'  tlin  Iriln-  nf  Ni'w  ^  nrk  iiiiij  IVnii-ylvania.  Tin'  i-i'lionl  at  l.i'l.annn 
wai.  tliei-i'fnri'  a  nnriiial  iii^tiititinii.  latliiT  llijiii  a  nii^'-inii  in  ilu'lf ;  iiinl  mk-1i  "  .Mnm-'s  I'harity  Sclninl,"  in 
t"'lalili>lii'i|  ill  i-nniii'i'tiiiii  with  Ii.niiiinnlli  r.lli".'".  wa-.  aipl.  in  Ilii'iiry,  ilill  i.'<.  .\iiinn);  hr.  Wlnu'lm-k'.i  |iii|iils  at 
I.i'liannii  wi'fi'  1)1'.  .Simiii'l  Kirklan'l  ami  .'<aiii-nn  iir.-iiin.  llm  lir-t  liiiliiin  wlm  i'mt  [ircai'lii'il  in  llnirlaml.  Tin'  ci'li'- 
lil'nlcil  Hrani  win  aim  nf  ihi'  nuiiiliii'. 

'"'  Hr.  KirklamI  «a-  ri'i'nL'niii"!  as  n  inisiiniiary  nf  Ilic  |iri'sriil  •■•niirty  imiil  tlii<  yrar  17'.i7,  fmni  wliii'li  tinii'  In  liis 
(Icalli  lio  ri'prc«i'iili'i|  llin  llnitnn  "Sncii'ty  fnr  tin'  l'i'n|ia;.'atiiin  nf  ihi'iiuspi'l  iuiinn|:tiir  Imliainnf  Nnrtli  .\iiii'rii:i,  "y.  v. 

'''  "  Till'  Ciltiirii  nr  riii:  I Mrrn  IliiKriiiirN iinmiiily  i::illi'  I  Miira\ian.  Inn  In'i'ii  a  inininiiary  I'liiiich  ."ineL'  17:i-'; 

till'  ilirnctiiin  nf  ill  inisiiniiary  nporalinni  lining  in  llw  liaml"  of  Cinint  /in/.i'iii|in'r,  until  lii"  ili'iilli  in  IT'ilk  Tlip 
jii'iii'ial  iliri'i'tnryof  llio  I'liiircli.  nr  I'liily's  KMi'i-.-'  rnnl'i'ri.'ni'i'  ( lli'rtlii'lulnrl',  iii'iir  lli'rnnliut.  SaMuiy ',  ii  ilivi'lcil  intn 
ii'vi'i-al  ili'partnn'iili,  nf  niic  nf  wliicli.  tlm  .Mii-imi  lli'partnioiil,  tin'  rrnvinnial  KHi'r-'  (lli'Ipi'ii'l  Cniifirnnci's  at  .■<  ilfiii, 
N.  I'.,  uiii|  licllili'Iii'iii.  I'a..  ail  a--  a^rdils  I'm-  .Nnrlli  Ann'rica;  tlin  fiiml-  fnr  llicii'  .Nnrtli  Ann'ricaii  nuiiiuus  lifiii;;  pm- 
viik'il  priiii'i|i:illyliy  tlin  '.^niirly  nf  llin  L'niln.l  I'.ri'lliri'ii  fnr  I'mpapiliiiK  tliotimpul  ainiini,'  llii'  lli'.ithnn,'  liotli'.i-Iifin, 
Pn.,  iintitnlC'l  I  7>'7. 

"Till'  ini-iinii  nf  tlii,  Chiiri'Ii  ■ininni;  tin'  .Nnrlii  .\iinTii  an  Imliun  liai  I'vi'r  in'i'ii  a  iiii|;iilaiiy  nii|.'rating  niu'  (nwiii(j 
to  tlie  ilistiirliain-01  nf  wari.  ami  tn  tin'  ciicrnai'liiiii'iiti  nf  ilm  wlnli'i).  ai  will  a|ipi'ar  I'mni  tin'  riironulocienl  Table, 
Tlio  iiiission.'irici  usually  ai'i'nnipaiiii'il  their  ininratiiii;  I'nnjrri'fMitinin." — C'tniiituniritlion  frnin  the  Sfcretnn/. 


J 


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k. 


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l  A  W  \.  \]     I 

(  II  II  0  .\  0  I,  0  i;  1  ('  \  I,    SI   M  M 

MISSIONS     OF     o  i;  (.  A  .\   I  /  A  T  I  O  \  S     K  s  T  A  I!  I.  I  -  II  K 


■r..:  \  \  1  /  \  1  !<•  \  , 


I'r^riiii  >f\T 


I. '  \:irr  .  n  TMr.e, 


^1    n    ^i    ;    ;?    .^    ;i    ? 


V:i'ri  I..  Mi.-i  ■:>    . 


\  111  .■  11.1,1  .(?.,  r    '.:'.'. 


AVn;*;-!*  ^lis*iiii 


Ilup  n    .  r  n  v,,i,  1  1     Mif 


IrO"4u.  i»  MiMloa 


0:tiw.t  >I.»»i  ti 


«n  I.  MI'S  1  \iu  l:  i  :\  MitjLi\:» 


r:li  r«5r.  ..t;ii-.  i;  ,rri  !■,  \   l;^.■_,^;■ 

ll.<.   \!»ir.,-»    J  ,:;,,  ,  i 
J    l.n    I    .    ;' 

■Ti.o  Ci',  1.' 
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Missions  of  or(j  AxNmzations  kstablisii  hd  during   the   national   era 


0  R  0  A  N  r  Z  A  r  I  0  N  . 


Central  Pe.it, 


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Z.  ^layln-w,  liiijUis  it- 

Ttip  SiTiji'iints 

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I'htnvas  Fish.... 


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Locality  or.  Tjiinr. 


The  SociETt  OF  FniKvr* .-      

Vtvirly  Mfi'tinsof  I'liiljiairlpliiii IMriUDririiu... 


Yi-nrly  Mi'ffin^'  of  n^iltimnri' 

Yearly  >U'fiin;;a  of  llnltimort', 

Ohi" 

aiul  Indiana  . 


H\l,TIM(ir.E 

I'.M.TIMOItE  ..- , 


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.'^UniJiii'l'-'f  Itutiuiifi,  Mji>><!irliii--n-^  nii.l  N.Vnrk. 

Onc-jihiii  in  New  Yorli 

'•  in  Wi.Ton.-in 

At  >r!irsiipi'c.  Ma"«nlni<i;tt<i 

o,i;ii,l'ii/iis  in  yfiit  yui/,- 

St.  li'r^is,  in  .\\.ri:,-<iu<tern  S^\iv  VorL 

f'aitijhitawjij-ji  ill  Canuila  ImsI 


y    Oiifiiliis  ill  New  YoiU 

i     Sn,-:  IS   I'll    \rw    ]'•').'.- 

"^       Wynn-intH  atul   Urliiwan-i  in    Iii'iiana,, 
fliiHMi.'<-^  in  01. io 


Yearly  Mfotin;:  of  NVw  Yurk New  York 


Yearly  Mwling  of  Now  Kn-Ianl I'rovipevck 


■■"■'       ■  Lt'Mi-lnii   (n>litii)f< 

S'l'inii,.^-  i,i  }\iui.iiis 

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'■•ROTESTANT  EPlSrOPKL  rriURCIl  OF   U.  S,, 

Dicict'.>if  of  Now  Yr)rk,, 

Norlli-wi'st  lUiirt'.'.u 


Dtoccso  of  .^lidii^an 

AMm.  Board  of  Commissiovkks  for  K'ir.  ^lissioNs.      lt"ST<>\'., 


HikLIi^ 

(hifi.htf  (it  li>(.:'.-  iWfh.  M;f-ii.iin 

^Ii'iminf'noi's  nt  ('trciMi  Itny,  ^Vis^^^n•■i^ 

Oj'hirnf  in  M.inie^'.fit 


I  h-T'k«^-*  ill  TfMii.,  'ii'i^r^ia  aH'l  A\ili:irn!! 

''/ur-'.rf-t  in  Iniiian   Ttrrifhnj 

("h^i'taws  in  Mis.-'iN'ii'pi 

flt'-f-iics  in   huii'Mi  '!■  rri' ■•'•;/  

c'tluwufl  In  Ohio 

'Isaies  in  ArUiuisa-  an^t  >lis-.mn 

Ojibwas  al  Sault  :^U:  yiuvw 


J.    Inyiunis  in   II..-?../?  y.  y  r!:.  ^    ■■"'''•'■' 


("■lii.'ka.=nw«  in  Mis.-i'-ipj.j.,. 
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lijil.HUis  on  /.((,'.(-  Siii--rii':. 

p.ffi-taJis  in  ,V(')(ii< ."..'» 

Mfn-t'iuis  in  C<im"(a  !'■.-(... 

['awnci'S  in  N(.-i.ra-Ua 

I'rciioii  Tribe? 


AMERirw  Baptist  Missionart  Union Ro,«T''*n.. 


M.SSIONART  SOO,  OF  THE   METtl.  Kl'l!»    Pinurn '    Nl.W    Y-)I1K  j    ISlll 


ISl'O 


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I'titLiwattoinicH  in  Tii'ljnna 

in  MiMiiijan 

,  Ottnwn.'f  in  Michi^nn 

/'(/'jiivKY.s  ami  Or'.iwi.i  in  Kansi 
Wyaml.Us  at  ?;inilusky,  0!ii.> 

'  I  liD.'laws  nml  Clii.-kasaw? 

lri"iu<.iis  in  .New  Yi)ik 

Crifk.-J  in  Ucur^-ia , 

^^Iiiiwnec-;... 

OJiOtcas  lit  SliuU  .S;v.  ^V-rnc 


Wyandnt.s  in  ('iiin 

^ylJalld'lts  in  K  in.-"is 

Moiiawks  in  Canaiiii  \\i'.-t 

Om-iilas,  Onimihiijas  ami  .<nccui  in  X.  I'dW,.. 

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("lu'rokoi'n  in  InUitin  Territory 


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if; 


:t5: 


:  -  5  r  =  ^  i 


:||f=| 


t  ;£- 


IMiil^M 


(7:W) 


! 


1 


■'         i 

,;:    j 

^:      •  i 

i 


if] 


!i 


740 


TAIUJ-:   V. 

HTATIHTFCS  OF  MOUAVIAN.  Olt  I'MTKl)  HIM-TnKKXS  ('irriMH.   IMA.'.. 


Ceiimlry. 


Amkhk-a 

(!iH;.\r  HiHiAiN  AMI  IriKi.ANr)  

<'nM'lNi-:M'  or  Ki  111  .■y,  - 

<i.'nii;iiiy,  l»i'iiin:ii|.     Il(ill;in.|,  (ind  lliiH-iiii 


Tutnlit . 


.'H>AKDINv:  •^rilOubS, 


roimiry. 


Am  mill  A 

I  ]    (illKM'    UkIIAIN    am.    IllKI.AMl 
CoNTINKNI'   


TuMis 


8rbivili, 

14 

4« 


Ti'wlnri. 


I'lll'IN. 


tt'-'      i        s;iM 
L"JO       I        IJIMI 

.'157     '      :.';t,ss 


MISSIONS. 


C'nuntry. 


flllKKM.AM)      

I.AIlll  AlMill    

I.MilANS    

Sr.  Thomas  (_\V.  I.) 

Sr.  t'lmix, 

.St.  .liA.N,  " 

.IVMAICA, 

Amkii  A, 

Sr    Kins,  " 

Hauiiadiiks,        " 

'I'nltAlid,                    " 
('HMItAI      \  MKllICA    .. 
Si  UINAM    

S    A    III. -A  

Al  .-iHAI.IA  

MliNdlil.lA .... 


'I\.ta 


Add  Hoiiic  ('onj;ri'i;iili(jiis 

Total  mombt^a  ut'  Mdraviiiii  Cluircli 


4 
4 
4 
:i 

.1 
»> 

la 

4 
4 

I 

s 
s 
1 
I 

II!) 


MlMlomtlra. 

C.interU. 

•J-J 

-MM!) 

:!l 

l.oll-J 

1" 

(i 

-.'-"" 

l:t 

."l.Mtl 

♦i 

l.il.Vs 

;i4 

li'.7ii4 

-'4 

M.ii'7 

X 

.UiiJ 

10 

••iviJM 

11 

2,11:7 

r.i  i 

:.*(i.r>(;7 

.■.1 
:i 

li.lKiT 

7 1. 0)12 

:;o,54r> 
774T)'" 


STATISTICS,    TIUIJAL   AND    (lENEllAL. 


CUAPTKH    V 


STATISTICS     OF     HISTORY. 


A    ('llItoNOl.dC.U'AI,    TaIU.K    DK    KVKNTS    in    TIIK    lllJ<T()l(V    (IK   TlIK    NdUllI    A.MKItlCA.N    l.NLUANS. 


A.  I>.  lis".   AiT'iiiliiij;  to  Alva,  the  Toltoes  reach  IIuilmi'tlaliKillaii,  in  .Mexico. 
4!is.  Tiu  V  luuiiil  Tula, 
.'illi.   'I'liey  lieL'iii  tlieir  niniiareliv. 
^'>K  Tlie  riiriie  Islaiiils  are  kiinwn  and  visited  aliii\it  this  time  hy  the  Northincn.nnd  by  the  CAt»  from 

the  coa-sts  of  leehind  and  the  liritisli  irrim|i. 
ST^i.   T!ie  natives  uf  Iceland  discovered  hy  Xaddiid,  of  Norway,  who,  in  an  attempt  to  reacli  the  I'iiroe 

Islands,  is  driven  un  the  coast  hy  stiirnis. 
053.  The  Toltec  monarchy  end-  in  Mexico. 
!t(i:l.  Tlu'  ('liicheme<-.s  and  Aci'llmans,  or  Tezcocans,  occujiy  the  Valley  of  .Mexico;  and  XolotI,  tlieir  first 

kiriir,  hcjrins  his  rei,L'n. 
'.I^;i.   (ireenland  is  first  settled  hy  the  NortlinicM,  Mnd<'r  Inirulf;   liuvinj;  been  .seen  by  their  bold  navi- 

L'alors,  and  recniiniscd,  a  centnry  hi'lnrc 
9S0.  Lcif   Krickson  descries  parts  of  tin'  Xorth  ,\mericaii  coiLsl,  lieinLT  driv<  n  this  year  from  off  the 


eenhnid  enast  tnwails  the  Siiuth  ;  but  he  dues  not  lanil. 


1000. 


idii 


candmavian  .M'.'rica  i~  iliscuverei 


land.     lie  lands 


1  hy  Lief,  tin 
Ml   siinie  imrt   alnnir  the  cna 


Eric  the  Keil,  in  a 


vovaL'e  from  (Ireeu- 


st,  between  Ndva  ."^rvitia  a  vl  .^IassaellUs^■tts,  and 


n 


.•iche.«  to  about  latitude  II  '  .'10'  .N'nrth.      The  cuuntrv  is  named  \'iidand. 


lOlfJ.   The    I'!si|uiuiaux  are  almut   this  uuw  supposecl   to  (iccu)iy  the  Vinlaud  coasts.      They  are  called 


-  r  ellin;:s.  ii 


r  Ihvarfs.  but  are  described  as  fierce  anil  ( 


onrauciius. 


ll'Jil.    Kric  I  psi  undertakes  a  Christian   niissiim  from  (ireenland  to  Vinlaiul.      Iluitramannaland  (\'ir 


.)  is,  at  this  jii'riod.  rcporti'd  to  have  a  t'cltie  element  of  popuhitii 


lino.   The  Aztecs  leave  Aztalan. 
I'JOII.   A\'eleh  tradition  afhrnis  that 


a  ciilony 


if    liritons.  led  liy   I 


ly  I  rmce  .'laili 


.Made 


■iailed  west  to  .\i 


llJIti.    The  'i'oltecs  arrive  in  the  N'alley  of  .Alrxico. 

I.'iJt.    The  foundation  of  the  Indian  city  of  .Mcxii-o,  or  Teliuchlitlan,  is  laid. 

loTo.   Aeam.ajiichtoi   elected  kiuL' 1st  Kil 


I :!!•»;.    lluitzilihuitl  succeeds 
HIT.   Chinii 


Ipo] 


lalpoiiocii 


I4i;T.    Yleoatl  

1440.   Montezuma  I. 


■><\ 

,  .-id 
4th 
ath 
tith 


14ll!l.    Aeayacatl    

14S2.   Tiziic Ttl 


I  til 


14H0.   Ahuitziil  Sth 


between  the  rise  of  the  Tollrc  and  .\ztec  monarch 


the  di-eoverv  of  .Vnu'rica,  the  Missi> 


sip)ii  vallry  is  supposed  to  have  been  iiecu|iiei 
on  destructive  wars  airainst  each  other. 


I  by  numerous  active,  warlike  tribes,  who  carried 


STATISTICS.    TklHAI,    AND    (iKNK 


RAI, 


A.  I)   Ititi'.  Si.  I). 


niiii'.'.i,   ni-    ||:,Mi,   ih,.  (';„-iKs  anil    llir  ('anl,!,,'!!!.    I>l;ii„|s 


XT  Il-'tli,  ().  S.  ),  after  li; 


(Octol 

t'l'Dlii  thu  study  (,!'  tlic  isv 


llitT.   Calidt  ilisL'i,vfr.-i  tlio  Alniiiii|iiiii  nniiilirs  (,f  the  \urtli  A 


iii:  cuiili(K'ntly  prodictod   tliu  .■.xi.stt'Mw  of  land 
|ili>  and  liydroj;ra|]|iy  (,f  tl.o  Lrluljf. 


ari'   discuvfivd    )iv   ('uUiiidnis 


111  tills  (|iiartiT 


tliiis   lays   tli(5  cl.iiiu  i.f  Kn-laiid  In  tin 
li:id  ail  iiiliii-vii'W  willi  llic  Indi.in^ 


iiii-'ncMii  cuast,  from  J,at.  .OtW  Id  :U\\  and 
iitry.      Ho  landed  at  Xuwfoundlaud,  nanied   it,  and 


l.'«IM(.   Atutiir 
I.'>IIL'.    .M„nt 


Ml  is  siipjiusi'd  lu  rule  I  lie  Ir, 


|ii(iis  at  this  ]ieriiM.|. 


lulL'.    I'diico  du  L( 


eziinia  II.  sueeced-  to  tin.  head  of  llie  .M.xiean  hid 


(iiilf  lif  Mexi, 


lands  in    i'lnrida,  and  liestmvs  tlii 


laii  eiii|iire. 


name  on  all   .Noith  .\ 


nieriea,   noiih    of   liie 


1^)17.   Ciirdn 


a  di.sciivers  Vuealan  and  the  Viieata 


ITilS.   (irizalha  l;inds  on  the  Mexiean  euasts 

Ahout  this  perind,  Vas,|ue/.  D'Allyon  lands  on  llie  Atkntie  coast  of  ( 


with  the  eoinmissi(m  of  Atalantado  —  trathes  with  the  CI 


Combal 


lee  river,  who,  in  return  for  former  ti-e.-ielh 


ina.ssaero  his  erew,  and  I 


15I1I.   .M 


10  is  drivi'ii,  mortally  woiu 


ucora,  now  Soutli  Carolina 

iii''ira  Indians,   at    the    nioiuh    of   ih, 

■ries  ill  earryin-  ,,IV  the  natives  to  St..  Unmin-o 


e,\ieo  is  invaded  liy  Cortez,  who  defeats  tl; 


iMleil,  on  hoard  his  vi 


.\|e.\ieo,  wheiiee    he    is   eventiia 


lb- 
le  n.ativ.'S   in    .very  eiieniinter.  and  eiil,.rs  || 


seacoa.st,  where  Narvii 


r.\pelled.  after  desperate   li-hliliir,  and    hastens   1 


l;")2(l.   Cortez  defeats   \ 


z  IS  sent  from  Cnhu  with 


irvaez,  founds  \'er,i  C 


nil  army  to  arrest  him 


eiiter.s  liy  razing-  tlio  bii 


iriL'O.   Mont, 
1  ;■)■-' J.   V 
ITiiis,   !• 


lie  adv 


:ind   re-appe:,rs   1„,|;„.,,   ,h,.  ,.i,v  „(•  y^ 


le  iltv  ol 


n^   liaelc    to   the 


.\ieo,  whii-li   111 


ziiiiia  is  killed  liy  a  dart,  and  the  eitv  falls 


errazani  visits  the  liarlior  of  New  Vork,  and  is  visile. 
iim|iliilio  de  .Varvaez  lamls  in   Morida  with 


Al- 


ehi.-ins,  and  snifers  fn.in  warn  ,,f 


an  .■iriiiy.  where  he  is  lier,H'l 


I'hieola,  and  pmee 
The  niothev  of  llirr 


lirovisions.      II 


y  resisted  liv  the  Aiipala 


west  alone;  the  (Inlf 


e  eonstrnets  hoats   at   the 


eoast^,  wheiiee  ho  is  d 


mouth  of  the  .\p,-ila- 


ir);i4.   ('.artier  d 

wards 

lo.S;').   Cartier  ili: 

1:V!T.   Cali.i  de  V 


iliai;ua  Is  torn  to  ))ieees.  in  l-'lorida,  hv  SpanisI 


riven  to  se;i,  and  lost. 


iseovers  the   St.  Lawivnee,  where   he   holds   int 
on  aseendiiiL'  the  river,  with  the  \\" 


11  III IlioumI 


yan.loi.  or  Huron  tr 


erviews  with    the  Wn 
III 


ini|uins,  ■■ind  .afl.  r- 


rilie  ol    il 


loelielaea,  oi 


.'\Ioiitreal.  and  Camid.-i 


lro.|iii.is. 


lea,  who   had   eseajied  with   three   iiiiMi  from  the  wreck  of  the  h, 


nine  years    waiiileriiiL:s  JiinonL'  the  Indian  tril 


:its  of  .\ar 


vaez.  alter 


ITi.'tS.    I'erdinand  de  Soto,  who  h.ad  d 


les,  roaehos  Compostella,  on  the  C 


IstiiiL'ilished    himself  in    tl 


irido  coast. 


the  w.irs    ,f  tin 


with  a  well-appointed   army,  in    Klorida.      With   extraoidinarv  fo 


I'inest  of   I'eru.  lamN. 


wliiel 


eh   comprises   the   present   States  of    !•' 


,v  lortiludc,  he    ir.iverses   tl 


lorida,  (leoi-iria,  Alahi 


sissippi,  lieiiiu;  oppo.sed,  with 
widl  liiirli  defeat  liini,  at  .Ma 


li.y  tho  Choetaw.s  and  their  eolifederat 


e  vast 
ima,   Louisiana,  and    .\|is- 


os,  who  allaek,  and 


lillii,  at  .Camilla. 
I ;');)!>.   Tuscaloosa  perishes  in  the  I'ontlai^ralion  of  Maiivilla. 

154(1,    Kranecsco  Vas,,uez  Col ado  is  placed  liy  .Memloza  in  eomniaml  of  an  armv,  for  ,l,e  iliscoverv  and 

eoii,|„est  ot    the  country  since  called    .\ew  .Mexico,   l,y  which   our   knowledge   of  the    Ind'iui 
tribes  111  that  (juarter  is  much  I'.xtciidcd. 
Do  Sot.,  .liseovers  the   Mississippi    Kiver,  on   its  left  banks,  in   the  countrv  of  tho  Chickisaws 
witliiii  the  present  boundaries  of  tlii'  State  of  Tennessee.  "  "      ' 

IMl.    J)e  Soto  dies  at   the   nth  of  the  Arkansas  Uiver,  and  his  bodv,  ent.imbed  in  a  tree    is  sunk  in 

the  .Mississippi.  '    ■    ■  '" 

1542,   The  expedition  of  Coronndo,  and  his  compeers,  returns,  and  abandons  the  eoinitry 

The  expeditmn  of  Do  Soto  terminates,  having-  sull'cred  by  hardship,  disease,  and  death-   th, n, 

Miander  himsolt  having'  fallen  a  victim  to  his  intrepidity;  the  survivors  de.Mvnd  th,.  Mi.sissi,,,,; 
in  boats,  ami  ri'Mch  Tanipieo.  '  'I 

15.12.    liibault  enters  tli,.  St,  ..ohn's  Itiver,  in  n.,rida  ;  then  sails  t.,,  ami  enters  IVrt  Ib.val,  ami  builds 

i-ort  (  harles,  at  ..r  near  JJcanfort,  S..uth  Carolina. 
15(i4,   Laudonniero  visits  the  Hivor  St.  .lolin's,  h'l.iri.la,  and  erects  h'ort  Car.ilino. 
St,  .\u'j:ustine  founded. 


rM 


STATlSTICiS,    TRIBAL    AND    GENERAL. 


A.  D.  lolij. 

I.j(i7. 
las:;. 

U!07. 
KidO. 


1010. 
1018. 
1020. 


1022. 

1027. 
1630. 

1631. 


.\diniral  Coliiiny  resumes  the  settleinciit  of  I'lurid.i  by  1'nitest.Tiit.s.     SccdiuI  V(iyai;o  dt'  Uibault ; 

lii.s  capture  by  .Melendez,  under  a  false  puLsc,  and  tlie  treaclu;rou.s  nwussaorc  of  Uibault  and  lii.s  iiieii. 
(_ruurj;ue.s  reveiii:e.'<  the  outraf^cs  perpetrated  by  Melendez. 
Indians  are  Iddiiajjiied  un  the  New  Ivigland  eoast.s. 
VirL'inia  is  discuvered,  and  named.     Tlie  enast  is  oeeupied  by  Algonquin  tribes,  under  tlio  rule 

(if  I'owliatJin. 
The  colony  uf  Virpnia  is  founded  in  the  midst  of  tlie  Powhatanic  tribes. 
Hudson  enters  the  Bay  of  Now  i'ork,  where  he  holds  intcreourse  with  the  Mohican  family  of  the 

Al^'oni|uins.     lie  discovers  it  to  be  the  rece])tacle  of  a  large  river,  which  he  ascends  to  the  boun- 
daries of  the  Iro(|Uois  at  Albany 
Pocahontas  dies  in  Kugland. 
Powhatan  dies. 
Enirlish  ships,  freii:hted  with  emifirants  fleeinir  from  ecclesiastical  tymnny,  land  in  ^lassachusefts 

hay,  and  tind  tlu'  co.'ists  occupied  by  Alsronquin  tribes,  of  the  Mohican  sub-type.     They  are  under 

the  rule  of  Massasoit. 
The  Indians  of  A'irL'inia,  under  OpcchanuanoHLrh,  rL^^e,  by  preconcert,  ajrainst  the  colonists,  and 

commit  an  ap]inllinir  massacre. 
The  Maine  and  New  Hampshire  coasts  are  visited,  and  found  to  be  occupied  by  .\h,ron(|uins, 
Tammany,  or  Tamenund,  is  supposed  to  nile  the  Ijonno  Lenapees,  from  the  Delaware  Hiver  to 

Slanhattan  Island, 
Maryland  is  colonized  in  the  territorial  dominions  of  the  Siwquehannocks  and  Nanticokes. 


i  i| 


INDEX 


VOLUME    SIXTH 


AniNAKi  tribes,  173 

Able  anil  omnprchonsivo  rfpnrt  iti  IS.'?!,  437 

Aboi-itrinal  rcTiKiins  (if  art  and  labor,  592 

Al«iri;;iiial  t!imi;;lits  on  ^onl(>;rv,  :)8J 

Ab(iri;inal  triij's  feiM  tlioir  power,  191 

Abin-Ijrines  of  Chesapeake  bav,  1:28 

Alisur.lities  preforretl,  Oi'i 

Aecomae,  101 

Aceount  of  Slonx  anJ  Chippewa  wars,  387 

Acfpiinoshioni,  HS 

Aet  for  eolonizin;:,   lot 

Aetion  of  Turner's  Falli,  ISO 

Ant  of  Inilian  siibtloty,  ;!01 

Aet  orinlmman  torture,  lit 

Aet  of  personal  perliilv,  .Vll 

Ailams,  presi(h'ney  of,  bei^ins,  41S 

Address  of  L"onp;ress  to  the  Six  Nations,  293 

Administration  of  Washington  beiina,  329 

Advanced  eonditinn  of  the  tribes,  517 

Ailverse  inlliienees  to  bo  cneoiiiuered,  551 

A;;e  of  minuuls,  A-e.,  000 

Ajrrienltnral  state  of  the  Ohnetaws,  520 

A  horse  for  a  doetor's  fee,  050 

Albionensis.  eomments  on,  by  Dr.  Johnson,  510 

A  learneil  Indian,  oi.)7 

A  lej;al  distinction  made  liy  nn  Indian,  133 

Alponrpiins,  31,  iOi'i,  27 '> 

Allii^ator  Indians  attaekeil  hy  fienrj^ians,  359 

Altitudes  of  the  eountry,  by  Fremont,  519 

Amherst,  (len.,  2'iO,  2'i2 

A  missionary's  testimony,  517 

An  aseney  esfalilished  at  Sault  Ste,  Marie,  397 

Aneient  feud  in  the  I'erpiflt  tribe,  119 

Aneient  status,  570 

Vol..  VI.— 94 


Andastes  — their  history,  137 

Andrew  Lewis,  Gen.  —  battle,  200 

Annawon,  a  ehief,  171 

Antai;;oriism  ofljarbarism  and  elvilization,  507 

Antinuarian  remains  of  l>e  .Soto',s  expedition.  50 

Antirpiities  discovered  on  the  Con^'areo  river,  L-!2 

Antiipiities  west,  of  the  Alle^'hanies,  595 

Anti(piity  of  Chippewa  and  .Sioux  wars.  3S7 

Anti(|uily  of  opinion  cherished,  300 

Apaumut  on  civilization,  507 

Appalachians,  32,  -H,  27'i 

Applause,  niistakori  iina  of,  523 

Aiiunseojo  trii.e,  92 

Ar;ip-ihocs,  550 

.AndKColn^^y,  559 

Ardent  spirits  —  tlieir  polencv,  502 

Ar-unirnt    for    the    removal    of   tho    Indians    to    llio 

West,  .1:;  (,  J:;:,,  4:;; 
Arickareis,  .jm',.  5:,ii 
Armstnm^'s  <;allantry,  372 
Arthur  .'^t.  Clair,  is  eouiniisMiuied,  335 
Arts  of  the  Inilians  at  the  Discovery.  593 
Assarajoa,  22S 

Assassination  cf  Vir;;inia  farmers  ir.  1022,  135 
Assepnns.  2ii3 
Assinahoines,  4^0,  550 
Assouet  river,  inscription  at.  005 
I  Assumption  of  ri;:;ht  of  soveroiinty,  418 
Assurance  to  Cherokees  in  18U9,  -101 
Astor,  .Tohn  Jacob,  ;;9S 
Atwater,  theory  of,  Oiil 
Attasse.  battle  of,  307 

Average  number  of  children  to  an  Indian  family,  502 
Aztec  arms,  shield,  and  war-dres.s,  591 

^45) 


ii\ 


710 


INDEX, 


B. 


livroN,  l.onl.  anlir|iinri;in  romnrk,  014 
l!;inils  ri'innvi'.l  in  I8-I11.  rii)i\ 
I'.urlarisni  ami  civiiiziUidn,  505 
Itarbannis  tribes  trout,  -IS'.) 
r.arlioiir,  tronly  cif  l.><'jij,  419 
r.  Ill;  I'lt.'rs,  :\<'t 
K:inji\  il"  Cii^tino,  I'l") 
r.:i>lialiarv  ul'  I'oliani'kot.  l->0 
Iiaiiii'.'i'r,  liii'iit.,  iiKKsaori'  of.   170 
Uattl.'  of  Bl.i.aly  Itri.l^n,  llIT 
lialtlosuf  F.jinu'fau,  'rolicipckii,  f:r:.  .''OO 
liatllo  of  I.ak'-  (ii'rir;;o,  I2'J0 
liattlo  (if.Miiiiii«iiik,  I'.Oi) 
Hattlc  fif  Ti|ipi'i'an(io,  "<'<3 
J'.atil'M.ftlM'  Shotiieki't,  120 
liatllc  nn  llio  Mauniop,  :>10 

ii,..ir,.r,i,c-ii 

15"ntnn,  Tnl..  I'vijin  of  war.  -ITil 

lii'tala  iia|i_vrai'('a.  i'loo^rayiliio  nntps,  .387 

Hililo  roujiinleil  ai  n  talisman,  ."^7 

IJililo  teat'liiiif:'',  4(i  i 

l!lii-r,a]iliii'al  facts  ,.f  l!!a.'k  Hawk,  laO 

Bitli'r  frrliii:;  rf  trilios  oil   t!u'  uutbrrak   of  tlip  Ucvolii- 

tidii,  1!7'.* 
Blackfc'Ot.  .V.ll 
Ulackfc-.  Miiall-pox,  4Sf. 


Black  Hawk  war,  447 

lildOlls,  4,'-l) 

lilonily  liroiik  inassacri:"  in  \.  E.,  159 

lil.io.ly  liri.l.i:c,  Jlichifran,  :;5l.' 

Hoast.i  of  till'  wakaii-iiian,  0'i4 
I  liiiM  .syinliolic  lanfrnat^c  of  I'.intiac,  21.1 

limii'  lii'lians,  ',2iiii 
I  lii.iiiulary-liiic  tri'alic<>,  I'll 

r><iiiiliiiot,  assassination  of,  50(1 
'  ItoiiM.T  tribes,  504 
!   )!iiui|m>t.  Col.,  action  at  Drnsliy  Run,  250 

1!"W  ami  arrow  pliil.'soiiliy,  5ii7 
I   Dradstri'Ot,  Gen.,  252 

Urant,  liis  cliaractiT,  2S4 

Ijrant:'.  .Mayor'-  Mor.i-iramla,  577 
,  Jiravcry  an  oviriiiatcli  for  science  in  war,  ,370 
■  lirock  iiiv  '<ls  11,'troit,  .'150 

Tiroii/  \  aniif|iii'.  ili<covery  of,  010 

Divnzo  <aitlei-y  instruiin'nts,  009 

lirotliertoiis,  ;;24 

lirowii,  ('atli''rim',  50.1 
I  linisliy  lluii.  250 

ibi-'lianan.  aiiniiiii-.tration  of,  515 

IbitValo,  ea«t  oftlic  .Mississippi,  in  1S20,  .389 

liiiiisi'ii,  <;.  J.  .1..  2<il 

liiiriiin;^  rafts  omplovoil,  2  17 


c. 


Cab.\  de  'V'aoa,  5S 

Caliokia,  2V.i 

Cali'joa.  Missouri  iron  mine  roi;ion,  50 

Campaign  of  !?t.  Clair,  '.V.','i 

Canipai;;!!  of  Ulack  Hawk,  453 

Camp  Cliarlotte.  2i'.o 

Caiianila^iiia  Iri'iily  in  17'' 1,  ,'120 

Canonclii't,  bis  capture  ami  ileatli,  100 

Captivo  I'eipiots  ai,>tribiu.',|,  12:1 

Cajitiire  ami  'ieatli  "'' Itasjo,  175 

Capture  of  .'^liontoninio,  120 

Carib  inii^ic,  'M 

Caribi,  :iii 

Cariier  'li-covers  an<l  namr';  tlie  Sr.Tjawrenre  river,  55 

Ca^>,  lien.,  ;i>;t 

Cause  ofilecline  of  Clieyennes,  501 

Cause  of  tlie  lu'liaii  failure.  15.1 

Causes  of  Ji«cir'l,  .1511 

Cayu^ra  saebems  ceilc  tlieir  laniN,  .321 

Celt  an^l  Sa.Koii  element  of  Pennsylvania,  2.37 

Celtiberic  inscription,  sujr',;estion  of,  009 

Census  of  Inilians  in  10511,  27il 

t.'ensus  of  the  Clierokees  in  H115,  A<() 

•  'ensu.s  of  Sajrinaws  in  l^-lls.  411^ 

Cession  of  the  2.-l|li  of  .March.  ISIIO.  4fi4 


Cession.i  by  Iroquois  to  N'ew  York.  .32S 

Chaneo's  warniii;:,  99 

Clianp.'  of  resilience  iliscu^sod.  440 

Character  of  liraiit,  2^4 

Character  of  Sassaeii".  1 1 1 

Characteristic  term  for  In. ban  laii£;iiaws,  074 

Charles  Scott,  (ien.  —  expeilitioii.  ,'1111 

Cherished  opinions  of  the  ab.u-i;;ines,  1100 

Cherokee  war  in  1700,  2:is 

Clierokees  aj;ree  to  remove  themselves,  '192 

Clierokees,  jiresent  eonditiun  of,  522 

t-'herokees  treat  in  17>5,  1127 
\  Chesapeake  tribes  attack  the  Ilnjilish,  9i'> 

Chesajieakes,  primary  notice  of,  90 
,   Cheyennes,  550 
I  Chiapas,  5^2 

Cliicap)  nm=sacre,  .353 
I  Cliica5;o  treaty  of  1S2I,  .39,3 

Chickasaws  and  Cboctawa  unite,  politically,  4hl 

Cliickasaws,  present  state  of.  522 

Chicora  imliaiis.  :i2,  7,3 

Chicorii  tribes,  17',| 

Chinanlualgas,  020 

Cliip]iewa  and  Sioux  «nr,  ,387 

Cliipp,  'vas  nnd  Ottowas  pell  Michigan,  4G2 


I  NDEX. 


747 


I'liippewusof  Uppi'i-  .Mississippi,  482 

CliuL't.iws  luiil  t'liifliiisiiws  ti-LMt  ill  17,s."),  ;iJ,S 

C'lioctiiws,  pn',-.,.iu  Mate  »f,  o-2-2 

Cliristiaii  liiili^iis,  .VI;'. 

ChristiuM  pliiluiDphy  of  r.icjtvJ,  :,uA 


!l 


<'liriitiiiiiity  Iriuiiipli.iiit  in  four  uf  the  iari'o 


'j;cst  triljL's, 


<'il.(]!:i,  7il 

fiviliziitiuii  uftlic.  \.  I-;.  Iiiiliiius  (lisous^fil,  107 
t'liiiKit.',  i-oil,  ,ic.,  uflnili^iii  cmntry,  |-.;i'i 
<'liiu;iliL'  phi.Mujincna  of  Indian  turriti.rv,  >"il'J 
t'liiifli,  (iun.  — I<.ittle,   170 
Clinton,  (Il'ii.  J;iinos,  30'J 
Clintcin,  (ioiir;;.',  transmits  treatieyi,  .l-Jl 
t'loso  of  l-'ii'3t  l)oc;uIo  ot'ooKmizatiiin,  TiOii 
VotTi'c,  (m'ii.,  marolics  iigiiinst  Crocks,  'Mu 
Culij;ni  plans  tlio  settlement  ol'  Flnriila,  72 
Coli.L;(]:i  —  utmost  nurlli  point  of  De  Solo,  002 
Colonization,  iilaii  of,  -loij 
Colonists  who  lied  to  Croatan,  '.).! 
Comanehes  lirst  nc;;otiati',  10 1 
Confwloraeyof  I'liilip,  151 
Coiij;ress  iiutliorizes  eulonizuti.m,  42S 
Condition  of  Indians  snrronnded  liy  Whites,  430 
Condition  of  tribes  in  ISli'p,  :!7'J 


I'aiik's  nia>sai.ic,  4(59 

i'akutaij  ;;ods,  I'll'.l 

l>akotali  lanL;lla^l'  harivn,  .';il2 

I'akotahs,  ;;4 

I'alzell,  Capl.,  is  .-lain,  :J  17 

Darlin^j;  principle  of  the  Indians,  oOS 

Date  of  Works  ini'orred  from  yrowtli  of  vegetation,  GOO 

Death  of  Coytinore,  :J.;7 

Death  of  Do  S„t,.,  o7 

Death  of  .Mcintosh,  llti 

Death  (d' Phillip,  171 

Death  of  Queen  Klizabetli,  95 

Deatli  of  Sas.sacus,  121 

Death  of 'r.-cunisch,  ^Jil.'i 

Deaths  Iiy  drinkiiij;,  in  two  years,  ."),37 

Dcljt,  mural  a  kiiuwiedf^ed,  441 

Decay  of  the  Indian  raoo  aueountoj  for,  50G 

Decline,  cau-cs  of,  .V'll 

Defeatof  St.  Clair,  ;i,!.i 

Defeat  of  the  \arrai;an.sotts,  llJ3 

Deilicati.iii  id' tlie  sail,  (J20 

Deiskan,  Count.  220 

Delawar.  s,  I7il 

Dclawares,  peac'  v.iili,  2VJ 

Dele;4atiuii  of  t'lirrDkccs  proceei 

De  Leon,  'M 

Deluo;e,  tradition  ni",  .'^l 

Dcuision  of  territorial  Ijarrenness,  455 

Denunciation  liy  .Mr.  I'oinsett,  502 

Depopulation  hy  smail-pox,  4^11 

Depressed  condition  of  Indians,  551 

Deneont,  Indian  principles  of.  2><l 


Washington,  47 


•  'iuiestoga  Oneidns,  KiO 

Conoys,  1,'il 

(.'onfpiest  of  Canada  achieved, 

Conspiracy  of  I'lmiiac,  244 

Contest  of  races,  5i')5 

Controversy  with  Che.,„>ees,  474 

C.i|iper  niinin?;,  ancient.  Oil 

Curn-t.iik,  a  Shawnee  chief,  200 

Coronado's  expedition,  I'.'.i 

Cost  of  removal  jtn-  luipil,,,  4'jo 

Cotton,  hales  shipped  hy  Indians,  520 

C(aineil  at  Fort  .\iajrara,  253 

Craiiiological  traits,  57.'! 

Creek  delegation  vi-its  .\,.w  York  in  l7,-'j,  :;;',-y 

(-'rei;k  diliicnlties.   Hi; 

<'reek  prniihc^t,  ;i7;i 

Creek  war  opens,  .01)5 

Creeks  attack  the  American  camp  near  .^Javamiah,  i'.l'J 

(-'reeks,  present  condition  of,  522 

Creeks  strike  the  la-t  blow  in  the 

Crees,  55i'i 

Cresap,  his  eharaeli  r,  2G3-205 

Crows,  55t' 

<'rude  v 


war,  31 'J 


iranti^iuities,  002 


D. 


Dessaniopeak  Indians,  92,  93 
Desperate  courage  of  Creeks,  307 
Uesolati(jns  of  small-p.ix,  4,>i0 
l>etails  of  reiiiDVal,  50:; 
Details  of  the  r.inuval  of  Cherokees,  493 
i   D.'strnclion  of  IVipiot  power,  119 

1    Di'l   til...  rrench  convert  Hio  Indians,  ur  did  thev  convert 
lle.'I'rench.'  221 

l>i.;cst  of  an  Indian  -.ivrrnin.ut,  40,-* 
I  Digliton  liock,  !l:; 

Diplomatic  sulit.rfo.^.-s  ,.f  th-  Indians  exploded,  230 

Discords,  intense,  5i)il 

Discouraging'  view  id'O.ages,  541 

Discovery  of  the  l!ay  <d'  Xcw  Vorfc,  40 

Discovery  of  Mrginia.  .'-2 

Diserep.mcies  in  drawings  „f  M.iri.jtta  work.-      ...J 

Distal!',  suiistitutef.ir,  010 

Distance  ihcoiisideralle  t,.  an  Indian,  20S 

Djslurhing  eleinont  in  Indian  councils,  352 

l.Mvision.  second,  55',l 

Doaksvillc,  527 

Dii  ■!   r  —  a  v.[ik.in-i. ,,;>!,  055 

Doctrine  uf  null-resistance  exemplified  by  Delaware-,  310 

Doniaigiia,  54 

Domain  and  relative  position  of  the  tribes,  519 

D.jnnaconna,  50 

Drake,  ."sif  l-'raiicis,  5 111 

Dreaming  .d'the  gods,  a  rite,  052 

|)i;al  god,  572 

Dudley's  d..|cai.  .';ii2 

Dunniore,  liov.  —expedition,  205 

Dutv  1,1  (he  Slates,  4.i5 


j     I 


748 


INDEX. 


E. 


liviii.insT  Olicniki'i"  movomcnt  west,  401 
K.irlv  ioiiiinriry  ul"  IriKiunis  iniinni'rs,  87 
K.irly  vii'W  of  lihll.'iii  pilify  ill  tin:  Siutli,  ISO 
K  It  I'.iH  ||.>>||  all. I  lUli,  liV  «;vkaii  fruiizy,  (jJ4 

KIllLMlii'll  ll  IIUMIIS  HMIlslVri'Lvl,  I'lM 

Jlil'ccts  cil'tii'ii.  I'lark's  niuvonioiitj  on  the  buundury,  30i! 

KlliL'iii'y  iif  !i  cliarjjo  nf  iiuniiitL'd  nu'ii,  u07 

KIriiK'iitary  ffi'la,  .VXi 

KIriiicnis  (if  civil  piiwui',  liow  noquiroJ,  325 

Kliut's  labours,  107 

Klksatlawa  enii^rati's,  tJt 

Klli^aitawa,  sjuvi'li  <.(,  [2[ 

Kinii;iMti.iii  uf  CiM'iMliOL's  linally,  488 

Kn^'lisli  elcini'iit  (if  civilizatiun,  S- 

iMiu;li>li  trailLT  in  ilaiii;LT.  "Ji'iS 

Knui-ini»iis  puwcr  of  Ju^'^Iim'S,  057 

lOiUei'prizo   (if   .Narvac/.    in    c<instructing    a    flotilla   of 

boatJ,  40 
Knsiniiri>.  '.il 

JiiiniiKM'atidn  of  Imliaiis.  '2'i'i 
Kpoclis  of  sultloincnt,  1>.") 
Kra  of  llio  curliest  untirpio   discoveries   in   tho  West, 

TiOO 
Kra  of  tlio  settlement  of  Coouecticut,  110 


'>io  war,  14S 

rronuons  llK'ory  of  iintiquiii(>«,  001 

rror  of  territorial  iippreeiation,  4.)9 

rror  of  underratinj;  IiiJiun  giierilliv  warfare,  217 

<tovan,  O'.l 

thno^raphieal  pjMtion  of  il-    principal  stocks,  31 

tyniolojiy,   54,   57,    7:;.   'M,  177,  1'.I3,   205,   227,  230, 
253,  204,  200,  -278,  305,  3:;0,  32'J,  47« 
Kuropcaii  traces.  008 

Kveiits  of  the  Indian  war  in  New  Knyland,  153 
Kvents  of  the  war  of  lf>l3,  301 
Kwbank,    Tlionia.s,    discovers    anti(iuo    bronze    inatru- 

nicnt-.-,  00:) 
Kxecution  of  Spanish  priMiners,  80 
Kxpcditioii  of  I)e  Solo,  5S 
K\peditLon  of  1-52,  451 

Kxpeilition  of  (u'li.  (leoi-t;!'  Und;;ers  Clark,  302 
I'xpedition  of  >loiiti;onu'ry  against  C'licrokecs,  240 
Kxploiis  of  Ciiinr);ncs,  ~\> 
Kxploratinii  of  I'liowan  river  in  15.-0,  'A) 
r.x(cn>ion  of  the  fiir-trade  liy  the  Knglisli,  208 
Kxtent  of  Cliippcwa  territory,  385 
Kxtinct  tribes  of  Florida,  74 
Kxteroal  habits,  570 


F. 


r.ii.i.  of  the  N'arrasan^etts,  lOS 
I'alse  version  of  Scripture,  07'.' 

False  views  of  antiipiity,  bas(Ml  on  Do  Soto's  exp.,  56 
Fame,  liie  Indian's  (;oal,  523 
Farniioi.'  (4  S  i.:s  and  Foxes,  550 
Fat''  ol  til.;  t'roitan  colonists,  03 
Fate  of  tlie  Siis.piehannoeks,  134 
Father  of  Ijo^an,  2ri4 
F'east  of  First  Fruits.  3>5 
Females,  distinguished  in  teacliing,  500 
Fire,  h(uv  oljtained,  010 
First  child  born  in  Vir);inia.  03 
First  description  of  the  St.  I.awrcnco  natives,  49 
First  Kuropean  acipiaintanee,  ;'0 
F'irst  inovi'ment  west,  in  17',*5,  120 

Fitness  of  the  soutliern  tribes  for  independent  govern- 
ment, 525 
Flatheads.  550 
Fleet  of  eanoes,  250 
Fli-ht  of  tlie  IVipi'its,  i2l 
Florida,  a  vague  geographical  term  in  early  times,  47 


\   Florida  is  ravaged.  470 

Flotilla  of  boats  captured,  219 

Force  at  Pade's  massacre,  409 
'   Force  under  I'ontiac,  271 
■   Foresliadowings  of  peace,  374 
j  Fortilication  of  the  I'eipuits,  119 
I   Forty  assassin.:,  5l>l 
j  Fort  Charles  built  in  Carolina,  73 
I   Fort  Chartres  garrisoned,  209 

Fort  dn  (inesne  is  built,  21 1 

Fort  Freeland  invested,  307 

France  and  Spain  contend  for  Florida,  72 

French  report  of  the  strength  of  the  tribes  in  1750,  198 

French  war,  20.S 

Fundamental  principles  adopted,   iKX 

Fundamental  treaty  on  Indian  relations,  344 

Funereal  vase,  5^9 

Fugitive  I'eipiots  settle  nt  Scaghticoko,  124 

Furious  attack  on  Cicn.  Floyd,  302 

Furs  of  SaginawH,  49.S 

Fur-trade  in  1(*10,  397 


fi.4si'KR  Hay  diseovere'l,  n."! 

liates  of  Indian  fortili.-ations,  character  of,  001 

Gen.  Clarke  lestininny  "f  the  eountrv,  420 


G. 


flen.  Schuyler  captures  Johnstown,  284 
Gen.  St.  Clair  appointed  governor,  329 
Cei.  Winchester,  302 


INDEX 


749 


(ioiiprnl  viow  of  hnils  and  compnnsntion,  481 

<li>ricrii'  cliiinii'tcr  ul'  Iiuliiiris,  .lOO 

(lonoi-ii^  ;;niu|i.-i,  -JT.) 

di'iiurii'  rciiiiiikrt  (iii  Indiiiii  l;uisun;;o,  C,s3 

•  Ii'ricric  trails.  ('iIKi 

(ii'o'^i-Mpliii'iil  aiv;iiif  Chornkcc,  wnit,  513 

(il'n^riipllif;il  l„inn  I'.lllllMllllvl  f,ir,   I'JO 
(ii'n;;|-;l|illi<Ml  l'.\|.lnriUiilll«,  llt'.l,  '^t^H 

<ii'n;;|-;i|iliioal  plii'il Mlil,  4'Jl) 

tii-..;;iM[iliy  iil'ih,.  IiMliaii  cuuiitry,  520 

fii'iiliij^ieiil  triiotH,  "i'20 

(joniis  (il'i'iviliziitinn,  5(1(3 

(Jhnlw.vn,  Miij.  —  firm  ciinluct  of,  211 

(ilaiu'c  lit  Aini'riwiii  fiii'tnj>rii|iliy,  (jl)i 

tilcMiiiH  of  ancii'iit  tiMilition,  571 

CiloDiny  stiitc  of  the  culoni.vs  in  1755,  215 

•  ■loss  (.riinti.|iiity  tlinnvn  ..vei'  Aiucnc;m  rcinaiiis, 
(iiiuilcnIiiittiMi  iiiiissinMr.  I'ltj 

Giiilili'ss  'lV'oyiioiiiii|ui,  5?<5 
Uh,1s  „f  111,.  Mexifiins,  585 
(iuSlluM,  'JIj 


I"iti2 


(inspcl,  it»  offocU  uii  the  Indidii.s  lOo 

ticitliiu  f.Touity  of  lroi|iiois  uliunictfr  in  wiir,  .''„■! 

tlour^'iii'S  petal iiitcs  tlo;  iM-uultioH  of  .Mciiciulez,  78 

t<"V.  (iilnicr,  Scott's  U'tior  to,  4'j;; 

Ouv.  I,ittlcton  — treaty,  2.18 

(iov.  .SicphciiH,  rohmrk  hy,  012 

(ioviTniiii.nt  policy  — coiiMimmiitioii  of,  -182 

(Ji'ii'liial  transfoiT.uipi.  of  population,  122 

<ii-aniiiiai-of  Alv;oni|iiiiiN,  (171 

(ii'aM;,'aiiumeo,  ,s7,  ,s',i,  ',il 

(iravo  (.TOL.k  insiM'iptioii,  (Hi;) 

Urr.'at  nuniljor  of  iliMitlis  IVoin  vioissimao  unci  disease  5C3 

Greek  lan;,'imL'e  fanui,..:!  to  fuini,!,  un  eli..n.ent  of  tlio 

lroi|ii.iis,  190 
(^roenvillo,  ti-(.aty  of, ;;  (-J 

•  iross  population  at  tiii.-,  lini!'.  522 

•  iros  Ventres,  550 

•  Jruup  of  M(.xicaii  pietiire-writir  ,-,  590 
(-irowtli  of  Scate.s  —  elleen  on  trilios.  457 
Ouristersif^o's  inijoi/lit  attack,  .■'.I'J 

Ciuy  Jolinson  invites  Indiana  to  a  feast  of  lilood,  OH 


H. 


lI.ASii.i.v,  discovery  of,  C08 

IIaranj;ui',  225 

Harden  and  rrneinan  killed,  342 

llanner,  Col.,  defeated,  ;i;il 

Harrison,  Gen.,  crosses  l.ako  Krie,  30:? 

Ilarrod'.s  su;,'Kestion  in  a  hard  fi;;ht,  307 

llatteras  colony  —  lost,  ();; 

Hawkins  lioon,  ('apt.,  killed,  :i07 

llaxta,  sacrilice  of,  I'.io 

Head.  .Sir  Francis  —  plan,  40.'i 

Heald,  his  force  ca|.tnn'd,  ,'159 

Herkimer's  action  at  Oriskany,  287 

Heroism  in  hatll,',  2>s 

Herriot'.s  account  of  the  Virginia  Indians  in  1580,  87 

lleyi'ka,  a<;oil,  li51 

Hiawatha,  070 

Hicro^rlyphies  and  pict.i-raphy  a  trait  of  the  America 

trihes,  OHO 
High  agricultural  state  of  tiio  Ch.ietaws,  520 
Highest  development  of  Indian  art,  592 
Hirrahaga'.s  mother  torn  to  pieces  hy  hlooJhouiids,  41 


Historv,   ''iring  the  American  Revolution,  274 

History  ol  the  I'efiuot  tribe,  110 

Hochi.|aga  discovered,  50 

Holmes,  Maj.,  ,i,.fcated  at  Michilimackinac,  375 

Hon  Yost,  a. Mohawk,  290 

HiJiiesty  and  liilelity  of  Choctaws,  520 

Hopeless  state  of  hunter-trihes,  520 

Hojiowell,  treaty  of,  :;27 

Hopkin.s,  (Jen.,  300 

Horrihio  image  of  w.irship,  580 

Horseshoe  battle,  .■;72 

Hostile  tribes  on  Scioto,  203 

H,)stilities  in  tlit!  South,  lOil 

HiiStililii.s  ,,l'rhrr,ik,vs,  2:i8 

H'lt  pursuit  of  assassins,  135 

lliids„n  ihs.-overs  New  York,  100 

lluit/ilapochili,  saerilices  to,  594 

Hull,  (ien.,  350,  ;;59 

Human  sacrifices,  195 

Hunter-trihes,  view  of,  552 


I. 


Illinois  tribes  ci'de  their  lands,  393 
Iinportanee  of  law  to  civilization,  340 
Im|iortanee  of  the  Indian  priesthoo.l,  047 
Important  treaty  of  March  28.  18,';0,  404,  483 
Impressions  of  the  raci^  in  1700,  LS,'! 
Improved  manners  and  customs,  015 
Incense  offered  by  the  Indians,  S8 
Inilian  deatli-wail,  021 
Indian  doct,ir  on  the  Paeilie  enast,  01!) 


In.lian  history,  anomalous,  509 

Indian  mode  of  fortilieation,  002 

Indian  mummy,  022 

Indian  popiilatiiin  of  the  Hudson,  147 

Indian  pidicy.  320 

Indian  princely  method  of  reception,  50 

Indian  Springs,  treaty  of.  417 

Indian  substantive  verb  "to  be,"  29 

Indian  trailo  under  T^ritish  rule.  207 


;5it 


IN  I)  KX. 


!  -: 


Imllaii  iriliun  iit  llriililin-k's  di'l'iMt,  "Jl'i 
liMii:ii\i  iiilH|it  thf  |in'.'.'|il  .il'iiijii-r.'si.il.iiii'i',  ;il'"i 
liiiliMiiM  iitiiu'U  .liU'k^nn'd  i'iiiii|),  il"  1 
lii'll.iiij  fiiiiii'it  li::lii  iiiisii)i|Mirti'cl,  ]!•<' 

lh>liallS  ill  LMllllcil  I,  Ulll'.i'll  willlnllt  '^InVCS  •-"J') 

lii'liiiiis  ri'iK'li  ill"  U  .vosi  piiiiit  dl' ili'|"i|iuliiti"ii,  il'll) 

lii'iiniirt  ri'llinvcil  Ir  iM'.S,   !'.>" 

lii'iii'iii,   IVdiii   iiiiliniiity,   riVl'i  ;    IV.iiii    iM:iiinir-<  iuhI   cus- 

loins,    till;    tVom    iiiytlh'IiiL'V    ami    fili;;i.iii,    I'M; 

Iriiiii  liiiii^nii';;!',  1171 
ln::i'nuil_v  nl'    mliaiis  in  aris,  ;V.)S,  'I'.l'.t 
Iiilr;;i'iiy  "I'  N'l'W  Y'irk  ill  iloaliii;;  with  Iiidiiiiis,  li'Jo 
Iht.-lli-l'lU'i'  lif  riioi-HkiM's,  ,WJ 
liili'i'ialati-'il  iribt'^',  "■"' 
InUTS|jursiuii  1)1'  nicud,  iioT 


liilrc|iiil  elmriii'tiT  of  .Miinlifniiini'V,  UJO 

liitiv|>i.liiy  (ird.'M.  Clark,  .lil'J 

Intiixi.'atioM  iiili'i»liii'i'i|,  liKi 

liisi'riptinns  ill  |ru'lii'^ra|iliy,  a  iji'in'iai'  tiMit,  liOCi 

IiiKlliU'liiins  III  liTi'i't  out  li  ■slilil 

liiiroiliii'tory  iMiisiili'vationi,  '27 

llllnl^ivl'  cli'iiiiMils  of  Kiii'o|ii'aii 

liivi'.'-tnii'nt  cif  (''irt  I,aiin'iis,  o',M 

liivi'Miiii'iit  ol'  Koi't  Staiiwix,  'J>] 

lowan,  "i  IS 

Ire  of  Iiiiliaii  |irii'.iti,  i'.o.l 

Iroiiiiois, ;',:!,  i,>is,  ai'.i,  i;io,  -Ji;!, 

Iroi|iioia  ilc'Ci'iHli.'r.s  ol' wrstcni  Now  Vork,  IW 
Italy  ]>vuiliici.'s  j;ivat  iliseovorors, 
llanca  Lake  di'it'ovurcj,  4Jl2 


lli'I'll'  tIMl 

ir.,  I". I 
art,  i'pIW 


J'JS,  lIT.'i, 
■w  Voi'k, 


J. 


Jack.«ox,  rn'ii.,  miiri'lics  aj^aiimt  tlio  Crioks.  .'Ki7 

tiaoksiiii's  ailiiiini'<lraiioii  lioj;ins,   IJ'< 

.)aok<oii'<  I'oliiaui-i  allaokoj  ill  iiiaiaoiivriiiu',  ■>"'- 

•lai'iiuos  r.iriiiT.  4S 

Jaiip  Mil'iva,  U>  I 

.Ii'll'or.n.ii'fi  aJininistratiiin  liegins,  ;!-l7 


Ji'ijiiip,  (loll.,  i-i'inovei  till"  Si'iiiiiiolos,  IT'.f 
•loliii  .Ma'ioii,  1 17 
.lollll  Olti'Z,  till 

Joliiisoii,    .><ir    W  illiaiii,    -.'ll'.!,    IJ-JO,    Jl.'"i,  j;;2, 
•Jl'i7,  i;-'.i 
i  Jii{;i;lor9  uf  Ui'i.'j;on  liiJiaiis,  (119 


K. 


Iv.wAUin,  hattloof,  UlllJ 

Kalii|iirt^,  II'.' 

Kar.joaliL-  tiioo^,  'i.l'J 

Kaii/.nH  mill  <Jsa;ri'«,  original  owners  ul"  tin;  |n'o|ui.*cil  lii- 

I'lilioii  west,  -I' I'.' 
Kaiizas  I'l'ilo  laiiils.   I'l'.) 
Kaiizas  trilio,  location  anil  prosiiouts,  5-13 
lvi>kaskia,  UiW,  :iii'.: 
Iva«kaskias,  o  17 
Ki.kc;i?wiii,  a  iiio.lu  of  iuscriptiun,  IJ05 


Ki'iini'ljoc,  early  ruins  at,  llUS 

KiMitiK'ky  I'litors  tin.'  Iinliaii  country,  west   33  I 

Ki'owoc,  i;.'!S 

Kirka|,oo-,  .-i|-J 

Ki^.i-'liiiia  —  spi'i'i'li,  '2ij'2 

Kill-  lli'ii.lrick,  'J'Jil 

l\iin;<liiiry,  l!r\..  >tat(}iiioiit  "f,  in  ISJ",  Jl!4 

Kiowas  troat,  I'^'.l 

Knox,  (it'll.,  truat.s  witli  Indians,  3o2 

Koiiuatlialioclon,  3tJ0 


r.. 


L.\M)1M;  of  Calvert.  liiS 
L:in;^iia;;e,  prineifiles  of,  071 
Lake  Krii'  —  in-eription,  IjAO 
Laki:  Superior  —  antic.|uities,  llll 
Lar;;e  eession  of  lands  in  l>-;;i'i,   lilt 
r,ar::e  Indian  force  at  (Iswo^o,  'Si'i 
Latitude  of  ('a<s  Lake,  .'>  I 
Law,  an  ol.iuent  of  eivillzatinn,  3'J."i 
Law  iiiiiial  to  colonization,  1:11 
Laudoniiieri!  visits  Florida,  71 
Laurens,  Fort,  site  of,  ;;ill 
Leaving  tliu  homes  of  their  ancestiirs,  131 
Lenno  Lenapi  —  their  history,  I7(j 

Letter   of  (len.   Scott   annouiicin:;   ilie    removal    of  the 
("hcrukees, -111,'! 


Lewis  and  Clark's  expediti.in,  311 

Lil.cral  arraii;;eiiieiii  of  the  President,  -193 

Limits,  treaties  of,   lill 

List  of  trihes  and  |"ipiil,ii;.>n.  -l^ 

List  (iftrihes  removed  in  lSJ7,  515 

Littleton,  (idv.,  L'.IH 

Lo;,Mn,  lilV') 

Loii^',  .Maj.,  traverses  the  Indian  country  in  IS'Jl,  ,')r,( 

Lord  of  Roanoke,  ^<'.l 

Lord's  pr.'iyor,  (17^< 

Lost  colony  of  lioaiioke,  93 

Loudon,  Fort,  captured,  ■.'S7 

Lucas  Vasipiez  D'Allyon,  39 


1  N  l>  !•;  X. 


7fit 


M. 


iMAnisriN's  mlrniniitrntion  liopirn  5r>:i 

Mii;;u!  oliiuit  (if  Waliiriyiiii,  C."j,') 

yi:>'Xu-  Uli-dlAl\i\  ('.19 

•MaJ.  Catiiplirll  [issassiniiti^l,  'J  I'l 

Miihipn.iHH  iiiuvoiiicnt  oC  l.nr^l  liunmnro,  Ui'iO 

iMilll'hllls,  ■);'il'i 

Mun.liiris,  iittiiokoil  liy  sni:ill-]i(,x,  Isil 

ManliiillatMs  (ii.si'dvcivd,  \in 

Maiiliiitania,  11',! 

!Maiiipiilntif]ii  (iripi.Iian  ,|,,r(.,r,  CO) 

MaiiiiiTs  anil  cii>l,iiiis,  CI  1 

MaiincrH  nnd  ptistum<  (.!' ili..  ^r,,|ii,.ans,  in;i 

."^lanncTH  (.ftlip  Manlathl  lii.lltni--,  Us 

Maiitco,  87,  s'.i,  ;i(i,  (I I,  (i;!,  ii;,  js; 

MariMs  do  Niza  mid  tin"  ("il.ola  tMwim,  IV.) 

JIariptta,  disiMvorii'i  at  In  IVSs.  ,-,07 

."Mari|ii('ltc',  wliiTc  biirii'd,  L'".7 

iManland  Indians  WMi-^hii,  nk^p,  i^,,j 

Mascotins -'M 

Masvaclm'-.'tts  10.! 

JFas^jarrc  in  Viririnia  in  ]>>l-2.  9,S 

MassacTo  of  Knrt  .Mimni'i,  ."I'l") 

Jlassacro  of  lilliault  and  liii  inon,  77 

.Massaoi-p  of  uniTsi-^ilnL;  I'liri-tian  Indians,  ,Tir, 

Massaiioir,  In:!,  11  | 

MK'dvvaii,  ('apt.,!,  R,  i-r.iai-k^  of,  r,",7 

Mi'liillivrav.  :):;2 

Mi'Klnn''v,  I'stlniaii's  of,  -111 

.■Mi'nioranda  on  Mcxi('aii  antii|nitl.'s,  ri77 

M.Mipiuirz  tak.M  Fort  ('arollnc,  and  hanus  tli,.  IV  .to<(. 

iiuu.  77 
Mi'naloui'ii,  '.i| 

MiMialonoii  and  liin  ptorv,  00 
Mental  lial.it-.-,  r,'!) 
MfiiUi\  trait-i,  'ndioi-i  of,  CA  t 
M(-i«af:o  (d-  .Mr.  .M..ni-no  r'wpo,ninp;  tho  Indians  in  lS2r, 

dH7 
>Iossa,i;n  of  I'n-sidrnt  in  l'^,^0,  .132 
Mi'toa,  a  spnakcr.  ,'!0  I 
MivKican  pi.'tnrc-writinfc.  opinion  of,  COri 
M.wioaii  picturc-writin);,  .vtyl.'  of,  hHi 
.Mi'\ioo.  5Si! 

Miainis  of  tho  Wal.asli,  troatics  with,  499 
.Mianiis  opposo  tho  I'nitod  States,  329 


M:! 


MiamiH,  ficnan  with,  2'i9 
.Mii'Iii;;an  at  ii  low  ohl,,  ;1S1 
Mii'liiliniaokinao,  liatt'.'id',  ,".7,-] 
Mioliilinia'-kinao.  massncm  of, 
.Military  paiKn'amii,'  si-imio,  'Js'i 
Military  panoraniio  \\v\\\  '2'2[ 
Jlinjrons,  poaco  with,  i;,"i') 
Minnisiidv,  liattlo  <d',  .'KHi 

Minor  Ki p  oftril.i's  .5;ili 

Minor  Irilii'*,  iii| 
Minqun,  l.';>i 
Miontoninio,  li-l 

.■Mi^aiiprrlii.nsi.in.^  of  Imllant  in  1770,  279 
.Mi--.airi  tril)Os  vi-iitcd  liy  !<inall-po.v,  -Isfi 
Mis-^onri  \ulli'y  Irilies,  o.")!', 
Mi'-sonria  tribo,  it^  oondition,  ."j-U 
.Mi.-Ms-ippi  oxplorod,  :',S'2 
.Mi-takfH  of  lociil  ri-nioval^,  504 
Milid.oll,  <'ol.,  viiMvof,  .'j-,4 
.■Modi's  of  toacliin^',  ID", 
Mohawk",  |iiii 
Moliikandi'rH  in  I7'i7,  irio 
.Mohieans,  100,  277 

.M"hi.-an8,  tho  wnlf-totnin  of  Dnlawarcs,  116 
Moloch,  Faoriflo(«<  t",  d'J") 
.Monaho  10  Uillnd.  .".7:; 
.M"tidaniin,  foa«t  of,  :^^:i 
Monha;;nn  insoriptiiai,  Cfl,'? 
M  iiiinntto,  122 
;    Monmo'H  administration  linjins,  ,170 
I    Mi.ntgomory,  Col.,  airainst  Cherokcos,  210 
I   .Moiinsk,  or  rnrnstalk,  2r,('. 
I   .M'mumontal  roiiiains,  ','< 
I   .^loriivian  Holawaros,  thuir  fato,  .'510 
I  Moravian  town,  hatllo  of,  oO;; 


MOR, 


I  o.xpodilion,  07 


Monnds,  oliaraolor  of.  C.n') 

.■Mr.vi.nionts  attains!  tho  Wostom  Indians,  ,';03 

.Mnllipliod  olninpos  of  tho  vn-h  "  to  sec,"  082 

Jlnrdor  of  ii  dinnor-pnrtv,  471 

j\Iu.sLN>o^oos.  ;;;{2 

Muscorjnii:;!'!'",  Isi'i 

5Inskio;;nni  niassacro,  ,",10 

Musical  instruments,  5S0 

Mnzzinabik,  a  modo  of  rock-inscription,  005 


N. 


N  INTfcoKFS.    l:!l 

Narrairansett  war.  12S 
.N'arvaoz,  1 1 
Natidov,  Indians,  020 
N'ntchez,  their  religion,  593 


\awdowissnnes,  34 

Nemattnnowa,  or  iJack  of  the  I'ealher,  98 

Xeosho  Senecas,  538 

Xenler  Xation,  14 

"  N'eniral  (ironnd"  policy,  mistake  of,  50.', 


TM 


I  N  I)  K  X 


Now  eiinfi'cliTm'y  of  liii'tili"  IniliiiiiM.  I'J'J 

N'l'W  plmm'K  (if  Imlinii  liiiinry,  •I"' 

Xi'W  prciciri  (if  [ii«tiir_v  (Voiii  iuiti<|iilt!i'',  .'lOn 

\l>W    KiIkUihI    lll(lillll»,    .Mlltll(>r'l4  IKVMIIIlt  nf,    lOS 

NiiiUiini,  (rrciit  cumicMl  iit,  L'Vl 
Nini'tv  iinrcHistin;;  Imli^ini  niunliTOil,  1)1.1 
\in;»H'op)n,  •I'^J 

No  nrrnn^Min'tit  tn  lio  mi\i|p,  not  Imicil  on  the  Indinn 
intoroKti,  112 


I  Norniul  iitiili!  uf  xioiety,  27 
Xiirtlicrn  Imliinn  iit  Kort  McIki,  .fC'i 
Niirilicni  irihcH  w(irilii|i  tin'  hum,  .'i',i;i 
N()li.'(<  (iT  Kcliiiiil",  lien  lotnirK,  cliiirclu'ii,  JS.'i 
XiirnliiT  (if  Itnliiiiis  iit  llra.l.lm'k'n  dofciit,  '-MS 
Xilinlii'P  (if  nniilliiirii    Indiain  romnvcil   to  tlio  Wrtl  in 

is;;:.,  .-.is 

Niimliorn  to  l)(i  pomovpil  in  lS2.'i,  .|09 


o. 


Oajaca,  r,H'2 

Olijfct  (if  |iit«  iiixiilp  tlio  fiirtiflcniii'iis  lii:; 

(ll)«i'rv;\tiiiii8  nf  lliiilsdti  (111  tlio  Mi'liiiMiu,  IHO 

Obsiiliim  nmMi|iiP,  'i^V.  Ci-"*.'* 

Oi'ciipiuicj-  (if  N'ow  Viirk  liy  lli.i  Kn);ll«li,  I  lii 

Ocimniitiii,  isl 

Oiliiwii  iiini;ioiiin,  llll'J 

Officers  ."liiiii  lit  St,  I'liiir's  Jcfcat,  .■l."itj 

0:;clliilin,  'I'll'i 

Oliid  iKTiil'ln  )>opiilnti(in  in  tlio  M'lvt,  .T  IS 

Oliiii  Viill-v  an  iiliji'ct  nf  cnntiintinn,  oOO 

Ohio  v:ill( y  aiili'idilii^s  (li-iMvi>n"l,  ''W 

OkicM.  Ol" 

('iniiiiitl,  .M(>si('an  ijh'I  nf  Fun  nn'l  rrnlic,  I'lM 

Oiniiliiiwu.  a  liiiiiiiii^  ti'ilx',  .'ijii 

Oinini  —  linmiiiy,  I'J'.I 

Onciiliii  (•■■(l,.  ilnir  laii.l  in  I7>S,  32» 

Onktcri,  Hiki.tiili  irml.  ''l'-' 

Oii'Miilaii  iii<oripti.in,  0'*',) 

OiKiii'lajias  '•II  lileiily  attackii'l  liy  tlio  Aincrii.'ans,  ,",Oij 

Oni'cliiiii.  S.') 

0|ii'i.-lian^aniiii;;li,  liis  cliaractcr,  0'< 

Opinion  nf  a  man  of  oxpi'riom-f'  nn  liiintor-trilics,  557 

Opinions  of  t'.io  apjo  of  fartliwnrks,  fjOO 


OrpRon  —  no  nntiiiiilticx,  (H2 

OrPKcn  Indiana,  02  J 

Orpiiiiziitinn  nf  colonial,  17'.' 

Orcanizali.m  of  torritnry  \.  \V.  nfOliio,  32'J 

llri,Miii/.atinn  nf  tlii<  lihlian  Itiircaii,  1114 

l'i'ii.'iii  cf ''liippcwa  anil  Simix  war,  .■i^7 

Origin  nf  Indian  words  in  llic  Hn;;lisli  liingimgo,  lO.'l 

Origin  nf  .''iniinolo  war,  17:; 

Ori;;in,  'pir'siimi  nf,  'iW 

Orii;iiial  p"iiit  nf  nlncrvalinn  in  1  102,  'M) 

Oi'iskany  li.itll",  2>7 

Osaji.'s  and  Kanzai  Iml'l  tlio  cniinlry  wcit  in  l.'>2.'),  -lOO 

0.iaj;i's,  ^tatll  nf,  .'i  Ifl 

0<c"nla  leads  a  party  nf  n'r.dprprs,  171 

Otiii"<,  wliat  stale,  .'j  It 

Ot»iniii;,'o,  1.12 

tUlawa  lii^nry,  2^1 

Ottawa",  .'i  17 

Ottawas  and  <'liip]ionas,  &,•.,  treat,  330 

(>iit:(;;aniics,  I'.i.t 

Odtlo-eak  id'  I'lori.la  war,  li'iS 

Ovrrtlirow  of  the  I'einints,  119 

Ozarks  vi.sitod  in  1819,  519 


r. 


P.\cirir  coast,  without  nntiqnilios,  012 

Parity  of  custnni".  Mexican  and  Venporio,  .')94 

Party  entrapped  liy  l)'?ll-rin;;iii^.  30-1 

Pa^saeniiauay,  174 

Pawnee  eriielty,  -195 

Pawnees,  .'il7 

Payne's  Lan  lin;;,  treaty  of,  a  oatise  of  tho  war,  472 

Peace,  (;eneral  in  17<i  1,  2.'i9 

Pemis-iapan,  '.'I 

Penniylvania  i-  settled,  170 

Penpacola eaptiirid,  370 

Ppf|iiiit  war,  1 11 

Perfidy,  2 1 1 

Period  nf  the  discovery,  .te.,  nf  western  antir|iiilie«,  001 

Pertiirlied  state  of  the  trihe«,  .'MO 

Pliilip  carries  the  war  into  I'lyiiiouth  colony,  1,'iS 

I'hil.do;.'y.  a  f.ict  in,  .02 

Philosopliical  opinions  of  .\iner,  antiquities,  crude,  002 

Philosophical  view  of  Indian  policy,  IHO 


Plankashaws,  .')47 

Piankashaws.  peace  with,  259 

Pic'to;;ra[iliio  Indian  record.  114 

Pictocraphy,  lirief  view  of,  G04 

Picto;;raphy,  Indian,  :!,S5 

Pike's  exfieilition,  ll-'iH 

Plan  of  enlunizatinn,  100 

Plural  and  class  of  AI;;onquin  words,  075 

Pocahiintas,  97 

Poetic  idea  of  woman,  0(2 

Poins'it,  Secretary,  his  rehukes,  502 

Point  Pleasant,  action  at,  -GCj 

Pokanoket  war,  TiO 

Pokanokets,  lO.;,  11  ; 

Policy  of  employing  Iinlians  in  war,  292 

Pnneas.  ooi'i 

Pond,  liev.  (1.  II..  remarks  hy.  0(8 

Pone,  ctyjnoloyy  n.'t  African,  129 

Pontiac,  his  character,  242,  244,  245 


INDKX. 


7/i;i 


Im  Wptt  in 


I'lipiWnwumin,  the  ulniriKiinil  hell,  H7 

r"iiiihiiiciii  urciiiTiikiM's  ill  iN.i'i,  -iHo 

l'<i|Miliiti»ii  III'  Miiiini.-i,  I'.l'.l 

l'n|iiiliitiiiii  111' N'l'w  Hnnliiinl  ill  \iu.\,  l,i'J 

l'.i-,iti.iii  iinil  Htiili'  (il'llir  riiiTiiki'i's,  TiJ'.l 

I'usiiiiin  111' till'  Niirtli-wi'Ktirii  Imliiiu  tribt'H  iii  l>*'Jlit, 

I'uHsiliJi'  cliiM  til  MiuIoii'h  I'litii,  Ul 

I'lulCipliiiiiliiiiii  liistory,  '-I 

I'linl-Ki'viiliiliiiiiiiry  war,  iil- 

I'nllllUllttlllllil'H,  .'lIT 

I'liiiiiwiittiiiiiii'.H  I'i'ili!  tlii'ir  liiniJH,  .'l'.l:i 

riittiiHiilliiiiiii'.i,  I'iiImii  |»iliry  iirri'uiuvill  ul',  MlS 

I'liltiT's  wIiitI,  initnifi)  of,  1)11 

J'ullory,  ^i>i> 

I'liwllllllUI,  ^'.1 

I'liwiTs  I'i'wukiiiix,  lilH 

l'ii\v«ii\v«  exiin|iiTiiluil,  lot! 


l'n'|in>iiiiiiiiLl  ncnsi'B,  limv  cxprcHsoJ,  (177 
I'l-i'-i'iit  I'niiilitiiiii  uml  iiriis|iiMt«,  iVt'.,  liJ,  .M'l 
I'rcsiili.'iit'!!  Niirvi'y  iil'tlii'  Flm-iijii  wur,  I" 
l'ri'Viili'iii!L' iil'iimiill-iiiix,  iM.'i 
I'rii'Htly  iiilliii'iico  ill  liiiliiin  wiir»,  o7l 
•''*4       l'riia'i|p|i'M  111' iiiii  Id  L'lil. mil's,  411 

I'riiii'ilili'  I'linti'inli'il  lur  liy  tlm  linliiiiiK,  ■|H7 
l'riiu'i|ili'N  iif  1'i'iiii'h  liiiliuii  |iiiliiy,  I7'"> 
l'riiii'i|ili'n  ul'llic  liiiliiiii  liui(;im;^i.',-,  1171 
l'rii;.'ri'»i«ivi.'  iiiti'i'i'iiiii'Kii,  IK', 
I'miiii'tlii'iiii  piiwer,  I't'M 
I'miiiiiii'iit  truiity  wliiiiiliitiuiiN,  4.'iH 
l'rii|ilii't  ul'tlio  ('fi'i;|t,s  djiiiii,  ;;7,i 
I'lii'lilii,  ;')h'J 

I'lirluiiiiiij;  iif  u  >iilvi'r  I'liji  ill  I'lM'i,  M) 
rii^illiininiiiiis  ili'iith  ill' II  iiiilili'  I'liiul',  |J7 
ryruiiiiil  ul  "I'l'iitiliuiii'uii,  'i^:' 


RO,  103 


Q. 


S2.5,  -JOO 


Ql-.VH-  liluuil,  Ci.-il 

(^iii|ipiiH,  riiis 
(/uii»i-iiiiK'pi'iiili'iii!i',  stiiti)  ul,  A'.iH 


(^iDi-y  iil'tliL'  imtumi  rinlit  of  iii'i'iipiiiii'v,  liiS 

(illl'Slillll  111' lui'lllliill  «i'>t  ill    l^'J.'i,    (III 

(^lil-'k  »lll.'i'l'>>i.ili  ul   trilllllpIlK  ll;;ilill>l  ('|•l'l■k^.  ."mO 


11. 


K\i)ii'Ai.  Wdi'ils,  i;7Ci,  tiSI 

llllllipilllt    llisL'llI'll,    'lOl 

Hiipiil  ili'cliiii'  111' II  trilio,  -I!!'.! 

Kii'.lii  I'siiililislii'.H  liiinMrll'iiii  till,'  N'iiniil;;Hiii'k,  I'lil 

"  lli'il  Stiiks"  ili'l'i'iiteil,  .'hIi 

l(i'li);i(iii  mill  iiiytlnilii;:v  111'  till'  .Mis^i•.^ip|,i  inHi'v  Irilii'i 

1.(7 
RcliKiiiM,  linpiirtixnt  t'l  tliciii,  11:! 
lii'li^iiiii  ol'tliii  Moxioiiiis,  ;>X'> 

Ki'lij;iun,  piipiiliitiiJii,  anil  I'lmrnoti-r  uf  Cln'mki'i's,  .VJs 
KoiiKiiiis  111'  roi'iiril  rlmnu'tors,  Ci'S 
Ki'iniiiiM'IU'i's  of  tiin  Iniliiiiis,  -M'.t 
Iti'iiiiiMil  III' tlie  SiKitluTii  Irilies,  -111 
lli'iiiiival  pulii'V,  41t'i 
Ut'imiviil  piilii'v  ri'einniiR'iitk'il  fur  tlic  .Mii'lii'aii  IniJiaii'* 

4<'i.-. 
Ki'moviiln  in  ls:;-<.  4',i7 
Roiimmt'il  Imlian  li'adt'i'H,  T.liy 


Ki'piirts  III  rtgciitH,  ."ilU 

Kopui't  iit'liL'n.  .Soult,  4'.).'i 

Ui'piirt  nn  tho  stall!  iil'tlio  trilica  in  Is;; I,  I;;; 

Hi'pruiluotiiiii,  liiiw  )iri>vi'nti'il,  ril'il 

Ui'siiltt  ul'tlio  ciilunizali'iii  plan,  ^il'i 

Ui'.inltH  111' till'  I'xpi'ilitiiiri  iif  is'jo,  :;s:;-:',si'i 

Ui'viilutiuaary  inaHiiii'i'i'-i,  '2'.^' 

Kiliaiilt,  7'2 

I!iil);i''<,  assassination  ul',  'iiiii 

l!i;;lit  iif  chii'ftainsliip.  limv  I'xistiii;;.  ."i"*'! 

Hi;.'lit  ul'suvori'isnty,  4.'ls 

lliianiikL'  is  I'liiiiuk'il,  Oil 

Itui'k  riviT  valley  ceili'il.   lis 

Hiiss  siipcrinti'iiils  ruiiiuval  ul' Clii'i-uki'i's,   I'.K'i 

Kiissitcs  ri'iiiuvi',  .'iliil 

liiiins  iirciiii'liitai'ali.  711 

Kiiliiij;  I'liii'ls,  .'is.') 

Iliinie  i.'liarai'ters  siippuM'il  lu  In'  ruiiinl.  I'liis 


s. 


Sll  ulllflAI.  stillll',  .'i',t4 

Sai's  an»l  Fuxrs,  ri.'iO 

Sai!s  aiiil  Kuxi's  niiitinl,  4S;'i 


.^aRanaw 
Saj^imaws, 


Chill 


ni'vvas, 


4S4 


iililiiin  of,  498 


v,.i,.  VI.  — ;i: 


,    Sa;;iniii,  '3fJ 

I  .Sassaliu,  liustilo  I'liiiiu'il  limki'ii  up  liy  (ion.  ('ai 
;  .Siis.saoiis,  war  willi.  111 
i  .'^anj^iiinary  violonoo,  'lOI 
Siitimriiina,  70 


It'll 


7.Vt 


INDEX. 


,  ri'Mln  ill  lliy"liTi""<.  'I'll 
lill<< 


Sc'iiinliniiviiiii  true 

.*>.'iiniii_viiili,  'J.iT 

.S'liiijliT  ('ii|itiiri"<  •liiliiKi'iwii.  '.''>l 

t^i'iiilil,  rx|>i'illtii>ii  Id,  '.'iVI 

S.'iitl's  pnii'liiiimtinii  III  ('liiTiiki'i'ii,  4'.'l 

.S'lilpliiri"!  "l"iii'.  'iT'i,  "i""'! 

S.liii.tiiiii  llmli'.  IVI 

S .|Miii  trilM',  !>•.' 

Si'iTc'f  vl«it  111'  KIImiiiIi.  7ii 
Srmilhilc,  l'tMl|ii|.i;;y  nl',  4li> 
Sc'inliiiili'x.  tlii'ir  Kliili',  .'I'JI 

Sl'lli"-:!.  ClVlllnlil^rV  nl',  .'I'.'li 

Si'iii'i'Hs  111"  Nt'usliii,  .M[s 
Si'tic'i'iiH  aii'l  Mi:i\vii('i'«.  .Vl',! 
Sc'i|iii'l  urSiisi|iii'liiiiiiiiM'k  liistiiry,  I'U 
S'ldi'il  piilicy  o|  miiiniti.iii,  Til'i 
Mrirp  iii'timi  witli  SlmMinMw,  ;iii7 

SImWIIOI"  IlilvUTICM"'.   'i  II 

Sliiiwiii'r  )ir"|ilic't,  K) h  111,  IJ'J 

Mmwiii'ci.  II  Ki'iiiiri;i',  .'IJ- 

Miii\viipi"i,  pi'iii'i.  wiih.  \l'i:> 

Miikilinin,  'JiJl 

^*llll»lllln■•l'«,  .'1 1 

Sli';;n  111'  I'lii-t  l,iiiiiTii>'.  I'.OI 

Sic;.'!'  iif  Flirt  Siiiiiwix.  Ll'<l 

Sii'Ki-  iif  (li'lrnU.  'J I'! 

Siiii'iipornlita,  '-2i> 

Siiiiix  imiiK"  111' Si.  Aiilli'niy's  rilli.  .i'.U 

Sltr  111' Kurt  Mi'Itil'isli,  ■:,!>{ 

Six  .Nuliiins  lit  till'  rliKc  111' till-  lli>\ii|iiliiin, 

Sixli'i'ii  y.ir^'  |i:iii«i'.  'il  "i 

Ski'iiaiiiliiiili.  il  r.incvi.i^ii.  |:;i'. 

Ski'|itii'!il  ."yiiiimtliii'H  I'lir  liiiliiiiiM,  ''iln 

Skcti'li  iirciiiii'liiwi.,  ."ij'i 

Skie'ii.  01 


Slimiy.  Ill  iv  liiiniiliii'i'il  iinniin;  tli    Imliari-,  .l.'l'J 
Siiiiill-|i'i«,  ili'"iiliitiiiii«  (if,  '-il 
SiiiiiliK  iiiiiin  liiniitiitiiiii  ri'i'x  iiiiliii>H  iliii  rpiiiniii^.  liii;; 
Sniiiklii;:,  a  |iiiri>ly  hnliiiii  i!iikIiiiii,  M,  DO 

f*liukl'«,  .'I'lli 

Smilli  I'ariiliiia  triln".  IT'.) 

SiMillii'rii  liliiiiii''  i«  iiti'rriin   Ml'-' 

Siiwann,  'I'lii 

Sp.'c.'li  (if  .Mmca,  :\'.i  I 

St.  Aiiiiii-tini'  i»  rniiinli'il,  7ii 

St.  ri.iir'K  I'xpi'iliiiiiii,  .'!,■!,'( 

St.  LririT*!*  rmiti',  liH.J 

StallKtii'ii.  .'iV.l 

Stallnlii"'.  trilial  uml  tti'iiiTnl.  ('<•*{ 

StatiiH.  luii'ii'iit,  .'ij',1 

Siri'iiL'tli  ami  I'liiiililinii  nftln'  I'ri'ck",  .'i.'I'J 

Siriiiittli'  pr liiiL'  till"  (MiiipicKt  (if  I'litiiiija,  I'.l'.l 

Siili.livi-iiiii  lip  Iniliaii  ii'rriliiry.  I'l'i 

Siiliiiili'iii'i'  iif  lii'liaii  li'inli.  .M'.' 

.**iili"*taiitivi'  ti'rininatiiiii,  .'i77 

Siiliil"  I'liarai'tiT  nf  liuliaiix,  'JI'J 

.'•iiilivairH  rxpnillliiiii  a'.{aiii«l  tin'  Six  N'mimi^.  ."i(N 

Sinn  s|iiint  In  pai'il'y  tin'  linliani  in  lli"  war,  .I'JI 

Summary  (if  Sii'<i|iii'lianniii'k  lii>liiry,  I  I'J 

Siiniiiiary  vii'w  nf  Imlian  triln'i.  .'i.'i'* 

Siipi'rinti'iuli'ni'y  (if  .^Iil'lliJ;llIl,  rcpirl  nf,  ■I'.l'^ 

Siipi'rlativi'  ('niiiitry,  '.111 

Siippioi'il  iiiiiiniDy,  li'J'J 

Sii'<i|iii'liaiiniii'k''.  1.1 1 

SHaii.  .Iami'«  li.,  ri'tii  irkv  nf.  li  !'J 

Swi'ili'K  Ki'illi'  ill  l>('liiwari',  li!" 

S\viii;;ili'.;  tliii  liriilli',  il.",'' 

Syiiiliiilii'  tcacliiiiL',  llii'i 

Syii"p«i'(  (if  New  Kiiu'laiiil  ImliaiK,  111 

Syiiiipticul  vii'W  (if  iiiiiiiir  Irilii'i,  l»il 

.''(irvpv  nf  till"  war  in  Is.'K'i.  177 


'I'. 


Tmii.k<  (if  Imlian  fmri'  in  177l'i. -"'> 

Tali^aynta.  -I'li'i 

'l'ai;;nnai.'ny,  'i  I.  .Vi 

Taking' (if  Fnrt  Willi  mi  ll.'iiry.  'J-JI 

'I'ailaii.'^M  ami  Tnllii-lia'cl liattli'>  nf.  :'.ii.'. 

'I'uTiipi'ritii:  Willi  till'  Imlian-",  ii.'iS 
'raiiiii'liari>siiii,  L'i'i7 

'rcciiniKrIi'''  s| I'll,  .'I'n 

Temple  nf  the  Siin  nt  Nalclicz.  ('.'.^ 

'I'l'nacily  nf  Imlian  lieliefM,  iJli 

Teiiaeity  nf  Indian  jirejinlii'i'.  '<[.'. 

Tentiliuiican,  fiS;'. 

'rerininatinn  nf  tlii!  .«ii'^i'  nf  l-'nrt  Sianwis,  'J'.'H 

TeKt  (if  liyyinne  pnliey,  \',>'i 

'J'otnns,  .O.'ili 

Teidiinnny  nf  I'ainpi'iiini  ri'>|iii'iin^  tlie  .Mim|iia>.  IA2 

Texas  trilies  treat,  'ISII 

'I'uzon'i*  [iturv  in  l-'i.'Jn,  ^<f 


\    Tile  rlldetaws  II  eivili^eil  penple,  .'I'J  I 

'   The  I'liiierete  an  eviili'iii I  harliari-dii.  liOli 

The  Mi'liiti.>li  ireaty  aninilleil.   Il'^ 
I  The  .Mniiiii  lliipe  pluf,  l.'i.; 

Tlieii|ii;.'y  nf  Vir;.'inia  Imlian-.  >-7 

Tliyemlana;;i'a,  -S  I 
j   Tippeeaiiiie,  .'l."ii'i 

'    Tnliaceii  plant  earrii'il  ti'nin  \  ir;:iiiia,  >*7 
I    Tnlmpeka,  liatlle  nf,  ;!7'J 

Tnltei'H  ami  AzIeCM,  .V.IJ 

'rra;:eily  nf  Philip's  war  i.s  npi'iii'il.   I-'il 

Transaetinns  nf  Is.'l-*,  .|',I7 

Transferred  triln'S,  stale  nf,  .'ii  I 

Traiislalinri  (if  the  New  Tesiann'iit  in  li'i'il,  lil,"i 

'i'reaehery  (  f  Saehem's  I'lain,  IJ7 

Treaties  resniiieil,  '■>•" 

Treaty  nf  Fnrt  Manner,  .'I'-'I 

Treaty  nf  Fnrt  .Slaiiwix  cnnlirnied.  ',>'2',) 


I  M I  !■;  \ . 


TriMiiy '.r  Miiivli  '.N,  iM.ir,,  Id  I.  \h:, 


nil 

ffW,  ill    iH'J.'p, 


liiiliitiiii,  Oliiii,  \'".v  Nurk,  iiirl  Mil 


'rrili"it  ill  Ni'w  K.Mnliii.l  ill  l^Ji,  I'i'.i 
'I'l'ilii'it  ill  till.'  UM  .Siiiii'.i  III  l^::.'),  I(i:i 
'I'rilidt  ill  I.  piiiMiiiiii  ill  I"!'"!,  In.i 


IIm'     |'M|<l|IIMk<'t      I 


Kill' 


'I'i'iIm""  ri'iimiiiiiirf  Ki>"t  in  H.!",  A'*>^ 

'rriL.H  r ivi'.i  III  ^'*^*,  r.i; 

Trili"<  wliii  HIP'  I'T  |pi!up'i'  lit  liri'.'iivill'',  illl 
'I'm.pIpp.  pprpl"i'p"l  I'P  till'  I'lHT'pkp'i)  ripiiiitn,  •!'."• 
'r-iiliili.  pjiiiinlilur  pil',  .'pJ.! 

'rillllllli,  lint  ilp'I'p'lllivil  \viii'k»,  OHL 


lii>i'iu'a\vik«, 


mil 


u. 


li.Kim.  Iiiitili'  mill  iiiiiH-ijL'i'i'  111",  :U)il 
I  Itiiiiiil'^  iiipi'ili'Tii  |p'piiil  "!'  !• '  SiM,  (ill; 
rimlli'iiilili'  rliiiriiiiP'i'  ipf  liiiliiiii',  'pi'i'.! 


I'liili 
liilii 


i'I'iiIihK 

IipI'iiIpI" 


priiiil 


iiiM  rrriiitih' 
i.r   III" 


,  Iplll 


ipI     III" 


-.1 


III,  II 


I 

I'liiiiii  iil'trilpii,  iiii'l  iiii|p  p|'l^iii>;p'  'il,   I'^l 


Inilp'pl  Siiili't  liiiliiiii  |ppilii'}',  :i-ll 

I  ipiiv  ppI' liKliiiii  liiilpiry,  li'pw  "liuwii,  'iiW 


lUtV  111  llltP'I'i'Pill  111 


iip>  iiiisi'i'Mi'i,  'ir> 


I'l" 


•Ml. 


|P|PP,   ('lli|l|ll!Wll 


ppi;  -iw 


|<|ppp\viii',  a  \  ir^iiiiii  I 


iiliiiit, 


I   -•'  ppI   Wllkllll   |1  PVMT,  ii.J- 

l-siiiim,  ^" 
I'li'liw.-,  M 


\ \i.vy<.  tip  lln'  liiilipiii,  I  111 

\aii  lliii'i'ii'.s  iip|iiiini<itriUiiiii  I'luiiiiipiir 


11. Pill.  .Miii.,  iitttii'ki'il.  :'<•'»* 


Vim  111 


ii-i'llii"i' |p| 


;lii 


A'oniinn'i.  iii..'ii|'iii'ii  ill,  011.1 


\iirii  ('ill/,,   p-" 
Vc'rnii'.iiiii,  111 

ViTiliillp-,  liv; 

Vi'.H|ii'rir  trilu' 
I'l 


ipi; -jii; 
;:i,  .vjt 

I  lUlai'li  111  I'iiiii 


\  I'P^Hl'l   I'PH'Ilpl'S   111 

Veslii-i's  111  linriiiii  ml  iiinlp'riMii'pl.  liim 
\'ii'i-'ilii'li's,  .li^i'iiii'i  ri-iiin.  :'ii'i'! 
Vii'liiiii.  hipw-  killi'il  Inr  .iiu'rilh'",  ."iMi 
VirliiiiM  111  linlliiii  i'^iinriiiii'''  in  iiip''ii''iiii 


ill'  M. 


\i''iiii  iiiilii{iiiti' 


nl   Illllll.T-ll'il.' 


if   III. 


iii.llii'.ii  I'l'  ill"  irili",^  111 


1  v  .liu-ki. 


I'JS 


I  Vi 


viiipptii'iil.  nl  iipiiiir  lril..'i,  l-'i 


Vii'Ws  ipii  tlui  iiiipiIp'  ipI  li'i'iUiii:;  wit 


h  li 


\m 


Viiii'i'iiiios  nisi'iii'V  ti'iiiiKr.'i'i' 


'il  M  l.ik. 


.,i|p.'n 


.1-,  ii'.li' 


Viiii'iMiiii"*,  I'lipiiii'i'  i.r,  '-''i'.!,  .;ii:'. 
Viiiliiiiil,  tnii'  |iipsiii.in  ipI',  iii|-< 


pli<i'.ivi'ri'il  mill  I'lili'iii/..'.!. 


Vii'^'ii 

Villi.rlilli'iip  lip  I>P'  Siiln  ill  l'>:i'<,  -S 


I.r  11  u.i«p.'l  t.'iiilii'i-. 


VJI 


V..I1111 


iitiil.  .57 


I'lii'  I'.iniH  11 


I'linl 


imi  ;;i'.iiiitii:ir, 


\  liVll^'l'l  1) 


r  liil.aiilt  mill  l.iii'l.iiiiiii'ri'. 


>v 


\VAi)SHiiirnr>  .li'li'iil.  Ii'p' 
Wukiiii  I'liint.  ip'iii 
M'nkii 
Wak 


I" 


ikaii-nii'ii  1'^ 
Uaiiil..!'.  171 


11!  1.1  llip'  \iarrinr.  li.'il 


Wai.i 


|.i-:i,  a  1 


llVM, 


■War  is  I 


l.i'lari'.l  ill  1.^1-.  ".'i' 


M'm-  Willi  rnniriai-uiii.  I'lH 

War  willi  llio  Narra.;mis.'ii'<.  I'J.'i 

Wiin'aj.'liiyaj;ay.  --■"< 

W.i.-.  lliLTi'  a  iiiiiKsaiiri'  at  K.irl  Willi.iiii  II.  my 


AVa-liiii'„'l"ii  I'lil.'i'^  llii'  li"lil  "1  lii'haii 


mIp. 


Wii-I 


;l^|piii;;liiii  !i  ii|pi 


k  ayiii'  i'i'|i 


\  IMpilll' 


■Is  till'  fr. 
'aiii{i:iij:ii  il 
,V,-..  i"iS(i 


I'l  li^litiii,:;  liiiliaiiK,  .'iH"' 

l•k^,  ;i:;7 

111.'  \\  .-I,  ;;:;.-< 


w, 


ill,  'S' 


i'a-1,  I'p'a.'i'  \vi 

Wi'>ti.'l-ii  t'lii'i'iiki'i's,  ilili' I'l'lir-i  iiii;;r:ili .'illO 

W.'sl.ni  Imlians  'ifJ 

Wi'-iiTii  liiiliiiii-  ii|.|p..M'  ill.'  Kii'_'li<li.  -I'l 

What  till'  lii.liaiis  f.iii'zlu  I't,  :'p''7 

Whiil  tlio  liulimi  liiiiiiiTs  aii.l  warrii.r.-  Mniiilil,  ,')-.'l 

\\  liii'liii^  war,  -li'i 


7ot; 


INI>KX. 


Wlicro  iiiiti>|iiiti('M  I'l'iisc,  (lO.l 

\\h\U\  11,111.  Ilu-li  1,.,  171 

Willi  is  llii'  liidiiiii?  ,'ili7 

Wlii.lo  liiiily  til  Iw  riMiiovt'il  ill  IS'.Vi,  Kl'.l 

Will.'t's  f^iilliintry,  ilSS 

^VillillllllSlll^s  iiiliiiniaiiity,  .'Uli 

Wiiminii,  S7,  S'.l,  ',11,  ;•:!" 

Wimii.'liiif'o  (iiitliri'uk  in  I^U'i,  A'1'2 

Winnobago  biiko  un  .iiiu'ritaii  cliiiriu-lcr,  "M 


Winiii'lin^dps  ii^roo  to  rtMiiovt*,  ■IS.'^ 

Winii('lijvi;o('s,  I'lilsp  (Milii'v  nl'  loctitinii,  "iO.''i 

Wisiu'r,  ('ill.,  cnit'l  iiiunliT  iil',  wIumi  wiiiiiiiK'il,  'JDS 

Wililii'liiws  llr.st  iii';;iitiat(',  liil 

WitliliuMiu'lm  mii.s.siuTi',  -lli',) 

Wiinls,  iiuiiiiiiniMils,  i'n- 

Wcinls  (if  11  (h'litli-laim'iit.  I'C'l 
I  WyiimUii.i,  Iri'iily  willi  in  17.S'>,  ',VS! 
I  Wyoinlnj;  miissiicro,  'J'.'7 


X, 


XiiAi.iicrni.,  puMi'ds  «(  rrailk's,  (i-Jli 
.XiirliicliiilLM,  |iyriiiiiiil  iif,  M4 


]   Xui'hi.iui'l/.iij,  thv  .\/.lrr  \'a,\  i'i:',> 

I   .\i'liill,  a  iiii'SM'iifiiT  t'l  lii'aM'ii,  a^kill.;  a  lnn'ii,  (ii 


^AKAM  \.   SUpl'iiliil  alltil|uitil'K  ul',  lil'J 

\'ainaM'i's,  l.*<' 
^'aIlkIllnH,  .'i.)(i 
Vi'ar  l,"<;'.?i,  iraiisai'liniii  nl',  I',)' 


Yi'llow  iM-ri'k  miinliM-.  'Jli.'i 

Yoiu'tunaH.  llti,'> 

YiH'ataii,  .'iS'J 

YucatciiiiH,  (li'siM'iiili'il  IVoiii   Tulti'i'^.  lill 


z. 


Zm-aticis.  ;>)<[ 
/.iir/.i-iiilirf,  l!'.!'.! 


Ziiiii,  ~i1 


i;  \  I'  t>r  vol..   \  1. 


IDS 


:;'.! 


